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Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/info')
| -rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info | 3685 |
1 files changed, 2095 insertions, 1590 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info index e70c28b551a..a547df1ea26 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/info/latex2e.info @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.7 from +This is latex2e.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.8 from latex2e.texi. This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document -preparation system, version of July 2021. +preparation system, version of January 2022. This manual was originally translated from 'LATEX.HLP' v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ additional material appearing in latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no text was directly copied.) Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, -2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Karl Berry. +2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. @@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Top, Next: About this document, Up: (dir) LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual *************************************** -This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of July 2021) -for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. +This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of January +2022) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. * Menu: @@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use '\accent' (*note \accent::) but this disables hyphenation. TeX users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using 'pdflatex' then -this in the preamble +put this in the preamble \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} @@ -1211,8 +1211,8 @@ ENCODING in '\LastDeclaredEncoding' (*note \LastDeclaredEncoding::). \DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{} The TEXT-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX will run every time it -switches from one encoding to another with the '\selectfont' or -'\fontencoding' command. The MATH-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX +switches from one encoding to another with the '\selectfont' and +'\fontencoding' commands. The MATH-SETTINGS are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the font is accessed as a math alphabet. LaTeX ignores any space characters inside TEXT-SETTINGS and @@ -1243,6 +1243,8 @@ Synopsis: Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding ENCODING at the location SLOT. + A "slot" is the number identifying a glyph within a font. + This line from 't1enc.def' declares that to make a circumflex accent as in '\^A', the system will put the accent in slot 2 over the 'A' character, which is represented in ASCII as 65. (This holds unless @@ -1263,9 +1265,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextAccentDefault, Next: \DeclareTextCommand Synopsis: - \DeclareTextAccentDefault{CMD}{ENCODING} + \DeclareTextAccentDefault{\CMD}{ENCODING} - If there is an encoding-specific accent command CMD but there is no + If there is an encoding-specific accent command \CMD but there is no associated '\DeclareTextAccent' for that encoding then this command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for ENCODING. @@ -1280,8 +1282,8 @@ for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from 'OT1' That is, this command is equivalent to this call (*note \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent::). - \DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{CMD} - {\UseTextAccent{ENCODING}{CMD}{#1}} + \DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{\CMD} + {\UseTextAccent{ENCODING}{\CMD}{#1}} Note that '\DeclareTextAccentDefault' works for any one-argument 'fontenc' command, not just the accent command. @@ -1294,21 +1296,21 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand, Next: \De Synopsis, one of: - \DeclareTextCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}{DEFN} - \DeclareTextCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \DeclareTextCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} + \DeclareTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}{DEFN} + \DeclareTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \DeclareTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} or one of: - \ProvideTextCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}{DEFN} - \ProvideTextCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \ProvideTextCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} + \ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}{DEFN} + \ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \ProvideTextCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} - Define the command CMD, which will be specific to one encoding. The -command name CMD must begin with a backslash, \. These commands can -only appear in the preamble. Redefining 'cmd' does not cause an error. -The defined command will be robust even if the code in DEFN is fragile -(*note \protect::). + Define the command '\CMD', which will be specific to one encoding. +The command name CMD must be preceded by a backslash, '\'. These +commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining \CMD does not +cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code in +DEFN is fragile (*note \protect::). For example, the file 't1enc.def' contains this line. @@ -1324,18 +1326,18 @@ If you change the font encoding to 'OT1' then you get an error like 'LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding OT1'. The '\ProvideTextCommand' variant does the same, except that it does -nothing if CMD is already defined. The '\DeclareTextSymbol' command is -faster than this one for simple slot-to-glyph association (*note +nothing if '\CMD' is already defined. The '\DeclareTextSymbol' command +is faster than this one for simple slot-to-glyph association (*note \DeclareTextSymbol::) - The optional NARGS and OPTARGSDEFAULT arguments play the same role + The optional NARGS and OPTARGDEFAULT arguments play the same role here as in '\newcommand' (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). Briefly, NARGS is an integer from 0 to 9 specifying the number of -arguments that the defined command 'cmd' takes. This number includes +arguments that the defined command '\CMD' takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this argument is the same as specifying -0, meaning that CMD will have no arguments. And, if OPTARGSDEFAULT is +0, meaning that '\CMD' will have no arguments. And, if OPTARGDEFAULT is present then the first argument of '\CMD' is optional, with default -value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be the empty string). If OPTARGSDEFAULT +value OPTARGDEFAULT (which may be the empty string). If OPTARGDEFAULT is not present then '\CMD' does not take an optional argument. @@ -1346,13 +1348,13 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefau Synopsis: - \DeclareTextCommandDefault{CMD}{DEFN} + \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\CMD}{DEFN} or: - \ProvideTextCommandDefault{CMD}{DEFN} + \ProvideTextCommandDefault{\CMD}{DEFN} - Give a default definition for CMD, for when that command is not + Give a default definition for '\CMD', for when that command is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use encodings known to be available. @@ -1360,7 +1362,7 @@ use encodings known to be available. \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}} - It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available. +It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available. The '\DeclareTextCommandDefault' should not occur in the encoding definition files since those files should declare only commands for use @@ -1368,7 +1370,7 @@ when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package. As with the related non-default commands, the '\ProvideTextCommandDefault' has exactly the same behavior as -'\DeclareTextCommandDefault' except that it does nothing if CMD is +'\DeclareTextCommandDefault' except that it does nothing if '\CMD' is already defined (*note \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand::). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks that other packages can improve upon. @@ -1381,21 +1383,21 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextComposite, Next: \DeclareTextCompositeCo Synopsis: - \DeclareTextComposite{CMD}{ENCODING}{SIMPLE_OBJECT}{SLOT} + \DeclareTextComposite{\CMD}{ENCODING}{SIMPLE_OBJECT}{SLOT} Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an accent over a separate character. This line from 't1enc.def' means that '\^o' will cause LaTeX to -typeset lowercase 'o' by taking the character directly from location 224 -in the font. +typeset lowercase 'o' by taking the character directly from slot 224 in +the font. \DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244} *Note fontenc package::, for a list of common encodings. The SIMPLE_OBJECT should be a single character or a single command. The SLOT argument is usually a positive integer represented in decimal -(although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally CMD has already +(although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally \CMD has already been declared for this encoding, either with '\DeclareTextAccent' or with a one-argument '\DeclareTextCommand'. In 't1enc.def', the above line follows the '\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}' command. @@ -1408,17 +1410,17 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand, Next: \DeclareTextSymb Synopsis: - \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{CMD}{ENCODING}{ARG}{CODE} + \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\CMD}{ENCODING}{ARG}{CODE} A more general version of '\DeclareTextComposite' that runs arbitrary -code with CMD. +code with '\CMD'. This allows accents on 'i' to act like accents on dotless i, '\i'. \DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i} *Note fontenc package::, for a list of common encodings. Normally -CMD will have already been declared with '\DeclareTextAccent' or as a +'\CMD' will have already been declared with '\DeclareTextAccent' or as a one argument '\DeclareTextCommand'. @@ -1429,7 +1431,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextSymbol, Next: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault, Synopsis: - \DeclareTextSymbol{CMD}{ENCODING}{SLOT} + \DeclareTextSymbol{\CMD}{ENCODING}{SLOT} Define a symbol in the encoding ENCODING at the location SLOT. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not mathematics. @@ -1448,7 +1450,7 @@ can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in ''023'), or hexadecimal (as in '"13'), although decimal has the advantage that single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package. - If CMD has already been defined then '\DeclareTextSymbol' does not + If '\CMD' has already been defined then '\DeclareTextSymbol' does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the transcript file. @@ -1459,10 +1461,10 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault, Next: \LastDeclaredEncodi Synopsis: - \DeclareTextSymbolDefault{CMD}{ENCODING} + \DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\CMD}{ENCODING} - If there is an encoding-specific symbol command CMD but there is no -associated '\DeclareTextSymbol' for that encoding, then this command + If there is an encoding-specific symbol command '\CMD' but there is +no associated '\DeclareTextSymbol' for that encoding, then this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for ENCODING. @@ -1474,8 +1476,8 @@ for '\textdollar' then use the one from 'OT1', declare this. That is, this command is equivalent to this call (*note \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent::). - \DeclareTextCommandDefault{CMD} - {\UseTextSymbol{ENCODING}{CMD}} + \DeclareTextCommandDefault{\CMD} + {\UseTextSymbol{ENCODING}{\CMD}} Note that '\DeclareTextSymbolDefault' can be used to define a default for any zero-argument 'fontenc' command. @@ -1508,11 +1510,11 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent, Prev: \LastDeclared Synopsis: - \UseTextSymbol{ENCODING}{CMD} + \UseTextSymbol{ENCODING}{\CMD} or: - \UseTextAccent{ENCODING}{CMD}{TEXT} + \UseTextAccent{ENCODING}{\CMD}{TEXT} Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding. @@ -1719,6 +1721,17 @@ environment. It would also end at the next type style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in curly braces '{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}'. + Trying to use these commands in math, as with '$\small mv^2/2$', +results in 'LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small invalid in math mode', +and the font size doesn't change. To work with a too-large formula, +often the best option is to use the 'displaymath' environment (*note +Math formulas::), or one of the environments from the 'amsmath' package. +For inline mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative +is something like '{\small $mv^2/2$}'. (Sometimes '\scriptsize' and +'\scriptstyle' are confused. Both change the font size, but the latter +also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is typeset. +*Note Math styles::.) + An "environment form" of each of these commands is also defined; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'. However, in practice this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or end of the @@ -1846,8 +1859,8 @@ ones. '\linespread{FACTOR}' Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect. - Best specified in the preamble, or use the 'setspace' package, as - just described. + Best specified in the preamble. *Note \baselineskip & + \baselinestretch::, for using 'setspace' package instead. '\selectfont' The effects of the font commands described above do not happen @@ -2188,8 +2201,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch, Next: Floats, Pre ======================================== The '\baselineskip' is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). It gives the -leading, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from baseline -to baseline. +"leading", the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from +baseline to baseline. Ordinarily document authors do not directly change '\baselineskip' while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection @@ -2254,8 +2267,8 @@ length, so change the scale factor as in document is to put '\linespread{FACTOR}' in the preamble. For double spacing, take FACTOR to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the '\baselineskip' is about -1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a font size to -baseline ratio of about 2. (The '\linespread' command is defined as +1.2 times the font size, multiplying by 1.6 gives a baseline skip to +font size ratio of about 2. (The '\linespread' command is defined as '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}' so it won't take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at the start of a document, so there you don't need to follow it with '\selectfont'.) @@ -2265,14 +2278,17 @@ document, so there you don't need to follow it with '\selectfont'.) \usepackage{setspace} \doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5 - In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing. -But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change -the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is +In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing. But +you can also use these declarations in the document body to change the +spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is '\singlespacing' to return the spacing to normal. In the document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use environments, such as '\begin{doublespace} ... \end{doublespace}'. The package also has commands to do arbitrary spacing: '\setstretch{FACTOR}' and -'\begin{spacing}{FACTOR} ... \end{spacing}'. +'\begin{spacing}{FACTOR} ... \end{spacing}'. This package also keeps +the line spacing single-spaced in places where that is typically +desirable, such as footnotes and figure captions. See the package +documentation. File: latex2e.info, Node: Floats, Prev: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch, Up: Layout @@ -2427,6 +2443,87 @@ Frank Mittelbach's article "How to influence the position of float environments like figure and table in LaTeX?" (<https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf>). +* Menu: + +* \caption:: Make a caption for a floating environment. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \caption, Up: Floats + +5.7.1 '\caption' +---------------- + +Synopsis: + + \caption{CAPTION-TEXT} + +or + + \caption[SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT]{CAPTION-TEXT} + + Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a 'figure' or +'table' environment (*note figure:: or *note table::). + + In this example, LaTeX places a caption below the vertical blank +space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture. + + \begin{figure} + \vspace*{1cm} + \caption{Alonzo Cushing, Battery A, 4th US Artillery.} + \label{fig:CushingPic} + \end{figure} + +The '\caption' command will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like +'Figure 1:' for an article or 'Figure 1.1:' for a book. The text is +centered if it is shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented +paragraph if it takes more than one line. + + In addition to placing the CAPTION-TEXT in the output, the '\caption' +command also saves that information for use in a list of figures or list +of tables (*note Table of contents etc.::). + + Here the '\caption' command uses the optional SHORT-CAPTION-TEXT, so +that the shorter text appears in the list of tables, rather than the +longer CAPTION-TEXT. + + \begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{|*{3}{c}|} + \hline + 4 &9 &2 \\ + 3 &5 &7 \\ + 8 &1 &6 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption[\textit{Lo Shu} magic square]{% + The \textit{Lo Shu} magic square, which is unique among + squares of order three up to rotation and reflection.} + \label{tab:LoShu} + \end{table} + +LaTeX will label the CAPTION-TEXT with something like 'Table 1:' for an +article or 'Table 1.1:' for a book. + + The caption can appear at the top of the 'figure' or 'table'. For +instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the +'\caption' between the '\centering' and the '\begin{tabular}'. + + Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default. +It is '\caption' that updates the counter, and so any '\label' must come +after the '\caption'. The counter for the 'figure' environment is named +'figure', and similarly the counter for the 'table' environment is +'table'. + + The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is +moving argument. If you get the LaTeX error '! Argument of \@caption +has an extra }' then you must put '\protect' in front of any fragile +commands. *Note \protect::. + + The 'caption' package has many options to adjust how the caption +appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be +hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption +always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short. + File: latex2e.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Cross references, Prev: Layout, Up: Top @@ -2568,8 +2665,8 @@ entry. The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the part title in the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::) and in running headers (*note Page styles::). If it is not present then TITLE will be -there. This example puts a line break in TITLE but leaves out the break -in the table of contents. +there. This example puts a line break in TITLE but omits the break in +the table of contents. \part[Up from the bottom; my life]{Up from the bottom\\ my life} @@ -2722,7 +2819,7 @@ the prior section.) The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the section title in the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::) and in running headers (*note Page styles::). If it is not present then TITLE will be -there. This shows the full name in the title of the section, +there. This shows the full name in the title of the section: \section[Elizabeth~II]{Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, @@ -2798,7 +2895,7 @@ table of contents entry. The optional argument TOC-TITLE will appear as the subsection title in the table of contents (*note Table of contents etc.::). If it is not present then TITLE will be there. This shows the full text in the title -of the subsection, +of the subsection: \subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of Chemical Elements} by R.A.~Alpher, H.~Bethe, and G.~Gamow} @@ -3358,7 +3455,7 @@ Synopsis: \usepackage{xr} \externaldocument{DOCUMENT-BASENAME} - or +or \usepackage{xr} \externaldocument[REFERENCE-PREFIX]{DOCUMENT-BASENAME} @@ -3373,17 +3470,16 @@ Synopsis: \externaldocument[H-]{hints} \externaldocument{answers} - then it can use cross reference labels from the other three -documents. Suppose that 'exercises.tex' has an enumerated list -containing this, +then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents. +Suppose that 'exercises.tex' has an enumerated list containing this, \item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree? - and 'hints.tex' has an enumerated list with this, +and 'hints.tex' has an enumerated list with this, \item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices. - and 'answers.tex' has an enumerated list with this. +and 'answers.tex' has an enumerated list with this, \item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there are exactly two vertices. @@ -3526,10 +3622,10 @@ or: \end{array} Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in -math mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics -environment such as 'equation' (*note equation::). Inside of each row -the column entries are separated by an ampersand, ('&'). Rows are -terminated with double-backslashes (*note \\::). +math mode (*note Modes::), and normally appears within a displayed +mathematics environment such as 'equation' (*note equation::). Inside +of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand, ('&'). +Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (*note \\::). This example shows a three by three array. @@ -3553,7 +3649,7 @@ features of the two environments, including the optional POS argument. There are two ways that 'array' diverges from 'tabular'. The first is that 'array' entries are typeset in math mode, in textstyle (*note -Modes::) except if the COLS definition specifies the column with +Math styles::) except if the COLS definition specifies the column with 'p{...}', which causes the entry to be typeset in text mode. The second is that, instead of 'tabular''s parameter '\tabcolsep', LaTeX's intercolumn space in an 'array' is governed by '\arraycolsep', which @@ -4037,9 +4133,9 @@ Floats::. The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross references::). The optional '\caption' command specifies caption text -for the figure. By default it is numbered. If LOFTITLE is present, it -is used in the list of figures instead of TITLE (*note Table of contents -etc.::). +for the figure (*note \caption::). By default it is numbered. If +LOFTITLE is present, it is used in the list of figures instead of TITLE +(*note Table of contents etc.::). This example makes a figure out of a graphic. LaTeX will place that graphic and its caption at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the @@ -4558,6 +4654,7 @@ lengths should be zero or negative. ..............Surrounding environment, following material.............. - ......................................................................." + The lengths shown are listed below. The key relationship is that the right edge of the bracket for H1 equals the right edge of the bracket for H4, so that the left edge of the label box is at H3+H4-(H0+H1). @@ -4797,12 +4894,12 @@ aligns with the surrounding material. center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line. 't' - Match the top line in the 'minipage' with the baseline of the - surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vtop'). + Align the baseline of the top line in the 'minipage' with the + baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vtop'). 'b' - Match the bottom line in the 'minipage' with the baseline of the - surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vbox'). + Align the baseline of the bottom line in the 'minipage' with the + baseline of the surrounding text (plain TeX's '\vbox'). To see the effects of these, contrast running this @@ -5231,7 +5328,8 @@ Synopsis: Declares the thickness of subsequent horizontal and vertical lines in a picture to be DIM, which must be a positive length (*note Lengths::). It differs from '\thinlines' and '\thicklines' in that it does not -affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or ovals. +affect the thickness of slanted lines, circles, or ovals (*note +\oval::). File: latex2e.info, Node: \thinlines, Next: \thicklines, Prev: \linethickness, Up: picture @@ -5253,7 +5351,7 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \thicklines, Next: \circle, Prev: \thinlines, Up: Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also *note \linethickness:: and *note \thinlines::. This command is illustrated in the Trapezoidal -Rule example of *note picture::. +Rule example of *note \qbezier::. File: latex2e.info, Node: \circle, Next: \oval, Prev: \thicklines, Up: picture @@ -5288,9 +5386,10 @@ Synopsis: \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT) \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION] - Produce a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument -PORTION allows you to produce only half or a quarter of the oval. For -half an oval take PORTION to be one of these. + Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as +an "oval". The optional argument PORTION allows you to produce only +half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take PORTION to be one +of these. 