mandi (16mar16)

git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@40050 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751

5 files changed, 3078 insertions, 1211 deletions

diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/README b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/README
index 38d7260a6c5..1e839c95205 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/README
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/README
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ does not do computations. It only provides commands for typesetting.
 Run  the  file  mandi.dtx  through (pdf)LaTeX to generate mandi.ins, mandi.sty,
 vdemo.py, and mandi.pdf (user documentation). I assume a TeX Live 2011 or later
 distribution is installed.
+
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/mandi.pdf b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/mandi.pdf
index 4d1097fa6d3..30c1c36fc41 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/mandi.pdf
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/mandi/mandi.pdf
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.dtx b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.dtx
index c4a1e12b587..9c5baf6b114 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.dtx
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.dtx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 % \iffalse meta-comment
 % !TEX TS-program = dtxmk
 %
-% Copyright (C) 2014 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
+% Copyright (C) 2016 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
 % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 % This  work may be  distributed and/or modified  under the conditions of the 
 % LaTeX Project Public  License, either  version 1.3  of this  license or (at 
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 %
 % This work consists of the files mandi.dtx
 %                                 README
+%                                 mandi.pdf
 %
 % and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
-%                                 mandi.sty
-%                                 vdemo.py and
-%                                 mandi.pdf.
+%                                 mandi.sty and
+%                                 vdemo.py.
 % ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 %
 % \fi
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 %</internal>
 %
 %<*package>
-\ProvidesPackage{mandi}[2014/12/29 2.4.0 Macros for physics and astronomy]
+\ProvidesPackage{mandi}[2016/03/15 2.5.1 Macros for physics and astronomy]
 \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1999/12/01]
 %</package>
 %
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ while 1:
 \usedir{tex/latex/mandi}
 \preamble
 
-Copyright (C) 2014 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
+Copyright (C) 2016 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 This  work may be  distributed and/or modified  under the conditions of the 
 LaTeX Project Public  License, either  version 1.3  of this  license or (at 
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ The Current Maintainer of this work is Paul J. Heafner.
 
 This work consists of the files mandi.dtx
                                 README
+                                mandi.pdf
 
 and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
-                                mandi.sty
-                                vdemo.py and
-                                mandi.pdf.
+                                mandi.sty and
+                                vdemo.py.
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 \endpreamble
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 \generate{\file{\jobname.sty}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{package}}}
 \generate{\file{\jobname.ins}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{install}}}
 \generate{\usepreamble\empty\usepostamble\empty
-          \file{README.txt}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{readme}}}
+          \file{vdemo.py}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{vdemo}}}
 
 \obeyspaces
 \Msg{*************************************************************}
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 \usedir{tex/latex/mandi}
 \generate{\file{\jobname.ins}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{install}}}
 \generate{\usepreamble\empty\usepostamble\empty
-          \file{README.txt}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{readme}}}
+          \file{vdemo.py}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{vdemo}}}
 \ifx\fmtname\nameofplainTeX
   \expandafter\endbatchfile
 \else
@@ -140,34 +140,31 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 %
 %<*driver>
 \documentclass[10pt]{ltxdoc}
-\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.50in}             % placement of todonotes
-\usepackage{\jobname}                           % load mandi
-\usepackage{parskip}                            % no indents, space between paragraphs
-\usepackage[textwidth=1.0cm]{todonotes}         % allow for todonotes
-\usepackage[left=0.75in,right=1.00in]{geometry} % main documentation
-\usepackage{array,rotating,microtype}           % accessory packages
-\usepackage[listings,documentation]{tcolorbox}  % workhorse package
-\tcbset{index german settings}                  % set index options
+\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0.50in}                 % placement of todonotes
+\usepackage{\jobname}                               % load mandi
+\usepackage{parskip}                                % no indents/space btwn paras
+\usepackage[textwidth=1.0cm]{todonotes}             % allow for todonotes
+\usepackage[left=0.75in,right=1.00in]{geometry}     % main documentation
+\usepackage{array,rotating,microtype}               % accessory packages
+\usepackage[listings,documentation]{tcolorbox}      % workhorse package
+\tcbset{index german settings,color hyperlink=blue} % set index options
+\hypersetup{colorlinks=true}
 \newcommandx{\ntodo}[2][1,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}
     {\todo[size=\footnotesize,fancyline,caption={#2},color=yellow!40]
       {\begin{sideways}#2\end{sideways}}}
     {\todo[size=\footnotesize,fancyline,caption={#1},color=yellow!40]
       {\begin{sideways}#2\end{sideways}}}}
-\DisableCrossrefs                               % index descriptions only
-\PageIndex                                      % index contains page numbers
-\CodelineNumbered                               % number source lines
-\RecordChanges                                  % record changes
-\everymath{\displaystyle}                       % default math style
-%\DeclareMathSizes{10}{18}{12}{8}
-%\DeclareMathSizes{11}{19}{13}{9}
-%\DeclareMathSizes{12}{20}{14}{10}
-\begin{document}                                % main document
+\DisableCrossrefs                                  % index descriptions only
+\PageIndex                                         % index contains page numbers
+\CodelineNumbered                                  % number source lines
+\RecordChanges                                     % record changes
+\begin{document}                                   % main document
   \DocInput{\jobname.dtx}
   \newgeometry{left=1.00in,right=1.00in,top=1.00in,bottom=1.00in}
   \PrintIndex
   \restoregeometry
-\end{document}                                  % end main document
+\end{document}                                     % end main document
 %</driver>
 % \fi
 %
@@ -185,7 +182,7 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 %    package is indexed. There may be commands similar to indexed commands 
 %    described in relevant parts of the documentation.}
 % 
-% \CheckSum{5689}
+% \CheckSum{6069}
 %
 % \CharacterTable
 %  {Upper-case    \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
@@ -220,11 +217,18 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 % \newgeometry{left=1.0in,right=1.0in,top=1.0in,bottom=1.0in}
 %   \tableofcontents
 %   \newpage
-%   \PrintChanges
+%   \phantomsection
 %   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Change History}
+%   \PrintChanges
+%   \newpage
+%   \phantomsection
 %   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Possible Future Enhancements}
 %   \listoftodos[Possible Future Enhancements]
 %   \newpage
+%   \phantomsection
+%   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Program Listings}
+%   \lstlistoflistings
+%   \newpage
 % \restoregeometry
 %
 % \section{Introduction}
@@ -241,17 +245,18 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 % curriculum.} by Ruth Chabay and Bruce Sherwood. The package certainly is rather
 % tightly tied to that textbook but can be used for typesetting any document that
 % requires consistent physics notation. With \mandi\ many complicated expressions
-% can be typeset with just a single command. Great thought has been given to command
-% names and I hope users find the conventions logical and easy to remember.
+% can be typeset with just a single command. Great thought has been given to 
+% command names and I hope users find the conventions logical and easy to remember.
 %
 % There are other underlying philosophies and goals embedded within \mandi, 
 % all of which are summarized here. These philosophies are
 % \begin{itemize}
 %   \item to employ a \textit{type what you think} model for remembering commands
-%   \item to relieve the user of having to explicitly worry about typesetting SI units
+%   \item to relieve the user of having to explicitly worry about typesetting SI 
+%     units
 %   \item to enforce certain concepts that are too frequently merged, such as the 
-%     distinction between a vector quantity and its magnitude (e.g.\ we often use the 
-%     same name for both)
+%     distinction between a vector quantity and its magnitude (e.g.\ we often use 
+%     the same name for both)
 %   \item to enforce consistent terminology in the naming of quantities, with names
 %     that are both meaningful to introductory students and accurate 
 %     (e.g.\ \textit{duration} vs.\ \textit{time})
@@ -262,8 +267,8 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 % benefit physics students.
 %
 % \section{Building From Source}
-% I am assuming the user will use pdf\LaTeX, which creates PDF files as output, to 
-% build the documentation. I have not tested the build with with standard \LaTeX,
+% I am assuming the user will use pdf\LaTeX, which creates PDF files as output, 
+% to build the documentation. I have not tested the build with with standard \LaTeX,
 % which creates DVI files.
 % 
 % \newpage
@@ -271,17 +276,20 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 % To load \mandi\ with its default options, simply put the line |\usepackage{mandi}| 
 % in your document's preamble. To use the package's available options, put the line 
 % |\usepackage|\textbf{[}\opt{options}\textbf{]}|{mandi}| in your document's preamble.
-% There are five available options, with one option being based on the absence of 
+% There are six available options, with one option being based on the absence of 
 % two of the others. The options are described below.
 % \changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Made option names consistent with default behavior.} 
 % \changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added option for boldface vector kernels.}
 % \changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added option for approximate values of constants.}
+% \changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{Removed autosized parentheses in math mode.}
+% \changes{v2.5.0}{2015/12/27}{Added option for radians in certain angular quantities.}
+% \changes{v2.5.1}{2016/03/13}{Fixed errors in build for uploading to CTAN.}
 %
 % \begin{itemize}
-%   \item \opt{boldvectors} gives bold letters for the kernels of vector names. No
-%     arrows are used above the kernel.
-%   \item \opt{romanvectors} gives Roman letters for the kernels of vectors names. An
-%     arrow appears over the kernel.
+%   \item \opt{boldvectors} gives bold letters for the kernels of vector names. 
+%     No arrows are used above the kernel.
+%   \item \opt{romanvectors} gives Roman letters for the kernels of vectors names. 
+%     An arrow appears over the kernel.
 %   \item If neither \opt{boldvectors} nor \opt{romanvectors} is specified (the
 %     default), vectors are displayed with italic letters for the kernels of vector
 %     names and an arrow appears over the kernel.
@@ -291,6 +299,9 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 %   \item \opt{approxconsts} gives approximate values of constants to one or two
 %     significant figures, depending on how they appear in \mi. Otherwise, the most
 %     precise currently available values are used. Precise constants is the default.
+%   \item \opt{useradians} gives radians in the units of angular momentum,
+%     angular impulse, and torque. The default is to not use radians in the units 
+%     of these quantities.
 %   \item \opt{baseunits} causes all units to be displayed in \baseunits\ form, with
 %     SI base units. No solidi (slashes) are used. Positive and negative exponents 
 %     are used to denote powers of various base units.
@@ -299,10 +310,10 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 %     many of these derived units.
 %   \item If neither \opt{baseunits} nor \opt{drvdunits} is specified (the 
 %     default), units are displayed in what I call \tradunits\ form, which
-%     is typically the way they would traditionally appear in textbooks. Units in this
-%     form frequently hide the underlying physical meaning and are probably not best 
-%     pedagogically but are familiar to students and teachers. In this document, the 
-%     default is to use
+%     is typically the way they would traditionally appear in textbooks. Units in 
+%     this form frequently hide the underlying physical meaning and are probably not 
+%     best pedagogically but are familiar to students and teachers. In this document, 
+%     the default is to use
 %       \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optbaseunits}}
 %        {base}
 %        {\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optdrvdunits}}
@@ -313,14 +324,16 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 % \end{itemize}
 %
 % \changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/17}{Now coexists with the \pkgname{commath} package.}
+% \changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{Removed compatibility check for the \pkgname{commath}
+%  package.}
 % \mandi\ coexists with the \pkgname{siunitx} package. While there is some 
 % functional overlap between the two packages, \mandi\ is completely independent of 
 % \pkgname{siunitx}. The two are designed for different purposes and probably also
 % for different audiences, but can be used together if desired. \mandi\ coexists with 
-% the \pkgname{commath} package. If \mandi\ detects that \pkgname{commath} has been 
-% loaded, \pkgname{commath}'s |\abs| command will be used rather than \mandi's. 
