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-
-\section Tables in examples
-
-\begininventory
-\macros* \idx{|\hwit|}\endmc
-\endinventory
-Most of the difficulty of formatting example displays which
-contain tables comes from formatting the table itself. This
-manual will not teach the reader how to use \Tex\ to format
-tables. It will be assumed that the reader knows how to use the
-\Tex\ primitive |\halign| or the \LaTex\ macros based on
-|\halign|. But this section might contribute something to
-understanding how to use the table making tools in linguistics
-examples.
-
-Many tabular examples have the form
-
-\def\goop{\enspace\dots\enspace}
-\codedisplay
-\ex \vtop{\halign{|goop}}\xe
-|endcodedisplay
-
-For example:
-
-\framedisplay
-\ex
-\vtop{\halign{#\hfil&& \qquad #\hfil\cr
-baudh& bu-baudh& know, wake\cr
-smai& si-smai& smile\cr
-suap& su-suap& sleep\cr
-miaks& mi-miaks& glitter\cr
-auc& u-auc& please\cr
-}}
-\xe
-\endframedisplay
-
-\codedisplay
-\ex \vtop{\halign{%
-#\hfil&& \qquad #\hfil\cr
-baudh& bu-baudh& know, wake\cr
-smai& si-smai& smile\cr
-suap& su-suap& sleep\cr
-miaks& mi-miaks& glitter\cr
-auc& u-auc& please\cr
-}}\xe|endcodedisplay
-
-A more elaborate version of (\lastx), with a title and labeled
-columns, is given below. |\hwit| is described below.
-
-\framedisplay
-\ex The perfect stems of some roots with a
-high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip
-\quad\vbox{\halign{%
-#\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr
-\hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}&
- \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr
-\noalign{\smallskip}
-baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr
-smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr
-suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr
-miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr
-auc& u-auc& `please'\cr
-}}\xe
-\endframedisplay
-
-\codedisplay~
-\ex The perfect stems of some roots with a
-high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip
-\quad\vbox{\halign{%
-#\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr
-\hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}&
- \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr
-\noalign{\smallskip}
-baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr
-smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr
-suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr
-miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr
-auc& u-auc& `please'\cr
-}}\xe |endcodedisplay
-%
-|\hwit| (hidewidth italics) inserts the italicized
-label into the alignment in such a way that it is centered over
-the nonwhite portion of the column it heads. It hangs over
-equally on both sides if necessary. Hiding the width of column
-labels is often important so that the column labels do not affect
-the column widths.
-
-|\par\nobreak| appears after the title so that page breaking does
-not detach the title from the table that follows.
-
-\subsection Tables with labeled lines
-
-\begininventory
-\macros \idx{|\labels[]|}, \idx{|\tl|}, \idx{|\nl|}\endmc
-\endinventory
-If reference must be made to particular lines in (\lastx), the
-lines need labels of some sort. One approach is to explicitly
-enter the line labels a--e:
-
-\framedisplay
-\ex The perfect stems of some roots with a
-high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip
-\quad\vbox{\halign{%
-#\hfil& \quad #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr
-& \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}&
- \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr
-\noalign{\smallskip}
-a.& baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake\cr
-b.& smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr
-c.& suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr
-d.& miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr
-e.& auc& u-auc& `please'\cr
-}}\xe
-\endframedisplay
-
-\codedisplay
-\ex The perfect stems of some roots with a
-high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip
-\quad\vbox{\halign{%
-#\hfil& \quad #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr
-& \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}&
- \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr
-\noalign{\smallskip}
-a.& baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr
-b.& smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr
-c.& suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr
-d.& miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr
-e.& auc& u-auc& `please'\cr
-}}\xe |endcodedisplay
-
-\noindent If a line is deleted or added, or if lines are
-interchanged for some reason, considerable relabeling may be
-required.
-
-\ExPex\ provides some macros which simplify this code and make
-it easier to manipulate. They are used in the alternate code for
-(\lastx) below and described below. |\labels| initializes
-the counter |\pexcnt|, which is then used to generate the labels.
-It also activates the macros |\tl| (table label) and
-|\nl| (no label). |\tl| inserts the appropriate label, with
-following period, and increments the counter. |\nl| abbreviates
-|\omit\hfil|, so that it can be used to prevent the appearance of
-a label in a cell. |\labels| takes parameters, so you can say
-things like |\labels[labeltype=caps,everylabel=\it]|. Of course,
-these parameters can also be set at the |\ex| level, if desired, or
-even globally.