't' top half @@ -5313,8 +5412,8 @@ top half. These shapes are not ellipses. They are rectangles whose corners are made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of 20pt -(*note \circle:: for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just boxes with a -small amount of corner rounding. +(*note \circle:: for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just frames with +a small amount of corner rounding. File: latex2e.info, Node: \shortstack, Next: \vector, Prev: \oval, Up: picture @@ -5328,16 +5427,19 @@ Synopsis: Produce a vertical stack of objects. - This labels the y axis. + This labels the y axis by writing the word 'y' above the word 'axis'. - \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis - \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y - \put(-0.25,2){\makebox[0][r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}} + \setlength{\unitlength}{1cm} + \begin{picture}(5,2.5)(-0.75,0) + \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){4}} % x axis + \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){2}} % y + \put(-0.2,2){\makebox(0,0)[r]{\shortstack[r]{$y$\\ axis}}} + \end{picture} For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack. -In the above example the *note \mbox & \makebox:: puts the stack flush -right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to -the left of the y axis. +In the above example the '\makebox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::) puts the +stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits +slightly to the left of the y axis. The valid positions are: @@ -5350,13 +5452,14 @@ the left of the y axis. Separate objects into lines with '\\'. These stacks are short in that, unlike in a 'tabular' or 'array' environment, here the rows are -not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in +not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in '\shortstack{X\\o\\o\\X}' the first and last rows are taller than the -middle two. You can adjust row heights either by putting in the usual -interline spacing with '\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}', or by hand, -via an explicit zero-width box '\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} -o\\o\\X}' or by using '\\''s optional argument '\shortstack{X\\[2pt] -o\\o\\X}'. +middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle rows +is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can adjust row +heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline spacing with +'\shortstack{X\\ \strut o\\o\\X}' (*note \strut::), or explicitly, via +an zero-width box '\shortstack{X \\ \rule{0pt}{12pt} o\\o\\X}' or by +using '\\''s optional argument '\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}'. The '\shortstack' command is also available outside the 'picture' environment. @@ -5742,9 +5845,9 @@ placement algorithm, see *note Floats::. The label is optional; it is used for cross references (*note Cross references::). The '\caption' command is also optional. It specifies -caption text TITLE for the table. By default it is numbered. If its -optional LOTTITLE is present then that text is used in the list of -tables instead of TITLE (*note Table of contents etc.::). +caption text TITLE for the table (*note \caption::). By default it is +numbered. If its optional LOTTITLE is present then that text is used in +the list of tables instead of TITLE (*note Table of contents etc.::). In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page, unless it is pushed to a float page at the end. @@ -6020,7 +6123,7 @@ center those two columns on the page range en-dash. \begin{tabular}{l|r@{--}l} \multicolumn{1}{c}{\textsc{Period}} - &multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline + &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\textsc{Span}} \\ \hline Baroque &1600 &1760 \\ Classical &1730 &1820 \\ Romantic &1780 &1910 \\ @@ -6314,8 +6417,8 @@ sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full documentation on CTAN (*note CTAN::). - With BibTeX, you don't use 'thebibliography' (*note -thebibliography::). Instead, include these lines. + With BibTeX, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment directly +(*note thebibliography::). Instead, include these lines: \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE} \bibliography{BIBFILE1, BIBFILE2, ...} @@ -6335,8 +6438,8 @@ are: Like 'plain', but more compact labels. Many, many other BibTeX style files exist, tailored to the demands of -various publications. See CTAN's listing -<https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib>. +various publications. See the CTAN topic +<https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty>. The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to @@ -6364,6 +6467,44 @@ will be listed in the document's bibliography. Thus you can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of files, and rely on BibTeX to include in this document only those that you used. + With BibTeX, the KEYS argument to '\nocite' can also be the single +character '*'. This means to implicitly cite all entries from all given +bibliographies. + +* Menu: + +* BibTeX error messages:: + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: BibTeX error messages, Up: Using BibTeX + +8.24.4.1 BibTeX error messages +.............................. + +If you forget to use '\bibliography' or '\bibliographystyle' in your +document (or, less likely, any '\cite' or '\nocite' command), BibTeX +will issue an error message. Because BibTeX can be used with any +program, not just LaTeX, the error messages refer to the internal +commands read by BibTeX (from the '.aux' file), rather than the +user-level commands described above. + + Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the BibTeX +errors, and the corresponding user-level commands. + +'\bibdata' + '\bibliography' + +'\bibstyle' + '\bibliographystyle' + +'\citation' + '\cite', '\nocite' + + For example, if your document has no '\bibliographystyle' command, +BibTeX complains as follows: + + I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file DOCUMENT.aux + File: latex2e.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments @@ -6635,12 +6776,12 @@ rubber length (*note Lengths::) and can be negative. The text before the line break is set at its normal length, that is, it is not stretched to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). - The starred form, '\\*', tells LaTeX not to start a new page between -the two lines, by issuing a '\nobreak'. - \title{My story: \\[0.25in] a tale of woe} +The starred form, '\\*', tells LaTeX not to start a new page between the +two lines, by issuing a '\nobreak'. + Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in LaTeX. In particular, don't start new paragraphs with '\\'. Instead leave a blank line between the two paragraphs. And don't put in a sequence of '\\''s @@ -6728,8 +6869,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \newline, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: \obeycr & \ ============== In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify -the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph -mode (*note Modes::), the '\newline' command is equivalent to +it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in +paragraph mode (*note Modes::), the '\newline' command is equivalent to double-backslash (*note \\::). This command is fragile (*note \protect::). @@ -6742,7 +6883,7 @@ the entire row use '\\' or its equivalent '\tabularnewline'. This will print 'Name:' and 'Address:' as two lines in a single cell of the table. - \begin{tabular}{p{1in}{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}} + \begin{tabular}{p{1in}@{\hspace{2in}}p{1in}} Name: \newline Address: &Date: \\ \hline \end{tabular} @@ -6756,8 +6897,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \discretionary, Prev: \newl Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at -those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might -otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (*note \protect::). +those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that LaTeX +might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (*note \protect::). LaTeX is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The '\-' @@ -6781,10 +6922,9 @@ Commenting out the third line and uncommenting the fourth makes a much better fit. The '\-' command only allows LaTeX to break there, it does not -require that it break there. You can insist on a split with something -like 'Hef-\linebreak feron'. Of course, if you later change the text -then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires -care. +require that it break there. You can force a split with something like +'Hef-\linebreak feron'. Of course, if you later change the text then +this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires care. File: latex2e.info, Node: \discretionary, Next: \fussy & \sloppy, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line breaking @@ -6802,10 +6942,10 @@ in LaTeX documents. If a line break occurs at the point where '\discretionary' appears then TeX puts PRE-BREAK at the end of the current line and puts POST-BREAK at the start of the next line. If there is no line break -here then TeX puts NO-BREAK +here then TeX puts NO-BREAK. In 'difficult' the three letters 'ffi' form a ligature. But TeX can -nonetheless break between the two f's with this. +nonetheless break between the two 'f''s with this. di\discretionary{f-}{fi}{ffi}cult @@ -6824,9 +6964,10 @@ cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely, '\sloppy' avoids overfull boxes while suffering loose interword spacing. The default is '\fussy'. Line breaking in a paragraph is controlled -by whichever declaration is current at the blank line, or '\par', or -displayed equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, -include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command. +by whichever declaration is current at the end of the paragraph, i.e., +at the blank line or '\par' or displayed equation ending that paragraph. +So to affect the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in +the scope of the command. * Menu: @@ -6882,7 +7023,8 @@ for hyphenation with a dash character, '-'. \hyphenation{hat-er il-lit-e-ra-ti tru-th-i-ness} Use lowercase letters. TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches -exactly. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate. +exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple '\hyphenation' commands +accumulate. File: latex2e.info, Node: \linebreak & \nolinebreak, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line breaking @@ -6901,11 +7043,12 @@ or one of these. \nolinebreak[ZERO-TO-FOUR] Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional ZERO-TO-FOUR is -an integer that allows you to soften the instruction. The default is 4, -so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force or -prevent the break. But for instance, '\nolinebreak[1]' is a suggestion -that another place may be better. The higher the number, the more -insistent the request. Both commands are fragile (*note \protect::). +an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the +instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument +these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance, +'\nolinebreak[1]' is a suggestion that another place may be better. The +higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands are +fragile (*note \protect::). Here we tell LaTeX that a good place to put a linebreak is after the standard legal text. @@ -6915,7 +7058,7 @@ standard legal text. underrepresented groups. When you issue '\linebreak', the spaces in the line are stretched out -so that it extends to the right margin. *Note \\:: and *note +so that the break point reaches the right margin. *Note \\:: and *note \newline::, to have the spaces not stretched out. @@ -7111,6 +7254,12 @@ strange, and if '\flushbottom' is in effect this can cause you to get 'Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has occurred while \output is active'. *Note \newpage::, for a command that does not have these effects. + (There is an obsolete declaration '\samepage', which tries to only +allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment +'samepage', also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For more on +keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry +<https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk>.) + File: latex2e.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Definitions, Prev: Page breaking, Up: Top @@ -7228,18 +7377,18 @@ NUMBER causes the command to use that number to determine the footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode (*note Modes::). If you use '\footnotemark' without the optional argument then it -increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional NUMBER then -it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote -markers referring to the same footnote. +increments the 'footnote' counter, but if you use the optional NUMBER +then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive +footnote markers referring to the same footnote. The first theorem\footnote{Due to Gauss.} and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value{footnote}] If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value -of the common mark. This example gives the same institutional -affiliation to both the first and third authors ('\thanks' is a version -of 'footnote'), by-hand giving the number of the footnote. +of the number of the common mark. This example gives the same +institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors ('\thanks' +is a version of '\footnote'), by-hand giving the number of the footnote. \title{A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem} \author{J Moriarty\thanks{University of Leeds} @@ -7330,7 +7479,7 @@ as here (*note minipage::). \textit{HMS Polychrest} &Post Captain \\ \textit{HMS Lively} &Post Captain \\ \textit{HMS Surprise} &A number of books\footnote{% - Starting with HMS Surprise.} + Starting with \textit{HMS Surprise}.} \end{tabular} \end{minipage} \end{center} @@ -7401,7 +7550,7 @@ including allow these two, as in this example. ... The third theorem is a partial converse of the second.\footnotefrom{% - First noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}} + Noted in Wilson.\footnote{Second edition only.}} File: latex2e.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Counters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Top @@ -7462,9 +7611,9 @@ multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms, the commands are not CMD - Required; the command name. It must begin with a backslash, '\', - and must not begin with the four letter string '\end'. For - '\newcommand', it must not be already defined. For + Required; '\CMD' is the command name. It must begin with a + backslash, '\', and must not begin with the four character string + '\end'. For '\newcommand', it must not be already defined. For '\renewcommand', this name must already be defined. NARGS @@ -7499,10 +7648,10 @@ DEFN default value if there is an optional argument and you don't exercise the option). - TeX ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control -sequence, as in '\cmd '. If you actually want a space there, one -solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} ', and another -solution is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ '). + TeX ignores blanks in the source following a control word (*note +Control sequences::), as in '\cmd '. If you actually want a space +there, one solution is to type '{}' after the command ('\cmd{} ', and +another solution is to use an explicit control space ('\cmd\ '). A simple example of defining a new command: '\newcommand{\RS}{Robin Smith}' results in '\RS' being replaced by the longer text. Redefining @@ -7515,14 +7664,14 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. If you try to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: \hank undefined'. - Here the first command definition has no arguments, and the second -has one required argument. + Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and +the second, one with one required argument. \newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary} \newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}} Use the first as in 'I highly recommend \student{} to you'. The second -has a variable, so that '\defref{def:basis}' expands to +has a variable argument, so that '\defref{def:basis}' expands to 'Definition~\ref{def:basis}', which ultimately expands to something like 'Definition~3.14'. @@ -7557,6 +7706,45 @@ the words 'met the' would incorrectly be in italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the definition: '\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}'. +* Menu: + +* Control sequences:: Control sequence, control word and control symbol. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Control sequences, Up: \newcommand & \renewcommand + +12.1.1 Control sequence, control word and control symbol +-------------------------------------------------------- + +When reading input TeX converts the sequences of read characters into a +sequence of "tokens". When TeX sees a backslash '\', it will handle the +following characters in a special way in order to make a "control +sequence" token. + + The control sequences fall into two categories: + + * "control word", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\' + followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one + blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the + "control sequence name". + * "control symbol", when the control sequence is gathered from a '\' + followed by one non-letter character. + + Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any +whitespace in the output (*note \newcommand & \renewcommand:: and *note +\(SPACE)::). + + Just as the '\relax' command does nothing, the following will print +'Hello!'--if you use the Emacs info viewer, turn on the whitespace-mode +minor mode to see the trailing spaces: + + Hel\relax + lo! + +This is because blanks after '\relax', including the newline are +ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored (*note +Leading blanks::). + File: latex2e.info, Node: \providecommand, Next: \makeatletter & \makeatother, Prev: \newcommand & \renewcommand, Up: Definitions @@ -7565,12 +7753,12 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \providecommand, Next: \makeatletter & \makeatother, Synopses, one of: - \providecommand{CMD}{DEFN} - \providecommand{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \providecommand{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} - \providecommand*{CMD}{DEFN} - \providecommand*{CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} - \providecommand*{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} + \providecommand{\CMD}{DEFN} + \providecommand{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \providecommand{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} + \providecommand*{\CMD}{DEFN} + \providecommand*{\CMD}[NARGS]{DEFN} + \providecommand*{\CMD}[NARGS][OPTARGDEFAULT]{DEFN} Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists. If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect @@ -7582,8 +7770,8 @@ be loaded more than once, such as a style file. *Note \newcommand & This example \providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College} - \providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College} - >From \myaffiliation. + \providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV} + From \myaffiliation. outputs 'From Saint Michael's College'. Unlike '\newcommand', the repeated use of '\providecommand' does not give an error. @@ -7764,20 +7952,22 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \newcounter, Synopsis: - \newlength{ARG} + \newlength{\LEN} Allocate a new length register (*note Lengths::). The required -argument ARG must begin with a backslash, '\'. The new register holds -rubber lengths such as '72.27pt' or '1in plus.2in minus.1in' (a LaTeX -length register is what plain TeX calls a 'skip' register). The initial -value is zero. The control sequence '\ARG' must not be already defined. +argument '\LEN' has to be a control sequence (*note Control +sequences::), and as such must begin with a backslash, '\' under normal +circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as '72.27pt' +or '1in plus.2in minus.1in' (a LaTeX length register is what plain TeX +calls a 'skip' register). The initial value is zero. The control +sequence '\LEN' must not be already defined. An example: \newlength{\graphichgt} If you forget the backslash then you get 'Missing control sequence -inserted'. If the command sequence already exists then you get +inserted'. If the control sequence already exists then you get something like 'LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual'. @@ -8168,11 +8358,12 @@ or \ignorespacesafterend - Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the -command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command -from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. + Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore blanks (that is, characters of +catcode 10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the command up +to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a command from +plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific. - The 'ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via + The '\ignorespaces' is often used when defining commands via '\newcommand', or '\newenvironment', or '\def'. The example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as shown in the @@ -8190,7 +8381,7 @@ The solution is to change to this. \newcommand{\points}[1]{% \makebox[0pt]{\makebox[10em][l]{#1~pts}}\ignorespaces} - A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. + A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text. The commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But, as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then '\fullname' will reproduce that. @@ -8210,7 +8401,7 @@ To fix this, change to end of the BEGIN clause, as in '\begin{newenvironment}{ENV NAME}{... \ignorespaces}{...}'. - To strip spaces off the end of an environment use + To strip blanks off the end of an environment use '\ignorespacesafterend'. An example is that this will show a much larger vertical space between the first and second environments than between the second and third. @@ -8243,28 +8434,30 @@ Synopsis: ... \newcommand{...}{...\xspace} - The '\xspace' macro, when used at the end of a command, adds a space -unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters. + The '\xspace' macro, when used at the end of a command definition, +adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation +characters. - After a command name that uses letters (as opposed to single -character command names using non-letters such as '\$'), TeX gobbles -white space. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has -'Vermont' placed snugly against the period, without any intervening + After a command control sequence that is a control word (*note +Control sequences::, as opposed to control symbols such as '\$'), TeX +gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output +has 'Vermont' placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space. \newcommand{\VT}{Vermont} Our college is in \VT . The \VT{} summers are nice. - But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the dummy + But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly braces or else there would be no space separating 'Vermont' from -'summers'. (Many authors instead instead use a backslash-space '\ ' for -this. *Note \(SPACE)::.) +'summers'. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space '\ ' for this. +*Note \(SPACE)::.) The 'xspace' package provides '\xspace'. It is for writing commands -which are designed to be used mainly in text. It inserts a space after +which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place at the +very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of exceptions. -In this example, the dummy braces are not needed. +In this example, the empty braces are not needed. \newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace} Our college is in \VT . @@ -8273,15 +8466,16 @@ In this example, the dummy braces are not needed. The default exception list contains the characters ',.'/?;:!~-)', the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above, and the commands '\footnote' or '\footnotemark'. Add to that list as with -'\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}' and remove from that list as with +'\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}' which adds '\myfni' and '\myfnii' +to the list, and remove from that list as with '\xspaceremoveexception{!}'. A comment: many experts prefer not to use '\xspace'. Putting it in a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right. -But it isn't easy to predict when to enter dummy braces because +But it isn't easy to predict when to enter empty braces because '\xspace' will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another command, and so '\xspace' can make editing material harder and more -error-prone than instead always remembering the dummy braces. +error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces. File: latex2e.info, Node: Counters, Next: Lengths, Prev: Definitions, Up: Top @@ -8371,17 +8565,17 @@ with a backslash. Here are the symbols: - Number Name Command Symbol + Number Name Command Symbol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 asterisk '\ast' * - 2 dagger '\dagger' † - 3 ddagger '\ddagger' ‡ - 4 section-sign '\S' § - 5 paragraph-sign '\P' ¶ - 6 double-vert '\parallel' ‖ - 7 double-asterisk '\ast\ast' ** - 8 double-dagger '\dagger\dagger' †† - 9 double-ddagger '\ddagger\ddagger' ‡‡ + 1 asterisk '\ast' * + 2 dagger '\dagger' † + 3 ddagger '\ddagger' ‡ + 4 section-sign '\S' § + 5 paragraph-sign '\P' ¶ + 6 double-vert '\parallel' ‖ + 7 double-asterisk '\ast\ast' ** + 8 double-dagger '\dagger\dagger' †† + 9 double-ddagger '\ddagger\ddagger' ‡‡ File: latex2e.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol, Up: Counters @@ -8535,8 +8729,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \day & \month & \year, Prev: \stepcounter, Up: Coun LaTeX defines the counter '\day' for the day of the month (nominally with value between 1 and 31), '\month' for the month of the year -(nominally with value between 1 and 12), and year '\year'. When TeX -starts up, they are set from the current values on the system. The +(nominally with value between 1 and 12), and '\year' for the year. When +TeX starts up, they are set from the current values on the system. The related command '\today' produces a string representing the current day (*note \today::). @@ -8549,6 +8743,9 @@ check: gives no error or warning and results in the output '-2, -4' (the bogus month value produces no output). + *Note Command line input::, to force the date to a given value from +the command line. + File: latex2e.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Making paragraphs, Prev: Counters, Up: Top @@ -8640,10 +8837,10 @@ distance. Here the two figures will be equal-spaced across the page. \hspace{0pt plus 1fill} \end{minipage} - TeX actually has three levels of infinity for glue components: 'fil', -'fill', and 'filll'. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier -ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note -\hfill:: and *note \vfill::). + TeX has three levels of infinity for glue components: 'fil', 'fill', +and 'filll'. The later ones are more infinite than the earlier ones. +Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one (*note \hfill:: and +*note \vfill::). Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so that after '\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}' and @@ -8670,8 +8867,8 @@ TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of math mode. 'pt' - Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units is 1point = - 2.845mm = .2845cm. + Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units + is 1point = .35146mm = .035146cm. 'pc' Pica, 12 pt @@ -8683,11 +8880,11 @@ mode. Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in PostScript and many desktop publishing systems. -'cm' - Centimeter - 'mm' - Millimeter + Millimeter, 2.845 pt + +'cm' + Centimeter, 10 mm 'dd' Didot point, 1.07 pt @@ -8698,21 +8895,32 @@ mode. 'sp' Scaled point, 1/65536 pt - Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer -of the font. The x-height of the current font "ex", traditionally the -height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths. -Similarly "em", traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is -often used for horizontal lengths (there is also '\enspace', which is -'0.5em'). Use of these can help make a definition work better across -font changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between -list items given as '\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}' -is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a + Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather +than being an absolute dimension. + +'ex' + The x-height of the current font "ex", traditionally the height of + the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical lengths. + +'em' + Similarly "em", traditionally the width of the capital letter M, is + often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often the size of + the current font, e.g., a nominal 10pt font will have 1em = 10pt. + LaTeX has several commands to produce horizontal spaces based on + the em (*note \enspace & \quad & \qquad::). + +'mu' + Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of + the math unit "mu", defined by 1em = 18mu, where the em is taken + from the current math symbols family. *Note Spacing in math + mode::. + + Using these units can help make a definition work better across font +changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list +items given as '\setlength{\itemsep}{1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex}' is +more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition given in points. - In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math -unit "mu" given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current -math symbols family. *Note Spacing in math mode::. - File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: Units of length, Up: Lengths @@ -8721,12 +8929,14 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: Units of leng Synopsis: - \setlength{LEN}{AMOUNT} + \setlength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - Set the length LEN to AMOUNT. The length name LEN must begin with a -backslash, '\'. The 'amount' can be a rubber length (*note Lengths::). -It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in any units that LaTeX -understands (*note Units of length::). + Set the length \LEN to AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin +with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT can be a +rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero, +and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of +length::). Below, with LaTeX's defaults the first paragraph will be indented while the second will not. @@ -8736,13 +8946,12 @@ while the second will not. \setlength{\parindent}{0em} He said stop going to those places. - If you did not declare LEN with '\newlength', for example if you -mistype the above as + If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you +mistype it as in '\newlength{\specparindent}\setlength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name then you get -an error like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> -\relax l.19 \setlength{specparindent}{0.6\parindent}' +an error like 'Missing number, treated as zero.'