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+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
+ <!ENTITY tex "TeX">
+ <!ENTITY latex "LaTeX">
+]>
+<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en">
+ <title>&latex;2e reference manual 2.0</title>
+<!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
+<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ -->
+<!-- xx latex 2.09 should be pretty much complete now, but -->
+<!-- new stuff in latex2e is surely missing. -->
+ <bookinfo>
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an
+unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a document preparation
+system. &latex; is a macro package for &tex;.</para>
+ <para>This was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS
+Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
+George&#xa0;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
+&latex;&#xa0;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
+&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
+Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
+using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and the
+<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L.&#xa0;Botway
+and C.&#xa0;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as
+<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (text was not
+directly copied).</para>
+ <para>Copyright &copy; 2007, 2008 Karl Berry.
+Copyright &copy; 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
+Copyright &copy; 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.</para>
+ <para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.</para>
+ <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
+resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
+notice identical to this one.</para>
+ <para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.</para>
+ </legalnotice>
+</bookinfo>
+ <chapter label="" xreflabel="LaTeX2e" id="Top">
+ <title>&latex;2e</title>
+ <para>This document is version 2.0 (June 2008) of an
+unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a document preparation
+system. It is intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the
+standard version of &latex; for many years.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm>&latex; is implemented as a macro package for Donald&#xa0;E. Knuth's
+&tex; typesetting program. &latex; was originally created by Leslie
+Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
+(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written
+by the &latex; project is available there. Again, the present
+document is unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex;
+maintainers.</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="1" id="Overview">
+ <title>Overview of &latex;</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm>
+The &latex; command typesets a file of text using the &tex; program
+and the &latex; &ldquo;macro package&rdquo; for &tex;. To be more specific,
+it processes an input file containing the text of a document with
+interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted.
+It produces at least three files as output:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A main output file, which is one of:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a &ldquo;Device Independent&rdquo; (<filename>.dvi</filename>)
+file. This contains commands that can be translated into commands for
+a variety of output devices. You can view such <filename>.dvi</filename> output of
+&latex; by using a program such as <command>xdvi</command> (display directly)
+or <command>dvips</command> (convert to PostScript).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a &ldquo;Portable Document Format&rdquo;
+(<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
+all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does
+make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the
+same document.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para>There are other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) as well,
+which can produce HTML, XML, and other things.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A &ldquo;transcript&rdquo; or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary information and
+diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>An &ldquo;auxiliary&rdquo; or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, for
+things such as sectioning.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para>A &latex; command begins with the command name, which consists of a
+<literal>\</literal> followed by either (a)&#xa0;a string of letters or (b)&#xa0;a
+single non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>,
+are optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are
+required.</para>
+ <para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+explicitly directed to do otherwise.</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="2" id="Starting-&-ending">
+ <title>Starting &amp; ending</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting &amp; ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending &amp; starting</primary></indexterm>
+A minimal input file looks like the following:</para>
+ <screen>
+\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
+\begin{document}
+<replaceable>your text</replaceable>
+\end{document}
+</screen>
+ <para role="continues">where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;.
+See <xref linkend="Document-classes"></xref>, for details of the various document classes
+available locally.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal>
+and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the
+<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>).</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="3" id="Document-classes">
+ <title>Document classes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm>
+The class of a given document is defined with the command:</para>
+ <screen>
+\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para role="continues">The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a
+&latex; source file.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document
+classes are available as add-ons; see <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>):</para>
+ <screen>
+article report book letter slides
+</screen>
+<!-- xx briefly describe each one -->
+ <para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options">
+ <title>Document class options</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, document class</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm>
+You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm>
+to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square
+brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate
+them with a comma:</para>
+ <screen>
+\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Here is the list of the standard class options.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>10pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>11pt option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>12pt option</primary></indexterm>All of the standard classes except <literal>slides</literal> accept the following
+options for selecting the typeface size (default is <literal>10pt</literal>):</para>
+ <screen>
+10pt 11pt 12pt
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a4paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>a5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>b5paper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>executivepaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>legalpaper option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letterpaper option</primary></indexterm>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
+size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>):</para>
+ <screen>
+a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>draft option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>final option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>fleqn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>landscape option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>leqno option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openbib option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm>Miscellaneous other options:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>draft, final</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>fleqn</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>landscape</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>leqno</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>openbib</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>These options are not available with the slides class:</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>oneside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>twoside option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openright option</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>openany option</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>onecolumn</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>twocolumn</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Typeset in one or two columns; default is <literal>onecolumn</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>oneside</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>twoside</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except
+for the <literal>book</literal> class.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines
+the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
+page and the text's left margin. The defaults vary with the paper
+size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided
+printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is
+40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>
+with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>openright</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>openany</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Determines if a chapter should start on a
+right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing
+the time at the bottom of each note.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm>Additional packages are loaded like this:</para>
+ <screen>
+\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a
+comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm>Any options given in the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command that are unknown
+by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
+<literal>\usepackage</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="4" id="Typefaces">
+ <title>Typefaces</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typefaces</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts</primary></indexterm>
+Two important aspects of selecting a <firstterm>font</firstterm> are specifying a size
+and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles">
+ <title>Font styles</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface styles</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles of text</primary></indexterm>
+The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.</para>
+ <para>These commands are used like <literal>\textit{italic text}</literal>. The
+corresponding command in parenthesis is the &ldquo;declaration form&rdquo;, which
+takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the
+next type style command or the end of the current group.</para>
+ <para>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
+<literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold
+sans serif.</para>
+ <para>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; for instance,
+<literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rmfamily</primary></indexterm>Roman.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textit (\itshape)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textit</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\itshape</primary></indexterm>Italics.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\emph</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>Emphasis (switches between <literal>\textit</literal> and <literal>\textrm</literal>).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textmd (\mdseries)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textmd</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mdseries</primary></indexterm>Medium weight (default).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textbf (\bfseries)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bfseries</primary></indexterm>Boldface.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textup (\upshape)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textup</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\upshape</primary></indexterm>Upright (default). The opposite of slanted.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textsl (\slshape)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\slshape</primary></indexterm>Slanted.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textsf (\sffamily)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsf</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sffamily</primary></indexterm>Sans serif.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textsc (\scshape)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textsc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scshape</primary></indexterm>Small caps.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\texttt (\ttfamily)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\texttt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ttfamily</primary></indexterm>Typewriter.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textnormal (\normalfont)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textnormal</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalfont</primary></indexterm>Main document font.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathrm</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathrm</primary></indexterm>Roman, for use in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathbf</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathbf</primary></indexterm>Boldface, for use in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathsf</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsf</primary></indexterm>Sans serif, for use in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathtt</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathtt</primary></indexterm>Typewriter, for use in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathit</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>(\mit)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Italics, for use in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathnormal</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathnormal</primary></indexterm>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style declaration.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mathcal</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathcal</primary></indexterm>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>In addition, the command
+<literal>\mathversion{bold}</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>can be used for switching to bold letters and symbols in
+formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default.</para>
+ <para>&latex; also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
+the given style, that is, are <emphasis>not</emphasis> cumulative. They are used
+differently than the above commands, too: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> ...}</literal>
+instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very different
+things.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bf</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm>Switch to <emphasis role="bold">bold face</emphasis>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cal</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>script letters for math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>calligraphic letters for math</primary></indexterm>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\em</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\it</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic font</primary></indexterm>Italics.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rm</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>roman font</primary></indexterm>Roman.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sc</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>small caps font</primary></indexterm>Small caps.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sf</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sans serif font</primary></indexterm>Sans serif.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sl</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>slanted font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oblique font</primary></indexterm>Slanted (oblique).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tt</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>monospace font</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fixed-width font</primary></indexterm>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes">
+ <title>Font sizes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sizes of text</primary></indexterm>
+The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
+The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
+size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tiny</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\scriptsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\small</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Large</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LARGE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\huge</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Huge</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <informaltable>
+ <tgroup cols="4">
+ <colspec colwidth="42*"></colspec>
+ <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec>
+ <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec>
+ <colspec colwidth="7*"></colspec>
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Command</entry>
+ <entry><literal>10pt</literal></entry>
+ <entry><literal>11pt</literal></entry>
+ <entry><literal>12pt</literal></entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\tiny</literal></entry>
+ <entry>5</entry>
+ <entry>6</entry>
+ <entry>6</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\scriptsize</literal></entry>
+ <entry>7</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\footnotesize</literal></entry>
+ <entry>8</entry>
+ <entry>9</entry>
+ <entry>10</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\small</literal></entry>
+ <entry>9</entry>
+ <entry>10</entry>
+ <entry>10.95</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\normalsize</literal> (default)</entry>
+ <entry>10</entry>
+ <entry>10.95</entry>
+ <entry>12</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\large</literal></entry>
+ <entry>12</entry>
+ <entry>12</entry>
+ <entry>14.4</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\Large</literal></entry>
+ <entry>14.4</entry>
+ <entry>14.4</entry>
+ <entry>17.28</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\LARGE</literal></entry>
+ <entry>17.28</entry>
+ <entry>17.28</entry>
+ <entry>20.74</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\huge</literal></entry>
+ <entry>20.74</entry>
+ <entry>20.74</entry>
+ <entry>24.88</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><literal>\Huge</literal></entry>
+ <entry>24.88</entry>
+ <entry>24.88</entry>
+ <entry>24.88</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+ </informaltable>
+ <para>The commands as listed here are &ldquo;declaration forms&rdquo;. The scope of
+the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the
+end of the current group. You can also use the environment form of
+these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="4.3" id="Low-level-font-commands">
+ <title>Low-level font commands</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm>
+These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
+packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
+ones.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\fontencoding{enc}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontencoding</primary></indexterm>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <literal>OT1</literal> and <literal>T1</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\fontfamily{family}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontfamily</primary></indexterm>Select font family. Valid families include:</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>cmr</literal> for Computer Modern Roman</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>cmss</literal> for Computer Modern Sans Serif</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>cmtt</literal> for Computer Modern Typewriter</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para>and numerous others.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\fontseries{series}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontseries</primary></indexterm>Select font series. Valid series include:</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>m</literal> Medium (normal)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>b</literal> Bold</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>c</literal> Condensed</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>bc</literal> Bold condensed</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>bx</literal> Bold extended</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para>and various other combinations.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\fontshape{shape}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontshape</primary></indexterm>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>n</literal> Upright (normal)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>it</literal> Italic</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>sl</literal> Slanted (oblique)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>sc</literal> Small caps</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>ui</literal> Upright italics</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>ol</literal> Outline</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para>The two last shapes are not available for most font families.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\fontsize{size}{skip}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fontsize</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch to and
+the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a parameter
+named <literal>\baselineskip</literal>. The unit of both parameters defaults to
+pt. The default <literal>\baselineskip</literal> for the Computer Modern typeface
+is 1.2 times the <literal>\fontsize</literal>.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
+<literal>\baselinestretch</literal> parameter when the type size changes; the
+default is 1. However, the best way to &ldquo;double space&rdquo; a document,
+if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use the
+<literal>setspace</literal> package; see
+<ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace</ulink>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\selectfont</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\selectfont</primary></indexterm>The changes made by calling the four font commands described above do
+not come into effect until <literal>\selectfont</literal> is called.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usefont</primary></indexterm>The same as invoking <literal>\fontencoding</literal>, <literal>\fontfamily</literal>,
+<literal>\fontseries</literal> and <literal>\fontshape</literal> with the given parameters,
+followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="5" id="Layout">
+ <title>Layout</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm>
+Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="5.1" id="\onecolumn">
+ <title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\onecolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
+single-column output. This is the default.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="5.2" id="\twocolumn">
+ <title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>two-column output</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\twocolumn[<replaceable>text1col</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\twocolumn</literal> declaration starts a new page and produces
+two-column output. If the optional <replaceable>text1col</replaceable> argument is present,
+it is typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting
+starts.</para>
+ <para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\columnsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The distance between columns (35pt by default).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\columnseprule</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there is no rule.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\columnwidth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The width of the current column; this is equal to <literal>\textwidth</literal> in
+single-column text.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dbltopfraction</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be occupied
+by floats. Default &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;, can be usefully redefined to (say)
+&lsquo;<literal>.9</literal>&rsquo; to avoid going to float pages so soon.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dblfloatpagefraction</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats,
+for a two-column float page. Default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dblfloatsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
+page. Default &lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; and
+&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dbltextfloatsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a page
+and the main text. Default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="5.3" id="\flushbottom">
+ <title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> declaration makes all text pages the same
+height, adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the
+page.</para>
+ <para>This is the default if <literal>twocolumn</literal> mode is selected
+(see <xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="5.4" id="\raggedbottom">
+ <title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\raggedbottom</literal> declaration makes all pages the natural
+height of the material on that page. No rubber lengths will be
+stretched.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters">
+ <title>Page layout parameters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, page layout</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout, page parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer, parameters for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\headheight</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Height of the box that contains the running head. Default is
+&lsquo;<literal>30pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal> class, where it varies with the
+type size.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\headsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+the main text. Default is &lsquo;<literal>25pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
+class, where it varies with the type size.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\footskip</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+the page footer. Default is &lsquo;<literal>30pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>book</literal>
+class, where it varies with the type size.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\linewidth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Width of the current line; the default varies with the font size,
+paper width, two-column mode, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> document in
+&lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's set to &lsquo;<literal>345pt</literal>&rsquo;; in two-column mode, that
+becomes &lsquo;<literal>229.5pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textheight</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies with
+the font size, document class, etc. For an <literal>article</literal> or
+<literal>report</literal> document in &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's set to
+&lsquo;<literal>43\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;; for <literal>book</literal>, it's &lsquo;<literal>41\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.