-
-\codedisplay
-\ex The perfect stems of some roots with a
-high vowel in their nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip
-\quad\vbox{\labels\halign{%
-\tl #\hfil& #\hfil& \quad #\hfil&& \hskip3em #\hfil\cr
-\nl & \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}&
- \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr
-\noalign{\smallskip}
-& baudh& bu-baudh& `know, wake'\cr
-& smai& si-smai& `smile'\cr
-& suap& su-suap& `sleep'\cr
-& miaks& mi-miaks& `glitter'\cr
-& auc& u-auc& `please'\cr
-}}\xe |endcodedisplay
-
-The advantages of implicit line label insertion should be
-obvious. One often decides to insert another entry, or to delete
-an entry. If the labels are inserted explicitly, this usually
-requires changing multiple labels. If the table has many lines,
-this is particularly onerous. References in the text to
-particular lines also need to changed to match the new labeling.
-We will see below that lines in tables can be named and reference
-made by name, using implicit line numbering.
-
-\subsection Tagging implicit labels in tables
-
-\sidx{|\deftaglabel|, in tables}
-|\deftaglabel| can be used to associate a tag with a label that is
-introduced into a table by |\tl|~(``table label''). |\tl| can
-also read an optional tag using the |<|\dots|>| mechanism.
-
-\codedisplay
-\ex<Washo>
-\vtop{\labels\halign{\tl #\hfil&& \quad #\hfil\cr
-\nl & \hwit{Root}& \hwit{Plural}& \hwit{Gloss}\cr
-& baloxat& baloxaxat& bows\cr
-& moya& moyaya& shoulder\cr
-<A>& nent'us& net'unt'us& old women\cr
-<B>& mokgo& mogokgo& shoes\cr
-}}
-\xe
-Examples (\getfullref{Washo.A}) and (\getfullref{Washo.B}) are the most
-complex, and therefore the most revealing. Examples
-(\getref{Washo}\getref{Washo.A},\getref{Washo.B}) are the most complex,
-and therefore the most revealing.
-|endcodedisplay
-
-\framedisplay~[fdcorrect=top]
-\ex<Washo>
-\vtop{\labels\halign{\tl #\hfil&& \quad #\hfil\cr
-\nl & \hwit{Root}& \hwit{Plural}& \hwit{Gloss}\cr
-& baloxat& baloxaxat& bows\cr
-& moya& moyaya& shoulder\cr
-\deftaglabel{A}& nent'us& net'unt'us& old women\cr
-\deftaglabel{B}& mokgo& mogokgo& shoes\cr
-}}\xe
-Examples (\getfullref{Washo.A}) and (\getfullref{Washo.B}) are
-the most complex, and therefore the most revealing.
-Examples (\getref{Washo}\getref{Washo.A},\getref{Washo.B}) are
-the most complex, and therefore the most revealing.
-\endframedisplay
-\medskip
-\noindent
-
-\subsection Some useful table making tools
-
-\begininventory
-\macros* % \idx{|\lingdima|}, \idx{|\lingdimb|}, \idx{|\lingdimc|},
- \idx{|\tspace|}|[]|, \idx{|\crs|}\endmc
-\parameters
-\idx{|dima|\user}& dimension& \textdim{2.4 em}\cr
-\idx{|dimb|\user}& dimension& (not set)\cr
-\idx{|dimc|\user}& dimension& (not set)\cr
-\idx{|crskip|}& skip& \textdim{1.2 ex}\cr
-\endinventory
-%
-Tables often need considerable adjustment in order to
-balance the needs of readability, space limitations, and matching
-the typographic structure to the conceptual structure.
-Sometimes this requires a delicate balancing act. \ExPex\
-provides three parameters (scratch dimensions) |dima|, |dimb|,
-and |dimc|, and corresponding macros which expand to their
-settings, which can be used for this. Additionally,
-|\tspace[«key»]| expands to |\hskip\ling«tag»|, so that
-horizontal skip like |\tspace[dima]| or |\tspace[textoffset]| can
-be easily used in table construction. The code for (\lastx)
-could be written:
-
-\codedisplay
-\ex[textoffset=1em,dima=1em,dimb=3em]
-The perfect stems of some roots with a high vowel in their
-nucleus\par\nobreak\medskip
-\tspace[dima]\vbox{\labels\halign{%
-\tl #\hfil& \tspace[textoffset]#\hfil&& \tspace[dimb]#\hfil\cr
-\nl & \hfil\hwit{root}& \hfil\hwit{perfect stem}&
- \hfil\hwit{gloss}\cr |endcodedisplay
-\removelastskip\vskip-1ex
-$\vdots$
-\bigskip
-
-\noindent Localizing all the parameters which might need
-adjustment in the optional argument of |\ex| helps organize the
-adjustment process.
-
-If no optional argument is supplied to |\tspace|, it expands to
-|\hskip\lingdima|.