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths @@ -8752,12 +8961,14 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Synopsis: - \addtolength{LEN}{AMOUNT} + \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT} - Increment the length LEN by AMOUNT. The length name LEN begins with -a backslash, '\'. The 'amount' is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). -It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in any units that LaTeX -understands (*note Units of length::). + Increment the length \LEN by AMOUNT. The length name '\LEN' has to +be a control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must +begin with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. The AMOUNT is a +rubber length (*note Lengths::). It can be positive, negative or zero, +and can be in any units that LaTeX understands (*note Units of +length::). Below, if '\parskip' starts with the value '0pt plus 1pt' @@ -8768,11 +8979,15 @@ understands (*note Units of length::). then it has the value '1pt plus 1pt' for the second paragraph. - If you did not declare the length LEN with '\newlength', if for -example you mistype the above as + If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', for example if you +mistype it as in +'\newlength{\specparindent}\addtolength{\sepcparindent}{...}', then you +get an error like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \sepcindent'. +If the AMOUNT uses some length that has not been declared, for instance +if for example you mistype the above as '\addtolength{\specparindent}{0.6\praindent}', then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \praindent'. If you leave -off the backslash at the start of LEN, as in +off the backslash at the start of \LEN, as in '\addtolength{parindent}{1pt}', then you get something like 'You can't use `the letter p' after \advance'. @@ -8784,22 +8999,23 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength Synopsis: - \settodepth{LEN}{TEXT} + \settodepth{\LEN}{TEXT} - Set the length LEN to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on typesetting -the TEXT argument. The length name LEN must begin with a backslash, -'\'. + Set the length \LEN to the depth of box that LaTeX gets on +typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin +with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. - This will show how low the character descenders go. + This will print how low the character descenders go. \newlength{\alphabetdepth} \settodepth{\alphabetdepth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetdepth - If you did not set aside the length LEN, if for example you mistype -the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get + If you did not declare \LEN with '\newlength', if for example you +mistype the above as '\settodepth{\aplhabetdepth}{abc...}', then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetdepth'. -If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in +If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in '\settodepth{alphabetdepth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'. @@ -8811,22 +9027,23 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Synopsis: - \settoheight{LEN}{text} + \settoheight{\LEN}{text} - Sets the length LEN to the height of box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the 'text' argument. The length name LEN must begin with a -backslash, '\'. + Sets the length \LEN to the height of box that LaTeX gets on +typesetting the 'text' argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin +with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. - This will show how high the characters go. + This will print how high the characters go. \newlength{\alphabetheight} \settoheight{\alphabetheight}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetheight - If no such length LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for + If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for example you mistype as '\settoheight{\aplhabetheight}{abc...}', then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> -\alphabetheight'. If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in +\alphabetheight'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in '\settoheight{alphabetheight}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'. @@ -8838,22 +9055,23 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: \stretch, Prev: \settoheight, U Synopsis: - \settowidth{LEN}{TEXT} + \settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT} - Set the length LEN to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on -typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name LEN must begin with a -backslash, '\'. + Set the length \LEN to the width of the box that LaTeX gets on +typesetting the TEXT argument. The length name '\LEN' has to be a +control sequence (*note Control sequences::), and as such must begin +with a backslash, '\' under normal circumstances. - This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet. + This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet. \newlength{\alphabetwidth} \settowidth{\alphabetwidth}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} \the\alphabetwidth - If no such length LEN has been set aside, if for example you mistype -the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}', then you get -something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> \aplhabetwidth'. -If you leave the backslash out of LEN, as in + If no such length \LEN has been declared with '\newlength', if for +example you mistype the above as '\settowidth{\aplhabetwidth}{abc...}', +then you get something like 'Undefined control sequence. <argument> +\aplhabetwidth'. If you leave the backslash out of \LEN, as in '\settoheight{alphabetwidth}{...}' then you get something like 'Missing number, treated as zero. <to be read again> \setbox'. @@ -8973,12 +9191,12 @@ So '\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax' results in '10pt plus 2pt'. TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when doing register assignment. Thus '\the\numexpr\dimexpr 1pt\relax\relax' -will result in '65536', which is '1pt' converted to scaled points (TeX's -internal unit) and then coerced into an integer. With a '\glueexpr' -here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going the other way, a -'\numexpr' inside a '\dimexpr' or '\glueexpr' will need appropriate -units, as in '\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax', which produces -'3.0pt'. +will result in '65536', which is '1pt' converted to scaled points (*note +'sp': units of length sp, TeX's internal unit) and then coerced into an +integer. With a '\glueexpr' here, the stretch and shrink would be +dropped. Going the other way, a '\numexpr' inside a '\dimexpr' or +'\glueexpr' will need appropriate units, as in '\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + +2\relax pt\relax', which produces '3.0pt'. The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the allowed range, numbers must be less than 2^{31} in absolute value, and @@ -9001,8 +9219,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Making paragraphs, Next: Math formulas, Prev: Lengt ******************** To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current -paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by -two empty lines. +paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the separation +of which is made by two empty lines. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. @@ -9015,15 +9233,32 @@ two empty lines. ``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day, ``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?'' - The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment -character, '%'. + A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank +line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank +line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as +space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a '%' and span +up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are +identical: + + \documentclass[twocolumn]{article} + \begin{document} + First paragraph. + + Second paragraph. + \newpage + First paragraph. + + % separator lines may contain blank characters. + + Second paragraph. + \end{document} Once LaTeX has gathered all of a paragraph's contents it divides that content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph (*note Line breaking::). There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don't put a -blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the line before the +blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the blank line before the '\end{equation}' \begin{equation} @@ -9032,7 +9267,7 @@ blank line in math mode (*note Modes::); here the line before the \end{equation} will get you the error 'Missing $ inserted'. Similarly, the blank line -in this 'section' argument +in this '\section' argument \section{aaa @@ -9054,8 +9289,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \par, Next: \indent & \noindent, Up: Making paragra 15.1 '\par' =========== -Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two consecutive -newlines to a '\par'): +Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts any sequence of +one or more blank lines to a '\par', *note Making paragraphs::): \par @@ -9069,18 +9304,19 @@ readability. \newcommand{\syllabusLegalese}{% \whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou} - In LR mode or a vertical mode the '\par' command does nothing but it -terminates paragraph mode, switching LaTeX to vertical mode (*note -Modes::). + In LR mode the '\par' command does nothing and is ignored. In +paragraph mode, the '\par' command terminates paragraph mode, switching +LaTeX to vertical mode (*note Modes::). You cannot use the '\par' command in a math mode. You also cannot -use it in the argument of many commands, such as the '\section' command -(*note Making paragraphs:: and *note \newcommand & \renewcommand::). +use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning +commands, e.g. '\section' (*note Making paragraphs:: and *note +\newcommand & \renewcommand::). The '\par' command is not the same as the '\paragraph' command. The -latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning unit used by -the standard LaTeX documents (*note \subsubsection & \paragraph & -\subparagraph::). +latter is, like '\section' or '\subsection', a sectioning command used +by the LaTeX document standard classes (*note \subsubsection & +\paragraph & \subparagraph::). The '\par' command is not the same as '\newline' or the line break double backslash, '\\'. The difference is that '\par' ends the @@ -9179,15 +9415,15 @@ respectively. The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase 'x'. - In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for '\parindent' in -one-column documents is '15pt' when the default text size is '10pt', + In LaTeX standard class documents, the default value for '\parindent' +in one-column documents is '15pt' when the default text size is '10pt', '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em' for '12pt'. In two-column documents it is '1em'. (These values are set before LaTeX calls '\normalfont' so 'em' is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a -different font then to set '\parindent' in units matching that font, do -'\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}'.) +different font then to set '\parindent' to 1em matching that font, put +'\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}' in the preamble.) - The default value for '\parskip' in LaTeX's standard document styles + The default value for '\parskip' in LaTeX's standard document classes is '0pt plus1pt'. @@ -9304,31 +9540,6 @@ the formula. The construct '\[ MATH \]' is equivalent to '\begin{displaymath} MATH \end{displaymath}'. These environments can only be used in paragraph mode (*note Modes::). - The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some -differences. One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; -in display math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they -are closer together. - - Sometimes you want the display math typographical treatment to happen -in the inline math mode. For this, the '\displaystyle' declaration -forces the size and style of the formula to be that of 'displaymath'. -Thus '\(\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n\)' will have the limits -above and below the summation sign, not next to it. Another example is -that - - \begin{tabular}{r|cc} - \textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline - Arithmetic &\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \) - &\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\) \\ - Geometric &\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1} \) - &\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\) \\ - \end{tabular} - -because it has no '\displaystyle', the 'Arithmetic' line's fraction will -be scrunched. But, because of its '\displaystyle', the 'Geometric' -line's fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as -in the rest of the line. - The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics, 'amsmath' and 'amssymb' (also be aware of the 'mathtools' package that @@ -9339,12 +9550,13 @@ on CTAN. * Menu: -* Subscripts & superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index. +* Subscripts & superscripts:: Also known as exponents or indices. * Math symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles. * Math functions:: Math function names like sin and exp. * Math accents:: Accents in math. * Over- and Underlining:: Things over or under formulas. * Spacing in math mode:: Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces. +* Math styles:: Determine the size of things. * Math miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else. @@ -10451,13 +10663,13 @@ DelimiterCommand Name delimiters. For instance, if you put '\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}' in your preamble then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work in math -mode). The starred version, such as '\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}', has the -height of the vertical bars match the height of the argument. The -unstarred version, such as '\abs{\frac{22}{7}}', has the bars fixed at a -default height. This version accepts an optional argument, as in -'\abs[SIZE COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}', where the height of the bars is -given in SIZE COMMAND, such as '\Bigg'. Using '\lVert' and '\rVert' as -the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same behavior. +mode). The starred form, such as '\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}', has the height +of the vertical bars match the height of the argument. The unstarred +form, such as '\abs{\frac{22}{7}}', has the bars fixed at a default +height. This form accepts an optional argument, as in '\abs[SIZE +COMMAND]{\frac{22}{7}}', where the height of the bars is given in SIZE +COMMAND, such as '\Bigg'. Using instead '\lVert' and '\rVert' as the +symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same behavior. * Menu: @@ -10506,8 +10718,9 @@ null delimiter. \end{equation} Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a -backslash, '\{'. (The packages 'amsmath' and 'mathtools' allow you to -get the above construct through in a 'cases' environment.) +backslash, '\{' (*note Reserved characters::). (The packages 'amsmath' +and 'mathtools' allow you to get the above construct through in a +'cases' environment.) The '\left ... \right' pair make a group. One consequence is that the formula enclosed in the '\left ... \right' pair cannot have line @@ -10546,7 +10759,7 @@ the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better. TeX scales the delimiters according to the height and depth of the -contained formula. Here LaTeX grows the brackets to extend the full +enclosed formula. Here LaTeX grows the brackets to extend the full height of the integral. \begin{equation} @@ -10582,25 +10795,25 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \bigl & \bigr etc., Prev: \left & \right, Up: Delim Synopsis, one of: - \biglDELIMITER1 ... \bigrDELIMITER2 - \BiglDELIMITER1 ... \bigrDELIMITER2 - \bigglDELIMITER1 ... \biggrDELIMITER2 - \BigglDELIMITER1 ... \BiggrDELIMITER2 + \bigl DELIMITER1 ... \bigr DELIMITER2 + \Bigl DELIMITER1 ... \bigr DELIMITER2 + \biggl DELIMITER1 ... \biggr DELIMITER2 + \Biggl DELIMITER1 ... \Biggr DELIMITER2 (as with '\bigl[...\bigr]'; strictly speaking they need not be paired, see below), or one of: - \bigmDELIMITER - \BigmDELIMITER - \biggmDELIMITER - \BiggmDELIMITER + \bigm DELIMITER + \Bigm DELIMITER + \biggm DELIMITER + \Biggm DELIMITER (as with '\bigm|'), or one of: - \bigDELIMITER - \BigDELIMITER - \biggDELIMITER - \BiggDELIMITER + \big DELIMITER + \Big DELIMITER + \bigg DELIMITER + \Bigg DELIMITER (as with '\big['). @@ -10617,8 +10830,8 @@ causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant for displayed equations. *Note Delimiters::, for a list of the common delimiters. In the -family of commands with 'l' and 'r', DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not -be the same. +family of commands with 'l' or 'r', DELIMITER1 and DELIMITER2 need not +match together. The 'l' and 'r' commands produce open and close delimiters that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the delimiter, @@ -10649,7 +10862,7 @@ circumstances, as with this large vertical line \end{equation} Unlike the '\left...\right' pair (*note \left & \right::), the -commands here with 'l' and 'r' do not make a group. Strictly speaking +commands here with 'l' or 'r' do not make a group. Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something like this. \begin{equation} @@ -10985,7 +11198,7 @@ braces over or under some material. improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Over- and Underlining, Up: Math formulas +File: latex2e.info, Node: Spacing in math mode, Next: Math styles, Prev: Over- and Underlining, Up: Math formulas 16.6 Spacing in math mode ========================= @@ -11007,25 +11220,28 @@ math symbols family (*note Units of length::). Thus, a '\thickspace' is something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'. '\;' - Synonym: '\thickspace'. Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. With - 'amsmath', or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in - text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. + + Synonym: '\thickspace'. Normally '5.0mu plus 5.0mu'. With the + 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be + used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode + only. '\negthickspace' - Normally '-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With 'amsmath', or as of - the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as - math mode; before that, in math mode only. + Normally '-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With the 'amsmath' + package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text + mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only. '\:' '\>' Synonym: '\medspace'. Normally '4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. - With 'amsmath', or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used - in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. + With the 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, + can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math + mode only. '\negmedspace' - Normally '-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With 'amsmath', or as of - the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as - math mode; before that, in math mode only. + Normally '-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu'. With the 'amsmath' + package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text + mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only. '\,' Synonym: '\thinspace'. Normally '3mu', which is 1/6em. Can be @@ -11042,11 +11258,12 @@ something like 5/18 times the width of a 'M'. \end{equation} '\!' - A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'. With 'amsmath', or as of - the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be used in text mode as well as - math mode; before that, The '\!' command is math mode only but the - '\negthinspace' command has always worked in text mode (*note - \thinspace & \negthinspace::). + Synonym: '\negthinspace'. A negative thin space. Normally '-3mu'. + With the 'amsmath' package, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, + can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, the '\!' + command is math mode only but the '\negthinspace' command has + always also worked in text mode (*note \thinspace & + \negthinspace::). '\quad' This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space @@ -11148,10 +11365,12 @@ Synopsis: The '\phantom' command creates a box with the same height, depth, and width as SUBFORMULA, but empty. That is, this command causes LaTeX to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here LaTeX will -put a box of the right size for the quotation, but empty. +put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer, but will not +show that answer. - \fbox{\phantom{Conservatism is the fear-filled worship of dead radicals. - --- Mark Twain}} + \begin{displaymath} + \int x^2\,dx=\mbox{\underline{$\phantom{(1/3)x^3+C}$}} + \end{displaymath} The '\vphantom' variant produces an invisible box with the same vertical size as SUBFORMULA, the same height and depth, but having zero @@ -11217,9 +11436,80 @@ open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the amount of space, use '\rule' with a width of zero. *Note \rule::. -File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math styles, Next: Math miscellany, Prev: Spacing in math mode, Up: Math formulas -16.7 Math miscellany +16.7 Math styles +================ + +TeX's rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For +example, inside a displayed equation, the input '\sum_{0\leq +i<n}k^m=\frac{n^{m+1}}{m+1}+\mbox{lower order terms}' will give output +with the summation index centered below the summation symbol. But if +that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right rather +than below, so it won't push the lines apart. Similarly, in a displayed +context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be larger +than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and +superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math. + + TeX uses four math styles. + + * Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such + as with '\begin{equation} ... \end{equation}'. + + * Text style is for an inline formula, as with 'so we have $ ... $'. + + * Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or + superscript. + + * Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or + more) of subscript or superscript. + + TeX determines a default math style but you can override it with a +declaration of '\displaystyle', or '\textstyle', or '\scriptstyle', or +'\scriptscriptstyle'. + + In this example, the 'Arithmetic' line's fraction will look +scrunched. + + \begin{tabular}{r|cc} + \textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline + Arithmetic &$a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)$ + &$na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}$ \\ + Geometric &$a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1}$ + &$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}$ \\ + \end{tabular} + +But because of the '\displaystyle' declaration, the 'Geometric' line's +fraction will be easy to read, with characters the same size as in the +rest of the line. + + Another example is that, compared to the same input without the +declaration, the result of + + we get + $\pi=2\cdot{\displaystyle\int_{x=0}^1 \sqrt{1-x^2}\,dx}$ + +will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the +'\displaystyle' applies to only part of the formula, and it is delimited +by being inside curly braces, as '{\displaystyle ...}'. + + The last example is a continued fraction. + + \begin{equation} + a_0+\frac{1}{ + \displaystyle a_1+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{ + \displaystyle a_2+\frac{\mathstrut 1}{ + \displaystyle a_3}}} + \end{equation} + +Without the '\displaystyle' declarations, the denominators would be set +in script style and scriptscript style. (The '\mathstrut' improves the +height of the denominators; *note \mathstrut::.) + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: Math miscellany, Prev: Math styles, Up: Math formulas + +16.8 Math miscellany ==================== LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are some @@ -11236,7 +11526,7 @@ that don't fit into other categories. File: latex2e.info, Node: Colon character & \colon, Next: \*, Up: Math miscellany -16.7.1 Colon character ':' & '\colon' +16.8.1 Colon character ':' & '\colon' ------------------------------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -11259,7 +11549,7 @@ character as a punctuation then use '\mathpunct{:}'. File: latex2e.info, Node: \*, Next: \frac, Prev: Colon character & \colon, Up: Math miscellany -16.7.2 '\*' +16.8.2 '\*' ----------- Synopsis: @@ -11278,7 +11568,7 @@ sets it like '\( A_1 A_2 \times \)', followed by the break, followed by File: latex2e.info, Node: \frac, Next: \sqrt, Prev: \*, Up: Math miscellany -16.7.3 '\frac' +16.8.3 '\frac' -------------- Synopsis: @@ -11293,7 +11583,7 @@ formulas::). File: latex2e.info, Node: \sqrt, Next: \stackrel, Prev: \frac, Up: Math miscellany -16.7.4 '\sqrt' +16.8.4 '\sqrt' -------------- Synopsis, one of: @@ -11312,7 +11602,7 @@ steeper, until for a large enough 'arg', it is vertical). File: latex2e.info, Node: \stackrel, Prev: \sqrt, Up: Math miscellany -16.7.5 '\stackrel' +16.8.5 '\stackrel' ------------------ Synopsis, one of: @@ -11334,9 +11624,11 @@ modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of the math modes), and error messages will refer to these. - * "Paragraph mode" is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. - It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into - pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time. + * "Paragraph mode" (in plain TeX this is called "horizontal mode") is + what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks the + input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so + that in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode + LaTeX is in most of the time. "LR mode" (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called "restricted horizontal mode") is in effect when LaTeX starts making @@ -11357,11 +11649,13 @@ the math modes), and error messages will refer to these. '\int' differs in the two situations.) * "Vertical mode" is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and - other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is - in when it starts a document. + other material making the output page, which comprises insertion of + page breaks. This is the mode LaTeX is in when it starts a + document. "Internal vertical mode" is in effect when LaTeX starts making a - '\vbox'. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode. + '\vbox'. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the + vertical analogue of LR mode. For instance, if you begin a LaTeX article with 'Let \( x \) be ...' then these are the modes: first LaTeX starts every document in vertical @@ -11558,9 +11852,9 @@ contents, etc.--then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The main matter of a document uses arabic. *Note \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter::. - If you want to address where the page number appears on the page, -see *note \pagestyle::. If you want to change the value of page number -then you will manipulate the 'page' counter (*note Counters::). + If you want to change where the page number appears on the page, +see *note \pagestyle::. If you want to change the value of the page +number, then you manipulate the 'page' counter (*note Counters::). File: latex2e.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page styles @@ -11587,7 +11881,7 @@ options below should use this package. See its documentation on CTAN. centered. 'empty' - The header and footer is empty. + The header and footer are both empty. 'headings' Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style @@ -11686,11 +11980,9 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Spaces, Next: Boxes, Prev: Page styles, Up: Top 19 Spaces ********* -LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of these -are best suited to mathematical text; see *note Spacing in math mode::. -Some spacing commands are suitable for both regular text and -mathematical text; versions of some of these commands are in this -chapter. +LaTeX has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of +these are best suited to mathematical text; for these see *note Spacing +in math mode::. * Menu: @@ -11755,21 +12047,21 @@ Synopsis, one of: \hspace{LENGTH} \hspace*{LENGTH} - Insert the horizontal space LENGTH. The LENGTH can be positive, -negative, or zero; adding negative space is like backspacing. It is a -rubber length, that is, it may contain a 'plus' or 'minus' component, or -both (*note Lengths::). Because the space is stretchable and -shrinkable, it is sometimes called "glue". + Insert the amount LENGTH of horizontal space. The LENGTH can be +positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is like +backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a 'plus' or +'minus' component, or both (*note Lengths::). Because the space is +stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called "glue". This makes a line with 'Name:' an inch from the right margin. \noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]{Name:\hspace{1in}} - The '*'-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable. More + The '*'-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More precisely, when TeX breaks a paragraph into lines any white space--glues -and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The '*'-version -avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in -front of the space). +and kerns--that come at a line break are discarded. The '*'-form avoids +that (technically, it adds a non-discardable invisible item in front of +the space). In this example @@ -11923,11 +12215,11 @@ probably tried to redefine an internal command. *Note \makeatletter & * Menu: * \@:: Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations. -* \frenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. +* \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing:: Equal interword and inter-sentence space. * \normalsfcodes:: Restore space factor settings to the default. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \@, Next: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor +File: latex2e.info, Node: \@, Next: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor 19.5.1 '\@' ----------- @@ -11976,20 +12268,21 @@ Acad.\ Science', and 'Mr.~Bean', and '(manure, etc.\@) for sale' (note in the last one that the '\@' comes before the closing parenthesis). -File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \@, Up: \spacefactor +File: latex2e.info, Node: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Next: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \@, Up: \spacefactor -19.5.2 '\frenchspacing' ------------------------ +19.5.2 '\frenchspacing' & '\nonfrenchspacing' +--------------------------------------------- Synopsis, one of: \frenchspacing \nonfrenchspacing - The first declaration causes LaTeX to treat spacing between sentences -in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence. -The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more -(*note \spacefactor::); this is the default. + The first declaration causes LaTeX to handle spacing between +sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a +sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which +spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more (*note +\spacefactor::). Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark, @@ -11999,7 +12292,7 @@ command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all spaces are treated equally. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor +File: latex2e.info, Node: \normalsfcodes, Prev: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing, Up: \spacefactor 19.5.3 '\normalsfcodes' ----------------------- @@ -12008,7 +12301,7 @@ Synopsis: \normalsfcodes - Reset the LaTeX space factor values to the default (*note + Reset the LaTeX space factors to the default values (*note \spacefactor::). @@ -12018,9 +12311,10 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: \(SPACE), Next: ~, Prev: \spacefactor, Up: Spaces ========================== This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a -backslash followed by a space. Synopsis: +backslash followed by a space. +Synopsis: - \ + \ Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt. @@ -12028,33 +12322,45 @@ backslash followed by a space. Synopsis: When you type one or more blanks between words, LaTeX produces white space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates. - \begin{tabular}{l} - One blank: makes some space \\ - Three blanks: in a row \\ - Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\ + \begin{tabular}{rl} + One blank:& makes some space \\ + Three blanks:& in a row \\ + Three spaces:&\ \ \ in a row \\ \end{tabular} On the first line LaTeX puts some space after the colon. On the second line LaTeX collapses the three blanks to output one whitespace, so you end with the same space after the colon as in the first line. LaTeX -would similarly collapse a blank followed by a tab, or a blank and a -newline and a blank. However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so -the white area is wider. That is, the backslash-space command creates a -fixed amount of horizontal space. (Note that you can define a -horizontal space of any width at all with '\hspace'; see *note -\hspace::.) +would similarly collapse them to a single whitespace if one, two or all +of the three blanks were replaced by a tab, or by a newline. However, +the bottom line asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That +is, the backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal +space. (Note that you can define a horizontal space of any width at all +with '\hspace'; see *note \hspace::.) The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used -after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that -follows, as in '\TeX\ is nice'. (But using curly parentheses, as in -'\TeX{} is best', has the advantage of still working if the next -character is a period.) The other common use is that it marks a period -as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in 'So says -Prof.\ Smith' or 'Jones et al.\ (1993)' (*note \@::). - - Under normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent +after control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that +follows, as after '\TeX' in '\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)'. (But using curly +braces has the advantage of still working whether the next character is +a blank or any other non-letter, as in '\TeX{} (or \LaTeX{})' in which +'{}' can be added after '\LaTeX' as well as after '\TeX'.) The other +common use is that it marks a period as ending an abbreviation instead +of ending a sentence, as in 'Prof.\ Smith' or 'Jones et al.\ (1993)' +(*note \@::). + + Under normal circumstances, '\'<TAB> and '\'<NEWLINE> are equivalent to backslash-space, '\ '. + Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, +under normal circumstances, TeX ignores leading blanks in a line. So +the following prints 'one word': + + one + word + +where the white space between 'one' and 'word' is produced by the +newline after 'one', not by the space before 'word'. + File: latex2e.info, Node: ~, Next: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Prev: \(SPACE), Up: Spaces @@ -12065,11 +12371,16 @@ Synopsis: BEFORE~AFTER - The tie character, '~', produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER at -which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has + The "tie" character, '~', produces a space between BEFORE and AFTER +at which the line will not be broken. By default the white space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus 1.11111pt (*note Lengths::). - Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words. + Note that the word 'tie' has this meaning in the TeX/Texinfo +community; this differs from the typographic term "tie", which is a +diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a "tie-after" accent in 'The +TeXbook'. + + Here LaTeX will not break the line between the final two words: Thanks to Prof.~Lerman. @@ -12085,7 +12396,7 @@ words in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox & \makebox::). among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them from 'The TeXbook'. - * Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references: + * Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references: 'Chapter~12', or 'Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}', or 'Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}'. @@ -12094,12 +12405,12 @@ from 'The TeXbook'. * Between a number and its unit: '$745.7.8$~watts' (the 'siunitx' package has a special facility for this) or '144~eggs'. This - includes between a month and a date: 'October~12' or '12~Oct'. In - general, in any expressions where numbers and abbreviations or - symbols are separated by a space: 'AD~565', or '2:50~pm', or - 'Boeing~747', or '268~Plains Road', or '\$$1.4$~billion'. Other - common choices here are a thin space (*note \thinspace & - \negthinspace::) and no space at all. + includes between a month and day number in a date: 'October~12' or + '12~Oct'. In general, in any expressions where numbers and + abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space: 'AD~565', or + '2:50~pm', or 'Boeing~747', or '268~Plains Road', or + '\$$1.4$~billion'. Other common choices here are a thin space + (*note \thinspace & \negthinspace::) and no space at all. * When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: 'equals~$n$', or 'less than~$\epsilon$', or 'given~$X$', or 'modulo~$p^e$ for all @@ -12144,10 +12455,11 @@ ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides, think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another style-specific use is between initials, as in 'D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth'. - LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands (*note Spacing -in math mode::). With 'amsmath', or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, -they can be used in text mode as well as math mode, including '\!' for -'\negthinspace'; before that, they were available only in math mode. + LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode +(*note Spacing in math mode::). With the 'amsmath' package, or as of +the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as well as +math mode, including '\!' for '\negthinspace'; but otherwise, they are +available only in math mode. File: latex2e.info, Node: \/, Next: \hrulefill & \dotfill, Prev: \thinspace & \negthinspace, Up: Spaces @@ -12190,9 +12502,9 @@ characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts. Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called -slant parameter (namely '\fontdimen1'), to determine whether to possibly -insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to particular -font commands. +"slant parameter" (namely '\fontdimen1'), to determine whether to +possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to +particular font commands. There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; math spacing is done in a different way. @@ -12229,13 +12541,13 @@ start or end. here \renewcommand{\hrulefill}{% - \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern\z@} + \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern0pt } which changes the default thickness of 0.4pt to 1pt. Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with \renewcommand{\dotfill}{% - \leavevmode\cleaders\hb@xt@1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern\z@} + \leavevmode\cleaders\hbox to 1.00em{\hss .\hss }\hfill\kern0pt } which changes the default length of 0.33em to 1.00em. @@ -12292,7 +12604,7 @@ class file. of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the 'book' and 'article' classes is '3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt'. - Because each command is a '\vspace', if you use on in mid-paragraph + Because each command is a '\vspace', if you use it in mid-paragraph then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So these are best between paragraphs. @@ -12345,7 +12657,7 @@ Synopsis: and depth at least '0.3\baselineskip'. Essentially, LaTeX inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width, '\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]{0pt}{\baselineskip}' (*note \rule::). The -'\baselineskip' changes with the current font and fontsize. +'\baselineskip' changes with the current font or fontsize. In this example the '\strut' keeps the box inside the frame from having zero height. @@ -12387,11 +12699,11 @@ line. \end{enumerate} \end{minipage}% -The final two lists use '\fbox' to show what's happening. The third -list's '\parbox' goes only to the bottom of its second 'test', which -happens not have any characters that descend below the baseline. The -fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra below-baseline -space. +The final two lists use '\fbox' to show what's happening. The first +item '\parbox' of the third list goes only to the bottom of its second +'test', which happens not have any characters that descend below the +baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed extra +below-baseline space. The '\strut' command is often useful in graphics, such as in 'TikZ' or 'Asymptote'. For instance, you may have a command such as @@ -12414,10 +12726,10 @@ keeps the second integral from hitting the first. \end{tabular} (Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available -optional argument to put in more vertical room, that won't work here. -Changing the first double backslash to something like '\\[2.5ex]' will -put the room between the header line and the '\hline', and the integral -would still hit the line.) +optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won't +solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like +'\\[2.5ex]' will put more room between the header line and the '\hline' +rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.) File: latex2e.info, Node: \vspace, Next: \vfill, Prev: \strut, Up: Spaces @@ -12444,9 +12756,9 @@ component (*note Lengths::). (*Note \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip::, for common inter-paragraph spaces.) - The '*'-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More + The '*'-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More precisely, LaTeX discards vertical space at a page break and the -'*'-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between +'*'-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space between the two questions. Question: Find the integral of \( 5x^4+5 \). @@ -12521,10 +12833,11 @@ needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the VERT-LENGTH's in that sequence. This command is fragile (*note \protect::). The VERT-LENGTH is a rubber length (*note Lengths::). - This example illustrates. The 'picture' draws a scale. In a -standard LaTeX article the length '\baselineskip' is 12pt. The two -rules here are 22pt apart: the sum of the '\baselineskip' and the 10pt -from the first 'addvspace'. + This example illustrates. The 'picture' draws a scale over which to +rules are placed. In a standard LaTeX article the length +'\baselineskip' is 12pt. As shown by the scale, the two rules are 22pt +apart: the sum of the '\baselineskip' and the 10pt from the first +'\addvspace'. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{color} @@ -12683,16 +12996,16 @@ Synopses, one of: \framebox[WIDTH]{TEXT} \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT} - Create a box with an enclosing frame, four lines surrounding the -space. These commands are the same as '\mbox' and '\makebox' except for + Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the +TEXT. These commands are the same as '\mbox' and '\makebox' except for the frame (*note \mbox & \makebox::). The '\fbox' command is robust, the '\framebox' command is fragile (*note \protect::). \fbox{Warning! No work shown, no credit given.} -LaTeX puts the text into a box that cannot be split or hyphenated. -Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making -a frame. +LaTeX puts the text into a box, the text cannot be hyphenated. Around +that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making a +frame. The first two command invocations, '\fbox{...}' and '\framebox{...}', are roughly the same. As to the third and fourth invocations, the @@ -12703,13 +13016,12 @@ empty box that is 1/4in wide. \setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox[0.25in]{\strut}} -The '\strut' inserts a vertical height of '\baselineskip' (*note -\strut::). +The '\strut' ensures a total height of '\baselineskip' (*note \strut::). These parameters determine the frame layout. '\fboxrule' - The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is + The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is 0.2pt. Change it with a command such as '\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}' (*note \setlength::). @@ -12719,7 +13031,7 @@ The '\strut' inserts a vertical height of '\baselineskip' (*note (*note \setlength::). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes: this will put a frame around the picture with no white border. - {\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} + {\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}% \framebox{% \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{prudence.jpg}}} @@ -12737,8 +13049,9 @@ frame the result. *Note Colored boxes::, for colors other than black and white. - The 'picture' environment has a version of this command where the -units depend on 'picture''s '\unitlength' (*note \framebox (picture)::). + The 'picture' environment has a version of the '\framebox' command +where the units depend on 'picture''s '\unitlength' (*note \framebox +(picture)::). File: latex2e.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \fbox & \framebox, Up: Boxes @@ -12891,6 +13204,7 @@ enter '\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}' and '\usebox{\newreg}' then you get '\usebox{\newreg}' then you get 'test test', but no error or warning. To fix this use a '\parbox' or 'minipage' as here. + \newsavebox{\areg} \savebox{\areg}{% \begin{minipage}{\linewidth} \begin{enumerate} @@ -12938,8 +13252,8 @@ Synopsis: \end{lrbox} This is the environment form of the '\sbox' and '\savebox' commands, -and is equivalent to them. for the full description, *Note \sbox & -\savebox::. +and is equivalent to them. *Note \sbox & \savebox::, for the full +description. The TEXT inside the environment is saved in the box register referred to by variable 'BOX-CMD'. The variable name BOX-CMD must begin with a @@ -12969,7 +13283,7 @@ Synopsis: Produce the box most recently saved in the box register BOX-CMD by the commands '\sbox' or '\savebox', or the 'lrbox' environment. For -more information and examples, *Note \sbox & \savebox::. (Note that the +more information and examples, *note \sbox & \savebox::. (Note that the variable name BOX-CMD starts with a backslash, '\'.) This command is robust (*note \protect::). @@ -13286,8 +13600,8 @@ of the time, 'graphicx' is the better choice. Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. LaTeX can use both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location -in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph, -in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of +in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph in +JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of instructions such as 'draw a circle with this radius and that center'. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote program, in PDF format. Generally vector graphics are more useful because you can @@ -13523,7 +13837,7 @@ Synopsis: Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in EXTENSION. - This example declares that all files with names have the form + This example declares that all files with names of the form 'filename-without-dot.mps' will be treated as output from MetaPost, meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to input the file. @@ -14024,7 +14338,8 @@ with optional arguments to '\includegraphics' (*note The '\reflectbox' command abbreviates '\scalebox{-1}[1]{MATERIAL}'. Thus, 'Able was I\reflectbox{Able was I}' will show the phrase 'Able was -I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection. +I' immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical +axis. File: latex2e.info, Node: \resizebox, Prev: \scalebox, Up: Commands for graphics @@ -14049,8 +14364,8 @@ vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted. The unstarred form '\resizebox' takes VERTICAL LENGTH to be the box's height while the starred form '\resizebox*' takes it to be height+depth. -For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter inch with -'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{1in}{This box has both height and +For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a quarter-inch with +'\resizebox*{!}{0.25in}{\parbox{3.5in}{This box has both height and depth.}}'. You can use '\depth', '\height', '\totalheight', and '\width' to @@ -14481,7 +14796,9 @@ accented. '\capitaltie' '\newtie' '\capitalnewtie' - oo͡ Tie-after accent. The '\newtie' form is centered in its box. + Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as + in the ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two + characters. The '\newtie' form is centered in its box. '\u' '\capitalbreve' @@ -14507,8 +14824,8 @@ Synopsis: A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by NUMBER, a -numeric argument, followed by a space and then a CHARACTER argument -constructs the accented character in the current font. +numeric argument, followed by a space and then a CHARACTER argument to +construct the accented character in the current font. These are accented 'e' characters. @@ -14518,7 +14835,8 @@ constructs the accented character in the current font. \accent22 e \accent23 e -The first is a grave, the second is breve, etc. +The first is a grave, the second a caron, the third a breve, the fourth +a macron, and the fifth a ring above. The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the outcome of '\accent' use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is @@ -14621,10 +14939,10 @@ useful to omit it. called the "encoding". There are many different encodings. The simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough for most of the world's languages. For instance, to typeset the -a-umlaut character ä in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the sequence -'\"a' is used. This would make source files for anything but English -hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding is more -convenient. +a-umlaut character 'ä' in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the +sequence '\"a' is used. This would make source files for anything but +English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive encoding +is more convenient. The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for @@ -14992,8 +15310,8 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Front/back matter, Next: Letters, Prev: Splitting t File: latex2e.info, Node: Table of contents etc., Next: Indexes, Up: Front/back matter -25.1 Table of contents etc. -=========================== +25.1 Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables +======================================================= Synopsis, one of: @@ -15150,18 +15468,18 @@ contains these definitions: In this example, '\@dottedcline' appears to have been given only three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up the final TEXT and PAGENUMBER arguments in the synopsis from a call to -'\contentsline'. +'\contentsline' (*note \contentsline::). Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin box, these '\@dottedtocline' commands insert "leaders", that is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command -'\@dotsep'. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, which are -'1/18' em. Change it using '\renewcommand', as in +'\@dotsep'. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka. 'mu', which +are '1/18' em. Change it using '\renewcommand', as in '\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}'. - In the default book class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for the -Part and Chapter table entries, and in the default article class it does -not use dotted leaders for Section entries. + In the standard 'book' class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for +the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard 'article' class +it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries. File: latex2e.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Prev: \@dottedtocline, Up: Table of contents etc. @@ -15182,26 +15500,27 @@ contents. It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point -where it appears in the input file. +where the command appears in the input file. The '\addcontentsline' command writes information to the file -'ROOT-NAME.EXT'. It writes that information as the text of the command -'\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}', where 'NUM' is the current value of -counter 'UNIT' (*note \contentsline::). The most common case is the -table of contents and there NUM is the page number of the first page of -UNIT. - - This command is invoked by the sectioning commands '\chapter', etc., -and also by '\caption' inside a float environment. But it is also used -by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style is to -have an unnumbered preface may use the starred '\chapter*'. But that -command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered -manually, as here. +'ROOT-NAME.EXT', where ROOT-NAME is the file name of the root file +(*note Splitting the input::). It writes that information as the text +of the command '\contentsline{UNIT}{TEXT}{NUM}', where 'NUM' is the +current value of counter 'UNIT' (*note \contentsline::). The most +common case is the table of contents and there NUM is the page number of +the first page of UNIT. + + This command is invoked by the sectioning commands '\chapter', etc. +(*note Sectioning::), and also by '\caption' inside a float environment +(*note Floats::). But it is also directly used by authors. For +example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an unnumbered +preface may use the starred '\chapter*'. But that command leaves out +table of contents information, which can be entered manually, as here. \chapter*{Preface} \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\protect\numberline{}Preface} -In the '.toc' file LaTeX will put the line '\contentsline +In the 'ROOT-NAME.toc' file LaTeX will put the line '\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}'; note that the page number '3' is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually. @@ -15213,7 +15532,8 @@ EXT filename extension of the information file. UNIT - A string that depends on the value of the EXT argument: + A string that depends on the value of the EXT argument, typically + one of: 'toc' For the table of contents, this is the name of a sectional @@ -15226,8 +15546,8 @@ UNIT For the list of tables: 'table'. TEXT - The text of the entry. You must '\protect' any commands that are - fragile (*note \protect::). + The text of the entry. You must '\protect' any fragile commands + (*note \protect::) used in it. The '\addcontentsline' command has an interaction with '\include' (*note \include & \includeonly::). If you use them at the same level, @@ -15235,7 +15555,8 @@ as with '\addcontentsline{...