-% \mandi\ no longer checks for the presence of the \pkgname{physymb} package. That 
-% package now incorporates \mandi\ dependencies, and the two are completely compatible.
+% the \pkgname{commath} package. There is no longer a conflict because \mandi's 
+% |\abs| command has been renamed to |\absof|. \mandi\ no longer checks for the 
+% presence of the \pkgname{physymb} package. That package now incorporates \mandi\ 
+% dependencies, and the two are completely compatible.
 % \changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/19}{Removed compatibility check for the \pkgname{physymb} 
 % package.}
 %
@@ -342,7 +355,7 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{dispExample}
-\[ K \approx \frac{1}{2}\left(\unit{2}{\kg}\right)\left(\unit{2}{\m\per\s}\right)^2 \]
+\[ K \approx \frac{1}{2}(\unit{2}{\kg})(\unit{2}{\m\per\s})^2 \]
 \end{dispExample}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -419,8 +432,8 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 %
 % There is another persistent problem with introductory physics textbooks, and that 
 % is that many authors do not use consistent notation. Many authors define the
-% notation for a vector's magnitude to be either \magvect{a} or \abs{\vect{a}} in an
-% early chapter, but then completely ignore that notation and simply use \(a\)
+% notation for a vector's magnitude to be either \magvect{a} or \absof{\vect{a}} in 
+% an early chapter, but then completely ignore that notation and simply use \(a\)
 % later in the book. I have never understood the (lack of) logic behind this practice
 % and find it more than annoying. Textbooks authors should know better, and should
 % set a better example for introductory students. I propose that using \mandi\
@@ -431,32 +444,12 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 % document to see everything it can do.
 %
 % \section{Features and Commands}
-% \subsection{Autosized Parentheses}
-% An experimental feature of \mandi\ is autosized parentheses in math mode. This means
-% you need never use |\left(| or |\right)|. Just use unadorned parentheses and they will
-% size correctly. Note that this only works in math mode, only works for parentheses and
-% not for other delimiters.
+% \subsection{Autosized Parentheses Removed}
+% An experimental feature of past \mandi\ versions was autosized parentheses in math
+% mode. This feature has been removed, mostly because parentheses and some other 
+% delimiters have been replaced by commands that leave placeholders if the argument
+% is empty. Autosized parentheses may return in a future version.
 % 
-%\iffalse
-%<*example>
-%\fi
-\begin{dispExample}
-(\oofpezmathsymbol) is how it looks in text mode.
-\end{dispExample}
-%\iffalse
-%</example>
-%\fi
-%
-%\iffalse
-%<*example>
-%\fi
-\begin{dispExample}
-\( (\oofpezmathsymbol) \) is how it looks in math mode.
-\end{dispExample}
-%\iffalse
-%</example>
-%\fi
-%
 % \subsection{SI Base Units and Dimensions}
 % This is not a tutorial on SI units and the user is assumed to be familiar with SI
 % rules and usage. Begin by defining shortcuts for the units for the seven SI base 
@@ -472,7 +465,8 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{m}{}
-  Command for metre, the SI unit of spatial displacement (length).
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metre}{metre}, the SI unit of 
+  spatial displacement (length).
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -482,7 +476,8 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{kg}{}
-  Command for kilogram, the SI unit of mass.
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kilogram}{kilogram}, the SI unit 
+  of mass.
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -492,7 +487,8 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{s}{}
-  Command for second, the SI unit of temporal displacement (duration).
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/second}{second}, the SI unit 
+  of temporal displacement (duration).
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -502,7 +498,8 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{A}{}
-  Command for ampere, the SI unit of electric current.
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ampere}{ampere}, the SI unit 
+  of electric current.
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -512,7 +509,8 @@ Calculate the magnitude of \momentum{\mivector{3,2,5}}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{K}{}
-Command for kelvin, the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature.
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kelvin}{kelvin}, the SI unit 
+  of thermodynamic temperature.
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -522,7 +520,8 @@ Command for kelvin, the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{mol}{}
-Command for mole, the SI unit of amount.
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mole}{mole}, the SI unit of 
+  amount.
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -532,16 +531,17 @@ Command for mole, the SI unit of amount.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{cd}{}
-Command for candela, the SI unit of luminous intensity.
+  Command for \href{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/candela}{candela}, the SI 
+  unit of luminous intensity.
 \end{docCommand}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
 % If \mandi\ was invoked with \opt{baseunits}, then every physical quantity will 
-% have a unit that is some product of powers of these seven base SI units. Exceptions 
-% are angular quantities, which will include either degrees or radians depending upon 
-% the application. Again, this is what we mean by \baseunits\ form.
+% have a unit that is some product of powers of these seven base SI units. 
+% Exceptions are angular quantities, which will include either degrees or radians 
+% depending upon the application. Again, this is what we mean by \baseunits\ form.
 %
 % Certain combinations of the SI base units have nicknames and each such 
 % combination and nickname constitutes a \textit{derived unit}. Derived units are 
@@ -549,16 +549,18 @@ Command for candela, the SI unit of luminous intensity.
 % particular combinations of base units. An example of a derived unit is the 
 % newton, for which the symbol (it is not an abbreviation) is \newton. However, 
 % the symbol \newton\ is merely a nickname for a particular combination of base 
-% units. It is not the case that every unique combination of base units has a nickname, 
-% but those that do are usually named in honor of a scientist. Incidentally, in such 
-% cases, the symbol is capitalized but the \textit{name} of the unit is \textbf{never} 
-% capitalized. Thus we would write the name of the derived unit of force as newton and 
-% not Newton. Again, using these select nicknames for certain combinations of base units 
-% is what we mean by \drvdunits\ form.
+% units. It is not the case that every unique combination of base units has a 
+% nickname, but those that do are usually named in honor of a scientist. 
+% Incidentally, in such cases, the symbol is capitalized but the \textit{name} 
+% of the unit is \textbf{never} capitalized. Thus we would write the name of the 
+% derived unit of force as newton and not Newton. Again, using these select 
+% nicknames for certain combinations of base units is what we mean by \drvdunits\ 
+% form.
 %
 % \subsection{SI Dimensions}
-% For each SI unit, there is a corresponding dimension. Every physical quantity is some
-% multiplicative product of each of the seven basic SI dimensions raised to a power.
+% For each SI unit, there is a corresponding dimension. Every physical quantity 
+% is some multiplicative product of each of the seven basic SI dimensions raised 
+% to a power.
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -666,65 +668,64 @@ Defines a new physics quantity and its associated commands.
 %
 % Using this command causes several things to happen.
 % \begin{itemize}
-%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newname}}\marg{magnitude}, where \colDef{newname} is the 
-%   first argument of
-%   \colDef{\cs{newphysicsquantity}}, is created that takes one mandatory 
-%   argument, a numerical magnitude. Subsequent use of your defined scalar quantity 
-%   can be invoked by typing \colDef{\cs{newname}}\marg{magnitude} and the units will be 
-%   typeset according to the options given when \mandi\ was loaded. Note that if the
-%   \drvdunits\ and \tradunits\ forms are not specified, they will be
-%   populated with the \baseunits\ form.
+%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newname}}\marg{magnitude}, where \colDef{newname} 
+%   is the first argument of \colDef{\cs{newphysicsquantity}}, is created that 
+%   takes one mandatory argument, a numerical magnitude. Subsequent use of your 
+%   defined scalar quantity can be invoked by typing \colDef{\cs{newname}}
+%   \marg{magnitude} and the units will be typeset according to the options 
+%   given when \mandi\ was loaded. Note that if the \drvdunits\ and \tradunits\ 
+%   forms are not specified, they will be populated with the \baseunits\ form.
 %   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnamebaseunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created that 
-%   expresses 
-%   the quantity and its units in \baseunits\ form.
+%   expresses the quantity and its units in \baseunits\ form.
 %   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnamedrvdunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created that 
-%   expresses 
-%   the quantity and its units in \drvdunits\ form. This command is created whether 
-%   or not the first optional argument is provided.
+%   expresses the quantity and its units in \drvdunits\ form. This command is 
+%   created whether or not the first optional argument is provided.
 %   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnametradunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created that 
 %   expresses the quantity and its units in \tradunits\ form. This command is 
 %   created whether or not the first optional argument is provided.
-%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnameonlybaseunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created that
-%   expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's units in \baseunits\ form.
-%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnameonlydrvdunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created that 
-%   expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's units in \drvdunits\ form. 
-%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnameonlytradunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created that 
-%   expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's units in \tradunits\ form. 
-%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnamevalue}}\marg{magnitude} is created that expresses
-%   \textbf{only} the quantity's numerical value.
+%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnameonlybaseunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created 
+%   that expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's units in \baseunits\ form.
+%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnameonlydrvdunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created 
+%   that expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's units in \drvdunits\ form. 
+%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnameonlytradunit}}\marg{magnitude} is created 
+%   that expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's units in \tradunits\ form. 
+%   \item A command \colDef{\cs{newnamevalue}}\marg{magnitude} is created that 
+%   expresses \textbf{only} the quantity's numerical value.
 % \end{itemize}
 %
 % As an example, consider momentum. The following commands are defined:
 %
 % \begin{quotation}
 % \begin{tabular}{l l l}
-%   |\momentum{3}|         &\momentum{3}         & unit determined by global options \\
-%   |\momentumbaseunit{3}| &\momentumbaseunit{3} & quantity with base unit           \\
-%   |\momentumdrvdunit{3}| &\momentumdrvdunit{3} & quantity with derived unit        \\
-%   |\momentumtradunit{3}| &\momentumtradunit{3} & quantity with traditional unit    \\
-%   |\momentumvalue{3}|    &\momentumvalue{3}  & selects numerical value of quantity \\
-%   |\momentumonlybaseunit|&\momentumonlybaseunit & selects only base unit           \\
-%   |\momentumonlydrvdunit|&\momentumonlydrvdunit & selects only derived unit        \\
+%   |\momentum{3}|         &\momentum{3}          & unit set by global options     \\
+%   |\momentumbaseunit{3}| &\momentumbaseunit{3}  & quantity with base unit        \\
+%   |\momentumdrvdunit{3}| &\momentumdrvdunit{3}  & quantity with derived unit     \\
+%   |\momentumtradunit{3}| &\momentumtradunit{3}  & quantity with traditional unit \\
+%   |\momentumvalue{3}|    &\momentumvalue{3}     & selects only numerical value   \\
+%   |\momentumonlybaseunit|&\momentumonlybaseunit & selects only base unit         \\
+%   |\momentumonlydrvdunit|&\momentumonlydrvdunit & selects only derived unit      \\
 %   |\momentumonlytradunit|&\momentumonlytradunit & selects only traditional unit
 % \end{tabular}
 % \end{quotation}
 %
 % Momentum is a vector quantity, so obviously this command really refers to the 
-% magnitude of a momentum vector. There is an interesting, and as far as I can tell
-% unwritten, convention in physics that we use the same name for a vector and its 
-% magnitude with one exception, and that is for velocity, the magnitude of which we
-% sometimes call speed. Conceptually, however, velocity and speed are different
-% entities. Therefore, \mandi\ has different commands for them. Actually, the 
-% \cs{speed} command is just an alias for \cs{velocity} and should only be used for
-% scalars and never for vectors. This convention means that the same name is used
-% for vector quantities and the corresponding magnitudes. 
