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+% bsample.tex Samples of archaic fonts
+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage{protosem}
+\usepackage{phoenician}
+\usepackage{greek6cbc}
+\usepackage{greek4cbc}
+\usepackage{etruscan}
+\usepackage{runic}
+\usepackage{linearb}
+\usepackage{cypriot}
+\usepackage{hieroglf}
+\usepackage{ugarite}
+\usepackage{oldprsn}
+\usepackage{oands}
+
+%\newcommand{\ABC}{ABCDEFGHIJKL MNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}
+\newcommand{\abc}{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}
+
+\newcommand{\BC}{\textsc{bc}}
+\newcommand{\AD}{\textsc{ad}}
+
+\title{Archaic Font Sampler}
+\author{Peter Wilson\\ \texttt{peter.r.wilson@boeing.com}}
+\date{23 September 2000}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\tableofcontents
+
+\clearpage
+\section{Introduction}
+
+ This document provides some samples of archaic fonts. They are
+available from CTAN in the \texttt{fonts/archaic} directory. The fonts
+form a set that display how the Latin alphabet and script evolved from the
+initial Proto-Semitic script until Roman times.
+
+ The fonts consist of letters only --- punctuation had not been invented
+during this period, neither, effectively, had numerals. The fonts are all
+single-cased. Upper- and lower-case letters were again only invented after
+the end of this period.
+
+ Other fonts are also available for some scripts that were not on the
+main alphabetic tree. The period covered by the scripts is from about
+3000~\BC{} to the Middle Ages.
+
+ For some of the scripts transliterations into the Latin alphabet can
+be automatically generated by the accompanying LaTeX packages.
+
+\clearpage
+
+
+\section{Proto-Semitic}
+
+ Around 1600~\BC{} there were alphabetic scripts in use in the Middle East
+that are variously called Proto-Siniatic, Proto-Canaanite, etc. I
+have lumped these together into a Proto-Semitic font. Several
+of the signs in this alphabet are obviously derived from Egyptian
+Hieroglyphs, and it may have been a precursor to the Phoenician script.
+
+ The alphabet consisted of 23 letters, some of which had alternate
+forms. Writing was generally from left to right, but could be vertical
+or in other directions.
+
+ The font and package are in the \texttt{protosem} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\protofamily
+abgdzewhiyklmnopuvqrsxt
+\end{center}
+
+
+\section{Phoenician}
+
+ The Phoenician alphabetic script dates from about 1000~\BC.
+The Phoenecians wrote right to left. The script is provided in both a
+left to right and a right to left form. The alphabet consisted of
+22 letters. The font provided actually includes a 23rd letter as
+the \textit{vau} character had two forms: \textphnc{V} and \textphnc{F}.
+
+ The font and package are in the \texttt{phoenician} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\phncfamily
+ABGDEFVZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OP\Tsade QRST \\
+tsrq\tsade po\tXi nmlki\tTheta hzvfedgba
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Greek}
+
+ The Greeks used the Phoenician script and alphabet as a basis for their
+own writing. In the earliest times the Greeks used to alternate the writing
+direction for successive lines, but later settled down to writing left to
+right. Two forms of the Greek script are provided.
+
+The earlier one is representative of about the sixth century~\BC, when the
+Greek alphabet consisted of 26 letters.
+ The font and package are in the \texttt{greek6cbc} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\gvibcfamily
+ABGDEFZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OPQRSTUX\TPhi\TPsi\TOmega
+\end{center}
+
+ The later script is representative of the fourth century~\BC, when the
+alphabet had been reduced to the 24 letters in use today.
+ The font and package are in the \texttt{greek4cbc} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\givbcfamily
+ABGDEZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OPRSTUX\TPhi\TPsi\TOmega
+%%abgdezh\tTheta iklmn\tXi oprstux\tPhi\tPsi\tOmega
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Etruscan}
+
+ The Etruscans, who were the precursors of the Romans in Italy, based their
+alphabet and script on the Phoenician and Greek models. Like the Phoenicians,
+they wrote right to left. In their turn, the Romans based their alphabet on
+the Etruscan one, but they wrote left to right and provided the forms of
+our capital letters.
+
+ The script is provided in both a left to right and a right to left form
+and is representative of about the eighth century~\BC.
+ The font and package are in the \texttt{etruscan} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\etrfamily
+ABGDEFZH\TTheta IKLMN\TXi OP\Tsade QRSTUX\TPhi\TPsi 8\\
+8\tPsi\tPhi xutsrq\tsade po\tXi nmlki\tTheta hzfedgba
+\end{center}
+
+
+\section{Runic}
+
+ The \textit{futharc} alphabetic script
+(named, like ours, after the first few letters)
+was a script used in Northern Europe until after the Middle Ages, when it
+died out after printing was invented. It has glyphs that are reminiscent of
+some of those in the other scripts shown here, but some are wildly different.