+For &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, it's &lsquo;<literal>38\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo; and for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<literal>36\baselineskip</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textwidth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The normal horizontal width of the page body; the default varies as
+usual. For an <literal>article</literal> or <literal>report</literal> document, it's
+&lsquo;<literal>345pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>360pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and
+&lsquo;<literal>390pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;. For a <literal>book</literal> document, it's
+&lsquo;<literal>4.5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>5in</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\topmargin</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
+paper, by default) and the top of the header. The default is computed
+based on many other parameters: <literal>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
+\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</literal>, and
+then divided by two.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\topskip</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the
+same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="6" id="Sectioning">
+ <title>Sectioning</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm>
+Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\part</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\chapter</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(report and book class only)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\section</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\subsection</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\subsubsection</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\paragraph</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\subparagraph</literal></term>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,</para>
+ <screen>
+\chapter[<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>title</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>In addition to providing the heading <replaceable>title</replaceable> in the main text, the
+section title can appear in two other places:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The table of contents.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The running head at the top of the page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para>You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
+To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
+<replaceable>toctitle</replaceable> that, when given, specifies the text for these other
+places.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of sectioning commands</primary></indexterm>Also, all sectioning commands have <literal>*</literal>-forms that print
+<replaceable>title</replaceable> as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an
+entry in the table of contents. For instance:</para>
+ <screen>
+\section*{Preamble}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix, creating</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\appendix</literal> command changes the way following sectional units
+are numbered. The <literal>\appendix</literal> command itself generates no text
+and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this
+command is something like</para>
+ <screen>
+\chapter{A Chapter}
+&hellip;
+\appendix
+\chapter{The First Appendix}
+</screen>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="7" id="Cross-references">
+ <title>Cross references</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm>
+One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+the reader to them, as in &ldquo;See Figure 3 for more details.&rdquo;</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="7.1" id="\label">
+ <title><literal>\label</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\label{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>A <literal>\label</literal> command appearing in ordinary text assigns to
+<replaceable>key</replaceable> the number of the current sectional unit; one appearing
+inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>.</para>
+ <para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
+punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.</para>
+ <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
+common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by
+a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>ch</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>for chapters</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>sec</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>for lower-level sectioning commands</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>fig</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>for figures</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>tab</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>for tables</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>eq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>for equations</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>Thus, a label for a figure would look like <literal>fig:snark</literal> or
+<literal>fig.snark</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="7.2" id="\pageref">
+ <title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\pageref</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command produces the page number of
+the place in the text where the corresponding
+<literal>\label</literal>{<replaceable>key</replaceable>} command appears.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="7.3" id="\ref">
+ <title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figure number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote number, cross referencing</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\ref</literal> command produces the number of the sectional unit,
+equation, footnote, figure, &hellip;, of the corresponding
+<literal>\label</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\label"></xref>). It does not produce any text,
+such as the word `Section' or `Figure', just the bare number itself.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="8" id="Environments">
+ <title>Environments</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\begin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\end</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; provides many environments for marking off certain text.
+Each environment begins and ends in the same manner:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>}
+...
+\end{<replaceable>envname</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <sect1 label="8.1" id="abstract">
+ <title><literal>abstract</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>abstracts</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{abstract}
+...
+\end{abstract}
+</screen>
+ <para>Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple paragraphs.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.2" id="array">
+ <title><literal>array</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{array}{<replaceable>template</replaceable>}
+<replaceable>col1 text</replaceable>&amp;<replaceable>col1 text</replaceable>&amp;<replaceable>coln</replaceable>}\\
+...
+\end{array}
+</screen>
+ <para>Math arrays are produced with the <literal>array</literal> environment, normally
+within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>). It has a
+single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of
+columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is
+specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should
+be formatted, as follows:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>c</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>centered</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>l</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>flush left</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>r</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>flush right</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>array</literal>)</primary></indexterm>Column entries are separated by <literal>&amp;</literal>. Column entries may include
+other &latex; commands. Each row of the array is terminated with
+<literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>@{...}</primary></indexterm>In the template, the construct <literal>@{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> puts <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+between columns in each row.</para>
+ <para>Here's an example:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{equation}
+ \begin{array}{lrc}
+ left1 &amp; right1 &amp; centered1 \\
+ left2 &amp; right2 &amp; centered2 \\
+ \end{array}
+\end{equation}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\arraycolsep</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\arraycolsep</literal> parameter defines half the width of the space
+separating columns; the default is &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo;. See <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>, for other
+parameters which affect formatting in <literal>array</literal> environments,
+namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>array</literal> environment can only be used in math mode.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.3" id="center">
+ <title><literal>center</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{center}
+<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
+<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
+\end{center}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>center</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>center</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are centered within the left and right
+margins on the current page. Each line is terminated with the
+string <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.3.1" id="\centering">
+ <title><literal>\centering</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centering text, declaration for</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\centering</literal> declaration corresponds to the <literal>center</literal>
+environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment such
+as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>. Thus, the text of a figure or
+table can be centered on the page by putting a <literal>\centering</literal>
+command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.</para>
+ <para>Unlike the <literal>center</literal> environment, the <literal>\centering</literal> command
+does not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how &latex; formats
+paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of
+the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal> command (of
+an environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</para>
+ <para>Here's an example:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{quote}
+\centering
+first line \\
+second line \\
+\end{quote}
+</screen>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.4" id="description">
+ <title><literal>description</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>labelled lists, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>description lists, creating</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{description}
+\item [<replaceable>label1</replaceable>] <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
+\item [<replaceable>label2</replaceable>] <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
+...
+\end{description}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>The <literal>description</literal> environment is used to make labelled lists. Each
+<replaceable>label</replaceable> is typeset in bold, flush right. The <replaceable>item</replaceable> text may
+contain multiple paragraphs.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold typewriter, avoiding</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typewriter labels in lists</primary></indexterm>Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
+you typeset a label in typewriter using <literal>\texttt</literal>, you'll get
+bold typewriter: <literal>\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]</literal>. This
+may be too bold, among other issues. To get just typewriter, use
+<literal>\tt</literal>, which resets all other style variations: <literal>\item[{\tt
+plain typewriter}]</literal>.</para>
+ <para>For details about list spacing, see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.5" id="displaymath">
+ <title><literal>displaymath</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{displaymath}
+<replaceable>math</replaceable>
+\end{displaymath}
+</screen>
+ <para role="continues">or</para>
+ <screen>
+\[<replaceable>math</replaceable>\]
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>displaymath</literal> environment (<literal>\[...\]</literal> is a synonym)
+typesets the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text on its own line, centered by default.
+The global <literal>fleqn</literal> option makes equations flush left; see
+<xref linkend="Document-class-options"></xref>.</para>
+ <para>No equation number is added to <literal>displaymath</literal> text; to get an
+equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="equation"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.6" id="document">
+ <title><literal>document</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document.
+It is required in every &latex; document. See <xref linkend="Starting-&-ending"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.7" id="enumerate">
+ <title><literal>enumerate</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, numbered</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
+\item <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
+...
+\end{enumerate}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations
+can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also
+be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as
+<literal>itemize</literal> (see <xref linkend="itemize"></xref>) and <literal>description</literal>
+(see <xref linkend="description"></xref>).</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
+There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.</para>
+ <para>By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>1., 2., &hellip;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(a), (b), &hellip;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>i., ii., &hellip;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A., B., &hellip;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enumiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the counters <literal>\enumi</literal>
+through <literal>\enumiv</literal> counters (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>). If the optional
+argument to <literal>\item</literal> is given, the counter is not incremented for
+that item.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelenumiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>enumerate</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelenumi</literal>
+through <literal>\labelenumiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can
+use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels (see <xref linkend="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand"></xref>). For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
+letters:</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Alph example</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.8" id="eqnarray">
+ <title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, aligning</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aligning Equations</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{eqnarray} <lineannotation>(or <literal>eqnarray*</literal>)</lineannotation>
+<replaceable>formula1</replaceable> \\
+<replaceable>formula2</replaceable> \\
+...
+\end{eqnarray}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of
+equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column
+<literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal>
+and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&amp;</literal>.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\* (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\\*</literal> can also be used to separate equations, with its normal
+meaning of not allowing a page break at that line.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonumber</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, omitting</primary></indexterm>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
+<literal>\nonumber</literal> command. Alternatively, The <literal>*</literal>-form of the
+environment (<literal>\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}</literal>) will
+omit equation numbering entirely, while otherwise being the same as
+<literal>eqnarray</literal>.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lefteqn</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\lefteqn</literal> is used for splitting long formulas across
+lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
+zero width.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.9" id="equation">
+ <title><literal>equation</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, environment for</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{equation}
+<replaceable>math</replaceable>
+\end{equation}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>equation</literal> environment starts a <literal>displaymath</literal>
+environment (see <xref linkend="displaymath"></xref>), e.g., centering the <replaceable>math</replaceable> text
+on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.10" id="figure">
+ <title><literal>figure</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, inserting</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{figure}[<replaceable>placement</replaceable>]
+<replaceable>figbody</replaceable>
+\label{<replaceable>label}</replaceable>
+\caption[<replaceable>loftitle</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+\end{figure}
+</screen>
+ <para>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+instead &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
+Figures will not be split between two pages.</para>
+ <para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
+to place your figure. There are four places where &latex; can possibly
+put a float:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>h</literal> (Here) - at the position in the text where the figure
+environment appears.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>t</literal> (Top) - at the top of a text page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>b</literal> (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>p</literal> (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, which is a page
+containing no text, only floats.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement
+<literal>tbp</literal>.</para>
+ <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.
+you wish.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\caption</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\caption</literal> command specifies caption <replaceable>text</replaceable> for the
+figure. The caption is numbered by default. If <replaceable>loftitle</replaceable> is
+present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+(see <xref linkend="Tables-of-contents"></xref>).</para>
+<!-- xx float-placement, float-caption sections? -->
+ <variablelist>
+ <title><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats atthe bottom; default &lsquo;<literal>.3</literal>&rsquo;.</title>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+default &lsquo;<literal>.5</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\floatsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\intextsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; styles,
+&lsquo;<literal>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textfloatsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+default &lsquo;<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\textfraction</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
+different page. The default is &lsquo;<literal>.2</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\topfraction</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+floats; default is &lsquo;<literal>.7</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.11" id="flushleft">
+ <title><literal>flushleft</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text, environment for</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{flushleft}
+<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
+<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
+...
+\end{flushleft}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>flushleft</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
+right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.11.1" id="\raggedright">
+ <title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged right</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\raggedright</literal> declaration corresponds to the
+<literal>flushleft</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
+environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.</para>
+ <para>Unlike the <literal>flushleft</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedright</literal>
+command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
+scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
+command that ends the paragraph unit.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.12" id="flushright">
+ <title><literal>flushright</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{flushright}
+<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
+<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
+...
+\end{flushright}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushright</literal>)</primary></indexterm>The <literal>flushright</literal> environment allows you to create a paragraph
+consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
+left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.12.1" id="\raggedleft">
+ <title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>justification, ragged left</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-justifying text</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\raggedleft</literal> declaration corresponds to the
+<literal>flushright</literal> environment. This declaration can be used inside an
+environment such as <literal>quote</literal> or in a <literal>parbox</literal>.</para>
+ <para>Unlike the <literal>flushright</literal> environment, the <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
+command does not start a new paragraph; it only changes how &latex;
+formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
+scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
+command that ends the paragraph unit.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.13" id="itemize">
+ <title><literal>itemize</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>unordered lists</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bulleted lists</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{itemize}
+\item <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
+\item <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
+...
+\end{itemize}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment produces an &ldquo;unordered&rdquo;, &ldquo;bulleted&rdquo;
+list. Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four
+levels deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making
+environments, such as <literal>enumerate</literal> (see <xref linkend="enumerate"></xref>).</para>
+ <para>Each item of an <literal>itemize</literal> list begins with an <literal>\item</literal> command.
+There must be at least one <literal>\item</literal> command within the environment.</para>
+ <para>By default, the marks at each level look like this:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>&bull;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">--<!-- /@w --></emphasis> (bold en-dash)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>*</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemi</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\labelitemiv</primary></indexterm>The <literal>itemize</literal> environment uses the commands <literal>\labelitemi</literal>
+through <literal>\labelitemiv</literal> to produce the default label. So, you can
+use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> to change the labels. For instance, to have
+the first level use diamonds:</para>
+ <screen>
+\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmargini</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiii</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginiv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginv</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\leftmarginvi</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\leftmargini</literal> through <literal>\leftmarginvi</literal> parameters define
+the distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+the left margin of the list. By convention, <literal>\leftmargin</literal> is set
+to the appropriate <literal>\leftmargin<replaceable>N</replaceable></literal> when a new level of
+nesting is entered.</para>
+ <para>The defaults vary from &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo; (highest levels of nesting) to
+&lsquo;<literal>2.5em</literal>&rsquo; (first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.