}{...}{...}\include{...}' then lines in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution is to move '\addcontentsline' into the file being included. - If you use a UNIT that LaTeX does not recognize, as here + If you use a UNIT that LaTeX does not recognize, as with the typo +here \addcontentsline{toc}{setcion}{\protect\textbf{Appendices}} @@ -15320,7 +15641,7 @@ etc.::). Authors do not directly enter '\contentsline' commands. Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the commands '\chapter', '\section', etc. for the table of contents, or by the '\caption' command inside of a '\figure' or '\table' environment -(*note figure:: and *note table::). Thus, where the base file is +(*note figure:: and *note table::). Thus, where the root file is 'thesis.tex', and contains the declaration '\tableofcontents', the command '\chapter{Chapter One}' produces something like this in the file 'thesis.toc'. @@ -15343,8 +15664,9 @@ in 'thesis.lof'. Note that the 'hyperref' package changes the definition of '\contentsline' (and '\addcontentsline') to add more arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error 'Argument of \contentsline -has an extra }'. Fix this error by deleting the '.toc' or '.lof' or -'.lot' file, and running LaTeX again. +has an extra }' when one adds/remove the use of package 'hyperref' and a +compilation was already run. Fix this error by deleting the '.toc' or +'.lof' or '.lot' file, and running LaTeX again. File: latex2e.info, Node: \nofiles, Next: \numberline, Prev: \contentsline, Up: Table of contents etc. @@ -15388,23 +15710,25 @@ Synopsis: '\contentsline' command to typeset the section number (*note \contentsline::). - For example, this line in a '.toc' file causes the '1' to be typeset -flush left. + For example, this line in a '.toc' file causes the '1.1' to be +typeset flush left. \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2} By default, LaTeX typesets the section numbers in a box of length '\@tempdima'. That length is set by the commands '\l@section', '\l@subsection', etc. Put section numbers inside a natural-width box -with '\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}'. +with '\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}' before '\tableofcontents'. + + This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with '\protect' +(*note \protect::). An example is the use of '\protect' in this +command, - This command is fragile, so you may need to precede it with -'\protect' (*note \protect::). An example is the use of '\protect' in -the command -'\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}' to get -the '\numberline' into this command in the '.toc' file: '\contentsline -{section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}' (the page number '6' is -automatically added by LaTeX; *note \addcontentsline::). + \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary} + +to get the '\numberline' into the '\contentsline' command in the '.toc' +file: '\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}' (the page +number '6' is automatically added by LaTeX; *note \addcontentsline::). File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Next: Glossaries, Prev: Table of contents etc., Up: Front/back matter @@ -15412,49 +15736,99 @@ File: latex2e.info, Node: Indexes, Next: Glossaries, Prev: Table of contents 25.2 Indexes ============ -This document has an index. +If you tell LaTeX what terms you want to appear in an index then it can +produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers automatically +maintained. This illustrates the basics. \documentclass{article} - \usepackage{makeidx} \makeindex + \usepackage{makeidx} % Provide indexing commands + \makeindex + % \usepackage{showidx} % Show marginal notes of index entries ... \begin{document} ... - Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index{Wilson's Theorem} - a number \( n>1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \) - is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \). + Wilson's Theorem\index{Wilson's Theorem} + says that a number $n>1$ is prime if and only if the factorial + of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$ + modulo~$n$.\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem} ... \printindex - ... + \end{document} -The '\usepackage{makeidx}' and '\makeindex' in the preamble bring in the -relevant commands. +As that shows, declare index entries with the '\index' command (*note +\index::). When you run LaTeX, the '\index' writes its information, +such as 'Wilson's Theorem' and the page number, to an auxiliary file +whose name ends in '.idx'. Next, to alphabetize and do other +manipulations, run an external command, typically 'makeindex' (*note +makeindex::), which writes a file whose name ends in '.ind'. Finally, +'\printindex' brings this manipulated information into the output (*note +\printindex::). - Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document -body you declare index entries with the '\index' command (*note -\index::). When you run LaTeX, the '\index' writes its information to -an auxiliary file 'ROOT-NAME.idx'. Next, to alphabetize and to do other -manipulations you run an external command, typically 'makeindex' or -'xindy' (*note makeindex::). These output a file 'ROOT-NAME.ind'. -Finally, you bring the information back into your document and typeset -it with the '\printindex' command (*note \printindex::). + Thus, if the above example is in the file 'numth.tex' then running +'pdflatex numth' will save index entry and page number information to +'numth.idx'. Then running 'makeindex numth' will alphabetize and save +the results to 'numth.ind'. Finally, again running 'pdflatex numth' +will show the desired index, at the place where the '\printindex' +command is in the source file. + + There are many options for the output. An example is that the +exclamation point in '\index{congruence!and Wilson's Theorem}' produces +a main entry of 'congruence' with a subentry of 'and Wilson's Theorem'. +For more, *note makeindex::. + + The '\makeindex' and '\printindex' commands are independent. Leaving +out the '\makeindex' will stop LaTeX from saving the index entries to +the auxiliary file. Leaving out the '\printindex' will cause LaTeX to +not show the index in the document output. There are many packages in the area of indexing. The 'showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the page -where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index. The +where the '\index' appears. This can help in preparing the index. The 'multind' package, among others, supports multiple indexes. See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic, <https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind>, and the CTAN topic, <https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi>. * Menu: +* Produce the index manually:: Alphabetize entries yourself. * \index:: Declare an index entry. -* makeindex:: Alphabetize index entries. +* makeindex:: Alphabetize index entries automatically. * \printindex:: Put the index here. -File: latex2e.info, Node: \index, Next: makeindex, Up: Indexes +File: latex2e.info, Node: Produce the index manually, Next: \index, Up: Indexes + +25.2.1 Produce the index manually +--------------------------------- + +Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index. +This will make a separate page labeled 'Index', in twocolumn format. + + \begin{theindex} + \item acorn squash, 1 + \subitem maple baked, 2 + \indexspace + \item bacon, 3 + \subitem maple baked, 4 + \end{theindex} + + Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious +and which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is +why in most cases automated methods such as 'makeindex' are best. *Note +Indexes::. + + However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the +automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels +of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses '\item', subentries +use '\subitem', and the lowest level uses '\subsubitem'. Blank lines +between entries have no effect. The example above includes +'\indexspace' to produce vertical space in the output that some index +styles use before the first entry starting with a new letter. + + +File: latex2e.info, Node: \index, Next: makeindex, Prev: Produce the index manually, Up: Indexes -25.2.1 '\index' +25.2.2 '\index' --------------- Synopsis: @@ -15469,6 +15843,8 @@ from what's below is to compile the document with 'pdflatex test', then process the index entries with 'makeindex test', and then compile again with 'pdflatex test'. + % file test.tex + ... W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann} ... Ackermann function\index{Ackermann!function} @@ -15481,7 +15857,7 @@ below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second. Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add '\index{Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison}' then 'makeindex' says 'Scanning input file test.idx....done (4 entries accepted, 1 -rejected)' and nothing appears in the index). +rejected)' and the fourth level is silently missing from the index.) If you enter a second '\index' with the same INDEX-ENTRY-STRING then you will get a single index entry with two page numbers (unless they @@ -15495,27 +15871,27 @@ could come before '\index{Ackermann}'. W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index{Ackermann} ... - D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\(} + D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|(} ... - disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert\)} + disapproved of his marriage.\index{Ackermann!Hilbert|)} If the beginning and ending of the page range are equal then the system -just gives a single page entry, not a range. +just gives a single page number, not a range. If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with '\index{Jones!program}' and '\index{Jones!results}', then the output is the item 'Jones' with no comma or page number, followed by two subitems, like 'program, 50' and 'results, 51'. - Generate a index entry that says 'See' by using a vertical bar + Generate a index entry that says 'see' by using a vertical bar character: '\index{Ackermann!function|see{P\'eter's function}}'. You -can instead get 'See also' with 'seealso'. (The text 'See' is defined -by '\seename', and 'See also' by '\alsoname'. You can redefine these +can instead get 'see also' with 'seealso'. (The text 'see' is defined +by '\seename', and 'see also' by '\alsoname'. You can redefine these either by using an internationalization package such as 'babel' or -'polyglossia', or directly as with '\renewcommand{\alsoname}[1]{Also see -#1}'.) +'polyglossia', or directly as with '\renewcommand{\alsoname}{Also +see}'.) - The 'See' feature is part of a more general functionality. After the + The 'see' feature is part of a more general functionality. After the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in '\index{group|textit}' (note the missing backslash on the '\textit' command) and the system will apply that command to the page number, here @@ -15548,9 +15924,9 @@ entry. Another example is that '\index{Saint Michael's College@SMC}' produces an index entry 'SMC' alphabetized into a different location than its spelling would naturally give it. - To put a '!', or '@', or '|' character in an index entry, preceding -it with a double quote, '"'. (The double quote gets deleted before -alphabetization.) + To put a '!', or '@', or '|', or '"' character in an index entry, +escape it by preceding it with a double quote, '"'. (The double quote +gets deleted before alphabetization.) A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that provided by 'makeidx'. One is 'index', which allows for multiple @@ -15572,7 +15948,7 @@ message like this. File: latex2e.info, Node: makeindex, Next: \printindex, Prev: \index, Up: Indexes -25.2.2 'makeindex' +25.2.3 'makeindex' ------------------ Synopsis, one of: @@ -15612,7 +15988,7 @@ possibilities in STYLE-FILE. For a full list see the documentation on CTAN. A style file consists of a list of pairs: SPECIFIER and ATTRIBUTE. -These can appear in the file in any order. All of the ATTRIBUTES are +These can appear in the file in any order. All of the ATTRIBUTEs are strings, except where noted. Strings are surrounded with double quotes, '"', and the maximum length of a string is 144 characters. The '\n' is for a newline and '\t' is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with @@ -15620,18 +15996,19 @@ another backslash, '\\'. If a line begins with a percent sign, '%', then it is a comment. 'preamble' - Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the - index is formatted. Default: '"\\begin{theindex}\n"'. + Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which + the index is formatted. Default: '"\\begin{theindex}\n"'. 'postamble' - Postamble of the output file. Default: '"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"'. + Postamble of the output index file. Default: + '"\n\n\\end{theindex}\n"'. 'group_skip' Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group - for entries starting with 'a', etc. This specifier gives what is - inserted when a new group begins. Default: '"\n\n \\indexspace\n"' - ('\indexspace' is a command inserting a rubber length, by default - '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'). + for entries starting with letter 'a', etc. This specifier gives + what is inserted when a new group begins. Default: '"\n\n + \\indexspace\n"' ('\indexspace' is a command inserting a rubber + length, by default '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'). 'lethead_flag' An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. @@ -15721,7 +16098,7 @@ then it is a comment. '"rnaRA"'. There are a number of other programs that do the job 'makeindex' -does. One is 'xindy' (https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy), which does +does. One is 'xindy' (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy>), which does internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating @@ -15733,7 +16110,7 @@ written in Lua (<https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex>). File: latex2e.info, Node: \printindex, Prev: makeindex, Up: Indexes -25.2.3 '\printindex' +25.2.4 '\printindex' -------------------- Synopsis: @@ -16278,9 +16655,9 @@ Synopsis: \openout NUMBER=FILENAME - Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The NUMBER must -be between 0 and 15, as in '\openin3' (in LuaLaTeX NUMBER can be between -0 and 255). + Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most +engines, the NUMBER must be between 0 and 15, as in '\openin3'; in +LuaLaTeX, NUMBER can be between 0 and 127. Here TeX opens the file 'presidents.tex' for reading. @@ -16436,8 +16813,8 @@ outputs 'Recommendation for John Dee'. Like what happens here with being printed. LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space -and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. As above, use -the command '\space' to get a single space, independent of surrounding +and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'. Use the +command '\space' to get a single space, independent of surrounding spaces. Use '^^J' to get a newline. Get a percent character with '\csname @percentchar\endcsname'. @@ -16922,17 +17299,27 @@ different versions. pdflatex -jobname=teachers "\def\teachers{}\input{main}" The 'jobname' option is there because otherwise both files would be -called 'main.pdf' and the second would overwrite the first. (See the -next section.) +called 'main.pdf' and the second would overwrite the first. (*note +Jobname::.) - In this example, we pass the 'draft' option to the 'graphicx' -package: + In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a +document to include. For a book named 'mybook.tex' and structured like +this. - pdflatex "\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}" + \documentclass{book} + \begin{document} + ... + \include{chap1} + \include{chap2} + ... + \end{document} + +the command line -so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information -but replaced in the PDF by a box with same size and that contains only -the file name, which speeds up compilation time and saves printer ink. + pdflatex "\includeonly{chap1}\input{mybook}" + +will give output that has the first chapter but no other chapter. *Note +Splitting the input::. File: latex2e.info, Node: Jobname, Next: Recovering from errors, Prev: Command line input, Up: Command line interface @@ -16950,19 +17337,21 @@ for instance the command 'pdflatex thesis' creates 'thesis.pdf' and also where LATEX-ENGINE is 'pdflatex', 'lualatex', etc. (*note TeX engines::). If ARGUMENT does not start with a backslash, as is the case above with 'thesis', then TeX considers it to be the name of the file to -input as the main document. The name of that root file, without the -'.tex' extension, is the jobname. If ARGUMENT does start with a -backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode, then it waits for the first -'\input' command, and the jobname is the argument to '\input'. +input as the main document. This file is referred to as the "root file" +(*note Splitting the input::, and *note \input::). The name of that +root file, without the '.tex' extension if any, is the jobname. If +ARGUMENT does start with a backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode, +then it waits for the first '\input' command, and the jobname is the +argument to '\input'. There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly specified with the '-jobname' option, as in 'pdflatex -jobname=myname' (*note Command line input:: for a real example). The final possibility is 'texput', which is the final fallback -default if no other name is available to TeX. For example, if no -'-jobname' option was specified, and the compilation stops before there -is any output, then the log file will be named 'texput.log'. +default if no other name is available to TeX. That is, if no '-jobname' +option was specified, and the compilation stops before any input file is +met, then the log file will be named 'texput.log'. A special case of this is that in LaTeX versions of (approximately) 2020 or later, the jobname is also 'texput' if the first '\input' occurs @@ -17218,6 +17607,7 @@ Index * & for table cells: tabular. (line 32) * * prompt: Recovering from errors. (line 23) +* *, to \nocite all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61) * *-form of environment commands: \newenvironment & \renewenvironment. (line 27) * *-form of sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 31) @@ -17249,6 +17639,8 @@ Index (line 18) * -1, write stream number: \write. (line 30) * .aux file: Output files. (line 33) +* .aux file and BibTeX commands: BibTeX error messages. + (line 6) * .dvi file: Output files. (line 10) * .fmt file: TeX engines. (line 6) * .glo file: Glossaries. (line 43) @@ -17284,29 +17676,29 @@ Index (line 6) * [...] for optional arguments: LaTeX command syntax. (line 6) -* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 6) +* \ (backslash-space): \(SPACE). (line 6) * \ character starting commands: LaTeX command syntax. (line 6) * \!: Spacing in math mode. - (line 58) + (line 61) * \" (umlaut accent): Accents. (line 25) -* \#: Reserved characters. (line 14) -* \$: Reserved characters. (line 14) -* \%: Reserved characters. (line 14) -* \&: Reserved characters. (line 14) +* \#: Reserved characters. (line 13) +* \$: Reserved characters. (line 13) +* \%: Reserved characters. (line 13) +* \&: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \' (acute accent): Accents. (line 29) * \' (tabbing): tabbing. (line 87) * \(...\) inline math: math. (line 12) * \*: \*. (line 6) * \+: tabbing. (line 79) * \,: Spacing in math mode. - (line 44) + (line 47) * \-: tabbing. (line 83) * \- (hyphenation): \- (hyphenation). (line 6) * \. (dot-over accent): Accents. (line 32) * \/: \/. (line 6) * \:: Spacing in math mode. - (line 34) + (line 36) * \;: Spacing in math mode. (line 23) * \<: tabbing. (line 75) @@ -17314,16 +17706,16 @@ Index * \= (tabbing): tabbing. (line 69) * \>: tabbing. (line 73) * \> <1>: Spacing in math mode. - (line 34) + (line 36) * \> (tabbing): tabbing. (line 72) * \@: \@. (line 6) * \@auxout: \write. (line 45) -* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 242) +* \@beginparpenalty: list. (line 243) * \@dottedtocline: \@dottedtocline. (line 6) -* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 250) +* \@endparpenalty: list. (line 251) * \@fnsymbol: \footnote. (line 24) * \@ifstar: \@ifstar. (line 6) -* \@itempenalty: list. (line 246) +* \@itempenalty: list. (line 247) * \@mainaux: \write. (line 45) * \@startsection: \@startsection. (line 6) * \a (tabbing): tabbing. (line 102) @@ -17352,12 +17744,12 @@ Index (line 14) * \Alph{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 19) -* \alsoname: \index. (line 56) +* \alsoname: \index. (line 58) * \amalg: Math symbols. (line 27) * \and for \author: \maketitle. (line 43) * \angle: Math symbols. (line 30) * \appendix: \appendix. (line 6) -* \approx: Math symbols. (line 35) +* \approx: Math symbols. (line 34) * \arabic{COUNTER}: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 24) * \arccos: Math functions. (line 9) @@ -17367,8 +17759,8 @@ Index * \arraycolsep: array. (line 51) * \arrayrulewidth: tabular. (line 157) * \arraystretch: tabular. (line 163) -* \ast: Math symbols. (line 38) -* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 46) +* \ast: Math symbols. (line 37) +* \asymp: Math symbols. (line 44) * \AtBeginDocument: \AtBeginDocument. (line 6) * \AtBeginDvi: Class and package commands. (line 9) @@ -17382,7 +17774,7 @@ Index * \b (bar-under accent): Accents. (line 51) * \backmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. (line 6) -* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 49) +* \backslash: Math symbols. (line 47) * \bar: Math accents. (line 13) * \baselineskip: Low-level font commands. (line 101) @@ -17391,47 +17783,55 @@ Index * \baselinestretch: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. (line 6) * \begin: Environments. (line 6) -* \beta: Math symbols. (line 53) +* \beta: Math symbols. (line 51) * \bf: Font styles. (line 75) * \bfseries: Font styles. (line 40) +* \bibdata: BibTeX error messages. + (line 16) * \bibitem: \bibitem. (line 6) * \bibliography: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bibliography and internal \bibdata: BibTeX error messages. + (line 17) * \bibliographystyle: Using BibTeX. (line 6) +* \bibliographystyle and internal \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages. + (line 20) * \bibname: thebibliography. (line 44) -* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 56) -* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 61) -* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 64) -* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 69) -* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 72) -* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 75) +* \bibstyle: BibTeX error messages. + (line 19) +* \bigcap: Math symbols. (line 54) +* \bigcirc: Math symbols. (line 58) +* \bigcup: Math symbols. (line 61) +* \bigodot: Math symbols. (line 65) +* \bigoplus: Math symbols. (line 68) +* \bigotimes: Math symbols. (line 71) * \bigskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. (line 28) * \bigskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. (line 29) -* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 84) -* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 78) -* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 81) -* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 87) -* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 91) -* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 94) +* \bigsqcup: Math symbols. (line 80) +* \bigtriangledown: Math symbols. (line 74) +* \bigtriangleup: Math symbols. (line 77) +* \biguplus: Math symbols. (line 83) +* \bigvee: Math symbols. (line 87) +* \bigwedge: Math symbols. (line 90) * \bmod: Math functions. (line 21) * \boldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath. (line 6) * \boldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath. (line 14) -* \bot: Math symbols. (line 97) +* \bot: Math symbols. (line 93) * \bottomfraction: Floats. (line 94) * \bottomfraction <1>: Floats. (line 95) -* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 102) -* \Box: Math symbols. (line 105) +* \bowtie: Math symbols. (line 97) +* \Box: Math symbols. (line 100) * \breve: Math accents. (line 16) -* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 110) +* \bullet: Math symbols. (line 105) * \c (cedilla accent): Accents. (line 61) * \cal: Font styles. (line 78) -* \cap: Math symbols. (line 113) +* \cap: Math symbols. (line 108) * \capitalacute: Accents. (line 29) -* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 87) -* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 91) +* \capitalbreve: Accents. (line 89) +* \capitalcaron: Accents. (line 93) * \capitalcedilla: Accents. (line 61) * \capitalcircumflex: Accents. (line 40) * \capitaldieresis: Accents. (line 25) @@ -17444,10 +17844,11 @@ Index * \capitalring: Accents. (line 77) * \capitaltie: Accents. (line 83) * \capitaltilde: Accents. (line 48) -* \caption: figure. (line 44) -* \caption <1>: table. (line 42) +* \caption: \caption. (line 6) +* \caption <1>: figure. (line 43) +* \caption <2>: table. (line 42) * \cc: \cc. (line 6) -* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 118) +* \cdot: Math symbols. (line 112) * \cdots: Dots. (line 17) * \centering: \centering. (line 6) * \chapter: Sectioning. (line 6) @@ -17457,10 +17858,14 @@ Index (line 21) * \CheckCommand*: Class and package commands. (line 21) -* \chi: Math symbols. (line 121) -* \circ: Math symbols. (line 124) +* \chi: Math symbols. (line 115) +* \circ: Math symbols. (line 118) * \circle: \circle. (line 6) +* \citation: BibTeX error messages. + (line 22) * \cite: \cite. (line 6) +* \cite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages. + (line 23) * \ClassError: Class and package commands. (line 41) * \ClassInfo: Class and package commands. @@ -17479,7 +17884,7 @@ Index * \closein: \openin & \openout. (line 6) * \closeout: \openin & \openout. (line 6) * \closing: \closing. (line 6) -* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 129) +* \clubsuit: Math symbols. (line 122) * \colon: Colon character & \colon. (line 6) * \columnsep: \twocolumn. (line 20) @@ -17497,27 +17902,27 @@ Index (line 8) * \columnwidth <2>: Page layout parameters. (line 9) -* \complement: Math symbols. (line 132) -* \cong: Math symbols. (line 138) +* \complement: Math symbols. (line 125) +* \cong: Math symbols. (line 131) * \contentsline: Table of contents etc.. - (line 63) + (line 62) * \contentsline <1>: \addcontentsline. (line 10) * \contentsline <2>: \contentsline. (line 