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diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/wsuipa/latex2e/ipaman.tex b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/wsuipa/latex2e/ipaman.tex new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..694914adbf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/generic/wsuipa/latex2e/ipaman.tex @@ -0,0 +1,532 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% International Phonetic Alphabet %%%%% +%%%%% -- Manual -- %%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%% +%%%%% adapted to LaTeX by W. Antweiler, UnivCologneCompCen, 05/28/90 +%%%%% +%%%%% adapted by Andrej Brodnik (Andy) for NFSS, University of +%%%%% Waterloo, 11.01.93 +%%%%% +%%%%% adapted by Andrej Brodnik and Denis Roegel for NFSS2, CRIN +%%%%% (Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy), F-54506 +%%%%% VANDOEUVRE-LES-NANCY, for NFSS2, 16.07.94 +%%%%% +\documentclass[12pt]{article} +\usepackage{ipa} +\newcommand{\B}[1]{$\backslash$#1} +\newcommand{\MF}{{\rm\sc{}metafont}} +\newcommand{\wsu}{{\small\rm WSUIPA}} +\newcommand{\ipam}{{\small\rm IPAMACS}} +\newcommand{\ipas}{{\small\rm IPA}} +\newcommand{\PL}{{\em Phonetic Symbol Guide}} + +\begin{document} +\title{Using the WSU International Phonetic Alphabet} +\author{Washington State University} +\date{ + January 9, 1990 \\ + January 11, 1993\footnote{Adapted for \LaTeX\ and NFSS} \\ + July 16, 1994\footnote{Adapted for \LaTeX\ and NFSS2} +} +\maketitle + +\section{Preface} + +This users guide is intended to serve as a help and supplement to the +Washington State University International Phonetic Alphabet (\wsu) +fonts. It is not intended to be a manual on \TeX, \LaTeX, linguistics, +or the correct usage of the characters, accents and diacritics +contained within the font. It is assumed that the user is familiar +with the version of \LaTeX\ he or she is using and with the characters +contained within the \wsu\ font. Because the uses for a phonetic +alphabet font are probably as varied as the many disciplines which use +the characters, this guide is intended to merely show some of the most +common ways of using the \wsu\ font. Surely each person who implements +the font will develop his or her own favorite way of working with and +using the font. + +The principal source of information regarding the characters and their +shapes has come from sources within the linguistic field---most +notably, Geoffrey K. Pullum and William A. Ladusaw, whose book, {\em +Phonetic Symbol Guide} was used extensively. The \PL\ not only lists +the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) characters and diacritics, +it also gives an enlarged illustration of each character which shows +its baseline, height, depth and x-height. These character +illustrations were invaluable in the design of the \wsu\ \MF\ +characters. + +Several other people involved in the wonderful world of linguistics +also aided in the design of the \wsu\ font. Their input concerning +everything from character shape, to placement within the font, to +determining which characters should be included, is gratefully +acknowledged. I would especially like to thank Karen Mullen, Associate +Professor of English, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. +She tested, used the \wsu\ fonts, and took the time to give several +suggestions and recommendations that have improved the font. Also, +Christina A. Thiele, Managing Director, Journal Production Centre, +Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, who not only provided a wealth +of phonetic information, but also a wealth of encouragement throughout +the entire font designing process. + +Included with the \wsu\ fonts are: +% +\begin{itemize} + \item The basic \wsu\ font which contains 128 phonetic characters +and/or diacritics in five different point sizes (8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) +and in three typefaces (roman, slanted and bold extended). + \item Each size and typeface includes a TFM (\TeX\ Font Metric) file +and its related GF, PK or PXL file (after you generate them). + \item A macro package (\ipam.TEX) for use with the \wsu\ font for +\TeX\ and \LaTeX\ without NFSS users. Note, that this package is not +necessary for NFSS \LaTeX users. + \item A style file (\ipas.STY) for NFSS \LaTeX\ users, and + \item three {\em WSUIPA Font User's Guides}. The first one is for +\TeX\ ({\small\rm IPAMAN.TEX} -- the original manual), the second one +for \LaTeX\ without NFSS ({\small\rm IPAMAN.LTX} -- the manual adapted +by W.