+This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:</para>
+ <screen>
+\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
+</screen>
+<!-- xx should be in its own generic section -->
+ <para>Some parameters that affect list formatting:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\itemindent</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\labelsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Space between the label and text of an item; default &lsquo;<literal>.5em</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\labelwidth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Width of the label; default &lsquo;<literal>2em</literal>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<literal>1.5em</literal>&rsquo; in two-column mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\listparindent</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within a
+list item; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rightmargin</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
+enclosing environment; default &lsquo;<literal>0pt</literal>&rsquo;, except in the <literal>quote</literal>,
+<literal>quotation</literal>, and <literal>verse</literal> environments, where it is set equal
+to <literal>\leftmargin</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
+loose, by default).</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\itemsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Vertical space between items. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt
+minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>3pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for
+<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\parsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item. Defaults
+are the same as <literal>\itemsep</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\topsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
+The default is <literal>4pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents,
+<literal>6pt plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>9pt plus3pt
+minus5pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\partopsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Extra space added to <literal>\topsep</literal> when the list environment starts a
+paragraph. The default is <literal>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal>
+documents, <literal>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</literal> for <literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>3pt
+plus2pt minus2pt</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\topsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Extra vertical space added before an initial and after a final list
+item. Its value is changed with list level and font size changes; for
+instance, within a first-level list at &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, it is &lsquo;<literal>4pt
+plus2pt minus2pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip example</primary></indexterm>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
+space between items. Here is an example defining an <literal>itemize*</literal>
+environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
+within a single item (<literal>\parskip</literal> is not list-specific,
+see <xref linkend="\parskip"></xref>):</para>
+ <screen>
+\newenvironment{itemize*}%
+ {\begin{itemize}%
+ \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
+ \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
+ \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
+ {\end{itemize}}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.14" id="letter">
+ <title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm>
+This environment is used for creating letters. See <xref linkend="Letters"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.15" id="list">
+ <title><literal>list</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>list</literal> environment is a generic environment which is used for
+defining many of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in
+documents, but often in macros.</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{list}{<replaceable>labeling</replaceable>}{<replaceable>spacing</replaceable>}
+\item <replaceable>item1</replaceable>
+\item <replaceable>item2</replaceable>
+...
+\end{list}
+</screen>
+ <para>The mandatory <replaceable>labeling</replaceable> argument specifies how items should be
+labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to <literal>\item</literal>).
+This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the
+label. It can and usually does contain other &latex; commands.</para>
+ <para>The mandatory <replaceable>spacing</replaceable> argument contains commands to change the
+spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often be
+empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.16" id="math">
+ <title><literal>math</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>in-line formulas</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{math}
+<replaceable>math</replaceable>
+\end{math}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>math</literal> environment inserts the given <replaceable>math</replaceable> within the
+running text. <literal>\(...\))</literal> and <literal>$...$</literal> are synonyms.
+See <xref linkend="Math-formulas"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.17" id="minipage">
+ <title><literal>minipage</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>minipage, creating a</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{minipage}[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}
+<replaceable>text</replaceable>
+\end{minipage}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>minipage</literal> environment typesets its body <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
+block that will not be broken across pages (similar to the
+<literal>\parbox</literal> command, see <xref linkend="\parbox"></xref>). You may use other
+paragraph-making environments inside a minipage (unlike <literal>\parbox</literal>).</para>
+<!-- (xxref positions) -->
+ <para>It takes an optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument for placing <replaceable>text</replaceable>,
+and a mandatory <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument for specifying the line width.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation, in minipage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>By default, paragraphs are not indented in the <literal>minipage</literal>
+environment. You can restore indentation with a command such as
+<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</literal> command.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes in figures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>figures, footnotes in</primary></indexterm>Footnotes in a <literal>minipage</literal> environment are handled in a way that is
+particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+<literal>\footnote</literal> or <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command puts the footnote at
+the bottom of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it
+uses the <literal>\mpfootnote</literal> counter instead of the ordinary
+<literal>footnote</literal> counter (see <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>).</para>
+ <para>However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
+footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.18" id="picture">
+ <title><literal>picture</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating pictures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pictures, creating</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+&hellip; <replaceable>picture commands</replaceable> &hellip;
+\end{picture}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unitlength</primary></indexterm>The <literal>picture</literal> environment allows you to create just about any
+kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.
+You tell &latex; where to put things in the picture by specifying
+their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal
+point and a minus sign&mdash;a number like <literal>5</literal>, <literal>0.3</literal> or
+<literal>-3.1416</literal>. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the
+unit length <literal>\unitlength</literal>, so if <literal>\unitlength</literal> has been set
+to <literal>1cm</literal>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
+centimeters. You should only change the value of <literal>\unitlength</literal>,
+using the <literal>\setlength</literal> command, outside of a <literal>picture</literal>
+environment.</para>
+ <para>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as <literal>(2.4,-5)</literal>, specifying
+the point with x-coordinate <literal>2.4</literal> and y-coordinate <literal>-5</literal>.
+Coordinates are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin,
+which is normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that
+when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces;
+the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
+<literal>position</literal>. It specifies the size of the picture. The environment
+produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
+argument's x- and y-coordinates.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>picture</literal> environment also has an optional <literal>position</literal>
+argument, following the <literal>size</literal> argument, that can change the
+origin. (Unlike ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not
+contained in square brackets.) The optional argument gives the
+coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the picture
+(thereby determining the origin). For example, if <literal>\unitlength</literal>
+has been set to <literal>1mm</literal>, the command</para>
+ <screen>
+ \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+</screen>
+ <para>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200
+millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose
+upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first
+draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin
+at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by
+shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.</para>
+ <para>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
+picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
+&latex; will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
+off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by &latex; in determining
+how much room to leave for it.</para>
+ <para>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the <literal>\put</literal>
+command. The command</para>
+ <screen>
+\put (11.3,-.3){...}
+</screen>
+ <para role="continues">puts the object specified by <literal>...</literal> in the
+picture, with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).
+The reference points for various objects will be described below.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lR box</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\put</literal> command creates an <firstterm>LR box</firstterm>. You can put anything
+that can go in an <literal>\mbox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) in the text argument of
+the <literal>\put</literal> command. When you do this, the reference point will
+be the lower left corner of the box.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>picture</literal> commands are described in the following sections.</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.1" id="\circle">
+ <title><literal>\circle</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close
+to the specified one as possible. The <literal>*</literal>-form of the command
+draws a solid circle.</para>
+ <para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.2" id="\makebox-(picture)">
+ <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal></para>
+ <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to
+the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a
+<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>.</para>
+ <para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that
+your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>t</literal> - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>b</literal> - Moves the item to the bottom</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>l</literal> - Moves the item to the left</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>r</literal> - Moves the item to the right</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para>See <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.3" id="\framebox-(picture)">
+ <title><literal>\framebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\framebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{...}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command is like <literal>\makebox</literal> (see previous
+section), except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box
+that it creates.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\framebox</literal> command produces a rule of thickness
+<literal>\fboxrule</literal>, and leaves a space <literal>\fboxsep</literal> between the rule
+and the contents of the box.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.4" id="\dashbox">
+ <title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm>
+Draws a box with a dashed line. Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\dashbox{<replaceable>dlen</replaceable>}(<replaceable>rwidth</replaceable>,<replaceable>rheight</replaceable>)[<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para><literal>\dashbox</literal> creates a dashed rectangle around <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a
+<literal>picture</literal> environment. Dashes are <replaceable>dlen</replaceable> units long, and the
+rectangle has overall width <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and height <replaceable>rheight</replaceable>.
+The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>.
+<!-- xxref positions. -->
+A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are
+multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.5" id="\frame">
+ <title><literal>\frame</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\frame{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\frame</literal> command puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
+The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra
+space is put between the frame and the object.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.6" id="\line">
+ <title><literal>\line</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\line(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and
+slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>.</para>
+ <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y,
+where x and y have integer values from &minus;6
+through&#xa0;6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes,
+see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.7" id="\linethickness">
+ <title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\linethickness{<replaceable>dim</replaceable>}</literal> command declares the thickness
+of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment to be
+<replaceable>dim</replaceable>, which must be a positive length.</para>
+ <para><literal>\linethickness</literal> does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
+circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.8" id="\thicklines">
+ <title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\thicklines</literal> command is an alternate line thickness for
+horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
+cf.&#xa0;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thinlines"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.9" id="\thinlines">
+ <title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\thinlines</literal> command is the default line thickness for
+horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environment;
+cf.&#xa0;<xref linkend="\linethickness"></xref> and <xref linkend="\thicklines"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.10" id="\multiput">
+ <title><literal>\multiput</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\multiput(<replaceable>x</replaceable>,<replaceable>y</replaceable>)(<replaceable>delta_x</replaceable>,<replaceable>delta_y</replaceable>){<replaceable>n</replaceable>}{<replaceable>obj</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\multiput</literal> command copies the object <replaceable>obj</replaceable> in a regular
+pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at position
+(x,y), then at (x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on,
+<replaceable>n</replaceable> times.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.11" id="\oval">
+ <title><literal>\oval</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\oval(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>portion</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\oval</literal> command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.
+The optional argument <replaceable>portion</replaceable> allows you to select part of the
+oval via the following:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>t</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>selects the top portion;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>b</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>selects the bottom portion;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>r</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>selects the right portion;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>l</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>selects the left portion.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>The &ldquo;corners&rdquo; of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
+maximum radius of 20pt, so large &ldquo;ovals&rdquo; will look more like
+boxes with rounded corners.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.12" id="\put">
+ <title><literal>\put</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal></para>
+ <para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory
+argument at the given coordinates.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.13" id="\shortstack">
+ <title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\shortstack[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{...\\...\\...}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\shortstack</literal> command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+positions are:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>r</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Move the objects to the right of the stack.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>l</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Move the objects to the left of the stack</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>c</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\shortstack</literal> objects)</primary></indexterm>Objects are separated with <literal>\\</literal>.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.18.14" id="\vector">
+ <title><literal>\vector</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
+length and slope. The x and y values must lie between
+&minus;4 and +4, inclusive.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.19" id="quotation">
+ <title><literal>quotation</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{quotation}
+<replaceable>text</replaceable>
+\end{quotation}
+</screen>
+ <para>The margins of the <literal>quotation</literal> environment are indented on both
+the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins.
+Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para>
+ <para>Unlike the <literal>quote</literal> environment, each paragraph is indented
+normally.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.20" id="quote">
+ <title><literal>quote</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm>
+Snyopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{quote}
+<replaceable>text</replaceable>
+\end{quote}
+</screen>
+ <para>The margins of the <literal>quote</literal> environment are indented on both the
+left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a
+blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</para>
+ <para>Unlike the <literal>quotation</literal> environment, paragraphs are not indented.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.21" id="tabbing">
+ <title><literal>tabbing</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tab stops, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in columns using tab stops</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>alignment via tabbing</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{tabbing}
+<replaceable>row1col1</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col2</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col3</replaceable> \= <replaceable>row1col4</replaceable> \\
+<replaceable>row2col1</replaceable> \&gt; \&gt; <replaceable>row2col3</replaceable> \\
+...
+\end{tabbing}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>tabbing</literal> environment provides a way to align text in
+columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as
+was done on an ordinary typewriter. It is best suited for cases where
+the width of each column is constant and known in advance.</para>
+ <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal>
+environment.</para>
+ <para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\\ tabbing</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>End a line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\= (tabbing)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\&gt; (tabbing)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm>Advances to the next tab stop.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\&lt;</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
+the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\+</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
+following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
+necessary.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\-</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
+following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
+necessary.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\' (tabbing)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the
+current column, i.e. everything from the most recent <literal>\&gt;</literal>,
+<literal>\&lt;</literal>, <literal>\'</literal>, <literal>\\</literal>, or <literal>\kill</literal> command, to the right
+of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\` (tabbing)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
+stop&#xa0;0. However, it can't move text to the right of the last column
+because there's no tab stop there. The <literal>\`</literal> command moves all the
+text that follows it, up to the <literal>\\</literal> or <literal>\end{tabbing}</literal>
+command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
+environment. There must be no <literal>\&gt;</literal> or <literal>\'</literal> command between
+the <literal>\`</literal> and the command that ends the line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\a (tabbing)</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a' (acute accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a` (grave accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\a= (macron accent in tabbing)</primary></indexterm>In a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment, the commands <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\'</literal> and
+<literal>\`</literal> do not produce accents as usual (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>). Instead,
+the commands <literal>\a=</literal>, <literal>\a'</literal> and <literal>\a`</literal> are used.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\kill</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <literal>\\</literal>
+except that it throws away the current line instead of producing
+output for it. The effect of any <literal>\=</literal>, <literal>\+</literal> or <literal>\-</literal>
+commands in that line remain in effect.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\poptabs</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\poptabs</primary></indexterm>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <literal>\pushtabs</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\pushtabs</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
+tab stop positions in the middle of a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tabbingsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Distance to left of tab stop moved by <literal>\'</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{tabbing}
+function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
+ \&gt; begin \= \+ \\
+ \&gt; if \= n $&gt;$ 1 then \+ \\
+ fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
+ else \+ \\
+ fact := 1; \-\- \\
+ end;\\
+\end{tabbing}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.22" id="table">
+ <title><literal>table</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tables, creating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating tables</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+ \begin{table}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+ \caption{table title}
+ \end{table}
+</screen>
+ <para>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+usually &ldquo;floated&rdquo; to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+Tables will not be split between two pages.</para>
+ <para>The optional argument <literal>[placement]</literal> determines where &latex; will try
+to place your table. There are four places where &latex; can possibly put
+a float:</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>h</literal>: Here - at the position in the text where the table
+environment appears.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>t</literal>: Top - at the top of a text page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>b</literal>: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>p</literal>: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+containing no text, only floats.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default
+placement <literal>[tbp]</literal>.</para>
+ <para>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, etc.,
+you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your table.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.23" id="tabular">
+ <title><literal>tabular</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining text up in tables</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
+...
+\end{tabular}
+</screen>
+ <para>or</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+column 1 entry &amp; column 2 entry ... &amp; column n entry \\
+...