+I have included it because it has the \textit{wen} character, \textfut{W},
+which is the first appearance of a character for the `W' sound. Also, it
+has the \textit{ger} character, \textfut{J}, which corresponds to the modern
+`J' sound --- `J' did not appear in the Latin alphabet until about the mid
+1500's.
+
+ The Anglo-Saxon version of the font and package are in the \texttt{runic}
+subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\futfamily
+FU\Fthorn ARKGWHNIJYPXSTBEML\Fng DO
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Hieroglyphics}
+
+ Hieroglyphics were used by the Egyptians from about 3000~\BC{} to
+400~\AD. The script is partly a consonantal alphabet, a syllabary,
+and logograms. There are approximately 6000 known different
+hieroglyphs, but less than 1000 were in use at any one time.
+
+ The hieroglf package provides about 60 hieroglyphs, enough to
+write a few names, like Cleopatra or Ptolemy. Serge Rosmorduc's
+hieroglyphic package is for serious Egyptologists and provides about
+600 hieroglyphs.
+
+ The hieroglf package, which is in the \texttt{hieroglf} subdirectory and
+which requires the oands package, includes the following hieroglyphs:
+
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
+\pmhgfamily
+a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
++ ? / | \Hms\ Hibp\ \Hibw\ \Hibs\ \Hibl\ \Hsv
+\end{center}
+
+ The package can also be used for hieroglyphs within either
+horizontal or vertical cartouches. The three below are the
+names Cleopatra, Caesar and Alexander.
+
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
+\Cartouche{\pmglyph{K:l-i-o-p-a-d:r-a}}
+\Vertouche{\pmvglyph{k:y:S:l:S}}
+\Cartouche{\pmglyph{a-l:k-s-i-n:d-r:S}}
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Linear B}
+
+ The \textit{Linear B} script was a syllabary that was used during the
+approximate period between 1600 and 1200~\BC{} for writing the Mycenaean Greek
+dialect. Most examples of the script come from Crete, and in particular from
+Knossos. The script was deciphered in 1953 by Michael Ventris with assistance
+from John Chadwick.
+
+ The script consists of some 60 basic signs, 16 optional signs, and about
+11 signs that have yet to be deciphered. The script also had signs for numbers
+(1--1000), and signs for various kinds of weights and measures. There were
+also sets of signs for different kinds of trade goods, such as pots or wool.
+Although Linear B was used for writing Greek, there is no other relationship
+between this ancient script and the Greek alphabet.
+
+ The Metafont script includes only the basic, optional, unidentified,
+and number signs. The font and package are in the \texttt{linearb}
+subdirectory. The basic signs are illustrated below.
+
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
+\linbfamily
+a e i o u
+d D f g x
+j J b L
+k K c h v
+m M y A B
+n N C E F
+p P G H I
+q Q X 8
+r R O U V
+s S Y 1 2
+t T 3 4 5
+w W 6 7
+z Z 9
+
+\end{center}
+
+
+\section{Cypriot}
+
+ The \textit{Cypriot} script was a syllabary used in Cyprus during the
+approximate period between 1000 and 200~\BC{} for writing Greek. It has a
+relationship to Linear~B as it includes some of the same signs. Towards
+the end of its life few people could read the script, so inscriptions
+were written using both the syllabary and the Greek alphabetic characters.
+These bilinguals made it relatively easy to decipher the script, a task that
+was essentially completed by the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
+
+ Like Linear B, the Cypriot script has no relationship with the Greek
+alphabet apart from the fact that both can be used for writing the same
+language.
+
+ The script consisted of 55 signs. The Metafont source and package is
+in the \texttt{cypriot} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
+\cyprfamily
+a e i o u
+g
+j b
+k K c h v
+l L d f q
+m M y A B
+n N C E F
+p P G H I
+r R O U V
+s S Y 1 2
+t T 3 4 5
+w W 6 7
+x X z
+9
+
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Ugaritic Cuneiform}
+
+ The first cuneiform scripts appeared around 2800~\BC{} and the last
+recorded use of cuneiform was in 75~\AD.
+
+ The Ugaritic cuneiform script dates from about 1300~\BC{} and
+was alphabetical. The script consisted of 30 letters and a ideographic word
+divider (a short vertical wedge). The Metafont source and package
+is in the \texttt{ugarite} subdirectory.