~Antweiler) and the third one is this one. +\end{itemize} + +This guide is divided into three main sections: +% +\begin{enumerate} + \item an introduction to the \wsu\ font, + \item a description of the font layout and the characters included +in the font and + \item how to use \ipas\ more in more sophisticated and in simpler +way. +\end{enumerate} + +Although the \wsu\ fonts are written in \MF, the user does not need +experience with or knowledge of \MF\ to use the font. + + +\section{Introduction to the WSUIPA Font} + +The \wsu\ fonts are written in \MF\ and use the same font parameter +values as their Computer Modern (CM) counterparts (cmr and cmbx). In +fact, while designing the character shapes, the computer modern code +was left intact or modified only slightly whenever possible. +Therefore, the \wsu\ fonts are totally compatible with computer modern +fonts---the design and shape of the characters are computer modern +wherever possible. For the characters that are drastically different +from any computer modern characters or symbols, such as the ``Gamma,'' +``Baby Gamma'' and the ``Esh,'' Pullum and Ladusaw's \PL\ was used as +the character design standard. + +The \wsu\ fonts are obviously not an exhaustive collection of phonetic +or even recognized International Phonetic Alphabet characters. The +characters included in the \wsu\ font were chosen either because they +were listed as a ``major'' entry in Pullum and Ladusaw's \PL, or +because of the recommendations from various people with an interest in +the font. + +\PL\ contains what it classifies as ``major'' and ``minor'' +characters, based upon whether the symbol is an officially recognized +IPA character or is determined by Pullum and Ladusaw to be a standard +symbol in current American transcriptual practice. \PL\ lists 78 +``major'' entries which are not easily attainable in the CM fonts. All +78 of these characters are included in the \wsu\ font, along with 50 +``minor'' entries from \PL. The selection of which ``minor'' entries +to include was based on information and requests from various +phoneticians and linguists who contacted WSU during the beginning +stages of the creation of the font. + + +\section{The Layout of the WSUIPA Font} + +The character-grouping pattern followed by Pullum and Ladusaw in their +\PL\ was adopted as the basis for the \wsu\ font layout. The +characters are grouped together according to shape rather than usage. +Therefore, the ``a'' shapes occupy the first positions: '00 through +'04, ``b'' shapes are in positions '05 through '11 and so forth. The +accents and diacritics follow the character shapes and are in the last +positions in the font. This approach was taken because under it was +assumed that under most circumstances, the user would most likely be +accessing the characters with the use of macros rather than by typing +large portions of entirely phonetic text. Aside from keeping like +shapes together, the positioning of the \wsu\ font was fairly +arbitrary. + + +\section{Character Description} + +Within this section each of the \wsu\ characters are shown in a \MF\ +``smoke mode'' proof. The octal character position is indicated, along +with the corresponding macro name in \ipam, and the name of the +character given in \PL. Only the roman characters will be illustrated +since the shapes of the slanted and bold extended are the same. + +There are several Greek characters included in the \wsu\ font, and +initially it may appear these are merely copies of the corresponding +CM Greek characters. That is true with one very important distinction: +the \wsu\ Greek characters included are not italic. All the lowercase +Greek characters included in the CM fonts are italic which makes them +unsuitable for some situations in phonetics where a non-italic Greek +character is essential. + +\newcommand{\D}[1]{#1&{\ipa\char#1}} +\raggedbottom +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} +\hline +\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ +\hline\hline +Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ +Code& & Name & Name\\ +\hline +\D{'00} &\B{inva} &turned a\\ +\D{'01} &\B{scripta} &script a\\ +\D{'02} &\B{nialpha} &lowercase non-italic alpha\\ +\D{'03} &\B{invscripta} &turned script a\\ +\D{'04} &\B{invv} &inverted v\\ +\D{'05} &\B{crossb} &crossed b\\ +\D{'06} &\B{barb} &barred b\\ +\D{'07} &\B{slashb} &slashed b\\ +\D{'10} &\B{hookb} &hooktop b\\ +\D{'11} &\B{nibeta} &non-italic lowercase beta\\ +\D{'12} &\B{slashc} &slashed c\\ +\D{'13} &\B{curlyc} &curly-tail c\\ +\D{'14} &\B{clickc} &stretched c\\ +\D{'15} &\B{crossd} &crossed d\\ +\D{'16} &\B{bard} &barred d\\ +\D{'17} &\B{slashd} &slashed d\\ +\D{'20} &\B{hookd} &hooktop d\\ +\D{'21} &\B{taild} &right-tail d\\ +\D{'22} &\B{dz} &d-yogh ligature\\ +\D{'23} &\B{eth} ð\\ +\D{'24} &\B{scd} &small capital D\\ +\D{'25} &\B{schwa} &schwa\\ +\D{'26} &\B{er} &right-hook schwa\\ +\D{'27} &\B{reve} &reversed e\\ +\D{'30} &\B{niepsilon} &non-italic greek epsilon\\ +\D{'31} &\B{revepsilon} &reversed non-italic epsilon\\ +\D{'32} &\B{hookrevepsilon} &right-hook reversed non-italic epsilon\\ +\D{'33} &\B{closedrevepsilon} &closed reversed non-italic epsilon\\ +\D{'34} &\B{scriptg} &lowercase variant g\\ +\D{'35} &\B{hookg} &hooktop g\\ +\D{'36} &\B{scg} &small capital G\\ +\D{'37} &\B{nigamma} &non-italic gamma\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newpage +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} +\hline +\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ +\hline\hline +Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ +Code& & Name & Name\\ +\hline +\D{'40} &\B{ipagamma} &IPA Gamma\\ +\D{'41} &\B{babygamma} &baby gamma\\ +\D{'42} &\B{hv} &h-v ligature\\ +\D{'43} &\B{crossh} &crossed h\\ +\D{'44} &\B{hookg} &hooktop g\\ +\D{'45} &\B{hookheng} &hooktop heng\\ +\D{'46} &\B{invh} &turned h\\ +\D{'47} &\B{bari} &barred i\\ +\D{'50} &\B{dlbari} &barred dotless i\\ +\D{'51} &\B{niiota} &non-italic greek iota\\ +\D{'52} &\B{sci} &small capital I\\ +\D{'53} &\B{barsci} &barred small capital I\\ +\D{'54} &\B{invf} &barred dotless j\\ +\D{'55} &\B{tildel} &l with tilde\\ +\D{'56} &\B{barl} &barred l\\ +\D{'57} &\B{latfric} &belted l\\ +\D{'60} &\B{taill} &l with right tail\\ +\D{'61} &\B{lz} &l-yogh ligature\\ +\D{'62} &\B{nilambda} &non-italic greek lambda\\ +\D{'63} &\B{crossnilambda} &crossed lambda\\ +\D{'64} &\B{labdentalnas} &m with leftward tail at right\\ +\D{'65} &\B{invm} &turned m\\ +\D{'66} &\B{legm} &turned m with long right leg\\ +\D{'67} &\B{nj} &n with leftward hook at left\\ +\D{'70} &\B{eng} &eng\\ +\D{'71} &\B{tailn} &n with right tail\\ +\D{'72} &\B{scn} &small capital N\\ +\D{'73} &\B{clickb} &bull's eye\\ +\D{'74} &\B{baro} &barred o\\ +\D{'75} &\B{openo} &open o\\ +\D{'76} &\B{niomega} &non-italic lowercase greek omega\\ +\D{'77} &\B{closedniomega} &closed omega\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newpage +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} +\hline +\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ +\hline\hline +Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ +Code& & Name & Name\\ +\hline +\D{'100} &\B{oo} &double o\\ +\D{'101} &\B{barp} &barred p\\ +\D{'102} &\B{thorn} þ\\ +\D{'103} &\B{niphi} &non-italic lowercase greek phi\\ +\D{'104} &\B{flapr} &fish hook r\\ +\D{'105} &\B{legr} &r with long leg\\ +\D{'106} &\B{tailr} &r with right tail\\ +\D{'107} &\B{invr} &turned r\\ +\D{'110} &\B{tailinvr} &turned r with right tail\\ +\D{'111} &\B{invlegr} &turned long-legged r\\ +\D{'112} &\B{scr} &small capital R\\ +\D{'113} &\B{invscr} &inverted small capital R\\ +\D{'114} &\B{tails} &s with right tail\\ +\D{'115} &\B{esh} &esh\\ +\D{'116} &\B{curlyesh} &curly-tail esh\\ +\D{'117} &\B{nisigma} &non-italic lowercase greek sigma\\ +\D{'120} &\B{tailt} &t with right tail\\ +\D{'121} &\B{tesh} &t-esh ligature\\ +\D{'122} &\B{clickt} &turned t\\ +\D{'123} &\B{nitheta} &non-italic lowercase greek theta\\ +\D{'124} &\B{baru} &barred u\\ +\D{'125} &\B{slashu} &slashed u\\ +\D{'126} &\B{niupsilon} &non-italic lowercase greek upsilon\\ +\D{'127} &\B{scu} &small capital U\\ +\D{'130} &\B{barscu} &barred small capital U\\ +\D{'131} &\B{scriptv} &script v\\ +\D{'132} &\B{invw} &inverted