+\end{tabular*}
+</screen>
+ <para>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+items, aligned vertically in columns.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm><literal>\\</literal> must be used to specify the end of each row of the table,
+except for the last, where it is optional&mdash;unless an <literal>\hline</literal>
+command (to put a rule below the table) follows.</para>
+ <para>The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>width</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Specifies the width of the <literal>tabular*</literal> environment. There must be
+rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified
+width.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>pos</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre of
+the environment.</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>t</literal> - align on top row</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>b</literal> - align on bottom row</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>cols</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
+intercolumn material.</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>l</literal> - A column of left-aligned items.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>r</literal> - A column of right-aligned items.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>c</literal> - A column of centred items.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>|</literal> - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>@{text}</literal> - This inserts <literal>text</literal> in every row. An @-expression
+suppresses the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
+desired space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be
+included in text. An <literal>\extracolsep{wd}</literal> command in an
+@-expression causes an extra space of width <literal>wd</literal> to appear to the
+left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
+<literal>\extracolsep</literal> command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this
+extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An
+<literal>\extracolsep</literal> command can be used only in an @-expression in the
+<literal>cols</literal> argument.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>p{wd}</literal> - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of
+width <literal>wd</literal>, as if it were the argument of a <literal>\parbox[t]{wd}</literal>
+command. However, a <literal>\\</literal> may not appear in the item, except in the
+following situations:</para>
+ <orderedlist numeration="arabic">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>inside an environment like <literal>minipage</literal>, <literal>array</literal>, or <literal>tabular</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>inside an explicit <literal>\parbox</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>in the scope of a <literal>\centering</literal>, <literal>\raggedright</literal>, or <literal>\raggedleft</literal>
+declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an
+environment when used in a <literal>p</literal>-column element.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><literal>*{num}{cols}</literal> - Equivalent to <literal>num</literal> copies of
+<literal>cols</literal>, where <literal>num</literal> is any positive integer and <literal>cols</literal> is
+any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
+<literal>*-expression</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>Parameters that control formatting:
+<!-- xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? --></para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Thickness of the rule created by <literal>|</literal>, <literal>\hline</literal>, and
+<literal>\vline</literal> in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; the
+default is &lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arraystretch</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Scaling of spacing between rows in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal>
+environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>1</literal>&rsquo;,for no scaling.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\doublerulesep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by <literal>||</literal>
+in the <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments; default is &lsquo;<literal>2pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tabcolsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Half the width of the space between columns; default is &lsquo;<literal>6pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>These commands can be used inside a <literal>tabular</literal> environment:</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.23.1" id="\multicolumn">
+ <title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\multicolumn{<replaceable>cols</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pos</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\multicolumn</literal> command makes an entry that spans several
+columns. The first mandatory argument, <replaceable>cols</replaceable>, specifies the
+number of columns to span. The second mandatory argument, <replaceable>pos</replaceable>,
+specifies the formatting of the entry; <literal>c</literal> for centered, <literal>l</literal>
+for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argument,
+<replaceable>text</replaceable>, specifies what text to put in the entry.</para>
+ <para>Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
+<literal>\multicolumn</literal> is used for the heading:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
+\multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
+ 0x80&amp;0x7FF \cr
+ 0x800&amp;0xFFFF \cr
+0x10000&amp;0x1FFFF \cr
+\end{tabular}
+</screen>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.23.2" id="\cline">
+ <title><literal>\cline</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\cline{<replaceable>i</replaceable>-<replaceable>j</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\cline</literal> command draws horizontal lines across the columns
+specified, beginning in column <replaceable>i</replaceable> and ending in column <replaceable>j</replaceable>,
+which are specified in the mandatory argument.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.23.3" id="\hline">
+ <title><literal>\hline</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\hline</literal> command draws a horizontal line the width of the
+enclosing <literal>tabular</literal> or <literal>array</literal> environment. It's most
+commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows
+of a table.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.23.4" id="\vline">
+ <title><literal>\vline</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\vline</literal> command will draw a vertical line extending the full
+height and depth of its row. An <literal>\hfill</literal> command can be used to
+move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an
+@-expression.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.24" id="thebibliography">
+ <title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (manually)</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{thebibliography}{<replaceable>widest-label</replaceable>}
+\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key}</replaceable>
+...
+\end{thebibliography}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>thebibliography</literal> environment produces a bibliography or
+reference list.</para>
+ <para>In the <literal>article</literal> class, this reference list is labelled
+&ldquo;References&rdquo;; in the <literal>report</literal> class, it is labelled
+&ldquo;Bibliography&rdquo;. You can change the label (in the standard classes)
+by redefining the command <literal>\refname</literal>. For instance, this
+eliminates it entirely:</para>
+ <screen>
+\renewcommand{\refname}{}
+</screen>
+ <para>The mandatory <replaceable>widest-label</replaceable> argument is text that, when typeset,
+is as wide as the widest item label produced by the <literal>\bibitem</literal>
+commands. It is typically given as <literal>9</literal> for bibliographies with
+less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc.</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.24.1" id="\bibitem">
+ <title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\bibitem[<replaceable>label</replaceable>]{<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\bibitem</literal> command generates an entry labelled by
+<replaceable>label</replaceable>. If the <replaceable>label</replaceable> argument is missing, a number is
+automatically generated using the <literal>enumi</literal> counter. The
+<replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation
+symbols not containing a comma.</para>
+ <para>This command writes an entry to the <filename>.aux</filename> file containing the
+item's <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable> and label. When the <filename>.aux</filename> file is read by
+the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> command, the item's <literal>label</literal> is
+associated with <literal>cite_key</literal>, causing references to <replaceable>cite_key</replaceable>
+with a <literal>\cite</literal> command (see next section) to produce the
+associated label.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.24.2" id="\cite">
+ <title><literal>\cite</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\cite[<replaceable>subcite</replaceable>]{<replaceable>keys</replaceable>
+</screen>
+ <para>The <replaceable>keys</replaceable> argument is a list of one or more citation keys,
+separated by commas. This command generates an in-text citation to
+the references associated with <replaceable>keys</replaceable> by entries in the
+<filename>.aux</filename> file.</para>
+ <para>The text of the optional <replaceable>subcite</replaceable> argument appears after the
+citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce
+`[Knuth, p.&#xa0;314]'.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.24.3" id="\nocite">
+ <title><literal>\nocite</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\nocite{key_list}</literal></para>
+ <para>The <literal>\nocite</literal> command produces no text, but writes <literal>key_list</literal>,
+which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> file.</para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.24.4" id="Using-BibTeX">
+ <title>Using Bib&tex;</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bib&tex;, using</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography, creating (automatically)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliographystyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibliography</primary></indexterm>
+If you use the Bib&tex; program by Oren Patashnik (highly
+recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of
+titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the
+<literal>thebibliography</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="thebibliography"></xref>). Instead,
+you include the lines</para>
+ <screen>
+\bibliographystyle{<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable>}
+\bibliography{<replaceable>bibfile1</replaceable>,<replaceable>bibfile2</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\bibliographystyle</literal> command does not produce any output of
+its own. Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will
+be produced: <replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable> refers to a file
+<replaceable>bibstyle</replaceable><filename>.bst</filename>, which defines how your citations will look.
+The standard <replaceable>style</replaceable> names distributed with Bib&tex; are:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>alpha</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of
+publication.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>plain</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>unsrt</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but entries are in order of citation.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>abbrv</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Like <literal>plain</literal>, but more compact labels.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to
+the demands of various publications. See
+<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the
+bibliography. The argument to <literal>\bibliography</literal> refers to files
+named <filename><replaceable>bibfile</replaceable>.bib</filename>, which should contain your database in
+Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and
+<literal>\nocite</literal> will be listed in the bibliography.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.25" id="theorem">
+ <title><literal>theorem</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{theorem}
+<replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>
+\end{theorem}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>theorem</literal> environment produces &ldquo;Theorem <replaceable>n</replaceable>&rdquo; in
+boldface followed by <replaceable>theorem-text</replaceable>, where the numbering
+possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\newtheorem</literal>
+(see <xref linkend="\newtheorem"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.26" id="titlepage">
+ <title><literal>titlepage</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making a title page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title pages, creating</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{titlepage}
+<replaceable>text</replaceable>
+\end{titlepage}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>titlepage</literal> environment creates a title page, i.e., a page
+with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following
+page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to
+you. The <literal>\today</literal> command may be useful on title pages
+(see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).</para>
+ <para>You can use the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>) to
+produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.27" id="verbatim">
+ <title><literal>verbatim</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>simulating typed text</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>typed text, simulating</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>code, typesetting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>computer programs, typesetting</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{verbatim}
+<replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>
+\end{verbatim}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> environment is a paragraph-making environment in
+which &latex; produces exactly what you type in; for instance the
+<literal>\</literal> character produces a printed &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo;. It turns &latex;
+into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same
+effect that they would on a typewriter.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>).</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="8.27.1" id="\verb">
+ <title><literal>\verb</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>verbatim text, inline</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\verb<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable>
+\verb*<replaceable>char</replaceable><replaceable>literal-text</replaceable><replaceable>char</replaceable>
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\verb</literal> command typesets <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable> as it is input,
+including special characters and spaces, using the typewriter
+(<literal>\tt</literal>) font. No spaces are allowed between <literal>\verb</literal> or
+<literal>\verb*</literal> and the delimiter <replaceable>char</replaceable>, which begins and ends the
+verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</replaceable>.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>visible space</primary></indexterm>The <literal>*</literal>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a
+&ldquo;visible space&rdquo; character.</para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="8.28" id="verse">
+ <title><literal>verse</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>poetry, an environment for</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\begin{verse}
+<replaceable>line1</replaceable> \\
+<replaceable>line2</replaceable> \\
+...
+\end{verse}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>verse</literal> environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
+other uses for it.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm>The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are not
+indented, and the text is not justified. Separate the lines of each
+stanza with <literal>\\</literal>, and use one or more blank lines to separate the
+stanzas.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="9" id="Footnotes">
+ <title>Footnotes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm>
+Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced
+with one command, the <literal>\footnote</literal> command. They can also be
+produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the
+<literal>\footnotetext</literal> commands.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="9.1" id="\footnote">
+ <title><literal>\footnote</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\footnote[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\footnote</literal> command places the numbered footnote <replaceable>text</replaceable>
+at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable>
+changes the default footnote number.</para>
+ <para>This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
+cannot use it in sectioning commands like <literal>\chapter</literal>, in figures,
+tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections.)
+<!-- xx mention packages that fix this --></para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="9.2" id="\footnotemark">
+ <title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm>
+With no optional argument, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> command puts the
+current footnote number in the text. This command can be used in
+inner paragraph mode. You give the text of the footnote separately,
+with the <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command.</para>
+ <para>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
+markers referring to the same footnote with</para>
+ <screen>
+\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]
+</screen>
+ <para>after the first <literal>\footnote</literal> command.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="9.3" id="\footnotetext">
+ <title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\footnotetext[<replaceable>number</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command places <replaceable>text</replaceable> at the bottom of
+the page as a footnote. This command can come anywhere after the
+<literal>\footnotemark</literal> command. The <literal>\footnotetext</literal> command must
+appear in outer paragraph mode.</para>
+ <para>The optional argument <replaceable>number</replaceable> changes the default footnote number.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="9.4" id="Footnote-parameters">
+ <title>Footnote parameters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\footnoterule</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page's
+footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and
+<literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except
+slides, where it does not appear).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\footnotesep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By
+default, this is set to the normal strut for <literal>\footnotesize</literal>
+fonts (see <xref linkend="Font-sizes"></xref>), therefore there is no extra space between
+footnotes. This is &lsquo;<literal>6.65pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>7.7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
+&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>8.4pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="10" id="Definitions">
+ <title>Definitions</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.</para>
+<!-- xx everything in this chapter needs examples. -->
+ <sect1 label="10.1" id="\newcommand-&-\renewcommand">
+ <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a
+command, respectively. Synopses:</para>
+ <screen>
+ \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+\renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+ \newcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+\renewcommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it
+must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for
+<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
+that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no
+arguments.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
+first argument is optional. When the new command is called, the
+default value of the optional argument (i.e., if it is not specified
+in the call) is the string &lsquo;<literal>def</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>defn</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a
+construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>defn</replaceable> is replaced by the
+text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.2" id="\newcounter">
+ <title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>.
+The new counter is initialized to zero.</para>
+ <para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>
+will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented.</para>
+ <para>See <xref linkend="Counters"></xref>, for more information about counters.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.3" id="\newlength">
+ <title><literal>\newlength</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a
+<literal>length</literal> command with a value of <literal>0in</literal>. The argument must
+be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error
+occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined.</para>
+ <para>See <xref linkend="Lengths"></xref>, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value, and
+for more information about lengths in general.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.4" id="\newsavebox">
+ <title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\newsavebox{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Defines <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must be a command name not already
+defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.5" id="\newenvironment-&-\renewenvironment">
+ <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining environments</primary></indexterm>
+Synopses:</para>
+ <screen>
+ \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
+ \newenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
+\renewenvironment{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>begdef</replaceable>}{<replaceable>enddef</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>These commands define or redefine an environment <replaceable>env</replaceable>, that is,
+<literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>} &hellip; \end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>env</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The name of the environment. For <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable>
+must not be an existing environment, and the command <literal>\<replaceable>env</replaceable></literal>
+must be undefined. For <literal>\renewenvironment</literal>, <replaceable>env</replaceable> must be
+the name of an existing environment.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
+the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>default</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and <replaceable>default</replaceable>
+gives the default value for that argument.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>begdef</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\begin{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>; a
+construct of the form <literal>#<replaceable>n</replaceable></literal> in <replaceable>begdef</replaceable> is replaced by
+the text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>enddef</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The text expanded at every occurrence of <literal>\end{<replaceable>env</replaceable>}</literal>. It
+may not contain any argument parameters.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.6" id="\newtheorem">
+ <title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new theorems</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <screen>
+\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}[<replaceable>within</replaceable>]
+\newtheorem{<replaceable>newenv</replaceable>}[<replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>]{<replaceable>label</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>This command defines a theorem-like environment. Arguments:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>newenv</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of an
+existing environment or otherwise defined.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>label</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
+number. For example, &lsquo;<literal>Theorem</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined theorem-like environment;
+the new environment will be numbered just like <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>within</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(Optional.) The name of an already defined counter, a sectional unit.