+% magnitude of a momentum vector. There is an interesting, and as far as I can 
+% tell unwritten, convention in physics that we use the same name for a vector 
+% and its magnitude with one exception, and that is for velocity, the magnitude 
+% of which we sometimes call speed. Conceptually, however, velocity and speed are 
+% different entities. Therefore, \mandi\ has different commands for them. Actually, 
+% the \cs{speed} command is just an alias for \cs{velocity} and should only be used 
+% for scalars and never for vectors. This convention means that the same name is 
+% used for vector quantities and the corresponding magnitudes. 
 %
 % \subsubsection{Defining Vector Quantities}
 %
 % All physical quantities are defined as in the momentum example above regardless
-% of whether the quantity is a scalar or a vector. To typeset a vector quantity, 
-% specify an argument consisting of a vector with components as a comma separated
-% list in a \cs{mivector} command. So specifying a momentum vector is as simple as
+% of whether the quantity is a scalar or a vector. To typeset a vector quantity in
+% terms of its components in some coordinate system (usually an orthonormal
+% cartesian system, specify an argument consisting of a vector with components as 
+% a comma separated list in a \cs{mivector} command. So specifying a momentum vector 
+% is as simple as
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -739,8 +740,9 @@ Defines a new physics quantity and its associated commands.
 % where the notation corresponds to that used in \mi.
 %
 % \subsection{First Semester Physics}
-% The first semester of \mi\, and indeed most traditional introductory calculus-based
-% physics course, focuses on mechanics, dynamics, and statistical mechanics.
+% The first semester of \mi\, and indeed most traditional introductory 
+% calculus-based physics course, focuses on mechanics, dynamics, and statistical 
+% mechanics.
 %
 % \subsubsection{Predefined Quantities}
 %
@@ -839,8 +841,8 @@ a luminous intensity of \luminous{5}
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-% While we're at it, let's also go ahead and define a few non-SI units from astronomy
-% and astrophysics.
+% While we're at it, let's also go ahead and define a few non-SI units from 
+% astronomy and astrophysics.
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -1251,9 +1253,10 @@ a distance of \insolard{2}
 %
 % Now let us move on into first semester physics, defining quantities in the 
 % approximate order in which they appear in \mi. Use |M\timestento{P}[U]| to get 
-% scientific notation, with the mantissa immediately preceding the command and the 
-% exponent as the required argument. |\timestento| has an optional second argument 
-% that specifies a unit, but that is not needed or used in the following examples.
+% scientific notation, with the mantissa immediately preceding the command and 
+% the exponent as the required argument. |\timestento| has an optional second 
+% argument that specifies a unit, but that is not needed or used in the following 
+% examples.
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -1290,11 +1293,12 @@ a velocity of \velocity{\mivector{3,2,-1}}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{speed}{\marg{magnitude}}
-Command for speed. Technically, velocity is defined as the quotient of displacement
-and duration while speed is defined as the quotient of distance traveled and
-duration. They have the same dimension and unit, but are slightly conceptually
-different so separate commands are provided. I've never seen speed used as anything
-other than a scalar, but of course you can specify a vector if you wish.
+Command for speed. Technically, velocity is defined as the quotient of 
+displacement and duration while speed is defined as the quotient of distance 
+traveled and duration. They have the same dimension and unit, but are slightly 
+conceptually different so separate commands are provided. I've never seen speed 
+used as anything other than a scalar, but of course you can specify a vector 
+if you wish.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 a speed of \velocity{8.25}
@@ -1309,9 +1313,9 @@ a speed of \velocity{8.25}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{lorentz}{\marg{magnitude}}
-Command for relativistic Lorentz factor. Obviously this command doesn't do anything
-visually, but is included for thinking about calculations where this quantity is
-needed.
+Command for relativistic Lorentz factor. Obviously this command doesn't do 
+anything visually, but is included for thinking about calculations where this 
+quantity is needed.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 a Lorentz factor of \lorentz{2.34}
@@ -1574,6 +1578,7 @@ an angular velocity of \angularvelocity{2.34}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -1586,11 +1591,14 @@ an angular acceleration of \angularacceleration{2.34}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{angularmomentum}{\marg{magnitude or vector}}
-Command for angular momentum.
+Command for angular momentum. Whether or not the units contain radians is 
+determined by whether the \opt{useradians} option was used when 
+\pkgname{mandi} was loaded.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 an angular momentum of \angularmomentum{2.34}
@@ -1602,11 +1610,13 @@ an angular momentum of \angularmomentum{2.34}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
-\begin{docCommand}{momentofinertia}{\marg{magnitude}}
-Command for moment of inertia.
+\begin{docCommand}{angularimpulse}{\marg{magnitude or vector}}
+Command for angular impulse. Whether or not the units contain radians is 
+determined by whether the \opt{useradians} option was used when 
+\pkgname{mandi} was loaded.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-a moment of inertia of \momentofinertia{2.34}
+an angular impulse of \angularimpulse{2.34}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -1616,7 +1626,9 @@ a moment of inertia of \momentofinertia{2.34}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{torque}{\marg{magnitude or vector}}
-Command for torque.
+Command for torque. Whether or not the units contain radians is 
+determined by whether the \opt{useradians} option was used when 
+\pkgname{mandi} was loaded.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 a torque of \torque{2.34}
@@ -1628,6 +1640,19 @@ a torque of \torque{2.34}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{momentofinertia}{\marg{magnitude}}
+Command for moment of inertia.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+a moment of inertia of \momentofinertia{2.34}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{entropy}{\marg{magnitude}}
 Command for entropy.
 \end{docCommand}
@@ -1690,17 +1715,18 @@ an angular frequency of \angularfrequency{4.70\timestento{15}}
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-% Two quick thoughts here. First, work and energy are similar to momentum and impulse 
-% in that they come from two different concepts. Work comes from force acting through 
-% a spatial displacement and energy is a fundamental property of matter. It is a 
-% coincidence that they have the same dimensions and thus the same unit. Second, notice 
-% that I didn't define speed. Velocity is the only quantity I can think of for which we 
-% have different names for the vector and the magnitude of the vector. I decided to put 
-% it on the same footing as momentum, acceleration, and force.
+% Two quick thoughts here. First, work and energy are similar to momentum and 
+% impulse in that they come from two different concepts. Work comes from force 
+% acting through a spatial displacement and energy is a fundamental property of 
+% matter. It is a coincidence that they have the same dimensions and thus the same 
+% unit. Second, notice that I didn't define speed. Velocity is the only quantity 
+% I can think of for which we have different names for the vector and the magnitude 
+% of the vector. I decided to put it on the same footing as momentum, acceleration, 
+% and force.
 %
 % \subsection{Second Semester Physics}
-% The second semester of \mi\ focuses on electromagnetic theory, and there are many 
-% primary and secondary quantities.
+% The second semester of \mi\ focuses on electromagnetic theory, and there are 
+% many primary and secondary quantities.
 %
 % \subsubsection{Predefined Quantities}
 %
@@ -2136,10 +2162,11 @@ a magnetic charge of \magneticcharge{1.25}
 %\fi
 %
 % \subsection{Further Words on Units}
-% The form of a quantity's unit can be changed on the fly regardless of the global
-% format determined by \opt{baseunits} and \opt{drvdunits}. One way, as illustrated
-% in the table above, is to append |baseunit|, |drvdunit|, |tradunit| to the
-% quantity's name, and this will override the global options for that instance.
+% The form of a quantity's unit can be changed on the fly regardless of the 
+% global format determined by \opt{baseunits} and \opt{drvdunits}. One way, 
+% as illustrated in the table above, is to append |baseunit|, |drvdunit|, 
+% |tradunit| to the quantity's name, and this will override the global options 
+% for that instance.
 %
 % A second way is to use the commands that change a quantity's unit on the fly.
 %
@@ -2182,8 +2209,8 @@ a momentum of \hereusetradunit{\momentum{3}}
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-% A third way is to use the environments that change a quantity's unit for the 
-% duration of the environment.
+% A third way is to use the environments that change a quantity's unit 
+% for the duration of the environment.
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -2266,8 +2293,8 @@ Command for perpetually using traditional units..
 %\fi
 %
 %\newpage
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added table of all predefined quantities with their 
-%  units.}
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added table of all predefined quantities with 
+%  their units.}
 %\newgeometry{textwidth=8.5in}
 %\begin{center}
 % Here are all the predefined quantities and their units.
@@ -2306,8 +2333,9 @@ Command for perpetually using traditional units..
 %\chkquantity{specificheatcapacity}
 %\chkquantity{angularvelocity}
 %\chkquantity{angularacceleration}
-%\chkquantity{angularmomentum}
 %\chkquantity{momentofinertia}
+%\chkquantity{angularmomentum}
+%\chkquantity{angularimpulse}
 %\chkquantity{torque}
 %\chkquantity{entropy}
 %\chkquantity{wavelength}
@@ -2418,18 +2446,108 @@ Symbol for direction of a vector quantity. Use \cs{direction} as an alias.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Added \cs{componentalong}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{componentalong}{\marg{alongvector}\marg{ofvector}}
+Symbol for the component along a vector of another vector. 
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\componentalong{\vect{v}}{\vect{u}}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Added \cs{expcomponentalong}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{expcomponentalong}{\marg{alongvector}\marg{ofvector}}
+Symbolic expression for the component along a vector of another vector. 
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\expcomponentalong{\vect{v}}{\vect{u}}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Added \cs{ucomponentalong}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{ucomponentalong}{\marg{alongvector}\marg{ofvector}}
+Symbolic expression with unit vectors for the component along a vector of 
+another vector. 
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\ucomponentalong{\dirvect{v}}{\vect{u}}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Added \cs{projectiononto}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{projectiononto}{\marg{ontovector}\marg{ofvector}}
+Symbol for the projection onto a vector of another vector. 
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\projectiononto{\vect{v}}{\vect{u}}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Added \cs{expprojectiononto}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{expprojectiononto}{\marg{alongvector}\marg{ofvector}}
+Symbolic expression for the projection onto a vector of another vector. 
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\expprojectiononto{\vect{v}}{\vect{u}}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Added \cs{uprojectiononto}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{uprojectiononto}{\marg{alongvector}\marg{ofvector}}
+Symbolic expression with unit vectors for the projection onto a vector of 
+another vector. 
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\uprojectiononto{\dirvect{v}}{\vect{u}}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{mivector}
   {\oarg{printeddelimiter}\marg{commadelimitedlistofcomps}\oarg{unit}}
-Generic workhorse command for vectors formatted as in \mi.
+Generic workhorse command for vectors formatted as in \mi. Unless the first
+optional argument is specified, a comma is used in the output. Commas are
+always required in the mandatory argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
 \msub{u}{\mu} &= \mivector{\ezero,\eone,\etwo,\ethree} \\
+\msub{u}{\mu} &= \mivector[\quad]{\ezero,\eone,\etwo,\ethree} \\
 \vect{v} &= \mivector{1,3,5}[\velocityonlytradunit]    \\
-\vect{E} &= \mivector{\oofpezmathsymbol \frac{Q}{x^2},0,0}
+\vect{E} &= \mivector{\oofpezmathsymbol \frac{Q}{x^2},0,0} \\
+\vect{E} &= \mivector[\quad]{\oofpezmathsymbol \frac{Q}{x^2},0,0}
 \end{align*}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
@@ -2450,15 +2568,17 @@ instead.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/11/29}{Fixed parentheses bug in \cs{magvectncomps}.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{magvectncomps}{\marg{listofcomps}\oarg{unit}}
-Expression for a vector's magnitude with numerical components and an optional unit. The
-first example is the preferred and recommended way to handle units when they are needed.