w\\ +\D{'133} &\B{nichi} &non-italic lowercase greek chi\\ +\D{'134} &\B{invy} &turned y\\ +\D{'135} &\B{scy} &small capital Y\\ +\D{'136} &\B{curlyz} &curly-tail z\\ +\D{'137} &\B{tailz} &z with right tail\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newpage +\begin{center} +\begin{tabular}{|l|c|l|l|} +\hline +\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{\bf WSUIPA Characters}\\ +\hline\hline +Char&Char&{\sc IPAMACS}&{\sc Pullum \&\ Ladusaw}\\ +Code& & Name & Name\\ +\hline +\D{'140} &\B{yogh} &yogh\\ +\D{'141} &\B{curlyyogh} &curly-tail yogh\\ +\D{'142} &\B{glotstop} &glottal stop\\ +\D{'143} &\B{revglotstop} &reversed glottal stop\\ +\D{'144} &\B{invglotstop} &inverted glottal stop\\ +\D{'145} &\B{ejective} &ejective\\ +\D{'146} &\B{reveject} &reversed ejective\\ +\D{'147} &\B{dental{\char'043}1} &subscript bridge\\ +\D{'150} &\B{stress} &vertical stroke (superior)\\ +\D{'151} &\B{secstress} &vertical stroke (inferior)\\ +\D{'152} &\B{syllabic} &syllabicity mark\\ +\D{'153} &\B{corner} &corner\\ +\D{'154} &\B{upt} &IPA pointer\\ +\D{'155} &\B{downt} &IPA pointer\\ +\D{'156} &\B{leftt} &IPA pointer\\ +\D{'157} &\B{rightt} &IPA pointer\\ +\D{'160} &\B{halflength} &half-length mark\\ +\D{'161} &\B{length} &length mark\\ +\D{'162} &\B{underdots} &subscript umlaut\\ +\D{'163} &\B{ain} &reversed apostrophe\\ +\D{'164} &\B{upp} &pointer\\ +\D{'165} &\B{downp} &pointer\\ +\D{'166} &\B{leftp} &pointer\\ +\D{'167} &\B{rightp} &pointer\\ +\D{'170} &\B{overring} &over-ring\\ +\D{'171} &\B{underring} &under-ring\\ +\D{'172} &\B{open} &subscript left half-ring\\ +\D{'173} &\B{midtilde} &superimposed (mid-) tilde\\ +\D{'174} &\B{undertilde} &subscript tilde\\ +\D{'175} &\B{underwedge} &subscript wedge\\ +\D{'176} &\B{polishhook} &polish hook\\ +\D{'177} &\B{underarch} &subscript arch\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{center} +\newpage +\flushbottom + + +\section{Using the {\tt{}ipa.sty} Style File} + +In addition to the necessary font-related files, the \wsu\ font +package also includes a file called {\ipas.STY}. This is a macro style +file which supports \LaTeX\ under NFSS (new font selection scheme). It +greatly simplifies the usage of new font as it will be seen in this +section. The file also defines mnemonics for simpler usage of +characters from a new font. They are the same as ones given in tables +in the previous section. + +If you are using IPA font all what you need to do is to mention \ipas\ +style file in the header of your \LaTeX\ source. For example: +% +\begin{verbatim} +\documentstyle[ipa]{article} +\end{verbatim} + +The \ipas\ style file defines a new font family \B{ipa}, but you +don't need to know this, because you will use it only through the +mnemonics. + +Because the new font is installed under NFSS, the system will also +always choose the correct shape, series, and size whenever you wish to +use it. For example: +% +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a +fricative corresponding to a ``hushing'' sound, +e.g., IPA [\esh] (more technically, a grooved +laminal fricative with a sign {\large\bf \esh}.). +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +% +which will print as: +% +\begin{quote} +A shibilant is a term occasionally found for a +fricative corresponding to a ``hushing'' sound, +e.g., IPA [\esh] (more technically, a grooved +laminal fricative with a sign {\large\bf \esh}.). +\end{quote} +% +or even +% +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +\dots which is the case in the aforementioned +instances, however, {\large\bf we get the other +retroflex consonants: +[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. They +are printed {\small\sl also as +[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +% +will print as, +% +\begin{quote} +\dots which is the case in the aforementioned +instances, however, {\bf\large we get the +other retroflex consonants: +[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. They +are printed {\sl\small also as +[\nj], [\taill], [\taild], and [\tailr]}. +\end{quote} +% +% +This means that you can freely change sizes, series, shapes and fonts +(assuming that there exists a wanted font -- note however, that IPA +font comes only in bold extended and medium series, and in normal and +slanted shape.) + +A number of \wsu\ diacritics can be used on top or the bottom of other +characters. To handle this \ipas\ provides two macros: \B{diatop} and +\B{diaunder}. The first one (\B{diatop}) has the syntax: +% +\begin{center} +\verb+\diatop[diacritics|character]+ +\end{center} +% +It takes one argument which is delimited by square brackets ([]) +rather than curly braces, and has two parts.