+The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as the
+<replaceable>within</replaceable> counter.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>At most one of <replaceable>numbered_like</replaceable> and <replaceable>within</replaceable> can be specified,
+not both.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.7" id="\newfont">
+ <title><literal>\newfont</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new fonts</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\newfont{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>fontname</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Defines a control sequence <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>, which must not already
+be defined, to make <replaceable>fontname</replaceable> be the current font. The file
+looked for on the system is named <filename><replaceable>fontname</replaceable>.tfm</filename>.</para>
+ <para>This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
+More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> files.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="10.8" id="\protect">
+ <title><literal>\protect</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>fragile commands</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>moving arguments</primary></indexterm>Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
+many more are so-called <firstterm>fragile</firstterm> commands. When a fragile
+command is used in certain contexts, called <firstterm>moving arguments</firstterm>, it
+must be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. In addition, any fragile
+commands within the arguments must have their own <literal>\protect</literal>.</para>
+ <para>Some examples of moving arguments are <literal>\caption</literal>
+(see <xref linkend="figure"></xref>), <literal>\thanks</literal> (see <xref linkend="\maketitle"></xref>), and
+expressions in <literal>tabular</literal> and <literal>array</literal> environments
+(see <xref linkend="tabular"></xref>).</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>robust commands</primary></indexterm>Commands which are not fragile are called <firstterm>robust</firstterm>. They must not
+be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>.</para>
+ <para>See also:</para>
+ <screen>
+<lineannotation><ulink url="http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html">http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html</ulink></lineannotation>
+<lineannotation><ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect</ulink></lineannotation>
+</screen>
+<!-- xx really need examples. -->
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="11" id="Counters">
+ <title>Counters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm>
+Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
+it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment
+or command that produces the number, except with no <literal>\</literal>.
+(<literal>enumi</literal>&ndash;<literal>enumiv</literal> are used for the nested enumerate
+environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;'s
+standard document classes to control numbering.</para>
+ <screen>
+part paragraph figure enumi
+chapter subparagraph table enumii
+section page footnote enumiii
+subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
+subsubsection
+</screen>
+ <sect1 label="11.1" id="\alph-\Alph-\arabic-\roman-\Roman-\fnsymbol">
+ <title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title>
+ <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
+instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\alph</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>prints <replaceable>counter</replaceable> using lowercase letters: `a', `b', &hellip;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Alph</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>uses uppercase letters: `A', `B', &hellip;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arabic</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>uses Arabic numbers: `1', `2', &hellip;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>uses lowercase roman numerals: `i', `ii', &hellip;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\roman</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>uses uppercase roman numerals: `I', `II', &hellip;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\fnsymbol</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>prints the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> in a specific sequence of nine
+symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of
+<replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between&#xa0;1 and&#xa0;9, inclusive.</para>
+ <para>The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the names:<literallayout>
+asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
+double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger
+</literallayout></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.2" id="\usecounter">
+ <title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>numbered items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\usecounter</literal> command is used in the second argument of the
+<literal>list</literal> environment to specify <replaceable>counter</replaceable> to be used to number
+the list items.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.3" id="\value">
+ <title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\value</literal> command produces the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable>. It can
+be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example:</para>
+ <screen>
+\setcounter{myctr}{3}
+\addtocounter{myctr}{1}
+\hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.4" id="\setcounter">
+ <title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>setting counters</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the
+<replaceable>value</replaceable> argument.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.5" id="\addtocounter">
+ <title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\addtocounter</literal> command increments <replaceable>counter</replaceable> by the
+amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be negative.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.6" id="\refstepcounter">
+ <title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\refstepcounter</literal> command works in the same way as
+<literal>\stepcounter</literal> See <xref linkend="\stepcounter"></xref>, except it also defines the
+current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.7" id="\stepcounter">
+ <title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\stepcounter</literal> command adds one to <replaceable>counter</replaceable> and
+resets all subsidiary counters.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="11.8" id="\day-\month-\year">
+ <title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; defines counters for the day of the month (<literal>\day</literal>,
+1&ndash;31), month of the year (<literal>\month</literal>, 1&ndash;12), and year
+(<literal>\year</literal>, Common Era). When &tex; starts up, they are
+set to the current values on the system where &tex; is running. They
+are not updated as the job progresses.</para>
+ <para>The related command <literal>\today</literal> produces a string representing the
+current day (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="12" id="Lengths">
+ <title>Lengths</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
+A <literal>length</literal> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
+length as an argument.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="12.1" id="\setlength">
+ <title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\setlength</literal> sets the value of <replaceable>\len</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable>
+argument, which can be expressed in any units that &latex;
+understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</literal>), points
+(<literal>pt</literal>), big points (<literal>bp</literal>, etc.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="12.2" id="\addtolength">
+ <title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\addtolength</literal> command increments a &ldquo;length command&rdquo;
+<replaceable>\len</replaceable> by the amount specified in the <replaceable>amount</replaceable> argument, which
+may be negative.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="12.3" id="\settodepth">
+ <title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</literal></para>
+ <para>The <literal>\settodepth</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
+equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="12.4" id="\settoheight">
+ <title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</literal></para>
+ <para>The <literal>\settoheight</literal> command sets the value of a <literal>length</literal> command
+equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="12.5" id="\settowidth">
+ <title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\settowidth</literal> command sets the value of the command <replaceable>\len</replaceable>
+to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="12.6" id="Predefined-lengths">
+ <title>Predefined lengths</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\width</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\width</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\height</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\height</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\depth</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\depth</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\totalheight</literal>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalheight</primary></indexterm>
+These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making
+commands (see <xref linkend="Boxes"></xref>). They specify the natural width etc. of the
+text in the box. <literal>\totalheight</literal> equals <literal>\height</literal> +
+<literal>\depth</literal>. To make a box with the text stretched to double the
+natural size, e.g., say</para>
+ <para><literal>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</literal></para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="13" id="Line-breaking">
+ <title>Line breaking</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm>
+The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
+translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
+produce a printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines
+(and these lines must be broken into pages).</para>
+ <para>&latex; usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in
+some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the
+<literal>\\</literal> command, and you can always manually force breaks.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.1" id="\\">
+ <title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\\</literal> command tells &latex; to start a new line. It has an
+optional argument, <replaceable>morespace</replaceable>, that specifies how much extra
+vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a
+negative amount.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>\\*</literal> command is the same as the ordinary <literal>\\</literal> command
+except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.2" id="\obeycr-&-\restorecr">
+ <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> &amp; <literal>\restorecr</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\obeycr</literal> command makes a return in the input file
+(&lsquo;<literal>^^M</literal>&rsquo;, internally) the same as <literal>\\</literal> (followed by
+<literal>\relax</literal>). So each new line in the input will also be a new line
+in the output.</para>
+ <para><literal>\restorecr</literal> restores normal line-breaking behavior.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.3" id="\newline">
+ <title><literal>\newline</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\newline</literal> command breaks the line at the present point, with
+no stretching of the text before it. It can only be used in paragraph
+mode.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.4" id="\--(hyphenation)">
+ <title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at
+that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually
+find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an
+incorrect one. The <literal>\-</literal> command is used for the exceptional
+cases.</para>
+ <para>When you insert <literal>\-</literal> commands in a word, the word will only be
+hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points
+that &latex; might otherwise have chosen.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.5" id="\fussy">
+ <title><literal>\fussy</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
+The declaration <literal>\fussy</literal> (which is the default) makes &tex;
+picky about line breaking. This usually avoids too much space between
+words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box.</para>
+ <para>This command cancels the effect of a previous <literal>\sloppy</literal> command
+(see <xref linkend="\sloppy"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.6" id="\sloppy">
+ <title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
+ <para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line
+breaking. This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose
+interword spacing.</para>
+ <para>Lasts until a <literal>\fussy</literal> command is issued (see <xref linkend="\fussy"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.7" id="\hyphenation">
+ <title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\hyphenation{<replaceable>word-one</replaceable> <replaceable>word-two</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\hyphenation</literal> command declares allowed hyphenation points
+with a <literal>-</literal> character in the given words. The words are separated
+by spaces. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no
+inflections are tried. Multiple <literal>\hyphenation</literal> commands
+accumulate. Some examples (the default &tex; hyphenation patterns
+misses the hyphenations in these words):</para>
+ <screen>
+\hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="13.8" id="\linebreak-&-\nolinebreak">
+ <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+Synopses:</para>
+ <screen>
+\linebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
+\nolinebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+ <para>By default, the <literal>\linebreak</literal> (<literal>\nolinebreak</literal>) command forces
+(prevents) a line break at the current position. For
+<literal>\linebreak</literal>, the spaces in the line are stretched out so that it
+extends to the right margin as usual.</para>
+ <para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the command
+from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a number from
+0 to&#xa0;4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="14" id="Page-breaking">
+ <title>Page breaking</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
+accumulated to fill up a page. Usually this happens automatically,
+but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="14.1" id="\cleardoublepage">
+ <title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="14.2" id="\clearpage">
+ <title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\clearpage</literal> command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="14.3" id="\newpage">
+ <title><literal>\newpage</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\newpage</literal> command ends the current page, but does not clear
+floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="14.4" id="\enlargethispage">
+ <title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\enlargethispage{size}</literal></para>
+ <para><literal>\enlargethispage*{size}</literal></para>
+ <para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page by the specified
+amount; e.g. <literal>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</literal> will allow one
+additional line.</para>
+ <para>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as
+much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit
+<literal>\pagebreak</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="14.5" id="\pagebreak-&-\nopagebreak">
+ <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm>
+Synopses:</para>
+ <screen>
+\pagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
+\nopagebreak[<replaceable>priority</replaceable>]
+</screen>
+ <para>By default, the <literal>\pagebreak</literal> (<literal>\nopagebreak</literal>) command forces
+(prevents) a page break at the current position. For
+<literal>\linebreak</literal>, the vertical space on the page is stretched out
+where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom margin.</para>
+ <para>With the optional argument <replaceable>priority</replaceable>, you can convert the
+<literal>\pagebreak</literal> command from a demand to a request. The number must
+be a number from 0 to&#xa0;4. The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs">
+ <title>Making paragraphs</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines&mdash;lines not
+containing even a <literal>%</literal>. A blank line should not appear where a new
+paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
+a sectioning command.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="15.1" id="\indent">
+ <title><literal>\indent</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\indent</literal> produces a horizontal space whose width equals the
+width of the <literal>\parindent</literal> length, the normal paragraph
+indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would
+otherwise be suppressed.</para>
+ <para>The default value for <literal>\parindent</literal> is <literal>1em</literal> in two-column
+mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, <literal>17pt</literal> for
+<literal>11pt</literal>, and <literal>1.5em</literal> for <literal>12pt</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="15.2" id="\noindent">
+ <title><literal>\noindent</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm>
+When used at the beginning of the paragraph, <literal>\noindent</literal>
+suppresses any paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in
+the middle of a paragraph.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="15.3" id="\parskip">
+ <title><literal>\parskip</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\parskip</literal> is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added
+before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes">
+ <title>Marginal notes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>remarks in the margin</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\marginpar</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\marginpar[<replaceable>left</replaceable>]{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\marginpar</literal> command creates a note in the margin. The first
+line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
+where the <literal>\marginpar</literal> occurs.</para>
+ <para>When you only specify the mandatory argument <replaceable>right</replaceable>, the text
+will be placed</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>in the right margin for one-sided layout;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>in the outside margin for two-sided layout;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\reversemarginpar</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\normalmarginpar</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\reversemarginpar</literal> places subsequent marginal notes
+in the opposite (inside) margin. <literal>\normalmarginpar</literal> places them
+in the default position.</para>
+ <para>When you specify both arguments, <replaceable>left</replaceable> is used for the left
+margin, and <replaceable>right</replaceable> is used for the right margin.</para>
+ <para>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
+hyphenation there by beginning the node with <literal>\hspace{0pt}</literal>.</para>
+ <para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\marginparpush</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<literal>7pt</literal>&rsquo; for
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>5pt</literal>&rsquo; else.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\marginparsep</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+&lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; else.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\marginparwidth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<literal>10pt</literal>&rsquo; document
+is &lsquo;<literal>90pt</literal>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<literal>83pt</literal>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<literal>11pt</literal>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<literal>68pt</literal>&rsquo; for
+&lsquo;<literal>12pt</literal>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<literal>17pt</literal>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
+In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<literal>48pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas">
+ <title>Math formulas</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, entering</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm>There are three environments that put &latex; in math mode:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>math</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>For formulas that appear right in the text.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>displaymath</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>For formulas that appear on their own line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>equation</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation
+number in the right margin.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\(</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\[</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\]</primary></indexterm>The <literal>math</literal> environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode,
+but the <literal>displaymath</literal> and <literal>equation</literal> environments can be used
+only in paragraph mode. The <literal>math</literal> and <literal>displaymath</literal>
+environments are used so often that they have the following short forms:</para>
+ <screen>
+\(...\) <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{math}...\end{math}
+\[...\] <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>$</primary></indexterm>In fact, the <literal>math</literal> environment is so common that it has an even
+shorter form:</para>
+ <screen>
+$ ... $ <lineannotation>instead of</lineannotation> \(...\)
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\boldmath</literal> command changes math letters and symbols to be in
+a bold font. It is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode. Conversely, the
+<literal>\unboldmath</literal> command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font;
+it too is used <emphasis>outside</emphasis> of math mode.</para>
+<!-- xx own section? Math fonts? -->
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\displaystyle</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\displaystyle</literal> declaration forces the size and style of the
+formula to be that of <literal>displaymath</literal>, e.g., with limits above and
+below summations. For example</para>
+ <screen>
+$\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $
+</screen>
+<!-- xx see also \cal, \mathcal -->
+ <sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-&-Superscripts">
+ <title>Subscripts &amp; Superscripts</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>exponent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>^</primary></indexterm>
+To get an expression <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a subscript, you just type
+<literal>_{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. To get <wordasword>exp</wordasword> to appear as a
+superscript, you type <literal>^{</literal><wordasword>exp</wordasword><literal>}</literal>. &latex; handles
+superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way.