-The second example requires explicitly picking out the desired unit form. The third
-example demonstrates components of a unit vector. It is probably best for students to
-include components' units inside the radical than to write them outside the radical.
+Expression for a vector's magnitude with numerical components and an optional 
+unit. The first example is the preferred and recommended way to handle units when 
+they are needed. The second example requires explicitly picking out the desired 
+unit form. The third example demonstrates components of a unit vector. It is 
+probably best for students to include components' units inside the radical than 
+to write them outside the radical.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \magvectncomps{\velocity{3.12},\velocity{4.04},\velocity{6.73}} \\
@@ -2495,6 +2615,34 @@ Isolates one of a vector's symbolic components.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/20}{Added \cs{scompsdirvect}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{scompsdirvect}{\marg{kernel}}
+Expression for a direction's symbolic components.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\scompsdirvect{r}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/20}{Added \cs{compdirvect}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{compdirvect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{component}}
+Isolates one of a direction's symbolic components.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\compdirvect{r}{z}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -2566,7 +2714,8 @@ the direction \dirDvect{E} of the change
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{ddirvect}{\marg{kernel}}
-Symbol for the differential of a vector's direction. Use \cs{ddirection} as an alias.
+Symbol for the differential of a vector's direction. Use \cs{ddirection} as 
+an alias.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the change \ddirvect{E} or \ddirection{E} in the direction of \vect{E}
@@ -2579,7 +2728,8 @@ the change \ddirvect{E} or \ddirection{E} in the direction of \vect{E}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Ddirvect}{\marg{kernel}}
-Identical to \cs{ddirvect} but uses \(\Delta\). Use \cs{Ddirection} as an alias.
+Identical to \cs{ddirvect} but uses \(\Delta\). Use \cs{Ddirection} as 
+an alias.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the direction \Ddirvect{E} or \Ddirection{E} of the change
@@ -2722,8 +2872,8 @@ the derivative \Dervect{E}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dermagvect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbol for the derivative of a vector's magnitude with respect to an independent 
-variable.
+Symbol for the derivative of a vector's magnitude with respect to an 
+independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \dermagvect{E}{t}
@@ -2749,8 +2899,8 @@ the derivative \Dermagvect{E}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{derdirvect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbol for the derivative of a vector's direction with respect to an independent 
-variable. Use \cs{derdiraction} as an alias.
+Symbol for the derivative of a vector's direction with respect to an 
+independent variable. Use \cs{derdiraction} as an alias.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \derdirvect{E}{t} or \derdirection{E}{t}
@@ -2763,7 +2913,8 @@ the derivative \derdirvect{E}{t} or \derdirection{E}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Derdirvect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{indvar}}
-Identical to \cs{derdirvect} but uses \(\Delta\). Use \cs{Derdirection} as an alias.
+Identical to \cs{derdirvect} but uses \(\Delta\). Use \cs{Derdirection} as 
+an alias.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \Derdirvect{E}{t} or \Derdirection{E}{t}
@@ -2776,7 +2927,8 @@ the derivative \Derdirvect{E}{t} or \Derdirection{E}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{scompsdervect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbolic components of a vector's derivative with respect to an independent variable.
+Symbolic components of a vector's derivative with respect to an independent 
+variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \scompsdervect{E}{t}
@@ -2802,7 +2954,8 @@ the derivative \scompsdervect{E}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{compdervect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{component}\marg{indvar}}
-Isolates one component of a vector's derivative with respect to an independent variable.
+Isolates one component of a vector's derivative with respect to an 
+independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \compdervect{E}{y}{t}
@@ -2828,8 +2981,8 @@ the derivative \compDervect{E}{y}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{magdervect}{\marg{kernel}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbol for the magnitude of a vector's derivative with respect to an independent 
-variable.
+Symbol for the magnitude of a vector's derivative with respect to an 
+independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \magdervect{E}{t}
@@ -2852,25 +3005,28 @@ the derivative \magDervect{E}{t}
 %\fi
 %
 % \subsubsection{Naming Conventions You Have Seen}
-% By now you probably understand that commands are named as closely as possible
-% to the way you would say or write what you want. Every time you see |comp|
-% you should think of a single component. Every time you see |scomps| you should
-% think of a set of symbolic components. Every time you see |der| you should
-% think derivative. Every time you see |dir| you should think direction. I have
-% tried to make the names simple both logically and lexically.
+% By now you probably understand that commands are named as closely as 
+% possible to the way you would say or write what you want. Every time you 
+% see |comp| you should think of a single component. Every time you see 
+% |scomps| you should think of a set of symbolic components. Every time you 
+% see |der| you should think derivative. Every time you see |dir| you should 
+% think direction. I have tried to make the names simple both logically and 
+% lexically.
 %
 % \subsubsection{Subscripted or Indexed Vectors}
-% Now we have commands for vectors that carry subscripts or indices, usually to 
-% identify an object or something similar. Basically, |vect| becomes |vectsub|.
-% Ideally, a subscript should not contain mathematical symbols. However, if you wish 
-% to do so, just wrap the symbol with |\(|\(\ldots \)|\)| as you normally would. All 
-% of the commands for non-subscripted vectors are available for subscripted vectors.
+% Now we have commands for vectors that carry subscripts or indices, usually 
+% to identify an object or something similar. Basically, |vect| becomes 
+% |vectsub|. Ideally, a subscript should not contain mathematical symbols. 
+% However, if you wish to do so, just wrap the symbol with |\(|\(\ldots \)|\)|
+% as you normally would. All of the commands for non-subscripted vectors are 
+% available for subscripted vectors.
 %
-% As a matter of convention, when the initial and final values of a quantity are
-% referenced, they should be labeled with subscripts |i| and |f| respectively using
-% the commands in this section and similarly named commands in other sections. If
-% the quantity also refers to a particular entity (e.g.\ a ball), specify the |i|
-% or |f| with a comma after the label (e.g.\ |\vectsub{r}{ball,f}|).
+% As a matter of convention, when the initial and final values of a quantity 
+% are referenced, they should be labeled with subscripts |i| and |f| respectively 
+% using the commands in this section and similarly named commands in other 
+% sections. If the quantity also refers to a particular entity (e.g.\ a ball), 
+% specify the |i| or |f| with a comma after the label 
+% (e.g.\ |\vectsub{r}{ball,f}|).
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -2967,7 +3123,8 @@ the component \compvectsub{p}{ball}{z}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{magvectsubscomps}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}}
-Expression for a subscripted vector's magnitude in terms of symbolic components.
+Expression for a subscripted vector's magnitude in terms of symbolic 
+components.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the magnitude \magvectsubscomps{p}{ball}
@@ -3058,7 +3215,8 @@ the component \compDvectsub{p}{ball}{y}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dervectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbol for derivative of a subscripted vector with respect to an independent variable.
+Symbol for derivative of a subscripted vector with respect to an 
+independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \dervectsub{p}{ball}{t}
@@ -3084,8 +3242,8 @@ the derivative \Dervectsub{p}{ball}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dermagvectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbol for the derivative of a subscripted vector's magnitude with respect to 
-an independent variable.
+Symbol for the derivative of a subscripted vector's magnitude with respect 
+to an independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \dermagvectsub{E}{ball}{t}
@@ -3137,9 +3295,10 @@ the vector \scompsDervectsub{p}{ball}{t}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
-\begin{docCommand}{compdervectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{component}\marg{indvar}}
-Isolates one component of a subscripted vector's derivative with respect to 
-an independent variable.
+\begin{docCommand}{compdervectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{component}
+\marg{indvar}}
+Isolates one component of a subscripted vector's derivative with respect 
+to an independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the component \compdervectsub{p}{ball}{y}{t}
@@ -3151,7 +3310,8 @@ the component \compdervectsub{p}{ball}{y}{t}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
-\begin{docCommand}{compDervectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{component}\marg{indvar}}
+\begin{docCommand}{compDervectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{component}
+\marg{indvar}}
 Identical to \cs{compdervectsub} but uses \(\Delta\).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
@@ -3165,8 +3325,8 @@ the component \compDervectsub{p}{ball}{y}{t}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{magdervectsub}{\marg{kernel}\marg{sub}\marg{indvar}}
-Symbol for magnitude of a subscripted vector's derivative with respect to 
-an independent variable.
+Symbol for magnitude of a subscripted vector's derivative with respect 
+to an independent variable.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 the derivative \magdervectsub{p}{ball}{t}
@@ -3189,13 +3349,13 @@ the derivative \magDervectsub{p}{ball}{t}
 %\fi
 %
 % \subsubsection{Expressions Containing Dots}
-% Now we get to commands that will save you many, many keystrokes. All of the 
-% naming conventions documented in earlier commands still apply. There are some
-% new ones though. Every time you see |dot| you should think \textit{dot product}.
-% When you see |dots| you should think \textit{dot product in terms of symbolic
-% components}. When you see |dote| you should think \textit{dot product
-% expanded as a sum}. These, along with the previous naming conventions, handle
-% many dot product expressions.
+% Now we get to commands that will save you many, many keystrokes. All of 
+% the naming conventions documented in earlier commands still apply. There 
+% are some new ones though. Every time you see |dot| you should think 
+% \textit{dot product}. When you see |dots| you should think \textit{dot 
+% product in terms of symbolic components}. When you see |dote| you should 
+% think \textit{dot product expanded as a sum}. These, along with the previous 
+% naming conventions, handle many dot product expressions.
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -3378,7 +3538,8 @@ Identical to \cs{vectsubdotedvectsub} but uses \(\Delta\).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{vectsubdotsdvect}{\marg{kernel1}\marg{sub1}\marg{kernel2}}
-Dot of a subscripted vector and a vector's differential with symbolic components.
+Dot of a subscripted vector and a vector's differential with symbolic 
+components.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \vectsubdotsdvect{A}{ball}{B}
@@ -3534,7 +3695,8 @@ Identical to \cs{vectdotedervect} but uses \(\Delta\).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dervectdotsdvect}{\marg{kernel1}\marg{indvar}\marg{kernel2}}
-Dot of a vector's derivative and a vector's differential with symbolic components.
+Dot of a vector's derivative and a vector's differential with symbolic 
+components.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \dervectdotsdvect{A}{t}{B}
@@ -3652,8 +3814,8 @@ Symbol for right associated triple scalar product.
 %\fi
 %
 % \subsubsection{Basis Vectors and Bivectors}
-% If you use geometric algebra or tensors, eventually you will need symbols for
-% basis vectors and basis bivectors.
+% If you use geometric algebra or tensors, eventually you will need 
+% symbols for basis vectors and basis bivectors.
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -3707,6 +3869,20 @@ Symbols for basis vectors with upper indices up to 4.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/09}{Added \cs{ueuzero} and friends.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{ueuzero}{}
+Symbols for normalized basis vectors with upper indices up to 4.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\ueuzero, \ueuone, \ueutwo, \ueuthree, \ueufour
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -3724,7 +3900,8 @@ Symbols for basis bivectors with upper indices up to 4.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{gzero}{}
-Symbols for basis vectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with lower indices up to 4.
+Symbols for basis vectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with lower indices 
+up to 4.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \gzero, \gone, \gtwo, \gthree, \gfour
@@ -3737,7 +3914,8 @@ Symbols for basis vectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with lower indices up
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{guzero}{}
-Symbols for basis vectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices up to 4.