6) -* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 141) +* \coprod: Math symbols. (line 134) * \copyright: Text symbols. (line 13) * \cos: Math functions. (line 24) * \cosh: Math functions. (line 27) * \cot: Math functions. (line 30) * \coth: Math functions. (line 33) * \csc: Math functions. (line 36) -* \cup: Math symbols. (line 144) +* \cup: Math symbols. (line 137) * \CurrentOption: Class and package commands. (line 60) * \d (dot-under accent): Accents. (line 65) * \dag: Text symbols. (line 17) -* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 148) +* \dagger: Math symbols. (line 141) * \dashbox: \dashbox. (line 6) -* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 151) +* \dashv: Math symbols. (line 144) * \date{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 50) * \day: \day & \month & \year. (line 6) @@ -17527,7 +17932,7 @@ Index * \dbltopfraction: \twocolumn. (line 45) * \dbltopnumber: \twocolumn. (line 84) * \ddag: Text symbols. (line 20) -* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 156) +* \ddagger: Math symbols. (line 148) * \ddot: Math accents. (line 22) * \ddots: Dots. (line 21) * \DeclareFontEncoding: \DeclareFontEncoding. @@ -17553,51 +17958,51 @@ Index (line 6) * \DeclareTextCommand <1>: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. (line 6) -* \DeclareTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand. - (line 6) -* \DeclareTextCommandDefault <1>: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. +* \DeclareTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. (line 6) * \DeclareTextComposite: \DeclareTextComposite. (line 6) * \DeclareTextCompositeCommand: \DeclareTextCompositeCommand. (line 6) -* \DeclareTextSymbol: \DeclareTextSymbol. (line 6) -* \DeclareTextSymbol <1>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault. +* \DeclareTextSymbol: \DeclareTextCommand & \ProvideTextCommand. + (line 37) +* \DeclareTextSymbol <1>: \DeclareTextSymbol. (line 6) +* \DeclareTextSymbol <2>: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault. (line 6) * \DeclareTextSymbolDefault: \DeclareTextSymbolDefault. (line 6) * \deg: Math functions. (line 39) * \DelayedShellEscape: \write18. (line 71) -* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 159) -* \delta: Math symbols. (line 162) +* \Delta: Math symbols. (line 151) +* \delta: Math symbols. (line 154) * \det: Math functions. (line 42) * \dh (ð): Additional Latin letters. (line 20) * \DH (Ð): Additional Latin letters. (line 20) -* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 165) -* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 169) -* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 174) +* \Diamond: Math symbols. (line 157) +* \diamond: Math symbols. (line 161) +* \diamondsuit: Math symbols. (line 165) * \dim: Math functions. (line 45) -* \displaystyle: Math formulas. (line 61) -* \div: Math symbols. (line 177) +* \displaystyle: Math styles. (line 29) +* \div: Math symbols. (line 168) * \dj: Additional Latin letters. (line 26) * \DJ: Additional Latin letters. (line 26) * \documentclass: Document classes. (line 6) -* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 30) +* \documentclass, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 32) * \dot: Math accents. (line 25) -* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 180) +* \doteq: Math symbols. (line 171) * \dotfill: \hrulefill & \dotfill. (line 6) * \dots: Text symbols. (line 37) * \doublerulesep: tabular. (line 168) -* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 185) -* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 189) -* \ell: Math symbols. (line 193) +* \downarrow: Math symbols. (line 175) +* \Downarrow: Math symbols. (line 179) +* \ell: Math symbols. (line 183) * \emph: Font styles. (line 60) -* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 196) +* \emptyset: Math symbols. (line 186) * \encl: \encl. (line 6) * \end: Environments. (line 6) * \endinput: \endinput. (line 6) @@ -17608,9 +18013,9 @@ Index * \enumii: enumerate. (line 47) * \enumiii: enumerate. (line 47) * \enumiv: enumerate. (line 47) -* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 199) -* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 206) -* \eta: Math symbols. (line 209) +* \epsilon: Math symbols. (line 189) +* \equiv: Math symbols. (line 195) +* \eta: Math symbols. (line 198) * \evensidemargin: Document class options. (line 84) * \evensidemargin <1>: Page layout parameters. @@ -17619,19 +18024,19 @@ Index (line 68) * \ExecuteOptions: Class and package commands. (line 172) -* \exists: Math symbols. (line 212) +* \exists: Math symbols. (line 201) * \exp: Math functions. (line 48) * \externaldocument: xr package. (line 6) * \extracolsep: tabular. (line 108) * \fbox: \fbox & \framebox. (line 6) * \fboxrule: \framebox (picture). (line 31) -* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 39) -* \fboxrule <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38) +* \fboxrule <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38) +* \fboxrule <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 37) * \fboxsep: \framebox (picture). (line 31) -* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 44) -* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 43) +* \fboxsep <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 43) +* \fboxsep <2>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 42) * \fill: \hfill. (line 18) -* \flat: Math symbols. (line 215) +* \flat: Math symbols. (line 204) * \floatpagefraction: Floats. (line 98) * \floatpagefraction <1>: Floats. (line 99) * \floatsep: Floats. (line 114) @@ -17661,23 +18066,24 @@ Index (line 26) * \footskip <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 27) -* \forall: Math symbols. (line 218) +* \forall: Math symbols. (line 207) * \frac: \frac. (line 6) * \frame: \frame. (line 6) * \framebox: \framebox (picture). (line 6) * \framebox <1>: \fbox & \framebox. (line 6) -* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6) +* \frenchspacing: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing. + (line 6) * \frontmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. (line 6) -* \frown: Math symbols. (line 221) +* \frown: Math symbols. (line 210) * \fussy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6) -* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 224) -* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 227) +* \Gamma: Math symbols. (line 213) +* \gamma: Math symbols. (line 216) * \gcd: Math functions. (line 51) -* \ge: Math symbols. (line 230) -* \geq: Math symbols. (line 234) -* \gets: Math symbols. (line 238) -* \gg: Math symbols. (line 241) +* \ge: Math symbols. (line 219) +* \geq: Math symbols. (line 223) +* \gets: Math symbols. (line 227) +* \gg: Math symbols. (line 230) * \gls: \gls. (line 6) * \graphicspath: \graphicspath. (line 6) * \graphpaper: \graphpaper. (line 6) @@ -17688,7 +18094,7 @@ Index * \guilsinglright (›): Text symbols. (line 32) * \H (Hungarian umlaut accent): Accents. (line 69) * \hat: Math accents. (line 31) -* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 244) +* \hbar: Math symbols. (line 233) * \headheight: Page layout parameters. (line 14) * \headheight <1>: Page layout parameters. @@ -17697,12 +18103,12 @@ Index (line 19) * \headsep <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 20) -* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 247) +* \heartsuit: Math symbols. (line 236) * \hfill: \hfill. (line 6) * \hline: \hline. (line 6) * \hom: Math functions. (line 54) -* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 250) -* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 253) +* \hookleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 239) +* \hookrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 242) * \hrulefill: \hrulefill & \dotfill. (line 6) * \hsize: Page layout parameters. @@ -17716,7 +18122,7 @@ Index * \hyphenation: \hyphenation. (line 6) * \i (dotless i): Accents. (line 19) * \IfBeginWith* macro from xstring: Jobname. (line 53) -* \iff: Math symbols. (line 256) +* \iff: Math symbols. (line 245) * \IfFileExists: Class and package commands. (line 128) * \ignorespaces: \ignorespaces & \ignorespacesafterend. @@ -17727,10 +18133,10 @@ Index (line 32) * \IJ (IJ): Additional Latin letters. (line 32) -* \Im: Math symbols. (line 260) -* \imath: Math symbols. (line 263) +* \Im: Math symbols. (line 249) +* \imath: Math symbols. (line 252) * \immediate\write: \write. (line 60) -* \in: Math symbols. (line 267) +* \in: Math symbols. (line 256) * \include: \include & \includeonly. (line 6) * \includegraphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) @@ -17739,32 +18145,37 @@ Index * \indent: \indent & \noindent. (line 6) * \index: Indexes. (line 6) * \index <1>: \index. (line 6) -* \indexentry: \index. (line 106) -* \indexspace: makeindex. (line 58) +* \indexentry: \index. (line 108) +* \indexspace: Produce the index manually. + (line 22) +* \indexspace <1>: makeindex. (line 59) * \inf: Math functions. (line 57) -* \infty: Math symbols. (line 271) +* \infty: Math symbols. (line 260) * \input: \input. (line 6) +* \inputencoding: inputenc package. (line 50) * \InputIfFileExists: Class and package commands. (line 128) -* \int: Math symbols. (line 274) +* \int: Math symbols. (line 263) * \intextsep: Floats. (line 118) * \intextsep <1>: Floats. (line 119) -* \iota: Math symbols. (line 277) +* \iota: Math symbols. (line 266) * \it: Font styles. (line 81) * \item: description. (line 31) * \item <1>: enumerate. (line 29) * \item <2>: itemize. (line 6) * \item <3>: itemize. (line 30) +* \item <4>: Produce the index manually. + (line 22) * \itemindent: list. (line 84) * \itemsep: list. (line 88) * \itshape: Font styles. (line 34) * \j (dotless j): Accents. (line 19) -* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 283) +* \jmath: Math symbols. (line 272) * \jobname: Jobname. (line 6) -* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 44) -* \Join: Math symbols. (line 280) +* \jobname <1>: Jobname. (line 46) +* \Join: Math symbols. (line 269) * \k (ogonek): Accents. (line 73) -* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 287) +* \kappa: Math symbols. (line 276) * \ker: Math functions. (line 60) * \kill: tabbing. (line 107) * \l (ł): Additional Latin letters. @@ -17785,10 +18196,10 @@ Index * \labelitemiv: itemize. (line 42) * \labelsep: list. (line 100) * \labelwidth: list. (line 105) -* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 290) -* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 293) -* \land: Math symbols. (line 296) -* \langle: Math symbols. (line 300) +* \Lambda: Math symbols. (line 279) +* \lambda: Math symbols. (line 282) +* \land: Math symbols. (line 285) +* \langle: Math symbols. (line 289) * \large: Font sizes. (line 11) * \Large: Font sizes. (line 11) * \LARGE: Font sizes. (line 11) @@ -17796,19 +18207,19 @@ Index (line 6) * \LaTeX: Text symbols. (line 23) * \LaTeXe: Text symbols. (line 26) -* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 304) -* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 307) -* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 310) +* \lbrace: Math symbols. (line 293) +* \lbrack: Math symbols. (line 296) +* \lceil: Math symbols. (line 299) * \ldots: Dots. (line 24) * \ldots <1>: Text symbols. (line 36) -* \le: Math symbols. (line 315) -* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 318) +* \le: Math symbols. (line 303) +* \leadsto: Math symbols. (line 306) * \left: \left & \right. (line 6) -* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 324) -* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 329) -* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 46) -* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 333) -* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 336) +* \Leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 312) +* \leftarrow: Math symbols. (line 316) +* \lefteqn: eqnarray. (line 44) +* \leftharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 320) +* \leftharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 323) * \leftmargin: itemize. (line 58) * \leftmargin <1>: list. (line 125) * \leftmargini: itemize. (line 58) @@ -17817,12 +18228,12 @@ Index * \leftmarginiv: itemize. (line 58) * \leftmarginv: itemize. (line 58) * \leftmarginvi: itemize. (line 58) -* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 339) -* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 344) -* \leq: Math symbols. (line 349) -* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 352) +* \Leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 326) +* \leftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 330) +* \leq: Math symbols. (line 334) +* \lfloor: Math symbols. (line 337) * \lg: Math functions. (line 63) -* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 355) +* \lhd: Math symbols. (line 340) * \lim: Math functions. (line 66) * \liminf: Math functions. (line 69) * \limsup: Math functions. (line 72) @@ -17849,9 +18260,9 @@ Index (line 6) * \listoftables <1>: \contentsline. (line 6) * \listparindent: list. (line 142) -* \ll: Math symbols. (line 361) +* \ll: Math symbols. (line 346) * \ln: Math functions. (line 75) -* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 364) +* \lnot: Math symbols. (line 349) * \LoadClass: Class and package commands. (line 148) * \LoadClassWithOptions: Class and package commands. @@ -17860,11 +18271,11 @@ Index * \log: Math functions. (line 78) * \long: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 27) -* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 367) -* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 372) -* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 377) -* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 382) -* \lor: Math symbols. (line 387) +* \longleftarrow: Math symbols. (line 352) +* \longleftrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 356) +* \longmapsto: Math symbols. (line 360) +* \longrightarrow: Math symbols. (line 364) +* \lor: Math symbols. (line 368) * \lq: Text symbols. (line 42) * \mainmatter: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. (line 6) @@ -17876,7 +18287,7 @@ Index * \makelabel: list. (line 61) * \makelabels: \makelabels. (line 6) * \maketitle: \maketitle. (line 6) -* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 391) +* \mapsto: Math symbols. (line 372) * \marginpar: Marginal notes. (line 6) * \marginparpush: Page layout parameters. (line 40) @@ -17897,17 +18308,17 @@ Index * \markright{RIGHT}: \pagestyle. (line 84) * \mathbf: Font styles. (line 111) * \mathcal: Font styles. (line 127) -* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 872) +* \mathdollar: Math symbols. (line 832) * \mathnormal: Font styles. (line 124) -* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 875) +* \mathparagraph: Math symbols. (line 835) * \mathring: Math accents. (line 34) * \mathrm: Font styles. (line 108) -* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 878) +* \mathsection: Math symbols. (line 838) * \mathsf: Font styles. (line 114) -* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 881) +* \mathsterling: Math symbols. (line 841) * \mathstrut: \mathstrut. (line 6) * \mathtt: Font styles. (line 117) -* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 884) +* \mathunderscore: Math symbols. (line 844) * \mathversion: Font styles. (line 129) * \max: Math functions. (line 81) * \mbox: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6) @@ -17917,35 +18328,35 @@ Index * \medskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. (line 34) * \medspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 34) + (line 36) * \message: \message. (line 6) -* \mho: Math symbols. (line 396) -* \mid: Math symbols. (line 399) +* \mho: Math symbols. (line 376) +* \mid: Math symbols. (line 379) * \min: Math functions. (line 84) -* \models: Math symbols. (line 409) +* \models: Math symbols. (line 389) * \month: \day & \month & \year. (line 6) -* \mp: Math symbols. (line 414) -* \mu: Math symbols. (line 417) +* \mp: Math symbols. (line 393) +* \mu: Math symbols. (line 396) * \multicolumn: \multicolumn. (line 6) * \multiput: \multiput. (line 6) -* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 420) +* \nabla: Math symbols. (line 399) * \name: \name. (line 6) -* \natural: Math symbols. (line 423) -* \ne: Math symbols. (line 426) -* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 429) +* \natural: Math symbols. (line 402) +* \ne: Math symbols. (line 405) +* \nearrow: Math symbols. (line 408) * \NeedsTeXFormat: Class and package commands. (line 182) -* \neg: Math symbols. (line 432) +* \neg: Math symbols. (line 411) * \negmedspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 39) + (line 42) * \negthickspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 28) + (line 30) * \negthinspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 58) + (line 61) * \negthinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. (line 6) -* \neq: Math symbols. (line 436) +* \neq: Math symbols. (line 415) * \newcommand: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 6) * \newcounter: \newcounter. (line 6) @@ -17955,7 +18366,7 @@ Index * \newglossaryentry: \newglossaryentry. (line 6) * \newlength: \newlength. (line 6) * \newline: \newline. (line 6) -* \NEWLINE: \(SPACE). (line 6) +* \<NEWLINE>: \(SPACE). (line 6) * \newpage: \newpage. (line 6) * \newsavebox: \newsavebox. (line 6) * \newtheorem: \newtheorem. (line 6) @@ -17965,27 +18376,31 @@ Index (line 40) * \NG: Additional Latin letters. (line 40) -* \ni: Math symbols. (line 439) +* \ni: Math symbols. (line 418) * \nocite: \nocite. (line 6) +* \nocite and internal \citation: BibTeX error messages. + (line 23) +* \nocite {*}, for all keys: Using BibTeX. (line 61) * \nocorr: Font styles. (line 22) * \nocorrlist: Font styles. (line 22) * \nofiles: \nofiles. (line 6) * \noindent: \indent & \noindent. (line 6) * \nolinebreak: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. (line 6) -* \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing. (line 6) -* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 41) +* \nonfrenchspacing: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing. + (line 6) +* \nonumber: eqnarray. (line 39) * \nopagebreak: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. (line 6) * \normalfont: Font styles. (line 58) * \normalmarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 22) * \normalsfcodes: \normalsfcodes. (line 6) * \normalsize: Font sizes. (line 11) -* \not: Math symbols. (line 444) -* \notin: Math symbols. (line 452) -* \nu: Math symbols. (line 456) +* \not: Math symbols. (line 422) +* \notin: Math symbols. (line 430) +* \nu: Math symbols. (line 434) * \numberline: \numberline. (line 6) -* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 459) +* \nwarrow: Math symbols. (line 437) * \o (ø): Additional Latin letters. (line 44) * \O (Ø): Additional Latin letters. @@ -17998,31 +18413,31 @@ Index (line 66) * \oddsidemargin <2>: Page layout parameters. (line 68) -* \odot: Math symbols. (line 462) +* \odot: Math symbols. (line 440) * \oe (œ): Additional Latin letters. (line 48) * \OE (Œ): Additional Latin letters. (line 48) -* \oint: Math symbols. (line 466) +* \oint: Math symbols. (line 444) * \oldstylenums: Font styles. (line 133) -* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 469) -* \omega: Math symbols. (line 472) -* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 475) +* \Omega: Math symbols. (line 447) +* \omega: Math symbols. (line 450) +* \ominus: Math symbols. (line 453) * \onecolumn: \onecolumn. (line 6) * \openin: \openin & \openout. (line 6) * \opening: \opening. (line 6) * \openout: \openin & \openout. (line 6) -* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 478) +* \oplus: Math symbols. (line 456) * \OptionNotUsed: Class and package commands. (line 200) -* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 483) -* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 486) +* \oslash: Math symbols. (line 460) +* \otimes: Math symbols. (line 463) * \oval: \oval. (line 6) * \overbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 40) + (line 39) * \overline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 21) -* \owns: Math symbols. (line 491) + (line 20) +* \owns: Math symbols. (line 467) * \P: Text symbols. (line 45) * \PackageError: Class and package commands. (line 41) @@ -18051,7 +18466,7 @@ Index * \paragraph: Sectioning. (line 6) * \paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. (line 6) -* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 496) +* \parallel: Math symbols. (line 471) * \parbox: \parbox. (line 6) * \parindent: minipage. (line 103) * \parindent <1>: \indent & \noindent. (line 6) @@ -18063,7 +18478,7 @@ Index * \parskip example: itemize. (line 78) * \part: Sectioning. (line 6) * \part <1>: \part. (line 6) -* \partial: Math symbols. (line 499) +* \partial: Math symbols. (line 474) * \partopsep: list. (line 157) * \PassOptionsToClass: Class and package commands. (line 206) @@ -18073,32 +18488,31 @@ Index (line 40) * \pdfpagewidth: Document class options. (line 40) -* \perp: Math symbols. (line 502) -* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 506) -* \phi: Math symbols. (line 509) -* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 514) -* \pi: Math symbols. (line 517) -* \pm: Math symbols. (line 521) +* \perp: Math symbols. (line 477) +* \Phi: Math symbols. (line 481) +* \phi: Math symbols. (line 484) +* \Pi: Math symbols. (line 488) +* \pi: Math symbols. (line 491) +* \pm: Math symbols. (line 495) * \pmod: Math functions. (line 87) * \poptabs: tabbing. (line 113) * \poptabs <1>: tabbing. (line 114) * \pounds: Text symbols. (line 49) * \Pr: Math functions. (line 90) -* \prec: Math symbols. (line 524) -* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 527) +* \prec: Math symbols. (line 498) +* \preceq: Math symbols. (line 501) * \prevdepth: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. (line 45) -* \prime: Math symbols. (line 531) +* \prime: Math symbols. (line 505) * \printglossaries: Glossaries. (line 6) * \printglossaries <1>: Glossaries. (line 43) * \printindex: \printindex. (line 6) -* \printindex <1>: \printindex. (line 10) * \ProcessOptions: Class and package commands. (line 243) * \ProcessOptions*: Class and package commands. (line 243) -* \prod: Math symbols. (line 540) -* \propto: Math symbols. (line 543) +* \prod: Math symbols. (line 514) +* \propto: Math symbols. (line 517) * \protect: \protect. (line 6) * \protected@write: \write. (line 70) * \providecommand: \providecommand. (line 6) @@ -18115,17 +18529,17 @@ Index * \ProvideTextCommandDefault: \DeclareTextCommandDefault & \ProvideTextCommandDefault. (line 6) * \ps: \ps. (line 6) -* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 546) -* \psi: Math symbols. (line 549) +* \Psi: Math symbols. (line 520) +* \psi: Math symbols. (line 523) * \pushtabs: tabbing. (line 116) * \put: \put. (line 6) * \qbezier: \qbezier. (line 6) * \qquad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 71) + (line 75) * \qquad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad. (line 6) * \quad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 65) + (line 69) * \quad <1>: \enspace & \quad & \qquad. (line 6) * \quotedblbase („): Text symbols. (line 53) @@ -18135,11 +18549,11 @@ Index * \raggedleft: \raggedleft. (line 6) * \raggedright: \raggedright. (line 6) * \raisebox: \raisebox. (line 6) -* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 552) -* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 557) -* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 560) -* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 564) -* \Re: Math symbols. (line 567) +* \rangle: Math symbols. (line 526) +* \rbrace: Math symbols. (line 530) +* \rbrack: Math symbols. (line 533) +* \rceil: Math symbols. (line 537) +* \Re: Math symbols. (line 540) * \read: \read. (line 6) * \ref: \ref. (line 6) * \reflectbox: \scalebox. (line 6) @@ -18149,24 +18563,24 @@ Index (line 6) * \RequirePackage: Class and package commands. (line 323) -* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 30) +* \RequirePackage, and texput jobname: Jobname. (line 32) * \RequirePackageWithOptions: Class and package commands. (line 323) * \resizebox: \resizebox. (line 6) * \restorecr: \obeycr & \restorecr. (line 6) -* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 573) -* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 578) +* \restriction: Math symbols. (line 545) +* \revemptyset: Math symbols. (line 550) * \reversemarginpar: Marginal notes. (line 22) -* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 583) -* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 588) -* \rho: Math symbols. (line 594) +* \rfloor: Math symbols. (line 555) +* \rhd: Math symbols. (line 559) +* \rho: Math symbols. (line 565) * \right: \left & \right. (line 6) -* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 599) -* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 604) -* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 608) -* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 611) -* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 614) +* \Rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 569) +* \rightarrow: Math symbols. (line 573) +* \rightharpoondown: Math symbols. (line 577) +* \rightharpoonup: Math symbols. (line 580) +* \rightleftharpoons: Math symbols. (line 583) * \rightmargin: list. (line 172) * \rm: Font styles. (line 84) * \rmfamily: Font styles. (line 31) @@ -18178,93 +18592,105 @@ Index * \rq: Text symbols. (line 57) * \rule: \rule. (line 6) * \S: Text symbols. (line 60) +* \samepage: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 44) * \savebox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6) * \sbox: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6) * \sc: Font styles. (line 87) * \scalebox: \scalebox. (line 6) +* \scriptscriptstyle: Math styles. (line 29) * \scriptsize: Font sizes. (line 11) +* \scriptstyle: Math styles. (line 29) * \scshape: Font styles. (line 52) -* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 617) +* \searrow: Math symbols. (line 586) * \sec: Math functions. (line 93) * \section: Sectioning. (line 6) * \section <1>: \section. (line 6) -* \seename: \index. (line 56) +* \seename: \index. (line 58) * \selectfont: Low-level font commands. (line 118) * \setcounter: \setcounter. (line 6) * \setlength: \setlength. (line 6) -* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 620) +* \setminus: Math symbols. (line 589) * \settodepth: \settodepth. (line 6) * \settoheight: \settoheight. (line 6) * \settowidth: \settowidth. (line 6) * \sf: Font styles. (line 90) * \sffamily: Font styles. (line 49) -* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 626) +* \sharp: Math symbols. (line 594) * \ShellEscape: \write18. (line 71) * \shipout and expansion: \write. (line 65) * \shortstack: \shortstack. (line 6) -* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 629) -* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 632) +* \Sigma: Math symbols. (line 597) +* \sigma: Math symbols. (line 600) * \signature: \signature. (line 11) -* \sim: Math symbols. (line 636) -* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 639) +* \sim: Math symbols. (line 604) +* \simeq: Math symbols. (line 607) * \sin: Math functions. (line 96) * \sinh: Math functions. (line 99) * \sl: Font styles. (line 93) * \sloppy: \fussy & \sloppy. (line 6) * \slshape: Font styles. (line 46) * \small: Font sizes. (line 11) -* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 642) +* \smallint: Math symbols. (line 610) * \smallskip: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. (line 38) * \smallskipamount: \bigskip & \medskip & \smallskip. (line 39) -* \smile: Math symbols. (line 646) -* \SPACE: \(SPACE). (line 6) -* \SPACE <1>: \(SPACE). (line 6) +* \smile: Math symbols. (line 614) +* \<SPACE>: \(SPACE). (line 6) +* \<SPACE> <1>: \(SPACE). (line 6) +* \space: \include & \includeonly. + (line 88) +* \space <1>: \input. (line 32) +* \space <2>: \typeout. (line 22) * \spacefactor: \spacefactor. (line 10) -* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 649) -* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 