+It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
+superscript.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols">
+ <title>Math symbols</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>greek letters</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to
+need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.
+For example, if you include <literal>$\pi$</literal> in your source, you will get
+the pi symbol (\pi) in your output.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\|</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\|</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\aleph</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\aleph</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\alpha</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\alpha</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\amalg</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\amalg (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\angle</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\angle</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\approx</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\approx (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ast</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ast (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\asymp</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\asymp (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\backslash</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\beta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\beta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigcap</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigcirc</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigcirc (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigcup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigcup</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigodot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigodot</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigoplus</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigoplus</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigotimes</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigotimes</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigtriangledown (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigtriangleup (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigsqcup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigsqcup</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\biguplus</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\biguplus</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigcap</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigvee</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigwedge</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bigwedge</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bot</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bowtie</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\bowtie (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Box</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(square open box symbol)
+<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bullet</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet symbol</primary></indexterm>\bullet (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cap</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cap (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cdot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cdot (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\chi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\chi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\circ</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\circ (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\clubsuit</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\clubsuit</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cong</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cong (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\coprod</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\coprod</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cup (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dagger</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\dagger (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dashv</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\dashv (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ddagger</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\dagger (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Delta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Delta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\delta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\delta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Diamond</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>bigger \diamond
+<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\diamond</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\diamond (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\diamondsuit</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\diamondsuit</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\div</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\div (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\doteq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\doteq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\downarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\downarrow (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Downarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Downarrow (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ell</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ell</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\emptyset</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\emptyset</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\epsilon</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\epsilon</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\equiv</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\equiv (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\eta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\eta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\exists</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\exists</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\flat</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\flat</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\forall</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\forall</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\frown</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\frown (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Gamma</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Gamma</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\gamma</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\gamma</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ge</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ge</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\geq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\geq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\gets</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\gets</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\gg</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\gg (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\hbar</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\hbar</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\heartsuit</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\heartsuit</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\hookleftarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\hookleftarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\hookrightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\hookrightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\iff</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\iff</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Im</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Im</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\in</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\in (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\infty</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\infty</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\int</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\int</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\iota</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\iota</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Join</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>condensed bowtie symbol (relation)
+<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\kappa</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\kappa</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Lambda</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Lambda</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lambda</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lambda</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\land</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\land</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\langle</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\langle (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lbrace</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lbrace (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lbrack</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lbrack (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lceil</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lceil (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\le</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\le</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\leadsto</literal></term>
+<!-- xx missing from plain -->
+ <listitem>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Leftarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Leftarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\leftarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\leftarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\leftharpoondown</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\leftharpoondown</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\leftharpoonup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\leftharpoonup</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Leftrightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Leftrightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\leftrightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\leftrightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\leq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\leq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lfloor</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lfloor (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lhd</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(left-pointing arrow head)
+<!-- xx not in plain --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ll</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ll (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lnot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lnot</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\longleftarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\longleftarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\longleftrightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\longleftrightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\longmapsto</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\longmapsto</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\longrightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\longrightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lor</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lor</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mapsto</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\mapsto</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mho</literal></term>
+<!-- xx not in plain -->
+ <listitem>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mid</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\mid (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\models</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\models (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mp</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\mp (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\mu</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\mu</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\nabla</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\nabla</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\natural</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\natural</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ne</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ne</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\nearrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\nearrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\neg</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\neg</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\neq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\neq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ni</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ni (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\not</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\notin</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ni</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\nu</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\nu</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\nwarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\nwarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\odot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\odot (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\oint</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\oint</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Omega</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Omega</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\omega</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\omega</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ominus</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ominus (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\oplus</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\oplus (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\oslash</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\oslash (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\otimes</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\otimes (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\owns</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\owns</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\parallel</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\parallel (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\partial</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\partial</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\perp</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\perp (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\phi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\phi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Pi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Pi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\pi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\pi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\pm</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\pm (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\prec</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\prec (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\preceq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\preceq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\prime</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\prime</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\prod</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\prod</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\propto</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\propto (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Psi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Psi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\psi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\psi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rangle</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rangle (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rbrace</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rbrace (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rbrack</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rbrack (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rceil</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rceil (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Re</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Re</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rfloor</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rfloor</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rhd</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(binary operation)
+<!-- xx not in plain @math{\rhd} --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rho</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rho</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Rightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Rightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rightarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rightarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rightharpoondown</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rightharpoondown</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rightharpoonup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rightharpoonup</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rightleftharpoons</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\rightleftharpoons</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\searrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\searrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\setminus</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\setminus (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sharp</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sharp</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Sigma</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Sigma</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sigma</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sigma</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sim</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sim (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\simeq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\simeq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\smallint</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\smallint</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\smile</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\smile (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\spadesuit</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\spadesuit</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqcap</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sqcap (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqcup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sqcup (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqsubset</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(relation)
+<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsubset}) --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqsubseteq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sqsubseteq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqsupset</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>(relation)
+<!-- not in plain (@math{\sqsupset}) --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqsupseteq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sqsupseteq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\star</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\star (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\subset</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\subset (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\subseteq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\subseteq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\succ</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\succ (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\succeq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\succeq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sum</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sum</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\supset</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\supset (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\supseteq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\supseteq (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\surd</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\surd</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\swarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\swarrow</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tau</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\tau</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\theta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\theta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\times</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\times (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\to</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\to</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\top</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\top</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\triangle</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\triangle</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\triangleleft</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\triangleleft (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\triangleright</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\triangleright (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\unlhd</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
+<!-- not in plain --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\unrhd</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)
+<!-- not in plain --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Uparrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Uparrow (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\uparrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\uparrow (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Updownarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Updownarrow (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\updownarrow</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\updownarrow (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\uplus</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\uplus (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Upsilon</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Upsilon</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\upsilon</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\upsilon</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\varepsilon</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\varepsilon</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\varphi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\varphi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\varpi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\varpi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\varrho</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\varrho</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\varsigma</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\varsigma</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\vartheta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\vartheta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\vdash</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\vdash (relation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\vee</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\vee (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Vert</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Vert (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\vert</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\vert (delimiter)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\wedge</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\wedge (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\wp</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\wp</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\wr</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\wr (binary operation)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Xi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Xi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\xi</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\xi</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\zeta</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\zeta</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions">
+ <title>Math functions</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm>
+These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
+spacing.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arccos</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\arccos</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arcsin</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\arcsin</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arctan</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\arctan</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\arg</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\arg</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bmod</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cos</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cos</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cosh</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cosh</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cos</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\coth</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\cosh</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\csc</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\csc</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\deg</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\deg</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\det</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\deg</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dim</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\dim</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\exp</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\exp</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\gcd</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\gcd</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\hom</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\hom</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\inf</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\inf</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ker</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ker</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lg</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lg</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lim</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\lim</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\liminf</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\liminf</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\limsup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\limsup</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ln</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\ln</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\log</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\log</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\max</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\max</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\min</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\min</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\pmod</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\Pr</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\Pr</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sec</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sec</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sin</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sin</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sinh</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sinh</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sup</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\sup</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tan</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\tan</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tanh</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>\tanh</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents">
+ <title>Math accents</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
+in math. These are different from accents in normal text
+(see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>).</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\acute</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math acute accent: \acutex.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\breve</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math breve accent: \brevex.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\check</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>h&aacute;c&lt;ek accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent: \checkx.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ddot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dot accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math dieresis accent: \ddotx.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overdot accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot over accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math dot accent: \dotx.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\grave</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math grave accent: \gravex.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\hat</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent, math</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hatx.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\imath</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i, math</primary></indexterm>Math dotless i.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\jmath</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j, math</primary></indexterm>Math dotless j.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\tilde</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math tilde accent: \tildex.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\vec</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vector symbol, math</primary></indexterm>Math vector symbol: \vecx.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide hat accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math wide hat accent: \widehatx+y.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\widehat</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>wide tile accent, math</primary></indexterm>Math wide tilde accent: \widetildex+y.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode">
+ <title>Spacing in math mode</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm>
+In a <literal>math</literal> environment, &latex; ignores the spaces you type and
+puts in the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics
+texts. If you want different spacing, &latex; provides the following
+commands for use in math mode:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\;</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\;</primary></indexterm>A thick space (5\over18\,quad).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\:</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\&gt;</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\:</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&gt;</primary></indexterm>Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\,</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\,</primary></indexterm>A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\!</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A negative thin space (-1\over6\,quad).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-Miscellany">
+ <title>Math Miscellany</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math Miscellany</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\*</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>discretionary multiplication</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>multiplication symbol, discretionary line break</primary></indexterm>A &ldquo;discretionary&rdquo; multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
+allowed.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\cdots</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ddots</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\frac{num}{den}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frac</primary></indexterm>Produces the fraction <literal>num</literal> divided by <literal>den</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\left <replaceable>delim1</replaceable> ... \right <replaceable>delim2</replaceable></literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm>The two delimiters need not match; &lsquo;<literal>.</literal>&rsquo; acts as a null delimiter,
+producing no output. The delimiters are sized according to the math
+in between. Example: <literal>\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\overbrace{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Generates a brace over <replaceable>text</replaceable>.
+For example, \overbracex+\cdots+x^k \rm\;times.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>.
+For exampe, \overlinex+y.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The
+optional argument <replaceable>root</replaceable> determines what root to produce. For
+example, the cube root of <literal>x+y</literal> would be typed as
+<literal>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Puts <replaceable>text</replaceable> above <replaceable>relation</replaceable>. For example,
+<literal>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\underbrace{math}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Generates <replaceable>math</replaceable> with a brace underneath.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\underline{text}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Causes <replaceable>text</replaceable>, which may be either math mode or not, to be
+underlined.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\vdots</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm>Produces a vertical ellipsis.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="17" id="Modes">
+ <title>Modes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm></para>
+ <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
+modes:</para>
+ <itemizedlist mark="bullet">
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Paragraph mode</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Math mode</para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ <para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
+Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
+&latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.</para>
+ <para>&ldquo;Paragraph mode&rdquo; is the most common; it's the one &latex; is in
+when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your
+text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in
+&ldquo;math mode&rdquo; when it's generating a mathematical formula. In &ldquo;LR
+mode&rdquo;, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it
+produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However,
+unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it
+never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words
+into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left
+to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting
+box was too wide to fit on the line.</para>
+ <para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal>
+command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
+example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
+There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
+making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of
+these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When
+&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in
+&ldquo;inner paragraph mode&rdquo;. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out
+in, is called &ldquo;outer paragraph mode&rdquo;.</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="18" id="Page-Styles">
+ <title>Page Styles</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command determines the size and position of
+the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="18.1" id="\maketitle">
+ <title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\maketitle</literal> command generates a title on a separate title
+page&mdash;except in the <literal>article</literal> class, where the title is placed
+at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title
+is obtained from the following declarations:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\author{<replaceable>name</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>\author</literal> command declares the document author(s), where the
+argument is a list of authors separated by <literal>\and</literal> commands. Use
+<literal>\\</literal> to separate lines within a single author's entry&mdash;for
+example, to give the author's institution or address.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\date{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>date, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\date</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the document's
+date. With no <literal>\date</literal> command, the current date (see <xref linkend="\today"></xref>)
+is used.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\thanks{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>thanks, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\thanks</literal> command produces a <literal>\footnote</literal> to the title,
+usually used for credit acknowledgements.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm>The <literal>\title</literal> command declares <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the
+document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="18.2" id="\pagenumbering">
+ <title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>arabic</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>arabic numerals</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>roman</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>lowercase Roman numerals</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>Roman</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>uppercase Roman numerals</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>alph</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>lowercase letters</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>Alph</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>uppercase letters</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="18.3" id="\pagestyle">
+ <title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>footer style</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>running header and footer style</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\pagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\pagestyle</literal> command specifies how the headers and footers
+are typeset from the current page onwards. Values for <replaceable>style</replaceable>:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>plain</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Just a plain page number.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>empty</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>headings</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Put running headers on each page. The document style specifies what
+goes in the headers.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>myheadings</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Custom headers, specified via the <literal>\markboth</literal> or the
+<literal>\markright</literal> commands.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>Here are the descriptions of <literal>\markboth</literal> and <literal>\markright</literal>:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\markboth{<replaceable>left</replaceable>}{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Sets both the left and the right heading. A &ldquo;left-hand heading&rdquo;
+(<replaceable>left</replaceable>) is generated by the last <literal>\markboth</literal> command before
+the end of the page, while a &ldquo;right-hand heading&rdquo; (<replaceable>right</replaceable> is
+generated by the first <literal>\markboth</literal> or <literal>\markright</literal> that
+comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before
+the page.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="18.4" id="\thispagestyle">
+ <title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\thispagestyle</literal> command works in the same manner as the
+<literal>\pagestyle</literal> command (see previous section) except that it
+changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="19" id="Spaces">
+ <title>Spaces</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.</para>
+ <para>Another space-producing command is <literal>\,</literal> to produce a &ldquo;thin&rdquo;
+space (usually 1/6quad). It can be used in text mode, but is
+more often useful in math mode (see <xref linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode"></xref>).</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.1" id="\hspace">
+ <title><literal>\hspace</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\hspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\hspace</literal> command adds horizontal space. The <replaceable>length</replaceable>
+argument can be expressed in any terms that &latex; understands:
+points, inches, etc. It is a rubber length. You can add both
+negative and positive space with an <literal>\hspace</literal> command; adding
+negative space is like backspacing.</para>
+ <para>&latex; normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
+or end of a line. To preserve this space, use the optional <literal>*</literal>
+form.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.2" id="\hfill">
+ <title><literal>\hfill</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which has
+no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as
+needed.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fill</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\fill</literal> parameter is the rubber length itself (technically,
+the glue value &lsquo;<literal>0pt plus1fill</literal>&rsquo;); thus, <literal>\hspace\fill</literal> is
+equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.3" id="\SPACE">
+ <title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It's
+useful after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence. For example
+<literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>.