+Symbols for basis vectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices 
+up to 4.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \guzero, \guone, \gutwo, \guthree, \gufour
@@ -3750,7 +3928,8 @@ Symbols for basis vectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices up
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{gzerozero}{}
-Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with lower indices up to 4.
+Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with lower indices 
+up to 4.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \gzerozero, \gzeroone, \gzerotwo, \gzerothree, \gzerofour, up to \gfourfour
@@ -3763,7 +3942,8 @@ Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with lower indices u
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{guzerozero}{}
-Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices up to 4.
+Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices 
+up to 4.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \guzerozero, \guzeroone, \guzerotwo, \guzerothree, \guzerofour, up to \gufourfour
@@ -3772,6 +3952,8 @@ Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices u
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+% \subsubsection{Other Vector Related}
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -3779,7 +3961,7 @@ Symbols for basis bivectors, with \(\gamma\) as the kernel, with upper indices u
 Typesets column vectors.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\colvector{x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3}
+\colvector{x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3} \colvector{x_0,x_1,x_2,x_3}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -3792,7 +3974,7 @@ Typesets column vectors.
 Typesets row vectors.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\rowvector{x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3}
+\rowvector{x^0,x^1,x^2,x^3} \rowvector{x_0,x_1,x_2,x_3}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -3802,8 +3984,8 @@ Typesets row vectors.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{scompscvect}{\oarg{anynonzero}\marg{kernel}}
-\ntodo[Suggestion]{Allow for superscripts.}Typesets symbolic components of column 3- or 
-4-vectors (use any nonzero value for the optional argument to typeset a 4-vector).
+Typesets subscripted symbolic components of column 3- or 4-vectors 
+(use any nonzero value for the optional argument to typeset a 4-vector).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -3815,12 +3997,31 @@ Typesets row vectors.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.4.1}{2015/02/20}{Added \cs{scompsCvect} for superscripted 
+%  components.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{scompsCvect}{\oarg{anynonzero}\marg{kernel}}
+Typesets superscripted symbolic components of column 3- or 4-vectors 
+(use any nonzero value for the optional argument to typeset a 4-vector).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\begin{align*}
+\vect{p} &= \scompsCvect{p} \\
+\vect{p} &= \scompsCvect[4]{p}
+\end{align*}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{scompsrvect}{\oarg{anynonzero}\marg{kernel}}
-\ntodo[Suggestion]{Allow for superscripts.}Typesets symbolic components of row 3- or 
-4-vectors (use any nonzero value for the optional argument to typeset a 4-vector).
+Typesets subscripted symbolic components of row 3- or 4-vectors 
+(use any nonzero value for the optional argument to typeset a 4-vector).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -3832,6 +4033,68 @@ Typesets row vectors.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.4.1}{2015/02/20}{Added \cs{scompsRvect} for superscripted 
+%  components.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{scompsRvect}{\oarg{anynonzero}\marg{kernel}}
+Typesets superscripted symbolic components of row 3- or 4-vectors 
+(use any nonzero value for the optional argument to typeset a 4-vector).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\begin{align*}
+\vect{p} &= \scompsRvect{p} \\
+\vect{p} &= \scompsRvect[4]{p}
+\end{align*}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/09}{Added commands for Dirac notation.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{bra}{\marg{bra}}
+Typesets a Dirac bra.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\bra{\Psi^*} or \bra{\frac{1}{a}\Psi^*}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{ket}{\marg{ket}}
+Typesets a Dirac ket.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\ket{\Psi} or \ket{\frac{1}{b}\Psi^*}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{bracket}{\marg{bra}\marg{ket}}
+Typesets a Dirac bracket.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\bracket{\Psi^*}{\Psi}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+% \newpage
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/09}{Documented precise and approximate 
+%  constant values.}
 % \subsection{Physical Constants}
 % \subsubsection{Defining Physical Constants}
 %
@@ -3839,18 +4102,28 @@ Typesets row vectors.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{newphysicsconstant}
-  {\marg{newname}\marg{symbol}\marg{value}\marg{\baseunits}\oarg{\drvdunits}
-  \oarg{\tradunits}}
-Defines a new physical constant.
+{\marg{newname}\\
+\marg{symbol}\\
+{\{\cs{mi@p\marg{approx}\marg{precise}}\}}\\
+\marg{\baseunits}\\
+\oarg{\drvdunits}\\
+\oarg{\tradunits}%
+}%
+
+Defines a new physical constant with a name, a symbol, approximate and 
+precise numerical values, required base units, optional derived units, 
+and optional traditional units. The \cs{mi@p} command is defined
+internally and is not meant to be otherwise used.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispListing}
-Here is how \oofpez (the Coulomb constant) is defined internally.
-\newphysicsconstant{oofpez}
-{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\phantom{_o}4\pi\ssub{\epsilon}{o}}}}
-{9\timestento{9}}
-{\ensuremath{\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\s^{-4}\usk\A\rpsquared}}
-[\m\per\farad]
-[\newton\usk\m\squared\per\coulomb\squared]
+Here is how \planck (Planck's constant) is defined internally, showing 
+each part of the definition on a separate line.
+\newphysicsconstant{planck}
+  {\ensuremath{h}}
+  {\mi@p{6.6}{6.6261}\timestento{-34}}
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}
+  [\J\usk\s]
+  [\J\usk\s]
 \end{dispListing}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -3858,12 +4131,16 @@ Here is how \oofpez (the Coulomb constant) is defined internally.
 %
 % Using this command causes several things to happen.
 % \begin{itemize}
-%   \item A command |\newname| is created and contains the constant and units  
-%   typeset according to the options given when \mandi\ was loaded.
+%   \item A command |\newname| is created and contains the constant and 
+%   units typeset according to the options given when \mandi\ was loaded.
 %   \item A command |\newnamemathsymbol| is created that expresses
 %   \textbf{only} the constant's mathematical symbol.
 %   \item A command |\newnamevalue| is created that expresses
-%   \textbf{only} the constant's numerical value.
+%   \textbf{only} the constant's approximate or precise numerical value. 
+%   Note that both values must be present when the constant is defined. 
+%   By default, precise values are always used but this can be changed 
+%   when \mandi\ is loaded. Note how the values are specified in the 
+%   definition of the constant.
 %   \item A command |\newnamebaseunit| is created that expresses 
 %   the constant and its units in \baseunits\ form.
 %   \item A command |\newnamedrvdunit| is created that expresses 
@@ -3879,8 +4156,12 @@ Here is how \oofpez (the Coulomb constant) is defined internally.
 % \end{itemize}
 % None of these commands takes any arguments.
 %
+% \newpage
 % \subsubsection{Predefined Physical Constants}
 %
+% In this section, precise values of constants are used. Approximate 
+% values are available as an option when the package is loaded.
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -4485,7 +4766,8 @@ Symbol for stellar luminosity.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Lsolar}{}
-Symbol for solar luminosity as a unit. Really just an alias for |\Lstar[\(\odot\)]|.
+Symbol for solar luminosity as a unit. Really just an alias for 
+|\Lstar[\(\odot\)]|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \Lsolar
@@ -4511,7 +4793,8 @@ Symbol for stellar temperature.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Tsolar}{}
-Symbol for solar temperature as a unit. Really just an alias for |\Tstar[\(\odot\)]|.
+Symbol for solar temperature as a unit. Really just an alias for 
+|\Tstar[\(\odot\)]|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \Tsolar
@@ -4537,7 +4820,8 @@ Symbol for stellar radius.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Rsolar}{}
-Symbol for solar radius as a unit. Really just an alias for |\Rstar[\(\odot\)]|.
+Symbol for solar radius as a unit. Really just an alias for 
+|\Rstar[\(\odot\)]|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \Rsolar
@@ -4563,7 +4847,8 @@ Symbol for stellar mass.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Msolar}{}
-Symbol for solar mass as a unit. Really just an alias for |\Mstar[\(\odot\)]|.
+Symbol for solar mass as a unit. Really just an alias for 
+|\Mstar[\(\odot\)]|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \Msolar
@@ -4589,7 +4874,8 @@ Symbol for stellar flux.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Fsolar}{}
-Symbol for solar flux as a unit. Really just an alias for |\Fstar[\(\odot\)]|.
+Symbol for solar flux as a unit. Really just an alias for 
+|\Fstar[\(\odot\)]|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \Fsolar
@@ -4689,7 +4975,8 @@ Symbol for stellar distance.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{Dsolar}{}
-Symbol for solar distance as a unit. Really just an alias for |\Dstar[\(\odot\)]|.
+Symbol for solar distance as a unit. Really just an alias for 
+|\Dstar[\(\odot\)]|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \Dsolar
@@ -4719,8 +5006,8 @@ Alias for \cs{Dsolar} that uses a lower case d.
 %\fi
 %
 %\newpage
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added table of all predefined constants with their 
-%  symbols and units.}
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added table of all predefined constants 
+%  with their symbols and units.}
 %\newgeometry{textwidth=8.5in}
 %\begin{center}
 % Here are all the predefined constants and their units.
@@ -4845,8 +5132,8 @@ Properly typesets summation over all of some user specified entities.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dx}{\marg{variable}}
-Properly typesets variables of integration (the d should not be in italics and should 
-be properly spaced relative to the integrand).
+Properly typesets variables of integration (the d should not be in 
+italics and should be properly spaced relative to the integrand).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \( \dx{y} \)
@@ -4886,8 +5173,8 @@ Properly typesets quantities evaluated at a particular point or value.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{evaluatedat}{\marg{evaluationpoint}}
-Properly indicates evaluation at a particular point or value without specifying the 
-quantity.
+Properly indicates evaluation at a particular point or value without 
+specifying the quantity.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \( \text{LMST}\evaluatedat{\longitude{0}} \)
@@ -4985,7 +5272,8 @@ Integral over a volume.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dbydt}{\oarg{operand}}
-First time derivative operator. Use \cs{DbyDt} to get \(\Delta\) instead of d.
+First time derivative operator. Use \cs{DbyDt} to get \(\Delta\) 
+instead of d.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \( \dbydt \) or \( \dbydt x \) or \dbydt[x]
@@ -4998,7 +5286,8 @@ First time derivative operator. Use \cs{DbyDt} to get \(\Delta\) instead of d.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{ddbydt}{\oarg{operand}}
-Second time derivative operator. Use \cs{DDbyDt} to get \(\Delta\) instead of d.
+Second time derivative operator. Use \cs{DDbyDt} to get \(\Delta\) 
+instead of d.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \( \ddbydt \) or \( \ddbydt x \) or \ddbydt[x]
@@ -5037,7 +5326,8 @@ Second partial time derivative operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dbyd}{\marg{dependentvariable}\marg{indvar}}
-Generic first derivative operator. Use \cs{DbyD} to get \(\Delta\) instead of d.
+Generic first derivative operator. Use \cs{DbyD} to get \(\Delta\) 
+instead of d.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \( \dbyd{f}{y} \)
@@ -5050,7 +5340,8 @@ Generic first derivative operator. Use \cs{DbyD} to get \(\Delta\) instead of d.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{ddbyd}{\marg{dependentvariable}\marg{indvar}}
-Generic second derivative operator. Use \cs{DDbyD} to get \(\Delta\) instead of d.
+Generic second derivative operator. Use \cs{DDbyD} to get \(\Delta\) 
+instead of d.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \( \ddbyd{f}{y} \)
@@ -5089,7 +5380,7 @@ Generic second partial derivative operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{gradient}{}
-Gradient operator.