652) -* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 656) +* \spadesuit: Math symbols. (line 617) +* \sqcap: Math symbols. (line 620) +* \sqcup: Math symbols. (line 624) * \sqrt: \sqrt. (line 6) -* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 660) -* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 665) -* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 670) -* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 675) +* \sqsubset: Math symbols. (line 628) +* \sqsubseteq: Math symbols. (line 633) +* \sqsupset: Math symbols. (line 637) +* \sqsupseteq: Math symbols. (line 642) * \ss (ß): Additional Latin letters. (line 52) * \SS (SS): Additional Latin letters. (line 52) * \stackrel: \stackrel. (line 6) -* \star: Math symbols. (line 680) +* \star: Math symbols. (line 646) * \stepcounter: \stepcounter. (line 6) * \stop: Recovering from errors. (line 23) * \stretch: \stretch. (line 6) * \strut: \strut. (line 6) +* \subitem: Produce the index manually. + (line 22) * \subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 6) * \subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. (line 6) * \subsection: Sectioning. (line 6) * \subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 6) -* \subset: Math symbols. (line 688) -* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 691) +* \subset: Math symbols. (line 653) +* \subseteq: Math symbols. (line 656) +* \subsubitem: Produce the index manually. + (line 22) * \subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 6) * \subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. (line 6) -* \succ: Math symbols. (line 694) -* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 697) -* \sum: Math symbols. (line 702) +* \succ: Math symbols. (line 659) +* \succeq: Math symbols. (line 662) +* \sum: Math symbols. (line 666) * \sup: Math functions. (line 102) * \suppressfloats: Floats. (line 87) -* \supset: Math symbols. (line 705) -* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 708) -* \surd: Math symbols. (line 711) -* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 716) +* \supset: Math symbols. (line 669) +* \supseteq: Math symbols. (line 672) +* \surd: Math symbols. (line 675) +* \swarrow: Math symbols. (line 680) * \symbol: Symbols by font position. (line 6) * \t (tie-after accent): Accents. (line 83) -* \TAB: \(SPACE). (line 6) +* \<TAB>: \(SPACE). (line 6) * \tabbingsep: tabbing. (line 121) * \tabcolsep: tabular. (line 172) * \tableofcontents: Table of contents etc.. @@ -18272,14 +18698,14 @@ Index * \tableofcontents <1>: \contentsline. (line 6) * \tan: Math functions. (line 105) * \tanh: Math functions. (line 108) -* \tau: Math symbols. (line 719) +* \tau: Math symbols. (line 683) * \telephone: \telephone. (line 6) * \TeX: Text symbols. (line 64) * \textascendercompwordmark: Text symbols. (line 102) * \textasciicircum: Text symbols. (line 67) * \textasciitilde: Text symbols. (line 70) * \textasteriskcentered: Text symbols. (line 73) -* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \textbackslash: Reserved characters. (line 18) * \textbackslash <1>: Text symbols. (line 76) * \textbar: Text symbols. (line 79) * \textbardbl: Text symbols. (line 82) @@ -18337,6 +18763,7 @@ Index * \textsf: Font styles. (line 49) * \textsl: Font styles. (line 46) * \textsterling: Text symbols. (line 50) +* \textstyle: Math styles. (line 29) * \textthreequartersemdash: Text symbols. (line 200) * \texttrademark: Text symbols. (line 203) * \texttt: Font styles. (line 55) @@ -18353,23 +18780,23 @@ Index * \TH (Þ): Additional Latin letters. (line 56) * \thanks{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 56) -* \theta: Math symbols. (line 722) +* \theta: Math symbols. (line 686) * \thicklines: \thicklines. (line 6) * \thickspace: Spacing in math mode. (line 23) * \thinlines: \thinlines. (line 6) * \thinspace: Spacing in math mode. - (line 44) + (line 47) * \thinspace <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. (line 6) * \thispagestyle: \thispagestyle. (line 6) * \tilde: Math accents. (line 37) -* \times: Math symbols. (line 726) +* \times: Math symbols. (line 690) * \tiny: Font sizes. (line 11) * \title{TEXT}: \maketitle. (line 63) -* \to: Math symbols. (line 729) +* \to: Math symbols. (line 693) * \today: \today. (line 6) -* \top: Math symbols. (line 733) +* \top: Math symbols. (line 697) * \topfraction: Floats. (line 107) * \topfraction <1>: Floats. (line 108) * \topmargin: Page layout parameters. @@ -18379,36 +18806,36 @@ Index (line 131) * \topskip <1>: Page layout parameters. (line 132) -* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 738) -* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 741) -* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 747) +* \triangle: Math symbols. (line 701) +* \triangleleft: Math symbols. (line 704) +* \triangleright: Math symbols. (line 710) * \tt: Font styles. (line 96) * \ttfamily: Font styles. (line 55) * \twocolumn: \twocolumn. (line 6) * \typein: \typein. (line 6) * \typeout: \typeout. (line 6) -* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 87) +* \u (breve accent): Accents. (line 89) * \unboldmath: \boldmath & \unboldmath. (line 6) * \unboldmath <1>: \boldmath & \unboldmath. (line 14) * \underbar: Accents. (line 53) * \underbrace{MATH}: Over- and Underlining. - (line 26) + (line 25) * \underline{TEXT}: Over- and Underlining. (line 9) * \unitlength: picture. (line 28) -* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 753) -* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 759) -* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 765) -* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 769) -* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 773) -* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 778) -* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 783) -* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 788) +* \unlhd: Math symbols. (line 716) +* \unrhd: Math symbols. (line 722) +* \Uparrow: Math symbols. (line 728) +* \uparrow: Math symbols. (line 732) +* \Updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 736) +* \updownarrow: Math symbols. (line 741) +* \upharpoonright: Math symbols. (line 746) +* \uplus: Math symbols. (line 751) * \upshape: Font styles. (line 43) -* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 795) -* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 798) +* \Upsilon: Math symbols. (line 756) +* \upsilon: Math symbols. (line 759) * \usebox: \usebox. (line 6) * \usecounter: \usecounter. (line 6) * \usefont: Low-level font commands. @@ -18418,73 +18845,73 @@ Index (line 6) * \UseTextSymbol: \UseTextSymbol & \UseTextAccent. (line 6) -* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 91) +* \v (breve accent): Accents. (line 93) * \value: \value. (line 6) -* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 806) -* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 801) -* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 811) -* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 815) -* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 819) -* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 823) -* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 827) -* \vbox plain TeX: minipage. (line 57) -* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 831) +* \vanothing: Math symbols. (line 767) +* \varepsilon: Math symbols. (line 762) +* \varphi: Math symbols. (line 772) +* \varpi: Math symbols. (line 776) +* \varrho: Math symbols. (line 780) +* \varsigma: Math symbols. (line 784) +* \vartheta: Math symbols. (line 788) +* \vbox (plain TeX): minipage. (line 57) +* \vdash: Math symbols. (line 792) * \vdots: Dots. (line 33) * \vec: Math accents. (line 40) * \vector: \vector. (line 6) -* \vee: Math symbols. (line 835) +* \vee: Math symbols. (line 796) * \verb: \verb. (line 6) -* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 839) -* \vert: Math symbols. (line 843) +* \Vert: Math symbols. (line 800) +* \vert: Math symbols. (line 804) * \vfill: \vfill. (line 6) * \vline: \vline. (line 6) * \vspace: \vspace. (line 6) * \vtop plain TeX: minipage. (line 53) -* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 850) +* \wedge: Math symbols. (line 810) * \widehat: Math accents. (line 43) * \widetilde: Math accents. (line 46) * \wlog: \wlog. (line 6) -* \wp: Math symbols. (line 854) -* \wr: Math symbols. (line 857) +* \wp: Math symbols. (line 814) +* \wr: Math symbols. (line 817) * \write: \write. (line 6) * \write and security: \write and security. (line 6) * \write streams 16, 17, 18: \write. (line 86) * \write18: \write18. (line 6) * \write18, enabling: Command line options. (line 61) -* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 860) -* \xi: Math symbols. (line 863) +* \Xi: Math symbols. (line 820) +* \xi: Math symbols. (line 823) * \xspace: xspace package. (line 6) * \year: \day & \month & \year. (line 6) -* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 866) +* \zeta: Math symbols. (line 826) * \[...\] display math: displaymath. (line 26) * \\ (for center): center. (line 16) * \\ (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 29) * \\ (for flushright): flushright. (line 12) -* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 32) +* \\ (for \shortstack objects): \shortstack. (line 35) * \\ (tabbing): tabbing. (line 66) * \\ for flushleft: flushleft. (line 14) -* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 49) -* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 35) +* \\ for letters: Letters. (line 48) +* \\ for tabular: tabular. (line 36) * \\ for verse: verse. (line 21) * \\ for \author: \maketitle. (line 43) * \\ for \title: \maketitle. (line 64) * \\ force line break: \\. (line 6) -* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 37) -* \^: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \\* (for eqnarray): eqnarray. (line 35) +* \^: Reserved characters. (line 18) * \^ (circumflex accent): Accents. (line 40) -* \_: Reserved characters. (line 14) +* \_: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \` (grave accent): Accents. (line 44) * \` (tabbing): tabbing. (line 93) -* \{: Reserved characters. (line 14) +* \{: Reserved characters. (line 13) * \|: Math symbols. (line 18) -* \}: Reserved characters. (line 14) -* \~: Reserved characters. (line 21) +* \}: Reserved characters. (line 13) +* \~: Reserved characters. (line 18) * \~ (tilde accent): Accents. (line 48) * ^ superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) -* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 95) +* ^^J, in \write: \write. (line 94) * _ subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) * {...} for required arguments: LaTeX command syntax. @@ -18524,35 +18951,39 @@ Index * aligning equations: eqnarray. (line 6) * alignment via tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) * amscd package: Arrows. (line 41) -* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 86) +* amsfonts package: Math formulas. (line 61) * amsfonts package <1>: Arrows. (line 6) * amsmath package: array. (line 55) -* amsmath package <1>: array. (line 66) +* amsmath package <1>: array. (line 63) * amsmath package <2>: displaymath. (line 22) * amsmath package <3>: equation. (line 20) * amsmath package <4>: theorem. (line 28) -* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 86) +* amsmath package <5>: Math formulas. (line 61) * amsmath package <6>: \left & \right. (line 30) -* amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 68) +* amsmath package <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 67) * amsmath package <8>: Dots. (line 36) * amsmath package <9>: Math functions. (line 111) -* amsmath package <10>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 54) -* amsmath package <11>: Colon character & \colon. - (line 15) +* amsmath package <10>: Spacing in math mode. + (line 23) +* amsmath package <11>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. + (line 56) * amsmath package <12>: Colon character & \colon. + (line 15) +* amsmath package <13>: Colon character & \colon. (line 19) +* amsmath package <14>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. + (line 26) * amsmath package, replacing eqnarray: eqnarray. (line 6) * amsthm package: theorem. (line 28) * amsthm package <1>: \rule. (line 18) -* answers package: \write. (line 100) +* answers package: \write. (line 99) * appendices: \appendix. (line 6) * appendix: \appendix. (line 6) * appendix package: \appendix. (line 29) * aring: Additional Latin letters. (line 12) -* array (package) package: array. (line 77) * array environment: array. (line 6) +* array package: array. (line 74) * arrays, math: array. (line 6) * arrow, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 157) * arrow, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 198) @@ -18562,7 +18993,7 @@ Index * ASCII circumflex, in text: Text symbols. (line 68) * ASCII tilde, in text: Text symbols. (line 71) * asterisk, centered, in text: Text symbols. (line 74) -* Asymptote package: \line. (line 36) +* Asymptote package: \line. (line 35) * Asymptote package <1>: \strut. (line 62) * Asymptote package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 74) * Asymptote package <3>: \write18. (line 13) @@ -18577,8 +19008,8 @@ Index * babel package <2>: Accents. (line 6) * babel package <3>: \today. (line 13) * babel package <4>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 124) -* babel package <5>: \index. (line 56) + (line 123) +* babel package <5>: \index. (line 58) * back matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. (line 6) * background, colored: Colored pages. (line 6) @@ -18598,6 +19029,8 @@ Index (line 67) * bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX. (line 6) * bibliography, creating (manually): thebibliography. (line 6) +* BibTeX error messages: BibTeX error messages. + (line 6) * bibTeX, using: Using BibTeX. (line 6) * big circle symbols, in text: Text symbols. (line 86) * big point: Units of length. (line 20) @@ -18624,15 +19057,15 @@ Index (line 6) * bottomnumber: Floats. (line 130) * bottomnumber <1>: Floats. (line 131) -* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 122) +* bounding box: \includegraphics. (line 121) * box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6) * box, allocating new: \newsavebox. (line 6) -* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 122) +* box, bounding: \includegraphics. (line 121) * box, colored: Colored boxes. (line 6) * box, save: \sbox & \savebox. (line 6) * box, use saved box: \usebox. (line 6) * boxes: Boxes. (line 6) -* bp: Units of length. (line 20) +* bp: Units of length. (line 19) * brace, left, in text: Text symbols. (line 89) * brace, right, in text: Text symbols. (line 92) * braces: Delimiters. (line 6) @@ -18640,22 +19073,24 @@ Index * breaking lines: Line breaking. (line 6) * breaking pages: Page breaking. (line 6) * breaks, multiplication discretionary: \*. (line 6) -* breve accent: Accents. (line 87) +* breve accent: Accents. (line 89) * breve accent, math: Math accents. (line 17) * bug reporting: About this document. (line 24) * bullet lists: itemize. (line 6) -* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 111) +* bullet symbol: Math symbols. (line 106) * bullet, in text: Text symbols. (line 95) * bulleted lists: itemize. (line 6) * calligraphic fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6) * calligraphic letters for math: Font styles. (line 79) * cap height: Text symbols. (line 103) -* caron accent: Accents. (line 91) +* caption package: \caption. (line 72) +* captions: \caption. (line 6) +* caron accent: Accents. (line 93) * catcode: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 19) + (line 18) * category code, character: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 19) -* cc: Units of length. (line 33) + (line 18) +* cc: Units of length. (line 32) * cc list, in letters: \cc. (line 6) * cedilla accent: Accents. (line 61) * center environment: center. (line 6) @@ -18665,13 +19100,14 @@ Index * centered period, in text: Text symbols. (line 170) * centering text, declaration for: \centering. (line 6) * centering text, environment for: center. (line 6) -* centimeter: Units of length. (line 24) +* centimeter: Units of length. (line 27) * changing case of characters: Upper and lower case. (line 6) * chapter: Sectioning. (line 6) * chapter <1>: \chapter. (line 6) +* chapter counter: Counters. (line 15) * character category code: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 19) + (line 18) * character encoding: inputenc package. (line 15) * character, invisible: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. (line 6) @@ -18683,7 +19119,7 @@ Index (line 6) * characters, reserved: Reserved characters. (line 6) * characters, special: Reserved characters. (line 6) -* check accent: Accents. (line 91) +* check accent: Accents. (line 93) * check accent, math: Math accents. (line 20) * cicero: Units of length. (line 33) * circle symbol, big, in text: Text symbols. (line 86) @@ -18718,7 +19154,7 @@ Index (line 99) * closing letters: \closing. (line 6) * closing quote: Text symbols. (line 58) -* cm: Units of length. (line 24) +* cm: Units of length. (line 26) * cm-super package: fontenc package. (line 36) * cmd.exe, used by \write18: \write18. (line 60) * code, typesetting: verbatim. (line 6) @@ -18770,7 +19206,7 @@ Index * counters, printing: \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol. (line 6) * counters, setting: \setcounter. (line 6) -* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 26) +* cprotect package: verbatim. (line 25) * cprotect package <1>: \verb. (line 45) * creating pictures: picture. (line 6) * creating tables: table. (line 6) @@ -18794,8 +19230,8 @@ Index * datetime package: \today. (line 27) * dbltopnumber: Floats. (line 134) * dbltopnumber <1>: Floats. (line 135) -* dcolumn package: array. (line 77) -* dd: Units of length. (line 30) +* dcolumn package: array. (line 74) +* dd: Units of length. (line 29) * declaration form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 24) * declaration form of font style commands: Font styles. (line 8) * define color: Define colors. (line 6) @@ -18810,11 +19246,11 @@ Index * delayed \write: \write. (line 65) * delimiters: Delimiters. (line 6) * delimiters, paired: \left & \right. (line 6) -* delim_0: makeindex. (line 110) -* delim_1: makeindex. (line 114) -* delim_2: makeindex. (line 118) -* delim_n: makeindex. (line 122) -* delim_r: makeindex. (line 126) +* delim_0: makeindex. (line 109) +* delim_1: makeindex. (line 113) +* delim_2: makeindex. (line 117) +* delim_n: makeindex. (line 121) +* delim_r: makeindex. (line 125) * description: \newglossaryentry. (line 46) * description environment: description. (line 6) * description lists, creating: description. (line 6) @@ -18827,7 +19263,8 @@ Index * directory listings, from system: \write18. (line 65) * discretionary breaks, multiplication: \*. (line 6) * discretionary hyphenation: \discretionary. (line 6) -* display math mode: Modes. (line 29) +* display math mode: Modes. (line 31) +* display style: Math styles. (line 18) * displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation & quote. (line 6) * displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quotation & quote. @@ -18849,9 +19286,9 @@ Index * dot-over accent: Accents. (line 32) * dot-under accent: Accents. (line 65) * dotless i: Accents. (line 19) -* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 264) +* dotless i, math: Math symbols. (line 253) * dotless j: Accents. (line 19) -* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 284) +* dotless j, math: Math symbols. (line 273) * dots: Dots. (line 6) * double angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33) * double dagger, in text: Text symbols. (line 21) @@ -18876,8 +19313,8 @@ Index * e-TeX: TeX engines. (line 16) * ellipses: Dots. (line 6) * ellipsis: Text symbols. (line 39) -* em: Units of length. (line 38) -* em <1>: Units of length. (line 38) +* em: Units of length. (line 46) +* em <1>: Units of length. (line 45) * em-dash: Text symbols. (line 119) * em-dash, three-quarters: Text symbols. (line 201) * em-dash, two-thirds: Text symbols. (line 207) @@ -18893,10 +19330,14 @@ Index * engines, TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) * enlarge current page: \enlargethispage. (line 6) * enumerate environment: enumerate. (line 6) +* enumi counter: Counters. (line 15) +* enumii counter: Counters. (line 15) +* enumiii counter: Counters. (line 15) * enumitem package: itemize. (line 66) -* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 254) +* enumitem package <1>: list. (line 255) +* enumiv counter: Counters. (line 15) * environment: Starting and ending. (line 25) -* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 36) +* environment form of font size commands: Font sizes. (line 47) * environment, abstract: abstract. (line 6) * environment, array: array. (line 6) * environment, center: center. (line 6) @@ -18922,10 +19363,13 @@ Index * environment, picture: picture. (line 6) * environment, quotation: quotation & quote. (line 6) * environment, quote: quotation & quote. (line 6) +* environment, sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6) * environment, tabbing: tabbing. (line 6) * environment, table: table. (line 6) * environment, tabular: tabular. (line 6) * environment, thebibliography: thebibliography. (line 6) +* environment, theindex: Produce the index manually. + (line 9) * environment, theorem: theorem. (line 6) * environment, theorem-like: \newtheorem. (line 6) * environment, titlepage: titlepage. (line 6) @@ -18937,16 +19381,19 @@ Index * envlab package: \makelabels. (line 55) * EPS files: \includegraphics. (line 6) * eqnarray environment: eqnarray. (line 6) +* equation counter: Counters. (line 15) * equation environment: equation. (line 6) * equation environment <1>: Math formulas. (line 6) * equation number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * equation numbers, left vs. right: Document class options. (line 63) -* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 41) +* equation numbers, omitting: eqnarray. (line 39) * equations, aligning: eqnarray. (line 6) * equations, environment for: equation. (line 6) * equations, flush left vs. centered: Document class options. (line 57) +* error messages, from BibTeX: BibTeX error messages. + (line 6) * errorstopmode: Command line options. (line 27) * es-zet German letter: Additional Latin letters. @@ -18959,15 +19406,15 @@ Index * euro symbol: Text symbols. (line 128) * eurosym package: Text symbols. (line 128) * eurosym package <1>: Text symbols. (line 129) -* ex: Units of length. (line 38) -* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 38) +* ex: Units of length. (line 42) +* ex <1>: Units of length. (line 41) * exclamation point, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 136) * executivepaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * expl3 package: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 37) + (line 35) * expl3 package <1>: Upper and lower case. - (line 49) + (line 48) * exponent: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) * expressions: Expressions. (line 6) @@ -18975,14 +19422,15 @@ Index (line 6) * external commands: \write18. (line 6) * external files, writing: filecontents. (line 6) -* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 25) +* fallback jobname: Jobname. (line 27) * families, of fonts: Low-level font commands. (line 21) * fancyhdr package: Page styles. (line 12) * fancyhdr package <1>: \pagestyle. (line 13) * fancyvrb package: tabbing. (line 146) -* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 42) +* fancyvrb package <1>: verbatim. (line 41) * feminine ordinal symbol: Text symbols. (line 167) +* figure counter: Counters. (line 15) * figure dash character: Text symbols. (line 139) * figure environment: figure. (line 6) * figure number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) @@ -18992,6 +19440,7 @@ Index * file, opening: \openin & \openout. (line 6) * file, reading: \read. (line 6) * file, root: Splitting the input. (line 10) +* file, root <1>: Jobname. (line 6) * filecontents environment: filecontents. (line 6) * filecontents* environment: filecontents. (line 6) * filename for current job: Command line options. @@ -19030,9 +19479,11 @@ Index * fonts: Fonts. (line 6) * fonts, new commands for: \newfont. (line 6) * fonts, script: Calligraphic. (line 6) +* fontspec package: fontenc package. (line 17) * footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) * footer, parameters for: Page layout parameters. (line 6) +* footnote counter: Counters. (line 15) * footnote number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * footnote parameters: \footnote. (line 34) * footnote, in a table: Footnotes in a table. @@ -19053,9 +19504,9 @@ Index * forward references, resolving: Output files. (line 33) * fraction: \frac. (line 6) * fragile commands: \protect. (line 6) -* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 39) -* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 39) -* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 44) +* frame rule width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38) +* frame, line width: \fbox & \framebox. (line 38) +* frame, separation from contents: \fbox & \framebox. (line 43) * French quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33) * front matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. (line 6) @@ -19085,7 +19536,7 @@ Index (line 6) * graphics package options: Graphics package options. (line 6) -* graphics packages: \line. (line 36) +* graphics packages: \line. (line 35) * graphics, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) * graphics, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * graphics, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) @@ -19099,8 +19550,8 @@ Index * grfext package: \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. (line 39) * group, and environments: Environments. (line 18) -* group_skip: makeindex. (line 57) -* hacek accent: Accents. (line 91) +* group_skip: makeindex. (line 58) +* hacek accent: Accents. (line 93) * Halmos symbol: \rule. (line 13) * hard space: ~. (line 6) * hat accent: Accents. (line 40) @@ -19122,7 +19573,8 @@ Index * hyperref package: \footnotemark. (line 48) * hyperref package <1>: \footnotemark. (line 57) * hyperref package <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 45) -* hyperref package <3>: Command line input. (line 14) +* hyperref package <3>: \contentsline. (line 37) +* hyperref package <4>: Command line input. (line 14) * hyphen character, non-breaking: Text symbols. (line 160) * hyphenation, defining: \hyphenation. (line 6) * hyphenation, discretionary: \discretionary. (line 6) @@ -19133,13 +19585,13 @@ Index (line 20) * Icelandic thorn: Additional Latin letters. (line 56) -* idx file: \index. (line 106) +* idx file: \index. (line 108) * ij letter, Dutch: Additional Latin letters. (line 32) * immediate \write: \write. (line 60) * implementations of TeX: TeX engines. (line 6) * importing graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) -* in: Units of length. (line 17) +* in: Units of length. (line 16) * inch: Units of length. (line 17) * including graphics: \includegraphics. (line 6) * indent, forcing: \indent & \noindent. (line 6) @@ -19149,23 +19601,26 @@ Index * indentfirst package <2>: \section. (line 60) * indentfirst package <3>: \subsection. (line 48) * indentfirst package <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 61) + (line 59) * indentfirst package <5>: \indent & \noindent. (line 48) -* indent_length: makeindex. (line 138) -* indent_space: makeindex. (line 134) -* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': \index. (line 56) +* indent_length: makeindex. (line 137) +* indent_space: makeindex. (line 133) +* index entries, subentries: \index. (line 26) +* index entries, 'see' and 'see also': \index. (line 58) * index entry: \index. (line 6) -* index package: \index. (line 101) -* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 32) -* index, page range: \index. (line 40) +* index package: \index. (line 103) +* index, multiple: Indexes. (line 51) +* index, page range: \index. (line 42) * index, printing: \printindex. (line 6) * index, processing: makeindex. (line 