-
-The macro |\crs| and command key |crskip| are
-provided to assist in fine tuning the vertical spacing inside an
-alignment. |\ling@crskip| expands to the setting of |crskip|, and
-
-\exfrag |\crs|\quad $\to$\quad |\cr \noalign{\vskip\ling@crskip}|
-\xe
-
-\subsection Tables that can break between pages
-
-\begininventory
-\macros \idx{|\exdisplay[]|}, \idx{|\noexno|}, \idx{|\exnoprint|},
- \idx{|\crnb|}\endmc
-\endinventory
-Up to this point, only tables that are typeset in a vbox have
-been considered. The \Tex\ page breaking algorithm does not
-split a box between pages. Sometimes, an especially tall table
-is needed and one has the choice of floating the table to the top
-of the next page (using \Tex's |\topinsert|) or constructing a
-breakable table. The latter choice is often preferable and can
-be implemented using \Tex's primitive |\halign|.
-
-The example number must be part of the |\halign|, not inserted by
-|\ex|. |\exdisplay| is designed to accommodate an unboxed
-|\halign|. Like |\ex|, |\exdisplay| must be closed by |\xe|.
-|\exdisplay| \dots|\xe| is just like |\ex| \dots|\xe| except that
-an example number is not printed and the horizontal dimensions
-|\numoffset| and |\textoffset| are irrelevant. |aboveexskip| and
-|belowexskip| play the same role, paragraph indentation is
-cancelled, |\lingeveryex| and |\lingEveryex| are executed, and
-|\excnt| is advanced.
-
-|\noexno| is provided in case the user wants to use |\exdisplay|
-for something other than a numbered example. It cancels the
-automatic advancement of |\excnt|. You can say
-|\exdisplay|\idx{|\noexno|}\ or |\exdisplay[« \dots»]\noexno| to
-cancel |\excnt| advancement.
-
-Now consider the `tall display' (\nextx). It is sufficiently
-tall that it either must be put in an insertion or typeset so
-that it can be split by a page break.
-
-\exdisplay[labeloffset=2em,dima=2em,dimb=1em,dimc=-.8em]
-\def\\#1-{{\bf #1}-}%
-\labels
-\openup1pt
-\halign{%
- #\tspace[labeloffset]\hfil& % example number
- #\tl\tspace[textoffset]\hfil& % line label
- #\tspace \hfil& % root
- #\tspace \hfil& % perfect stem
- `#'\hfil\cr % gloss
-(\the\excnt)& \omit\tspace[dimc] High vowel in the nucleus of the
- root\hidewidth\crnb
-& \nl & \hwit{root}& \hwit{perfect stem}&
- \omit\tspace\hwit{gloss}\crnb
-&& baudh& \\bu-baudh& know, wake\cr
-&& stau& \\tu-stau& praise\cr
-&& smai& \\si-smai& smile\cr
-\noalign{\exbreak}
-&& suap& \\su-suap& sleep\cr
-&& miaks& \\mi-miaks& glitter\cr
-&& auc& \\u-auc& please\cr
-\noalign{\exbreak\smallskip}
-& \omit\tspace[dimc] No high vowel in the nucleus of the
- root\hidewidth\crnb
-&& suaj& \\sa-suaj& embrace\cr
-&& krand& \\ka-krand& cry out\cr
-\noalign{\exbreak}
-&& skand& \\ka-skand& leap\cr
-&& mard& \\ma-mard& rub, crush\cr
-&& mnaa& \\ma-mnaa& note\cr
-}\xe
-
-The example number in the code below is inserted by
-|\exnoprint|, which is how |\ex| inserts example numbers.
-If, by the way, you don't like the way example numbers are
-inserted (surrounded by parentheses), you can redefine
-|\exnoprint|. The code uses |\crnb|, which expands to
-|\cr\noalign{\par\nobreak}|, to prevent a page
-break between a heading and the remainder of the table which
-follows. Page breaks are encouraged by |\exbreak| at a few points
-where it is judged that the logic of the table can tolerate it.
-|\exbreak| encourages a page break at the cost of allowing a
-certain amount of white space at the bottom of the broken
-page.\footnote{See page \getref{exbreakpage} for a more complete
-discussion of |\exbreak|. The amount of encouragement and the amount of
-whitespace are parametrized.}
-A
-negative horizontal skip |\tspace[dimc]| is used to highlight the
-subheadings (and to show the reader that it is a possibility, if
-you need it).