+Gibbs' gradient operator. It's just an alias for \cs{nabla}.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \gradient
@@ -5102,7 +5393,7 @@ Gradient operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{divergence}{}
-Divergente operator.
+Gibbs' divergence operator.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \divergence
@@ -5115,7 +5406,7 @@ Divergente operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{curl}{}
-Curl operator.
+Gibbs' curl operator.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \curl
@@ -5124,6 +5415,66 @@ Curl operator.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/16}{Added \cs{taigrad} to get Tai's gradient 
+%  symbol.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{taigrad}{}
+Tai's gradient operator. It's just an alias for \cs{nabla}.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\taigrad
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/16}{Added \cs{taisvec} to get Tai's symbolic 
+%  vector.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{taisvec}{}
+Tai's symbol for symbolic vector.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\taisvec
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/16}{Added \cs{taigrad} to get Tai's divergence 
+%  symbol.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{taidivg}{}
+Tai's symbol for divergence operator.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\taidivg
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/16}{Added \cs{taigrad} to get Tai's curl 
+%  symbol.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{taicurl}{}
+Tai's symbol for curl operator.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\taicurl
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -5280,6 +5631,7 @@ Order of indicator.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+% \newpage
 % \subsection{Other Useful Commands}
 %
 %\iffalse
@@ -5377,7 +5729,7 @@ Bob Palais' symbol for \(2\pi\).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{scripty}{\marg{kernel}}
-Command to get fonts in Griffith's electrodynamics textbook.
+Command to get fonts in Griffiths' electrodynamics textbook.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \scripty{r}
@@ -5386,6 +5738,21 @@ Command to get fonts in Griffith's electrodynamics textbook.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/08}{Added \cs{Lagr} to get symbol for 
+%  Lagrangian.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{Lagr}{}
+Command to get symbol for Lagrangian.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\Lagr
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -5399,56 +5766,83 @@ Symbol for flux of a vector field.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{Added \cs{inparens} for grouping with 
+%  parentheses.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{inparens}{\marg{arg}}
+Surrounds with argument with parentneses. A blank argument generates a 
+placeholder.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\inparens{\onehalf}, \inparens{-3}, \inparens{}
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{Renamed \cs{abs} to \cs{absof}.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{\cs{absof} now shows a placeholder for a 
+%  blank argument.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
-\begin{docCommand}{abs}{\marg{arg}}
-Absolute value function.
+\begin{docCommand}{absof}{\marg{arg}}
+Absolute value function. A blank argument generates a placeholder.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\abs{-4}
+\absof{-4}, \absof{}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{\cs{magof} now shows a placeholder for a 
+%  blank argument.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{magof}{\marg{arg}}
-Magnitude of a quantity (lets you selectively use double bars even when the
-\opt{singleabsbars} option is use when loading the package).
+Magnitude of a quantity (lets you selectively use double bars even 
+when the \opt{singleabsbars} option is use when loading the package). 
+A blank argument generates a placeholder.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\magof{\vect{E}}
+\magof{\vect{E}}, \magof{}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{\cs{dimsof} now shows a placeholder for a 
+%  blank argument.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dimsof}{\marg{arg}}
-Notation for showing the dimensions of a quantity.
+Notation for showing the dimensions of a quantity. A blank argument 
+generates a placeholder. 
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\( \dimsof{\vect{v}} = L \cdot T^{-1} \)
+\( \dimsof{\vect{v}} = L \cdot T^{-1} \), \dimsof{}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{\cs{unitsof} now shows a placeholder for a 
+%  blank argument.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{unitsof}{\marg{arg}}
-Notation for showing the units of a quantity. I propose this notation and hope 
-to propagate it because I could not find any standard notation for this same 
-idea in other sources.
+Notation for showing the units of a quantity. I propose this notation and 
+hope to propagate it because I could not find any standard notation for 
+this same idea in other sources. A blank argument generates a placeholder.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\unitsof{\vect{v}} = \velocityonlytradunit
+\unitsof{\vect{v}} = \velocityonlytradunit, \unitsof{}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -5471,8 +5865,8 @@ Notation for \textit{the change in a quantity}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{scin}{\oarg{mantissa}\marg{exponent}\oarg{unit}}
-Command for scientific notation with an optional unit. Deprecated. Use \cs{timestento} 
-or \cs{xtento} instead.
+Command for scientific notation with an optional unit. Deprecated. 
+Use \cs{timestento} or \cs{xtento} instead.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 2.99\timestento{8}[\velocityonlytradunit]
@@ -5485,7 +5879,8 @@ or \cs{xtento} instead.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{xtento}{\marg{exponent}\oarg{unit}}
-Command for scientific notation with an optional unit. Alias for \cs{timestento}.
+Command for scientific notation with an optional unit. Alias for 
+\cs{timestento}.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 2.99\xtento{8}[\velocityonlytradunit]
@@ -5498,7 +5893,8 @@ Command for scientific notation with an optional unit. Alias for \cs{timestento}
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{ee}{\marg{mantissa}\marg{exponent}}
-Command for scientific notation for computer code. Use \cs{EE} for |EE|.
+Command for scientific notation for computer code. 
+Use \cs{EE} for |EE|.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \ee{2.99}{8}
@@ -5511,8 +5907,8 @@ Command for scientific notation for computer code. Use \cs{EE} for |EE|.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{dms}{\marg{deg}\marg{min}\marg{sec}}
-Command for formatting angles and time. Use \cs{hms} for time. Note that other 
-packages may do this better.
+Command for formatting angles and time. Use \cs{hms} for time. 
+Note that other packages may do this better.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \dms{23}{34}{10.27} \\
@@ -5526,9 +5922,9 @@ packages may do this better.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{clockreading}{\marg{hrs}\marg{min}\marg{sec}}
-Command for formatting a clock reading. Really an alias for \cs{hms}, but conceptually
-a very different idea that introductory textbooks don't do a good enough job at 
-articulating.
+Command for formatting a clock reading. Really an alias for \cs{hms}, 
+but conceptually a very different idea that introductory textbooks don't 
+do a good enough job at articulating.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \clockreading{23}{34}{10.27}
@@ -5541,8 +5937,8 @@ articulating.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{latitude}{\marg{arg}}
-Command for formatting latitude, useful in astronomy. Use \cs{latitudeN} or 
-\cs{latitudeS} to include a letter.
+Command for formatting latitude, useful in astronomy. 
+Use \cs{latitudeN} or \cs{latitudeS} to include a letter.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \latitude{+35}, \latitudeN{35}, \latitudeS{35}
@@ -5555,8 +5951,8 @@ Command for formatting latitude, useful in astronomy. Use \cs{latitudeN} or
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{longitude}{\marg{arg}}
-Command for formatting longitude, useful in astronomy. Use \cs{longitudeE} or
-\cs{longitudeW} to include a letter.
+Command for formatting longitude, useful in astronomy. 
+Use \cs{longitudeE} or \cs{longitudeW} to include a letter.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \longitude{-81}, \longitudeE{81}, \longitudeW{81}
@@ -5686,8 +6082,9 @@ Command for custom naming a coordinate axis.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{axis}{}
-Suffix command for custom naming a coordinate axis. You are responsible for 
-using math mode if necessary for the thing to which you apply the suffix.
+Suffix command for custom naming a coordinate axis. You are responsible 
+for using math mode if necessary for the thing to which you apply the 
+suffix.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \(t\axis\)
@@ -5713,8 +6110,8 @@ Commands for naming coordinate planes. All combinations are defined.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{plane}{}
-Suffix command for custom naming a coordinate plane. You are responsible for 
-using math mode if necessary for the thing to which you apply the suffix.
+Suffix command for custom naming a coordinate plane. You are responsible 
+for using math mode if necessary for the thing to which you apply the suffix.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \(xt\)\plane
@@ -5740,7 +6137,8 @@ Command for square root as a fractional exponent.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{cuberoot}{\marg{arg}}
-Command for cube root of an argument. Use \cs{fcuberoot} to get fractional exponent.
+Command for cube root of an argument. Use \cs{fcuberoot} to get fractional 
+exponent.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \cuberoot{x}, \fcuberoot{x}
@@ -5753,7 +6151,8 @@ Command for cube root of an argument. Use \cs{fcuberoot} to get fractional expon
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{fourthroot}{\marg{arg}}
-Command for fourth root of an argument. Use \cs{ffourthroot} to get fractional exponent.
+Command for fourth root of an argument. Use \cs{ffourthroot} to get fractional 
+exponent.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \fourthroot{x}, \ffourthroot{x}
@@ -5766,7 +6165,8 @@ Command for fourth root of an argument. Use \cs{ffourthroot} to get fractional e
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{fifthroot}{\marg{arg}}
-Command for fifth root of an argument. Use \cs{ffifthroot} to get fractional exponent.
+Command for fifth root of an argument. Use \cs{ffifthroot} to get fractional 
+exponent.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \fifthroot{x}, \ffifthroot{x}
@@ -5779,7 +6179,8 @@ Command for fifth root of an argument. Use \cs{ffifthroot} to get fractional exp
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{relgamma}{\marg{arg}}
-Expression for Lorentz factor. Use \cs{frelgamma} to get fractional exponent.
+Expression for Lorentz factor. Use \cs{frelgamma} to get fractional 
+exponent.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -5797,8 +6198,9 @@ Expression for Lorentz factor. Use \cs{frelgamma} to get fractional exponent.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{oosqrtomxs}{\marg{arg}}
-Commands for expressions convenient in numerically evaluating Lorentz factors. Say each
-expression out loud and you'll see where the command names come from.
+Commands for expressions convenient in numerically evaluating Lorentz 
+factors. Say each expression out loud and you'll see where the command 
+names come from.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \oosqrtomxs{0.22},
@@ -5811,7 +6213,8 @@ expression out loud and you'll see where the command names come from.
 %\fi
 %
 % \subsection{Custom Operators}
-% The \(=\) operator is frequently misused. We need other operators for other cases.
+% The \(=\) operator is frequently misused. We need other operators 
+% for other cases.
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -5829,8 +6232,9 @@ Command for \textit{test-for-equality} operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{wordoperator}{\marg{firstline}\marg{secondline}}
-Command for two lines of tiny text to be use as an operator without using mathematical 
-symbols. Use \cs{pwordoperator} to get parentheses around the operator.
+Command for two lines of tiny text to be use as an operator without using 
+mathematical symbols. Use \cs{pwordoperator} to get parentheses around the 
+operator.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \wordoperator{added}{to} \\
@@ -5844,8 +6248,8 @@ symbols. Use \cs{pwordoperator} to get parentheses around the operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{definedas}{}
-Commands for frequently used word operators. Prepend |p| to each to get parentheses 
-around the operator.
+Commands for frequently used word operators. Prepend |p| to each to get 
+parentheses around the operator.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \definedas and \associated and \adjustedby    \\
@@ -5874,8 +6278,8 @@ Command for \textit{defines} or \textit{defined by} operator.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{inframe}{\oarg{frame}}
-Command for operator indicating the coordinate representation of a vector in a 
-particular reference frame denoted by a capital letter.
+Command for operator indicating the coordinate representation of a vector 
+in a particular reference frame denoted by a capital letter.
 \ntodo[Suggestion]{Make the arrow's length fixed.}
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
@@ -5890,8 +6294,8 @@ particular reference frame denoted by a capital letter.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{associates}{}
-Command for \textit{associated with} or \textit{associates with} operator (for verbal 
-concepts).