\footnote{From the \LaTeX\ +perspective more correctly would be to use curly braces (\{\}) instead +of square brackets ([]), but we left the square brackets to remain +compatible with the previous versions of the \ipam\ file.} +% +The first part of the argument is delimited, or separated, from the +second part by a vertical bar ($\vert$). The macro \B{diatop} puts the +first part of the argument over the second. + +Using \B{diatop} we can put a ring over another character by, +% +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +The overring may be used over letters with descenders +as an alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, +e.g. [\diatop[\overring|g]]. +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +% +and the output would be, +% +\begin{quote} +The overring may be used over letters with descenders as an +alternative to under-ring to indicate devoicing, e.g. +[\diatop[\overring|g]]. +\end{quote} + +The \B{diatop} macro also allows placement more than one character +stacked over another character. For example, +% +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +For a really special \diatop[{\diatop[\'|\overring]}|n] +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +% +will print as: +% +\begin{quote} +For a really special \diatop[{\diatop[\'|\overring]}|n] +\end{quote} +% +Notice the use of curly braces to group the argument of the first \B{diatop} +when more than one \B{diatop} command is used. + +The second macro (\B{diaunder}) has a similar syntax: +% +\begin{center} +\verb+\diaunder[diacritics|character]+ +\end{center} +% +As \B{diatop} it also takes one argument which is delimited by square +brackets, and has two parts separated by a vertical bar ($\vert$). It +puts the first part of the argument under the second. + +Using \B{diaunder} we can put \underring under r as in: +% +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +A voiceless trilled r \diaunder[\underring|r] +in certain Scottish dialects. +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +% +which will print as: +% +\begin{quote} +A voiceless trilled r \diaunder[\underring|r] +in certain Scottish dialects. +\end{quote} +% + +Furthermore, it is also possible to get one or more accents over a +character and another accent or character under it. For example: +% +\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} +This is a really, really special +\diatop[\overring|{\diaunder[\underring|r]}] +\end{verbatim}\end{quote} +% +will print as: +% +\begin{quote} +This is a really, really special +\diatop[\overring|{\diaunder[\underring|r]}] +\end{quote} + +\section{Historical remarks} + +The first version of this manual was written by W.\ Antweiler of the +University of Cologne Computing Centre, Robert-Koch-Str.\ 10, D-5000 +K\"{o}ln 41, Germany, e-mail: {\tt a0062@uvax.rrz.uni-koeln.de}. This +manual did not include information about the original author. All +fonts along with the \TeX-macros and the original manual can be +retrieved via anonymous ftp from {\tt ymir.claremont.edu}. + +The next version consisted of a changed manual and new \LaTeX\ style +file {\tt ipa.sty}, which supported NFSS. The style file was based on +previous \TeX-macros. It with an accompanying WSUIPA manual was +prepared by Andrej Brodnik (Andy) of the University of Waterloo, +Department of Computer Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, +Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada, e-mail: {\tt abrodnik@uwaterloo.ca}. + +This version of the manual is almost the same as the previous one, +only style file was upgraded for \LaTeX\ NFSS2. They were prepared by +Denis Roegel of CRIN (Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Nancy), +F-54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France, e-mail: {\tt roegel@loria.fr} +and Andrej Brodnik. + +\end{document} + + |