-
-\vbox{\codedisplay
-\exdisplay[labeloffset=2em,dima=2em,dimb=1em,dimc=-.8em]
-\def\\#1-{{\bf #1}-}%
-\labels
-\openup1pt
-\halign{%
- #\tspace[labeloffset]\hfil& % example number
- #\tl\tspace[textoffset]\hfil& % line label
- #\tspace \hfil& % root
- #\tspace \hfil& % perfect stem
- `#'\hfil\cr % gloss
-(\the\excnt)& \omit\tspace[dimc] High vowel in the nucleus of the
- root\hidewidth\crnb
-& \nl & \hwit{root}& \hwit{perfect stem}&
- \omit\tspace\hwit{gloss}\crnb
-&& baudh& \\bu-baudh& know, wake\cr
-&& stau& \\tu-stau& praise\cr
-&& smai& \\si-smai& smile\cr
-\noalign{\exbreak}
-&& suap& \\su-suap& sleep\cr
-&& miaks& \\mi-miaks& glitter\cr
-&& auc& \\u-auc& please\cr
-\noalign{\exbreak\smallskip}
-& \omit\tspace[dimc] No high vowel in the nucleus of the
- root\hidewidth\crnb
-&& suaj& \\sa-suaj& embrace\cr
-&& krand& \\ka-krand& cry out\cr|par|nobreak
-\noalign{\exbreak}|par|nobreak
-&& skand& \\ka-skand& leap\cr|par|nobreak
-&& mard& \\ma-mard& rub, crush\cr|par|nobreak
-&& mnaa& \\ma-mnaa& note\cr|par|nobreak
-}\xe |endcodedisplay
-\vskip-2ex}
-
-\subsection Squeezing tables into tight places
-
-Foregoing |\ex| and directly using |\halign| inside |\exdisplay|
-\dots|\xe| has other uses besides constructing tables in numbered
-examples which can be broken between pages. The technique is
-also sometimes useful in fitting a table in a numbered example
-into a narrow page width. The table below was constructed to fit
-on a page of width $4.3\,\rm in$, with no room to spare. It gives
-the present indicative conjunction of the Sanskrit verb root {\sl
-dve\.s\kern.6pt/dvi\.s\/} `hate'.
-
-\framedisplay
-\hsize=4.3in
-\exdisplay[dima=.5em,dimb=.4em,textoffset=.5em]
-\def\\#1{$\acute{\hbox{\=#1}}$}%
-\tabskip=0pt
-\openup.4ex
-\halign to \hsize{\tspace[dima]#\tspace[textoffset]\hfil&
- #\hfil\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil&
- #\hfil& #\hfil& \tspace[dimb]#\hfil&
- #\hfil & #\hfil\tabskip=0pt\cr
-\omit\exnoprint\hidewidth&
- \multispan6 \hwit{Present Indicative}\crnb
-&\multispan3 \hwit{active}& \multispan3 \hwit{middle}\cr
-& \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}&
- \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}\cr
-\it 1& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-mi& dvi\.s-v\'as& dvi\.s-m\'as&
- dvi\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-v\'ahe& dvi\.s-m\'ahe\cr
-\it 2& {\bf dv\'ek}-\.si& dvi\.s-\.th\'as& dvi\.s-\.th\'a&
- dvik\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-\\athe& dvi\.d-\.dhv\'e\cr
-\it 3& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-\.ti& dvi\.s-\.t\'as& dvi\.s-\'anti&
- dvi\.s-\.t\'e& dvi\.s-\\ate& dvi\.s-\'ate\cr
-}
-\xe
-\endframedisplay
-
-Assuming that the page width has been set to $4.3\,\rm in$
-(|\hsize=4.3in|), the following code produces (\lastx), which is
-precisely $4.3\,\rm in$ wide.
-
-\codedisplay
-\exdisplay[dima=.5em,dimb=.4em,textoffset=.5em]
-\def\\#1{$\acute{\hbox{\=#1}}$}%
-\tabskip=0pt
-\openup.4ex
-\halign to \hsize{\tspace[dima]#\tspace[textoffset]\hfil&
- #\hfil\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil&
- #\hfil& #\hfil& \tspace[dimb]#\hfil&
- #\hfil & #\hfil\tabskip=0pt\cr
-\omit\exnoprint\hidewidth&
- \multispan6 \hwit{Present Indicative}\crnb
-&\multispan3 \hwit{active}& \multispan3 \hwit{middle}\cr
-& \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}&
- \hwit{sg}& \hwit{du}& \hwit{pl}\cr
-\it 1& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-mi& dvi\.s-v\'as& dvi\.s-m\'as&
- dvi\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-v\'ahe& dvi\.s-m\'ahe\cr
-\it 2& {\bf dv\'ek}-\.si& dvi\.s-\.th\'as& dvi\.s-\.th\'a&
- dvik\.s-\'e& dvi\.s-\\athe& dvi\.d-\.dhv\'e\cr
-\it 3& {\bf dv\'e\.s}-\.ti& dvi\.s-\.t\'as& dvi\.s-\'anti&
- dvi\.s-\.t\'e& dvi\.s-\\ate& dvi\.s-\'ate\cr
-}
-\xe
-|endcodedisplay
-
-
-