6) +* index, producing manually: Produce the index manually. + (line 6) * index, style file: makeindex. (line 18) * indexes: Indexes. (line 6) * infinite horizontal stretch: \hfill. (line 6) * infinite vertical stretch: \vfill. (line 6) * inline formulas: math. (line 6) -* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 47) +* inner paragraph mode: Modes. (line 51) * input file: Splitting the input. (line 6) * input, on command line: Command line input. (line 6) * input/output: Input/output. (line 6) @@ -19177,19 +19632,19 @@ Index (line 6) * interline space: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. (line 6) -* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 38) +* internal vertical mode: Modes. (line 41) * invisible character: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. (line 6) * invisible character <1>: \mathstrut. (line 6) * italic correction: \/. (line 6) * italic font: Font styles. (line 82) * itemize environment: itemize. (line 6) -* item_0: makeindex. (line 81) -* item_01: makeindex. (line 90) -* item_1: makeindex. (line 84) +* item_0: makeindex. (line 82) +* item_01: makeindex. (line 91) +* item_1: makeindex. (line 85) * item_12: makeindex. (line 100) -* item_2: makeindex. (line 87) -* item_x1: makeindex. (line 94) +* item_2: makeindex. (line 88) +* item_x1: makeindex. (line 95) * item_x2: makeindex. (line 104) * jobname: Command line options. (line 43) @@ -19201,7 +19656,7 @@ Index * Knuth, Donald E.: Overview. (line 6) * label: Cross references. (line 6) * labelled lists, creating: description. (line 6) -* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 28) +* Lamport TeX: Overview. (line 27) * Lamport, Leslie: Overview. (line 6) * landscape option: Document class options. (line 49) @@ -19218,7 +19673,7 @@ Index * latex-doc-ptr document: About this document. (line 33) * LaTeX2e logo: Text symbols. (line 27) * LaTeX3 syntax: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 37) + (line 35) * <latexrefman@tug.org> email address: About this document. (line 20) * latexsym package: Arrows. (line 6) * Latin letters, additional: Additional Latin letters. @@ -19239,7 +19694,7 @@ Index (line 63) * left-justifying text: \raggedright. (line 6) * left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft. (line 6) -* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 16) +* left-to-right mode: Modes. (line 18) * legalpaper option: Document class options. (line 19) * lengths, adding to: \addtolength. (line 6) @@ -19249,9 +19704,9 @@ Index * leqno option: Document class options. (line 49) * less than symbol, in text: Text symbols. (line 154) -* lethead_flag: makeindex. (line 64) -* lethead_prefix: makeindex. (line 73) -* lethead_suffix: makeindex. (line 77) +* lethead_flag: makeindex. (line 65) +* lethead_prefix: makeindex. (line 74) +* lethead_suffix: makeindex. (line 78) * letter class: Document classes. (line 11) * letter environment: letter. (line 6) * letterpaper option: Document class options. @@ -19271,7 +19726,7 @@ Index * line breaks, preventing: \linebreak & \nolinebreak. (line 6) * lines in tables: tabular. (line 6) -* line_max: makeindex. (line 130) +* line_max: makeindex. (line 129) * lining numerals: Font styles. (line 133) * lining text up in tables: tabular. (line 6) * lining text up using tab stops: tabbing. (line 6) @@ -19280,7 +19735,7 @@ Index * list of figures file: Output files. (line 43) * list of tables file: Output files. (line 43) * listings package: tabbing. (line 146) -* listings package <1>: verbatim. (line 36) +* listings package <1>: verbatim. (line 35) * listings package <2>: \verb. (line 42) * lists of items: itemize. (line 6) * lists of items, generic: list. (line 6) @@ -19301,25 +19756,26 @@ Index * lowercase: Upper and lower case. (line 6) * LR box: picture. (line 93) -* LR mode: Modes. (line 16) +* LR mode: Modes. (line 18) * lrbox: lrbox. (line 6) * lshort document: About this document. (line 39) * lualatex: TeX engines. (line 32) * lualatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 65) * LuaTeX: TeX engines. (line 33) * LuaTeX, 256 output streams in: \write. (line 42) -* m-width: Units of length. (line 38) +* m-width: Units of length. (line 46) * macron accent: Accents. (line 36) * macron accent, math: Math accents. (line 14) * macros2e package: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 41) + (line 38) * Madsen, Lars: eqnarray. (line 6) * mail merges: \read. (line 31) * main matter of a book: \frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter. (line 6) * make a box: \mbox & \makebox. (line 6) -* makeindex: makeindex. (line 6) +* makeidx package: \printindex. (line 12) * makeindex program: makeindex. (line 6) +* makeindex, program: makeindex. (line 6) * makeindex, style file: makeindex. (line 18) * making a title page: titlepage. (line 6) * making paragraphs: Making paragraphs. (line 6) @@ -19333,7 +19789,7 @@ Index * math formulas: Math formulas. (line 6) * math functions: Math functions. (line 6) * math miscellany: Math miscellany. (line 6) -* math mode: Modes. (line 26) +* math mode: Modes. (line 28) * math mode, entering: Math formulas. (line 6) * math mode, spacing: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) @@ -19341,40 +19797,42 @@ Index (line 6) * math mode, spacing <2>: \mathstrut. (line 6) * math mode, vertical space: \smash. (line 6) +* math styles: Math styles. (line 6) * math symbols: Math symbols. (line 6) * math, arrows: Arrows. (line 6) * math, bold: Font styles. (line 129) -* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 86) +* mathtools package: Math formulas. (line 61) * mathtools package <1>: Delimiters. (line 41) * mathtools package <2>: \left & \right. (line 30) * mathtools package <3>: Over- and Underlining. - (line 45) -* mathtools package <4>: \smash. (line 61) + (line 44) +* mathtools package <4>: \smash. (line 60) * mathtools package <5>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 46) -* MetaPost package: \line. (line 36) + (line 48) +* MetaPost package: \line. (line 35) * mfirstuc package: Upper and lower case. - (line 46) + (line 45) * mhchem package: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 62) -* millimeter: Units of length. (line 27) +* millimeter: Units of length. (line 24) * minipage environment: minipage. (line 6) * minipage, creating a: minipage. (line 6) * minted package: tabbing. (line 146) -* minted package <1>: verbatim. (line 36) +* minted package <1>: verbatim. (line 35) * minted package <2>: \verb. (line 42) * mirrors of CTAN: CTAN. (line 25) -* mm: Units of length. (line 27) +* mm: Units of length. (line 23) * modes: Modes. (line 6) * monospace font: Font styles. (line 97) * moving arguments: \protect. (line 19) * mpfootnote counter: \footnote. (line 62) -* mu: Units of length. (line 49) -* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 49) +* mpfootnote counter <1>: Counters. (line 15) +* mu: Units of length. (line 52) +* mu, math unit: Units of length. (line 53) * multicolumn text: \twocolumn. (line 6) * multilingual support: Accents. (line 6) -* multind package: Indexes. (line 32) -* multiple indexes: Indexes. (line 32) +* multind package: Indexes. (line 51) +* multiple indexes: Indexes. (line 51) * multiplication, discretionary: \*. (line 6) * name: \newglossaryentry. (line 43) * name of document root: Jobname. (line 6) @@ -19395,7 +19853,7 @@ Index * new line, starting: \\. (line 6) * new line, starting (paragraph mode): \newline. (line 6) * new page, starting: \newpage. (line 6) -* newline, in \write: \write. (line 95) +* newline, in \write: \write. (line 94) * noheader option for filecontents: filecontents. (line 34) * non-breaking hyphen character: Text symbols. (line 160) * non-English characters: Additional Latin letters. @@ -19450,7 +19908,7 @@ Index * oslash: Additional Latin letters. (line 44) * OT1: fontenc package. (line 6) -* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 47) +* outer paragraph mode: Modes. (line 51) * output directory for all external files: Command line options. (line 48) * overbar accent: Accents. (line 36) @@ -19469,30 +19927,34 @@ Index * package, adjustbox: Boxes. (line 9) * package, algorithm2e: tabbing. (line 146) * package, amscd: Arrows. (line 41) -* package, amsfonts: Math formulas. (line 86) +* package, amsfonts: Math formulas. (line 61) * package, amsfonts <1>: Arrows. (line 6) * package, amsmath: array. (line 55) -* package, amsmath <1>: array. (line 66) +* package, amsmath <1>: array. (line 63) * package, amsmath <2>: displaymath. (line 22) * package, amsmath <3>: equation. (line 20) * package, amsmath <4>: theorem. (line 28) -* package, amsmath <5>: Math formulas. (line 86) +* package, amsmath <5>: Math formulas. (line 61) * package, amsmath <6>: \left & \right. (line 30) -* package, amsmath <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 68) +* package, amsmath <7>: \bigl & \bigr etc.. (line 67) * package, amsmath <8>: Dots. (line 36) * package, amsmath <9>: Math functions. (line 111) -* package, amsmath <10>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 54) -* package, amsmath <11>: Colon character & \colon. - (line 15) +* package, amsmath <10>: Spacing in math mode. + (line 23) +* package, amsmath <11>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. + (line 56) * package, amsmath <12>: Colon character & \colon. + (line 15) +* package, amsmath <13>: Colon character & \colon. (line 19) +* package, amsmath <14>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. + (line 26) * package, amsthm: theorem. (line 28) * package, amsthm <1>: \rule. (line 18) -* package, answers: \write. (line 100) +* package, answers: \write. (line 99) * package, appendix: \appendix. (line 29) -* package, array (package): array. (line 77) -* package, Asymptote: \line. (line 36) +* package, array: array. (line 74) +* package, Asymptote: \line. (line 35) * package, Asymptote <1>: \strut. (line 62) * package, Asymptote <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 74) * package, Asymptote <3>: \write18. (line 13) @@ -19501,40 +19963,42 @@ Index * package, babel <2>: Accents. (line 6) * package, babel <3>: \today. (line 13) * package, babel <4>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 124) -* package, babel <5>: \index. (line 56) + (line 123) +* package, babel <5>: \index. (line 58) * package, beamer: beamer template. (line 6) * package, bigfoot: Footnotes of footnotes. (line 6) * package, bm: \boldmath & \unboldmath. (line 32) +* package, caption: \caption. (line 72) * package, cleveref: Cross references. (line 38) * package, cleveref <1>: \ref. (line 29) * package, cleveref <2>: \footnotemark. (line 48) * package, cm-super: fontenc package. (line 36) * package, comprehensive: Math symbols. (line 6) -* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 26) +* package, cprotect: verbatim. (line 25) * package, cprotect <1>: \verb. (line 45) * package, datatool: \read. (line 31) * package, datetime: \today. (line 27) -* package, dcolumn: array. (line 77) +* package, dcolumn: array. (line 74) * package, enumitem: itemize. (line 66) -* package, enumitem <1>: list. (line 254) +* package, enumitem <1>: list. (line 255) * package, envlab: \makelabels. (line 55) * package, etoolbox: Class and package commands. (line 110) * package, eurosym: Text symbols. (line 128) * package, eurosym <1>: Text symbols. (line 129) * package, expl3: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 37) + (line 35) * package, expl3 <1>: Upper and lower case. - (line 49) + (line 48) * package, fancyhdr: Page styles. (line 12) * package, fancyhdr <1>: \pagestyle. (line 13) * package, fancyvrb: tabbing. (line 146) -* package, fancyvrb <1>: verbatim. (line 42) +* package, fancyvrb <1>: verbatim. (line 41) * package, flafter: Floats. (line 82) * package, float: Floats. (line 52) +* package, fontspec: fontenc package. (line 17) * package, geometry: Document class options. (line 40) * package, geometry <1>: Document class options. @@ -19545,57 +20009,61 @@ Index * package, hyperref: \footnotemark. (line 48) * package, hyperref <1>: \footnotemark. (line 57) * package, hyperref <2>: \pagenumbering. (line 45) -* package, hyperref <3>: Command line input. (line 14) +* package, hyperref <3>: \contentsline. (line 37) +* package, hyperref <4>: Command line input. (line 14) * package, indentfirst: \part. (line 50) * package, indentfirst <1>: \chapter. (line 58) * package, indentfirst <2>: \section. (line 60) * package, indentfirst <3>: \subsection. (line 48) * package, indentfirst <4>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 61) + (line 59) * package, indentfirst <5>: \indent & \noindent. (line 48) -* package, index: \index. (line 101) +* package, index: \index. (line 103) * package, latexsym: Arrows. (line 6) * package, listings: tabbing. (line 146) -* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 36) +* package, listings <1>: verbatim. (line 35) * package, listings <2>: \verb. (line 42) * package, lmodern: fontenc package. (line 36) * package, macros2e: \makeatletter & \makeatother. - (line 41) -* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 86) + (line 38) +* package, makeidx: \printindex. (line 12) +* package, mathtools: Math formulas. (line 61) * package, mathtools <1>: Delimiters. (line 41) * package, mathtools <2>: \left & \right. (line 30) * package, mathtools <3>: Over- and Underlining. - (line 45) -* package, mathtools <4>: \smash. (line 61) + (line 44) +* package, mathtools <4>: \smash. (line 60) * package, mathtools <5>: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. - (line 46) -* package, MetaPost: \line. (line 36) + (line 48) +* package, MetaPost: \line. (line 35) * package, mfirstuc: Upper and lower case. - (line 46) + (line 45) * package, mhchem: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 62) * package, minted: tabbing. (line 146) -* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 36) +* package, minted <1>: verbatim. (line 35) * package, minted <2>: \verb. (line 42) -* package, multind: Indexes. (line 32) -* package, pict2e: \line. (line 36) +* package, multind: Indexes. (line 51) +* package, pict2e: \line. (line 35) * package, polyglossia: Accents. (line 6) * package, polyglossia <1>: \today. (line 13) * package, polyglossia <2>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 125) -* package, polyglossia <3>: \index. (line 56) -* package, PSTricks: \line. (line 36) + (line 124) +* package, polyglossia <3>: \index. (line 58) +* package, PSTricks: \line. (line 35) * package, setspace: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. (line 79) * package, shellesc: \write18. (line 71) -* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 32) +* package, showidx: Indexes. (line 51) * package, siunitx: minipage. (line 137) -* package, siunitx <1>: ~. (line 37) -* package, suffix: \@ifstar. (line 66) +* package, siunitx <1>: ~. (line 42) +* package, suffix: \@ifstar. (line 64) +* package, tablefootnote: Footnotes in a table. + (line 53) * package, texosquery: \write18. (line 65) * package, textcase: Upper and lower case. - (line 43) -* package, TikZ: \line. (line 36) + (line 42) +* package, TikZ: \line. (line 35) * package, TikZ <1>: \strut. (line 62) * package, TikZ <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73) * package, tikz-cd: Arrows. (line 41) @@ -19605,19 +20073,23 @@ Index * package, titlesec <3>: \section. (line 64) * package, titlesec <4>: \subsection. (line 52) * package, titlesec <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 65) + (line 63) * package, tocbibbind: Table of contents etc.. - (line 111) + (line 110) * package, tocloft: Table of contents etc.. - (line 111) + (line 110) +* package, tocloft <1>: \contentsline. (line 34) * package, ulem: Over- and Underlining. (line 15) * package, unicode-math: Greek letters. (line 37) * package, url: \verb. (line 39) -* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 42) +* package, verbatimbox: verbatim. (line 41) * package, xparse: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 37) -* package, xparse <1>: \@ifstar. (line 66) + (line 35) +* package, xparse <1>: \@ifstar. (line 64) +* package, xr: xr package. (line 6) +* package, xr-hyper: xr package. (line 6) +* package, xspace: xspace package. (line 6) * package, xstring: Jobname. (line 53) * packages, loading additional: Additional packages. (line 6) * page break, forcing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. @@ -19625,6 +20097,7 @@ Index * page break, preventing: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. (line 6) * page breaking: Page breaking. (line 6) +* page counter: Counters. (line 15) * page layout parameters: Page layout parameters. (line 6) * page number, cross referencing: \pageref. (line 6) @@ -19632,11 +20105,12 @@ Index * page style, this page: \thispagestyle. (line 6) * page styles: Page styles. (line 6) * page, colored: Colored pages. (line 6) -* page_precedence: makeindex. (line 143) +* page_precedence: makeindex. (line 142) * paired delimiters: \left & \right. (line 6) * paragraph: Sectioning. (line 6) * paragraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. (line 6) +* paragraph counter: Counters. (line 15) * paragraph indentation: \parindent & \parskip. (line 6) * paragraph indentation, in minipage: minipage. (line 103) @@ -19656,8 +20130,9 @@ Index * parentheses: Delimiters. (line 6) * part: Sectioning. (line 6) * part <1>: \part. (line 6) +* part counter: Counters. (line 15) * pattern, current tab stops, tabbing: tabbing. (line 51) -* pc: Units of length. (line 14) +* pc: Units of length. (line 13) * PDF graphic files: \includegraphics. (line 6) * pdflatex: TeX engines. (line 15) * pdflatex command: Output files. (line 20) @@ -19669,8 +20144,7 @@ Index * period, sentence-ending: \@. (line 6) * period, spacing after: \@. (line 6) * pica: Units of length. (line 14) -* pict2e package: \line. (line 36) -* pict2e package <1>: \line. (line 36) +* pict2e package: \line. (line 35) * picture environment: picture. (line 6) * pictures, creating: picture. (line 6) * pilcrow: Text symbols. (line 47) @@ -19686,14 +20160,15 @@ Index * polyglossia package: Accents. (line 6) * polyglossia package <1>: \today. (line 13) * polyglossia package <2>: Table of contents etc.. - (line 125) -* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 56) + (line 124) +* polyglossia package <3>: \index. (line 58) * portrait orientation: Document class options. (line 60) * position, in picture: picture. (line 64) * positional parameter: \newcommand & \renewcommand. (line 54) * postamble: makeindex. (line 54) +* PostScript point: Units of length. (line 20) * postscript, in letters: \ps. (line 6) * pounds symbol: Text symbols. (line 51) * preamble: makeindex. (line 50) @@ -19701,11 +20176,11 @@ Index * prerelease testing: TeX engines. (line 70) * prompt, *: Recovering from errors. (line 23) -* pronunciation: Overview. (line 28) -* PSTricks package: \line. (line 36) -* pt: Units of length. (line 10) +* pronunciation: Overview. (line 27) +* PSTricks package: \line. (line 35) +* pt: Units of length. (line 9) * quad: Spacing in math mode. - (line 65) + (line 69) * question mark, upside-down: Text symbols. (line 173) * quotation environment: quotation & quote. (line 6) * quotation marks, French: Text symbols. (line 33) @@ -19752,6 +20227,7 @@ Index * robust commands: \protect. (line 6) * roman font: Font styles. (line 85) * root file: Splitting the input. (line 10) +* root file <1>: Jobname. (line 6) * roots: \sqrt. (line 6) * rotating graphics: \rotatebox. (line 6) * rotating text: \rotatebox. (line 6) @@ -19762,18 +20238,23 @@ Index * running header and footer: Page layout parameters. (line 6) * running header and footer style: \pagestyle. (line 6) +* samepage environment: \pagebreak & \nopagebreak. + (line 44) * sans serif font: Font styles. (line 91) * scaled point: Units of length. (line 36) * scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) * scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * script fonts: Calligraphic. (line 6) * script letters for math: Font styles. (line 79) +* script style: Math styles. (line 23) +* scriptscript style: Math styles. (line 26) * scrollmode: Command line options. (line 27) * secnumdepth: Sectioning. (line 69) * secnumdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 70) * section: Sectioning. (line 6) * section <1>: \section. (line 6) +* section counter: Counters. (line 15) * section number, cross referencing: \ref. (line 6) * section numbers, printing: Sectioning. (line 70) * section symbol: Text symbols. (line 62) @@ -19781,7 +20262,7 @@ Index * sectioning commands: Sectioning. (line 6) * sectioning, part: \part. (line 6) * security and \write: \write and security. (line 6) -* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 56) +* see and see also index entries: \index. (line 58) * self-contained sources: filecontents. (line 42) * series, of fonts: Low-level font commands. (line 48) @@ -19798,7 +20279,7 @@ Index (line 61) * SHELL, environment variables: \write18. (line 60) * shellesc package: \write18. (line 71) -* showidx package: Indexes. (line 32) +* showidx package: Indexes. (line 51) * simulating typed text: verbatim. (line 6) * single angle quotation marks: Text symbols. (line 33) * single guillemets: Text symbols. (line 33) @@ -19807,18 +20288,19 @@ Index * single quote, straight: Text symbols. (line 188) * single right quote: Text symbols. (line 185) * siunitx package: minipage. (line 137) -* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 37) +* siunitx package <1>: ~. (line 42) * sizes of text: Font sizes. (line 6) * skip plain TeX: Lengths. (line 9) * skip register, plain TeX: \newlength. (line 6) * slanted font: Font styles. (line 94) * slides class: Document classes. (line 11) -* sloppypar: sloppypar. (line 6) * sloppypar environment: sloppypar. (line 6) +* sloppypar environment <1>: sloppypar. (line 6) +* slot, font: \DeclareTextAccent. (line 13) * small caps font: Font styles. (line 88) * sort: \newglossaryentry. (line 55) * source files, making self-contained: filecontents. (line 42) -* sp: Units of length. (line 36) +* sp: Units of length. (line 35) * space between lines: \baselineskip & \baselinestretch. (line 6) * space, inserting horizontal: \hss. (line 6) @@ -19835,7 +20317,8 @@ Index * spaces, ignore around commands <1>: xspace package. (line 6) * spacing within math mode: Spacing in math mode. (line 6) -* spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing. (line 6) +* spacing, inter-sentence: \frenchspacing & \nonfrenchspacing. + (line 6) * spacing, inter-sentence <1>: \normalsfcodes. (line 6) * spacing, math mode: \phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom. (line 6) @@ -19865,20 +20348,25 @@ Index * stretch, infinite horizontal: \hfill. (line 6) * stretch, infinite vertical: \vfill. (line 6) * stretch, omitting vertical: \raggedbottom. (line 6) -* strut: \strut. (line 6) +* strut: \footnote. (line 47) +* strut <1>: \strut. (line 6) +* strut, math: \mathstrut. (line 6) * styles of text: Font styles. (line 6) * styles, page: Page styles. (line 6) * subparagraph: Sectioning. (line 6) * subparagraph <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. (line 6) +* subparagraph counter: Counters. (line 15) * subscript: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) * subsection: Sectioning. (line 6) * subsection <1>: \subsection. (line 6) +* subsection counter: Counters. (line 15) * subsubsection: Sectioning. (line 6) * subsubsection <1>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. (line 6) -* suffix package: \@ifstar. (line 66) +* subsubsection counter: Counters. (line 15) +* suffix package: \@ifstar. (line 64) * superscript: Subscripts & superscripts. (line 6) * symbol: \newglossaryentry. (line 59) @@ -19893,6 +20381,7 @@ Index * T1: fontenc package. (line 6) * tab stops, using: tabbing. (line 6) * tabbing environment: tabbing. (line 6) +* table counter: Counters. (line 15) * table environment: table. (line 6) * table of contents: \contentsline. (line 6) * table of contents entry, create dotted line: \@dottedtocline. @@ -19904,6 +20393,8 @@ Index * table of contents, creating: Table of contents etc.. (line 6) * table of contents, sectioning numbers printed: Sectioning. (line 81) +* tablefootnote package: Footnotes in a table. + (line 53) * tables, creating: table. (line 6) * tabular environment: tabular. (line 6) * template (simple), article: article template. (line 6) @@ -19917,27 +20408,32 @@ Index * TeX format (.fmt) files: TeX engines. (line 6) * TeX logo: Text symbols. (line 65) * texosquery package: \write18. (line 65) -* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 25) +* texput, jobname default: Jobname. (line 27) +* text style: Math styles. (line 21) * text symbols: Text symbols. (line 6) * text, resizing: \scalebox. (line 6) * text, resizing <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * text, scaling: \scalebox. (line 6) * text, scaling <1>: \resizebox. (line 6) * textcase package: Upper and lower case. - (line 43) + (line 42) * textcomp package: Text symbols. (line 6) * thanks, for titlepage: \maketitle. (line 57) * thebibliography environment: thebibliography. (line 6) +* theindex: Produce the index manually. + (line 6) +* theindex environment: Produce the index manually. + (line 9) * theorem environment: theorem. (line 6) * theorem-like environment: \newtheorem. (line 6) * theorems, defining: \newtheorem. (line 6) * theorems, typesetting: theorem. (line 6) * thin space: Spacing in math mode. - (line 44) + (line 47) * thin space <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. (line 6) * thin space, negative: Spacing in math mode. - (line 58) + (line 61) * thin space, negative <1>: \thinspace & \negthinspace. (line 6) * thorn, Icelandic letter: Additional Latin letters. @@ -19945,7 +20441,7 @@ Index * three-quarters em-dash: Text symbols. (line 201) * tie: ~. (line 6) * tie-after accent: Accents. (line 83) -* TikZ package: \line. (line 36) +* TikZ package: \line. (line 35) * TikZ package <1>: \strut. (line 62) * TikZ package <2>: \mbox & \makebox. (line 73) * tikz-cd package: Arrows. (line 41) @@ -19966,13 +20462,14 @@ Index * titlesec package <3>: \section. (line 64) * titlesec package <4>: \subsection. (line 52) * titlesec package <5>: \subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph. - (line 65) + (line 63) * tocbibbind package: Table of contents etc.. - (line 111) + (line 110) * tocdepth: Sectioning. (line 80) * tocdepth counter: Sectioning. (line 81) * tocloft package: Table of contents etc.. - (line 111) + (line 110) +* tocloft package <1>: \contentsline. (line 34) * today's date: \today. (line 6) * tombstone: \rule. (line 13) * topmargin: Page layout parameters. @@ -20025,11 +20522,11 @@ Index * verbatim environment: verbatim. (line 6) * verbatim text: verbatim. (line 6) * verbatim text, inline: \verb. (line 6) -* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 42) +* verbatimbox package: verbatim. (line 41) * verse environment: verse. (line 6) * vertical bar, double, in text: Text symbols. (line 83) * vertical bar, in text: Text symbols. (line 80) -* vertical mode: Modes. (line 34) +* vertical mode: Modes. (line 36) * vertical space: \vspace. (line 6) * vertical space <1>: \addvspace. (line 6) * vertical space before paragraphs: \parindent & \parskip. @@ -20049,563 +20546,571 @@ Index * widths, of fonts: Low-level font commands. (line 70) * Wright, Joseph: Upper and lower case. - (line 49) + (line 48) * writing external files: filecontents. (line 6) * writing letters: Letters. (line 6) -* x-height: Units of length. (line 38) +* x-height: Units of length. (line 42) * xdvi command: Output files. (line 10) * xdvipdfmx: TeX engines. (line 42) * xelatex: TeX engines. (line 41) * xelatex-dev: TeX engines. (line 69) * XeTeX: TeX engines. (line 42) -* xindex program: makeindex. (line 160) -* xindy program: makeindex. (line 153) +* xindex program: makeindex. (line 159) +* xindy program: makeindex. (line 152) * xparse package: LaTeX command syntax. - (line 37) -* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 66) + (line 35) +* xparse package <1>: \@ifstar. (line 64) * xr package: xr package. (line 6) * xr-hyper package: xr package. (line 6) +* xspace package: xspace package. (line 6) * xstring package: Jobname. 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