+Command for \textit{associated with} or \textit{associates with} operator 
+(for verbal concepts).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 kinetic energy \associates velocity
@@ -5958,8 +6362,8 @@ Command for bidirectional relationship.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{momentumprinciple}{}
-Expression for the momentum principle. Prepend \cs{LHS} to get just the left
-hand side and \cs{RHS} to get just the right hand side.
+Expression for the momentum principle. Prepend \cs{LHS} to get just 
+the left hand side and \cs{RHS} to get just the right hand side.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \momentumprinciple
@@ -5986,8 +6390,8 @@ Expression for the momentum principle in differential form.
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{energyprinciple}{}
 Expression for the energy principle. Prepend \cs{LHS} to get just the left
-hand side and \cs{RHS} to get just the right hand side. Processes other than work
-and thermal energy transfer (e.g.\ radiation) are neglected.
+hand side and \cs{RHS} to get just the right hand side. Processes other 
+than work and thermal energy transfer (e.g.\ radiation) are neglected.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \energyprinciple
@@ -6013,8 +6417,8 @@ Expression for the energy principle in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{angularmomentumprinciple}{}
-Expression for the angular momentum principle. Prepend \cs{LHS} to get just 
-the left hand side and \cs{RHS} to get just the right hand side.
+Expression for the angular momentum principle. Prepend \cs{LHS} to get 
+just the left hand side and \cs{RHS} to get just the right hand side.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \angularmomentumprinciple
@@ -6101,8 +6505,8 @@ Expression for a particle's magnetic field.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-% In the commands that take an optional label, note how to specify initial and final
-% values of quantities. 
+% In the commands that take an optional label, note how to specify 
+% initial and final values of quantities. 
 %
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
@@ -6637,14 +7041,14 @@ Various symbols for total angular momentum.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added Maxwell's equations in both integral and 
-% differential forms, both with and without magnetic monopoles.}
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added Maxwell's equations in both integral 
+%  and differential forms, both with and without magnetic monopoles.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{LHSmaxwelliint}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Left hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form. Note the default 
-value of the optional argument.
+Left hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form. Note the 
+default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*} 
@@ -6673,8 +7077,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliinta}{\oarg{volumename}}
-Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form.
-Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in 
+integral form. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6690,7 +7094,8 @@ Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliintfree}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form in free space.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form in 
+free space.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliintfree \]
@@ -6703,8 +7108,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in integral form in free space.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliint}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's first equation in integral form. Note the default value of the optional
-argument.
+Maxwell's first equation in integral form. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6720,8 +7125,8 @@ argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliinta}{\oarg{surfacename}\oarg{volumename}}
-Alternate form of Maxwell's first equation in integral form. Note the default values
-of the optional arguments.
+Alternate form of Maxwell's first equation in integral form. 
+Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6737,8 +7142,8 @@ of the optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliintfree}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's first equation in integral form in free space. Note the default value
-of the optional argument.
+Maxwell's first equation in integral form in free space. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6754,8 +7159,8 @@ of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{LHSmaxwelliiint}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Left hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form. Note the default
-value of the optional argument.
+Left hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6784,7 +7189,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiintm}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form 
+with magnetic monopoles.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliiintm \]
@@ -6797,8 +7203,9 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form with magnetic mono
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiintma}{\oarg{volumename}}
-Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form with 
-magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in 
+integral form with magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of 
+the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*} 
@@ -6814,7 +7221,8 @@ magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiintfree}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form in free space.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form in 
+free space.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliiintfree \]
@@ -6827,8 +7235,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in integral form in free space.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiint}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's second equation in integral form. Note the default value of the optional 
-argument.
+Maxwell's second equation in integral form. Note the default value 
+of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*} 
@@ -6844,8 +7252,8 @@ argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiintm}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's second equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles. Note the default 
-value of the optional argument.
+Maxwell's second equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6861,8 +7269,8 @@ value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiintma}{\oarg{surfacename}\oarg{volumename}}
-Alternate form of Maxwell's second equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles.
-Note the default values of the optional arguments.
+Alternate form of Maxwell's second equation in integral form with 
+magnetic monopoles. Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6878,8 +7286,8 @@ Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiintfree}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's second equation in integral form in free space. Note the default value
-of the optional argument.
+Maxwell's second equation in integral form in free space. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6895,8 +7303,8 @@ of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{LHSmaxwelliiiint}{\oarg{boundaryname}}
-Left hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form. Note the default value 
-of the optional argument.
+Left hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6912,8 +7320,8 @@ of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiiint}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form. Note the default value
-of the optional argument.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6929,8 +7337,8 @@ of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiiintm}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles.
-Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form with 
+magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6946,8 +7354,9 @@ Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiiintma}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form with
-magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in 
+integral form with magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of 
+the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6963,8 +7372,8 @@ magnetic monopoles. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiiintfree}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form in free space. 
-Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in integral form in 
+free space. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6980,8 +7389,8 @@ Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiiint}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's third equation in integral form. Note the default values of the optional
-arguments.
+Maxwell's third equation in integral form. Note the default values of 
+the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -6997,8 +7406,8 @@ arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiiintm}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's third equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles. Note the default 
-values of the optional arguments.
+Maxwell's third equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles. 
+Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7014,8 +7423,8 @@ values of the optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiiintma}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Alternate form of Maxwell's third equation in integral form with magnetic monopoles.
-Note the default values of the optional arguments.
+Alternate form of Maxwell's third equation in integral form with magnetic 
+monopoles. Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7031,8 +7440,8 @@ Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiiintfree}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's third equation in integral form in free space. Note the default values
-of the optional arguments.
+Maxwell's third equation in integral form in free space. Note the default 
+values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7048,8 +7457,8 @@ of the optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{LHSmaxwellivint}{\oarg{boundaryname}}
-Left hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. Note the default 
-value of the optional argument.
+Left hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7065,8 +7474,8 @@ value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwellivint}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. Note the default
-value of the optional argument.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. 
+Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7082,8 +7491,8 @@ value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwellivinta}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form.
-Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Alternate form of right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in 
+integral form. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7099,8 +7508,8 @@ Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwellivintfree}{\oarg{surfacename}}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form in free space.
-Note the default value of the optional argument.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form in 
+free space. Note the default value of the optional argument.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7116,8 +7525,8 @@ Note the default value of the optional argument.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwellivint}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. Note the default values of the
-optional arguments.
+Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. Note the default values of 
+the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7133,8 +7542,8 @@ optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwellivinta}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Alternate form of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. Note the default 
-values of the optional arguments.
+Alternate form of Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form. 
+Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7150,8 +7559,8 @@ values of the optional arguments.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwellivintfree}{\oarg{boundaryname}\oarg{surfacename}}
-Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form in free space. Note the default values
-of the optional arguments.
+Maxwell's fourth equation in integral form in free space. 
+Note the default values of the optional arguments.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \begin{align*}
@@ -7193,7 +7602,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwellidiffree}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in differential form in free space.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's first equation in differential form 
+in free space.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwellidiffree \]
@@ -7258,8 +7668,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliidifm}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in differential form with magnetic
-monopoles.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in differential 
+form with magnetic monopoles.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliidifm \]
@@ -7272,7 +7682,8 @@ monopoles.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliidiffree}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in differential form in free space.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's second equation in differential 
+form in free space.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliidiffree \]
@@ -7298,7 +7709,8 @@ Maxwell's second equation in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliidifm}{}
-Maxwell's second equation in differential form with magnetic monopoles.
+Maxwell's second equation in differential form with magnetic 
+monopoles.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \maxwelliidifm \]
@@ -7350,8 +7762,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiidifm}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in differential form with magnetic
-monopoles.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in differential form 
+with magnetic monopoles.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliiidifm \]
@@ -7364,7 +7776,8 @@ monopoles.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwelliiidiffree}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in differential form in free space.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's third equation in differential form 
+in free space.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwelliiidiffree \]
@@ -7390,7 +7803,8 @@ Maxwell's third equation in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{maxwelliiidifm}{}
-Maxwell's third equation in differential form with magnetic monopoles.
+Maxwell's third equation in differential form with magnetic 
+monopoles.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \maxwelliiidifm \]
@@ -7442,7 +7856,8 @@ Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in differential form.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{RHSmaxwellivdiffree}{}
-Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in differential form in free space.
+Right hand side of Maxwell's fourth equation in differential form 
+in free space.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
 \[ \RHSmaxwellivdiffree \]
@@ -7477,8 +7892,8 @@ Maxwell's fourth equation in differential form in free space.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added Lorentz force, with and without magnetic
-% monopoles.}
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Added Lorentz force, with and 
+%  without magnetic monopoles.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -7505,29 +7920,58 @@ Right hand side of Lorentz force with magnetic monopoles.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{\pkgname{vpythonline} now uses a uniform style.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/08}{Added \cs{eulerlagrange} command to 
+%  typeset the Euler-Lagrange equation.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{eulerlagrange}{\oarg{operand}}
+Euler-Lagrange equation. Use \cs{Eulerlagrange} to get \(\Delta\) 
+instead of \(\partial\).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\( \eulerlagrange \) or \( \eulerlagrange[x] \)
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%
+% \subsection{VPython and GlowScript Code}
+% There are three ways to deal with VPython\footnote{See the VPython home page at
+% \url{http://vpython.org/} for more information.} and GlowScript\footnote{See the 
+% GlowScript home page at \url{http://glowscript.org/} for more information.} code.
+%
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{\cs{vpythonline} now uses a uniform style.}
+%\changes{v2.4.1}{2015/01/23}{Added more VPython keywords.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2016/01/26}{Added explicit mention of VPython and 
+%  GlowScript.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2016/01/26}{Added GlowScript keywords.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{vpythonline}{\marg{vpythoncode}}
-Command for a single line of VPython code used inline.
+Command for a single line of VPython or GlowScript code used inline.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\vpythonline{from visual import *}
+\vpythonline{from __future__ import division, print_function}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{\pkgname{vpythonblock} now uses a uniform style.}
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{\cs{vpythonblock} now uses a uniform style.}
+%\changes{v2.4.1}{2015/02/11}{\cs{vpythonblock} now accepts an optional 
+%  caption.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
-\begin{docEnvironment}{vpythonblock}{}
-Environment for a block of VPython code.
+\newpage
+\begin{docEnvironment}{vpythonblock}{\oarg{caption}}
+Environment for a block of VPython or GlowScript code.
 \end{docEnvironment}
 \begin{dispExample}
-\begin{vpythonblock}
+\begin{vpythonblock}[Example VPython Listing]
   from __future__ import division,print_function
   from visual import *
   sphere(pos=vector(1,2,3),color=color.green)
@@ -7535,20 +7979,32 @@ Environment for a block of VPython code.
   MyArrow=arrow(pos=earth.pos,axis=fscale*Fnet,color=color.green)
   print ("arrow.pos = "), arrow.pos
 \end{vpythonblock}
+\begin{vpythonblock}[Example GlowScript Listing]
+  GlowScript 2.0 VPython
+  sphere(pos=vector(1,2,3),color=color.green)
+  # create a named arrow
+  MyArrow=arrow(pos=earth.pos,axis=fscale*Fnet,color=color.green)
+  print ("arrow.pos = "), arrow.pos
+\end{vpythonblock}
 \end{dispExample}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{\pkgname{vpythonfile} now uses a uniform style.}
+%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{\cs{vpythonfile} now uses a uniform style.}
+%\changes{v2.4.1}{2015/02/11}{\cs{vpythonfile} now accepts an optional 
+%  caption.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2016/01/26}{\cs{vpythonfile} now begins listings on a new page.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
-\begin{docCommand}{vpythonfile}{\meta{filename}}
-Typesets a file in the current directory containing VPython code.