+It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a
+nice system.</literal></para>
+ <para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap>
+are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.4" id="\AT">
+ <title><literal>\@</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a
+sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after
+a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without
+<literal>\@</literal>:</para>
+ <screen>
+&hellip; in C\@. Pascal, though &hellip;
+&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
+</screen>
+ <para role="continues">produces</para>
+<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. -->
+ <blockquote>
+ <para>&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;
+&hellip; in C. Pascal, though &hellip;</para>
+ </blockquote>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.5" id="\thinspace">
+ <title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that
+is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as
+in '&rdquo;.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.6" id="\/">
+ <title><literal>\/</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a
+small space defined by the font designer for a given character,
+to avoid the character colliding with whatever follows. The italic
+<wordasword>f</wordasword> character typically has a large italic correction value.</para>
+ <para>If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary to
+insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
+very small height. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
+normal letters, it can help. Compare
+<wordasword>f: f;</wordasword> (in the &tex; output, the `f's are nicely separated)
+with <wordasword>f: f;</wordasword>.</para>
+ <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
+correction. Compare
+pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the `f')
+with pdf&tex;.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.7" id="\hrulefill">
+ <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\hrulefill</literal> fill command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; which can
+stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal
+rule.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.8" id="\dotfill">
+ <title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\dotfill</literal> command produces a &ldquo;rubber length&rdquo; that fills
+with dots instead of just white space.</para>
+<!-- xx undone -->
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.9" id="\addvspace">
+ <title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, inserting vertical</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\addvspace{length}</literal></para>
+ <para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height
+length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
+point in the output by a previous <literal>\addvspace</literal> command, then this
+command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
+of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.10" id="\bigskip-\medskip-\smallskip">
+ <title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title>
+ <para>These commands produce a given amount of space.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bigskip</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line
+space (with stretch and shrink).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\medskip</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily
+about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\smallskip</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a
+quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.11" id="\vfill">
+ <title><literal>\vfill</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which
+can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It's equivalent to
+<literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <xref linkend="\hfill"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="19.12" id="\vspace">
+ <title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\vspace</literal> command adds the vertical space <replaceable>length</replaceable>, i.e.,
+a rubber length. <replaceable>length</replaceable> can be negative or positive.</para>
+ <para>Ordinarily, &latex; removes vertical space added by <literal>\vspace</literal> at
+the top or bottom of a page. With the optional <literal>*</literal> argument, the
+space is not removed.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="20" id="Boxes">
+ <title>Boxes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm>
+All the predefined length parameters (see <xref linkend="Predefined-lengths"></xref>) can be
+used in the arguments of the box-making commands.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.1" id="\mbox">
+ <title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, preventing</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\mbox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to hold the
+text created by its argument. The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is not broken into
+lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.2" id="\fbox-and-\framebox">
+ <title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopses:</para>
+ <screen>
+\fbox{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+\framebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal> commands are like <literal>\mbox</literal>,
+except that they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.</para>
+ <para>In addition, the <literal>\framebox</literal> command allows for explicit
+specification of the box width with the optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument
+(a dimension), and positioning with the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable>
+argument.
+<!-- xxref -->
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxrule</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fboxsep</primary></indexterm>Both commands produce a rule of thickness <literal>\fboxrule</literal> (default
+&lsquo;<literal>.4pt</literal>&rsquo;), and leave a space of <literal>\fboxsep</literal> (default
+&lsquo;<literal>3pt</literal>&rsquo;) between the rule and the contents of the box.</para>
+ <para>See <xref linkend="\framebox-(picture)"></xref>, for the <literal>\framebox</literal> command in the
+<literal>picture</literal> environment.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.3" id="lrbox">
+ <title><literal>lrbox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</literal></para>
+ <para>This is the environment form of <literal>\sbox</literal>.</para>
+ <para>The text inside the environment is saved in the box <literal>cmd</literal>, which
+must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.4" id="\makebox">
+ <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\makebox[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command creates a box just wide enough to contain
+the <replaceable>text</replaceable> specified. The width of the box is specified by the
+optional <replaceable>width</replaceable> argument. The position of the text within the box
+is determined by the optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument, which may take
+the following values:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>c</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Centered (default).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>l</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Flush left.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>r</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Flush right.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>s</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Stretch (justify) across entire <replaceable>width</replaceable>; <replaceable>text</replaceable> must contain
+stretchable space for this to work.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para><literal>\makebox</literal> is also used within the picture environment
+see <xref linkend="\makebox-(picture)"></xref>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.5" id="\parbox">
+ <title><literal>\parbox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\parbox[<replaceable>position</replaceable>][<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\parbox</literal> command produces a box whose contents are created
+in <literal>paragraph</literal> mode. It should be used to make a box small
+pieces of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you
+shouldn't use any paragraph-making environments inside a
+<literal>\parbox</literal> argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones
+containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a
+<literal>minipage</literal> environment (see <xref linkend="minipage"></xref>).</para>
+ <para><literal>\parbox</literal> has two mandatory arguments:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>the width of the parbox;</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>the text that goes inside the parbox.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para>The optional <replaceable>position</replaceable> argument allows you to align either the
+top or bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding
+text (default is top).</para>
+ <para>The optional <replaceable>height</replaceable> argument overrides the natural height of the box.</para>
+ <para>The <replaceable>inner-pos</replaceable> argument controls the placement of the text inside
+the box, as follows; if it is not specified, <replaceable>position</replaceable> is used.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>t</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>text is placed at the top of the box.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>c</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>text is centered in the box.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>b</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>text is placed at the bottom of the box.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>s</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable space
+for this to work.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.6" id="\raisebox">
+ <title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\raisebox{distance}[<replaceable>height</replaceable>][<replaceable>depth</replaceable>]{text}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\raisebox</literal> command raises or lowers <replaceable>text</replaceable>. The first
+mandatory argument specifies how high <replaceable>text</replaceable> is to be raised (or
+lowered if it is a negative amount). <replaceable>text</replaceable> itself is processed
+in LR mode.</para>
+ <para>The optional arguments <replaceable>height</replaceable> and <replaceable>depth</replaceable> are dimensions.
+If they are specified, &latex; treats <replaceable>text</replaceable> as extending a
+certain distance above the baseline (height) or below (depth),
+ignoring its natural height and depth.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.7" id="\savebox">
+ <title><literal>\savebox</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\savebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>width</replaceable>][<replaceable>pos</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>This command typeset <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\makebox</literal>
+(see <xref linkend="\makebox"></xref>), except that instead of printing the resulting box,
+it saves it in the box labeled <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>, which must have been
+declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.8" id="\sbox">
+ <title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para><literal>\sbox</literal> types <replaceable>text</replaceable> in a box just as with <literal>\mbox</literal>
+(see <xref linkend="\mbox"></xref>) except that instead of the resulting box being
+included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled
+<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>. <replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> must have been previously declared with
+<literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <xref linkend="\newsavebox"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="20.9" id="\usebox">
+ <title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para><literal>\usebox</literal> producesthe box most recently saved in the bin
+<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable> by a <literal>\savebox</literal> command (see <xref linkend="\savebox"></xref>).</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions">
+ <title>Special insertions</title>
+ <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
+special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters">
+ <title>Reserved characters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm>
+The following characters play a special role in &latex; and are called
+&ldquo;reserved characters&rdquo; or &ldquo;special characters&rdquo;.</para>
+ <screen>
+# $ % &amp; ~ _ ^ \ { }
+</screen>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\#</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\$</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\%</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\&amp;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\_</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\{</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\}</primary></indexterm>Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, &latex;
+will do something special. If you simply want the character to be
+printed as itself, include a <literal>\</literal> in front of the character. For
+example, <literal>\$</literal> will produce <literal>$</literal> in your output.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backslash</primary></indexterm>One exception to this rule is <literal>\</literal> itself, because <literal>\\</literal> has
+its own special (context-dependent) meaning. A roman \ is produced by
+typing <literal>$\backslash$</literal> in your file, and a typewriter <literal>\</literal> is
+produced by using &lsquo;<literal>\</literal>&rsquo; in a verbatim command (see <xref linkend="verbatim"></xref>).</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^</primary></indexterm>Also, <literal>\~</literal> and <literal>\^</literal> place tilde and circumflex accents over
+the following letter, as in &otilde; and &ocirc; (see <xref linkend="Accents"></xref>); to get
+a standalone <literal>~</literal> or <literal>^</literal>, you can again use a verbatim
+command.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accessing any character of a font</primary></indexterm>
+Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
+know its number by using the <literal>\symbol</literal> command. For example, the
+visible space character used in the <literal>\verb*</literal> command has the code
+decimal 32, so it can be typed as <literal>\symbol{32}</literal>.</para>
+ <para>You can also specify octal numbers with <literal>'</literal> or hexadecimal numbers
+with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as
+<literal>\symbol{'40}</literal> or <literal>\symbol{"20}</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols">
+ <title>Text symbols</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
+in running text.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\copyright</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>copyright symbol</primary></indexterm>The copyright symbol, &copy;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\dag</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>The dagger symbol (in text).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ddag</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double dagger, in text</primary></indexterm>The double dagger symbol (in text).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\LaTeX</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm>The &latex; logo.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ldots</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): `&hellip;'. This
+command also works in math mode.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\lq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>opening quote</primary></indexterm>Left (opening) quote: `.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\P</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph sign</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pilcrow</primary></indexterm>Paragraph sign (pilcrow).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\pounds</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pounds symbol</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sterling symbol</primary></indexterm>English pounds sterling.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\rq</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right quote</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing quote</primary></indexterm>Right (closing) quote: '.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\S</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>section symbol</primary></indexterm>Section symbol.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\TeX</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&tex; logo</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &tex;</primary></indexterm>The &tex; logo.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents">
+ <title>Accents</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm>
+&latex; has wide support for many of the world's scripts and
+languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This
+section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely the
+core &latex; commands for creating accented characters.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\"</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\" (umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>umlaut accent</primary></indexterm>Produces an umlaut, as in &ouml;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\'</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\' (acute accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>acute accent</primary></indexterm>Produces an acute accent, as in &oacute;. In the <literal>tabbing</literal>
+environment, pushes current column to the right of the previous column
+(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\.</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\. (dot-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-over accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\=</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\= (macron accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>overbar accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o&macr;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\^</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\^ (circumflex accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>circumflex accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hat accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in &ocirc;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\`</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\` (grave accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>grave accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a grave accent over the following, as in &ograve;. In the
+<literal>tabbing</literal> environment, move following text to the right margin
+(see <xref linkend="tabbing"></xref>).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\~</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\~ (tilde accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tilde accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in &ntilde;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\b</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\bar</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bar (macron, bar-over accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-over accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>macron accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a macron accent over the following, as in o&macr;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\c</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\c (cedilla accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cedilla accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in
+<!-- {c}. --></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\d</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\d (dot-under accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dot-under accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\H</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\H (Hungarian umlaut accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hungarian umlaut accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in o''.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\i</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\i (dotless i)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless i</primary></indexterm>Produces a dotless i, as in `i'.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\j</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\j (dotless j)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>dotless j</primary></indexterm>Produces a dotless j, as in `j'.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\t</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\t (tie-after accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>tie-after accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a tie-after accent, as in `oo['.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\u</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\u (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>breve accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a breve accent, as in `o('.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\v</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\v (breve accent)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>hacek accent</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>check accent</primary></indexterm>Produces a h&aacute;c&lt;ek (check) accent, as in `o&lt;'.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="21.4" id="Non-English-characters">
+ <title>Non-English characters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>non-English characters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, non-English</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, non-English</primary></indexterm>
+Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting characters commonly
+used in languages other than English.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\aa</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\AA</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\aa (&aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AA (&Aring;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>aring</primary></indexterm>&aring; and &Aring;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ae</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\AE</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ae (&aelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AE (&AElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ae ligature</primary></indexterm>&aelig; and &AElig;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\l</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\L</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\l (/l)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\L (/L)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>polish l</primary></indexterm>/l and /L.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\o</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\O</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\o (&oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\O (&Oslash;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oslash</primary></indexterm>&oslash; and &Oslash;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\oe</literal></term>
+ <term><literal>\OE</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oe (&oelig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\OE (&OElig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>oe ligature</primary></indexterm>&oelig; and &OElig;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>\ss</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ss (&szlig;)</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>es-zet German letter</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>sharp S letters</primary></indexterm>&szlig;.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="21.5" id="\rule">
+ <title><literal>\rule</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\rule[<replaceable>raise</replaceable>]{<replaceable>width</replaceable>}{<replaceable>thickness</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\rule</literal> command produces <firstterm>rules</firstterm>, that is, lines or
+rectangles. The arguments are:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>raise</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>How high to raise the rule (optional).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>width</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The length of the rule (mandatory).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>thickness</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The thickness of the rule (mandatory).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="21.6" id="\today">
+ <title><literal>\today</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\today</literal> command produces today's date, in the format
+&lsquo;<literal><replaceable>month</replaceable> <replaceable>dd</replaceable>, <replaceable>yyyy</replaceable></literal>&rsquo;; for example, `July 4, 1976'.