+
+\begin{center}
+\cugarfamily
+\Ua\ \Ub\ \Ug\ \Uhu\ \Ud\
+\Uh\ \Uw\ \Uz\ \Uhd\ \Utd\
+\Uy\ \Uk\ \Usa\ \Ul\ \Um\
+\Udb\ \Un\ \Uzd\ \Us\ \Ulq\
+\Up\ \Usd\ \Uq\ \Ur\ \Utb\
+\Ugd\ \Ut\ \Ui\ \Uu\ \Usg\
+\Uwd
+\end{center}
+
+ Modern Western transliterations of these glyphs are:
+\begin{center}
+\translitcugar{%
+\Ua\ \Ub\ \Ug\ \Uhu\ \Ud\
+\Uh\ \Uw\ \Uz\ \Uhd\ \Utd\
+\Uy\ \Uk\ \Usa\ \Ul\ \Um\
+\Udb\ \Un\ \Uzd\ \Us\ \Ulq\
+\Up\ \Usd\ \Uq\ \Ur\ \Utb\
+\Ugd\ \Ut\ \Ui\ \Uu\ \Usg\
+\Uwd}
+\end{center}
+
+\section{Old Persian}
+
+ It is believed that the Old Persian cuneiform script was invented on
+the order of the Persian king Darius~I for use on royal monuments.
+The script was only in use between about 500 and 350~\BC.
+
+ Old Persian was a syllabary with 36 glyphs. There were also 5 ideographs,
+some with multiple forms,
+for the words \textit{king}, \textit{country}, \textit{earth}, \textit{god}
+and \textit{Ahuramazda} (the Persian god), together with a word divider.
+Numerals were also represented.
+The Metafont source and package is in the \texttt{ugarite} subdirectory, but
+the numerals are not provided.
+
+\begin{center}
+\copsnfamily
+\Oa\ \Oi\ \Ou\ \Oka\ \Oku\
+\Oxa\ \Oga\ \Ogu\ \Oca\ \Oja\
+\Oji\ \Ota\ \Otu\ \Otha\ \Occa\
+\Oda\ \Odi\ \Odu\ \Ona\ \Onu\
+\Opa\ \Ofa\ \Oba\ \Oma\ \Omi\
+\Omu\ \Oya\ \Ora\ \Oru\ \Ola\
+\Ova\ \Ovi\ \Osa\ \Osva\ \Oza\
+\Oha\
+\Oking\ \Ocountrya\ \Ocountryb\ \Oearth\ \Ogod\
+\OAura\ \OAurb\ \OAurc\
+\Owd
+\end{center}
+
+
+\clearpage
+\section{Transliteration}
+
+ There are generally accepted transliterations of ancient scripts
+into modern alphabetic characters, often with diacritics. The
+OandS font, in subdirectory \texttt{oands}, provides a few odd
+characters needed for these.
+
+ At present, the font consists of only two characters: \textoands{` z}.
+
+ For example, the following hieroglyphs:
+\begin{center}
+\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}
+\pmglyph{\HU\Hw\HL\HJ\Hf-\Hq:\Hvbar-\HR:{\Hr:\Hr}-\Hy-\Ht:\HN-\Hf-\Hn:\Ht-\Hc\Hm\Hv-\HG:\Hvbar-\Hf\HZ\Hw\HV}
+\end{center}
+are transliterated as:
+\begin{center}
+\translitpmhg{\HU\ \HJ.\Hf\ \Hq\ \HR\Hr\Hy\Ht.\Hf\ \Hn\Ht\ \Hc\ \HG.\Hf\ \HZ}
+\end{center}
+and can be translated as:
+\begin{center}
+His Majesty departed upon his chariot of electrum, his heart joyful.
+\end{center}
+
+\newcommand{\xerxes}{%
+ \Oxa\Osva\Oya\Oa\Ora\Osva\Oa\Owd\-% 1
+ \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Owd\-% 2
+ \Ova\Oza\Ora\Oka\Owd\-% 3
+ \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Owd\-% 4
+ \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Oa\Ona\Oa\Oma\Owd\-% 5
+ \Oda\Oa\Ora\Oya\Ova\Oha\Ou\Osva\Owd\-% 6
+ \Oxa\Osva\Oa\Oya\Otha\Oi\Oya\Oha\Oya\Oa\Owd\-% 7
+ \Opa\Ou\Occa\Owd\-% 8
+ \Oha\Oxa\Oa\Oma\Ona\Oi\Osva\Oi\Oya\Owd}
+
+
+ Xerxes had this inscription carved above the doorways of his palace
+at Persepolis:
+\begin{center}
+\textcopsn{\xerxes}
+\end{center}
+which transliterates as:
+\begin{center}
+\translitcopsn{\xerxes}
+\end{center}
+and which, when translated, means:
+\begin{center}
+Xerxes, the great king, the king of kings, the son of Darius the king,
+an Achaemenian.
+\end{center}
+
+
+
+
+\end{document}
+