+It uses the predefined counters <literal>\day</literal>, <literal>\month</literal>, and
+<literal>\year</literal> (see <xref linkend="\day-\month-\year"></xref>) to do this. It is not
+updated as the program runs.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>datetime</literal> package</primary></indexterm>The <literal>datetime</literal> package, among others, can produce a wide variety
+of other date formats.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input">
+ <title>Splitting the input</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm>
+A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
+input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
+several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
+there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+when you run &latex;.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="22.1" id="\include">
+ <title><literal>\include</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\include{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>If no <literal>\includeonly</literal> command is present, the <literal>\include</literal>
+command executes <literal>\clearpage</literal> to start a new page
+(see <xref linkend="\clearpage"></xref>), then reads <replaceable>file</replaceable>, then does another
+<literal>\clearpage</literal>.</para>
+ <para>Given an <literal>\includeonly</literal> command, the <literal>\include</literal> actions are
+only run if <replaceable>file</replaceable> is listed as an argument to
+<literal>\includeonly</literal>. See the next section.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>nested <literal>\include</literal>, not allowed</primary></indexterm>The <literal>\include</literal> command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
+read by another <literal>\include</literal> command.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="22.2" id="\includeonly">
+ <title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\includeonly{<replaceable>file1</replaceable>,<replaceable>file2</replaceable>,...}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\includeonly</literal> command controls which files will be read by
+subsequent <literal>\include</literal> commands. The list of filenames is
+comma-separated. Each <replaceable>file</replaceable> must exactly match a filename
+specified in a <literal>\include</literal> command for the selection to be
+effective.</para>
+ <para>This command can only appear in the preamble.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="22.3" id="\input">
+ <title>\input</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\input{<replaceable>file</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>The <literal>\input</literal> command causes the specified <replaceable>file</replaceable> to be read
+and processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current
+file at that point.</para>
+ <para>If <replaceable>file</replaceable> does not end in &lsquo;<literal>.tex</literal>&rsquo; (e.g., &lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or
+&lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;), it is first tried with that extension (&lsquo;<literal>foo.tex</literal>&rsquo;
+or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar.tex</literal>&rsquo;). If that is not found, the original <replaceable>file</replaceable>
+is tried (&lsquo;<literal>foo</literal>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<literal>foo.bar</literal>&rsquo;).</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="23" id="Front/back-matter">
+ <title>Front/back matter</title>
+ <sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents">
+ <title>Tables of contents</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tableofcontents</primary></indexterm>A table of contents is produced with the <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>
+command. You put the command right where you want the table of
+contents to go; &latex; does the rest for you. A previous run must
+have generated a <filename>.toc</filename> file.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command produces a heading, but it does
+not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the
+table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the
+<literal>\tableofcontents</literal> command.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm>The analagous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal>
+produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
+Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and
+<emphasis>prevents</emphasis> any of these lists from being generated.</para>
+
+ <sect2 label="23.1.1" id="\addcontentsline">
+ <title>\addcontentsline</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\addcontentsline</literal> command adds an entry to the specified list
+or table where:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
+typically one of: <literal>toc</literal> (table of contents), <literal>lof</literal> (list of
+figures), or <literal>lot</literal> (list of tables).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>unit</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
+following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument:</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>toc</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The name of the sectional unit: <literal>part</literal>, <literal>chapter</literal>,
+<literal>section</literal>, <literal>subsection</literal>, <literal>subsubsection</literal>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>lof</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>For the list of figures.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><literal>lot</literal></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>For the list of tables.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>entry</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The actual text of the entry.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the
+command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>.</para>
+<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 label="23.1.2" id="\addtocontents">
+ <title>\addtocontents</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\addtocontents</literal> command adds text (or formatting commands)
+directly to the <filename>.</filename><replaceable>ext</replaceable> file that generates the table of
+contents or lists of figures or tables.</para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>ext</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
+<filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or
+<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term><replaceable>text</replaceable></term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The text to be written.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries">
+ <title>Glossaries</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeglossary</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\makeglossary</literal> enables creating glossaries.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossary</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.glo</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\glossary{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.glo</filename> extension.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\glossaryentry</primary></indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command
+<literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where
+<replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.</para>
+ <para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier
+glossaries.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes">
+ <title>Indexes</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeindex</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\makeindex</literal> enables creating indexes.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\index</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.idx</filename> file</primary></indexterm>The command <literal>\index{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> writes a glossary entry for
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> to an auxiliary file with the <filename>.idx</filename> extension.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indexentry</primary></indexterm>Specifically, what gets written is the command
+<literal>\indexentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where <replaceable>pageno</replaceable>
+is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value.</para>
+ <para>The rubber length <literal>\indexspace</literal> is inserted before each new
+letter in the index; its default value is &lsquo;<literal>10pt plus5pt
+minus3pt</literal>&rsquo;.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>makeindex</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><command>xindy</command> program</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary><filename>.ind</filename> file</primary></indexterm>
+The <filename>.idx</filename> file can then be sorted with an external command,
+typically <command>makeindex</command> or <command>xindy</command>, resulting in a
+<filename>.ind</filename> file, which can then be used to typeset the index.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="24" id="Letters">
+ <title>Letters</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm>
+You can use &latex; to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+<literal>letter</literal> document class is designed to make a number of letters at
+once, although you can make just one if you so desire.</para>
+ <para>Your <filename>.tex</filename> source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
+minimum:</para>
+ <screen>
+ \documentclass{letter}
+ \begin{document}
+ ... letters ...
+ \end{document}
+</screen>
+ <para>Each letter is a <literal>letter</literal> environment, whose argument is the name
+and address of the recipient. For example, you might have:</para>
+ <screen>
+ \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
+ \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
+ ...
+ \end{letter}
+</screen>
+ <para>The letter itself begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The text of
+the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary &latex; input. Commands that
+make no sense in a letter, like <literal>\chapter</literal>, do not work. The letter
+closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm>After the <literal>closing</literal>, you can have additional material. The
+<literal>\cc</literal> command produces the usual &ldquo;cc: &hellip;&rdquo;. There's also a
+similar <literal>\encl</literal> command for a list of enclosures. With both these
+commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items.</para>
+ <para>These commands are used with the <literal>letter</literal> class.</para>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.1" id="\address">
+ <title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm>
+The <literal>\address</literal> specifies the return address of a letter, as it
+should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the
+address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands.</para>
+ <para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter
+will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard
+letterhead. (See <xref linkend="Overview"></xref>, for details on your local
+implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the
+letter will be formatted as a personal letter.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.2" id="\cc">
+ <title><literal>\cc</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>cc list, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\cc{<replaceable>name1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>name2</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Produce a list of <replaceable>name</replaceable>s the letter was copied to. Each name is
+printed on a separate line.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.3" id="\closing">
+ <title><literal>\closing</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, ending</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>closing letters</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\closing{text}
+</screen>
+ <para>A letter closes with a <literal>\closing</literal> command, for example,</para>
+ <screen>
+\closing{Best Regards,}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.4" id="\encl">
+ <title><literal>\encl</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>enclosure list</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\encl{<replaceable>line1</replaceable>\\<replaceable>line2</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Declare a list of one more enclosures.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.5" id="\location">
+ <title><literal>\location</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\location{address}</literal></para>
+ <para>This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears
+if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.6" id="\makelabels">
+ <title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\makelabels{number}</literal></para>
+ <para>If you issue this command in the preamble, &latex; will create a sheet of
+address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.7" id="\name">
+ <title><literal>\name</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\name{June Davenport}</literal></para>
+ <para>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
+address.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.8" id="\opening">
+ <title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>A letter begins with the <literal>\opening</literal> command. The mandatory
+argument, <replaceable>text</replaceable>, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.
+For instance:</para>
+ <screen>
+\opening{Dear Joe,}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.9" id="\ps">
+ <title><literal>\ps</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm>
+Use the <literal>\ps</literal> command to start a postscript in a letter, after
+<literal>\closing</literal>.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.10" id="\signature">
+ <title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm>
+Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within
+<replaceable>text</replaceable> as usual.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.11" id="\startbreaks">
+ <title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\startbreaks</literal></para>
+ <para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.12" id="\stopbreaks">
+ <title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\stopbreaks</literal></para>
+ <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="24.13" id="\telephone">
+ <title><literal>\telephone</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm>
+<literal>\telephone{number}</literal></para>
+ <para>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the
+<literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="25" id="Terminal-Input/Output">
+ <title>Terminal Input/Output</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/Output</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal Input/Output</primary></indexterm></para>
+
+ <sect1 label="25.1" id="\typein">
+ <title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\typein[<replaceable>\cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para><literal>\typein</literal> prints <replaceable>msg</replaceable> on the terminal and causes &latex; to
+stop and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If
+the optional <replaceable>\cmd</replaceable> argument is omitted, the typed input is
+processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of the
+<literal>\typein</literal> command. If the <replaceable>\cmd</replaceable> argument is present, it
+must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
+redefined to be the typed input.</para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 label="25.2" id="\typeout">
+ <title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title>
+ <para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm>
+Synopsis:</para>
+ <screen>
+\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}
+</screen>
+ <para>Prints <literal>msg</literal> on the terminal and in the <literal>log</literal> file.
+Commands in <literal>msg</literal> that are defined with <literal>\newcommand</literal> or
+<literal>\renewcommand</literal> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
+before being printed.</para>
+ <para>&latex;'s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <literal>msg</literal>. A
+<literal>\space</literal> command in <literal>msg</literal> causes a single space to be
+printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in
+<literal>msg</literal> prints a newline.</para>
+ </sect1>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="26" id="Command-Line">
+ <title>Command Line</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>command Line</primary></indexterm>
+The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;
+&tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the
+input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You
+specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the
+command; e.g.</para>
+ <screen>
+latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'
+</screen>
+ <para role="continues">will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error.</para>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, &lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo;</primary></indexterm><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stop</primary></indexterm>If &latex; stops in the middle of the document and gives you a
+&lsquo;<literal>*</literal>&rsquo; prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal>
+(and return) and it will prematurely end the document.</para>
+ </chapter>
+
+ <appendix id="Document-templates">
+ <title>Document templates</title>
+ <para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm>
+Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+be useful.</para>
+
+ <sect1 id="book-template">
+ <title><literal>book</literal> template</title>
+ <screen>\documentclass{book}
+\title{Book Class Template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+
+\chapter{First}
+Some text.
+
+\chapter{Second}
+Some other text.
+
+\section{A subtopic}
+The end.
+\end{document}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="beamer-template">
+ <title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title>
+ <para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations.</para>
+ <screen>\documentclass{beamer}
+
+\title{Beamer Class template}
+\author{Alex Author}
+\date{July 31, 2007}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\maketitle
+
+% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{First Slide}
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+ This is \verbatim!
+\end{verbatim}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="tugboat-template">
+ <title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title>
+ <para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
+<ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>.</para>
+ <screen>\documentclass{ltugboat} % ltugproc for proceedings
+
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{ifpdf}
+\ifpdf
+ \usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
+ urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
+\else
+ \usepackage{url}
+\fi
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Example \TUB\ Regular Article}
+
+% repeat info for each author.
+\author{First Last}
+\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
+\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
+\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
+
+\maketitle
+
+% The abstract comes after \maketitle in ltugboat.
+\begin{abstract}
+This is an example article for a regular \TUB{} issue.
+\end{abstract}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+
+This is an example article for \TUB, from
+\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
+
+We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the hyperref
+package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). \TUB\ is produced
+using \acro{PDF} files exclusively, nowadays.
+
+The \texttt{ltug*} classes provide these abbreviations, among many others:
+
+{\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
+\BibTeX \CandT \CTAN \DTD \DVItoVDU \HTML
+\ISBN \ISSN \JTeX \JoT \LAMSTeX \LaTeXe
+\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \pcMF \PCTeX \pcTeX \Pas
+\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
+\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP \TUB \TUG
+\tug \UG \UNIX \VAX \VorTeX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
+
+\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
+\careof \thinskip
+
+\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\sc fred} % please use!
+\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
+\env{fred} -&gt; \begin{fred}
+\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
+\nth{n} -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
+\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
+\booktitle{Book of Fred}
+\end{verbatim}
+}
+
+For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
+\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
+
+Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
+
+
+\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
+\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
+\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
+
+
+\makesignature % not in ltugproc
+\end{document}
+</screen>
+ </sect1>
+ </appendix>
+
+ <chapter label="" xreflabel="Concept Index" id="Concept-Index">
+ <title>Concept Index</title>
+ <index></index>
+<!-- The name of the `Command Index' node must NOT be altered for ltx-help.el. -->
+ </chapter>
+
+ <chapter label="" xreflabel="Command Index" id="Command-Index">
+ <title>Command Index</title>
+ <index></index>
+ </chapter>
+</book><!-- Keep this comment at the end of the file
+Local variables:
+mode: sgml
+sgml-indent-step:1
+sgml-indent-data:nil
+End:
+-->