+\newpage
+\begin{docCommand}{vpythonfile}{\oarg{caption}\meta{filename}}
+Typesets a file in the current directory containing VPython or GlowScript
+code. The listing will begin on a new page.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample}
-\vpythonfile{vdemo.py}
+\vpythonfile[vdemo.py]{vdemo.py}
 \end{dispExample}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
@@ -7613,6 +8069,7 @@ Like \cs{activityanswer} but adjusts vertically to tightly surround text.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -7661,6 +8118,7 @@ id pulvinar odio lorem non turpis. Nullam sit amet enim.]
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -7681,8 +8139,8 @@ neque, id pulvinar odio lorem non turpis. Nullam sit amet enim.]
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{smallanswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 0.10 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth}.
+Answer box with height 0.10 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth}.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \smallanswerbox[][red]
@@ -7695,8 +8153,8 @@ current \cs{linewidth}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{mediumanswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 0.20 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth}.
+Answer box with height 0.20 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth}.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \mediumanswerbox[][lightgray]
@@ -7709,8 +8167,8 @@ current \cs{linewidth}.
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{largeanswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 0.25 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+Answer box with height 0.25 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispListing}
 \largeanswerbox[][lightgray]
@@ -7723,8 +8181,8 @@ current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{largeranswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 0.33 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+Answer box with height 0.33 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispListing}
 \largeranswerbox[][lightgray]
@@ -7737,8 +8195,8 @@ current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{hugeanswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 0.50 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+Answer box with height 0.50 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispListing}
 \hugeanswerbox[][lightgray]
@@ -7751,8 +8209,8 @@ current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{hugeranswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 0.75 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+Answer box with height 0.75 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispListing}
 \hugeranswerbox[][lightgray]
@@ -7765,8 +8223,8 @@ current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{fullpageanswerbox}{\oarg{txt}\oarg{bgclr}}
-Answer box with height 1.00 that of current \cs{textheight} and width 0.90 that of 
-current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+Answer box with height 1.00 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispListing}
 \fullpageanswerbox[][lightgray]
@@ -7775,6 +8233,121 @@ current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{smallanswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{smallanswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 0.10 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth}. The first argument isn't 
+really optional, and \textbf{must} be different for each form used. 
+Content can be typed in the box and saved with a PDF editor or viewer 
+that supports PDF forms.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample}
+\smallanswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispExample}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\newpage
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{mediumanswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{mediumanswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 0.20 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth}. The first argument isn't 
+really optional, and \textbf{must} be different for each form used. 
+Content can be typed in the box and saved with a PDF editor or viewer 
+that supports PDF forms.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample}
+\mediumanswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispExample}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{largeanswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{largeanswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 0.25 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispListing}
+\largeanswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispListing}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{largeranswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{largeranswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 0.33 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispListing}
+\largeranswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispListing}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{hugeanswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{hugeanswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 0.50 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispListing}
+\hugeanswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispListing}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{hugeranswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{hugeranswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 0.75 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispListing}
+\hugeranswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispListing}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\newpage
+%\changes{v2.4.2}{2015/06/08}{Added \cs{fullpageanswerform}.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{fullpageanswerform}{\oarg{name}\oarg{prompt}}
+Editable answer form with height 1.00 that of current \cs{textheight} 
+and width 0.90 that of current \cs{linewidth} (too large to show here).
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispListing}
+\fullpageanswerform[a1][Type your response here.]
+\end{dispListing}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
+%
+%\changes{v2.4.1}{2015/02/14}{Commands that use \pkgname{mdframed} 
+%  will not break over pages.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -7798,6 +8371,7 @@ Environment for highlighting notes to instructors.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -7821,21 +8395,27 @@ Environment for highlighting notes to students.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/14}{\cs{miderivation} now prints line numbers.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/14}{Added \cs{miderivation*} to suppress line 
+%  numbers.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docEnvironment}{miderivation}{}
-Environment for mathematical derivations based on the |align| environment.
+Environment for mathematical derivations based on the |align| environment. 
+Use |miderivation*| to suppress line numbers. See |mysolution| for how to
+handle long lines in this environment.
 \end{docEnvironment}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \begin{miderivation}
   \gamma &= \relgamma{\magvect{v}} 
     && \text{given} \\
-  \gamma\squared &= \ooomx{(\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared}
+  \gamma\squared &= \ooomx{\inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared}
     &&\text{square both sides}\\
-  \frac{1}{\gamma\squared} &= 1-(\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared
+  \frac{1}{\gamma\squared} &= 1-\inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared
     &&\text{reciprocal of both sides} \\
-  (\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared &= 1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}
+  \inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared &= 1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}
     &&\text{rearrange} \\
   \frac{\magvect{v}}{c} &= \sqrt{1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}}
     &&\text{square root of both sides}
@@ -7845,11 +8425,12 @@ Environment for mathematical derivations based on the |align| environment.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docEnvironment}{bwinstructornote}{}
-Environment for highlighting notes to instructors.
+Like |miinstructornote| but in black and grey.
 \end{docEnvironment}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \begin{bwinstructornote}
@@ -7868,11 +8449,12 @@ Environment for highlighting notes to instructors.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docEnvironment}{bwstudentnote}{}
-Environment for highlighting notes to students.
+Like |mistudentnote| but in black and grey.
 \end{docEnvironment}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \begin{bwstudentnote}
@@ -7891,21 +8473,27 @@ Environment for highlighting notes to students.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\newpage
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/14}{\cs{bwderivation} now shows line numbers.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/14}{Added \cs{bwderivation*} to suppress line 
+%  numbers.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docEnvironment}{bwderivation}{}
-Environment for mathematical derivations based on the |align| environment.
+Like |miderivation| but in black and grey. 
+Use |bwderivation*| to suppress line numbers. See |mysolution| for how to
+handle long lines in this environment.
 \end{docEnvironment}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \begin{bwderivation}
   \gamma &= \relgamma{\magvect{v}} 
     && \text{given} \\
-  \gamma\squared &= \ooomx{(\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared}
+  \gamma\squared &= \ooomx{\inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared}
     &&\text{square both sides}\\
-  \frac{1}{\gamma\squared} &= 1-(\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared
+  \frac{1}{\gamma\squared} &= 1-\inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared
     &&\text{reciprocal of both sides} \\
-  (\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared &= 1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}
+  \inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared &= 1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}
     &&\text{rearrange} \\
   \frac{\magvect{v}}{c}&=\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}}
     &&\text{square root of both sides}
@@ -7915,33 +8503,55 @@ Environment for mathematical derivations based on the |align| environment.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/14}{\cs{mysolution} now prints line numbers.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/14}{Added \cs{mysolution*} to suppress line 
+%  numbers.}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2016/01/26}{Added example showing how to handle long
+%  lines and suppressing numbers on broken lines.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docEnvironment}{mysolution}{}
-Alias for simple environment for mathematical derivations based on the |align| 
-environment.
+Alias for simple environment for mathematical derivations based on the 
+|align| environment. Use |mysolution*| to suppress line numbers. The second
+example shows how to handle long lines for this and the derivation environments.
 \end{docEnvironment}
 \begin{dispExample}
 \begin{mysolution}
   \gamma &= \relgamma{\magvect{v}} 
     && \text{given} \\
-  \gamma\squared &= \ooomx{(\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared}
+  \gamma\squared &= \ooomx{\inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared}
     &&\text{square both sides}\\
-  \frac{1}{\gamma\squared} &= 1-(\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared
+  \frac{1}{\gamma\squared} &= 1-\inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared
     &&\text{reciprocal of both sides} \\
-  (\frac{\magvect{v}}{c})\squared &= 1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}
+  \inparens{\frac{\magvect{v}}{c}}\squared &= 1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}
     &&\text{rearrange} \\
   \frac{\magvect{v}}{c} &= \sqrt{1-\frac{1}{\gamma\squared}}
     &&\text{square root of both sides}
 \end{mysolution}
+\begin{mysolution}
+  \vect{E} &= \electricfield{\mivector{1,2,3}} + \electricfield{\mivector{2,4,6}}
+    \nonumber \\
+  &\hphantom{{}=\electricfield{\mivector{1,1,1}}}+\electricfield{\mivector{3,5,6}} 
+    &&\text{superposition}\\
+  \vect{E} &= \electricfield{\mivector{2,3,4}} + \electricfield{\mivector{2,4,6}}  
+    \nonumber \\
+  &+ \electricfield{\mivector{1,1,1}} +\electricfield{\mivector{3,5,6}} 
+    &&\text{superposition again} \\
+  \vect{E} &= \electricfield{\mivector{2,3,4}} + \electricfield{\mivector{2,4,6}}
+    \nonumber \\
+  &\quad + \electricfield{\mivector{1,1,1}} +\electricfield{\mivector{3,5,6}} 
+    && \text{more superposition}
+\end{mysolution}
 \end{dispExample}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+% \newpage
 % \subsection{Miscellaneous Commands}
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/08}{Added color to \cs{checkpoint}.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
@@ -7968,19 +8578,33 @@ Centered figure displayed actual size with caption.
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{Changed behavior of \cs{sneakyone}.}
 %\iffalse
 %<*example>
 %\fi
 \begin{docCommand}{sneakyone}{\marg{thing}}
-Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
+Shows argument as a sneaky one.
 \end{docCommand}
 \begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
-\sneakyone{\m}
+\sneakyone{\frac{\m}{\m}}
 \end{dispExample*}
 %\iffalse
 %</example>
 %\fi
 %
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/10/08}{Added \cs{qed} symbol.}
+%\iffalse
+%<*example>
+%\fi
+\begin{docCommand}{qed}{}
+Command for QED symbol.
+\end{docCommand}
+\begin{dispExample*}{sidebyside}
+\qed
+\end{dispExample*}
+%\iffalse
+%</example>
+%\fi
 % \StopEventually{}
 %
 % \newpage
@@ -8008,7 +8632,9 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \RequirePackage{textcomp}
 \RequirePackage{letltxmacro}
 \RequirePackage{listings}
+\RequirePackage{mathtools}
 \RequirePackage[framemethod=TikZ]{mdframed}
+\RequirePackage{stackengine}
 \RequirePackage{suffix}
 \RequirePackage{xargs}
 \RequirePackage{xparse}
@@ -8021,29 +8647,37 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \DeclareGraphicsRule{.tif}{png}{.png}{`convert #1 `basename #1 .tif`.png}
 \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}
 \usetikzlibrary{shadows}
-%\changes{v2.4.0}{2014/12/16}{Introduced a uniform style for VPython code.}
-\definecolor{vbgcolor}{rgb}{1,1,1}
-\definecolor{vshadowcolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.5,0.5}
-\lstdefinestyle{vpython}{%                % style for VPython code
-  language=Python,%                       % select language
-  morekeywords={visual,arrow,box,cone,%   % VPython specific keywords
-  convex,curve,cylinder,ellipsoid,extrusion,faces,helix,label,points,pyramid,ring,%
-  sphere,text,frame,graphs,vector,pos,axis,radius,color,opacity,material,up,%
-  make_trail,trail_type,trail_object,scene,mag,mag2,norm,dot,cross,proj,comp,%
-  diff_angle,rotate,astuple,radians,shaftwidth,headwidth,headlength,height,width,%
-  size,degrees,interval,retain,__future__,division,print_function,rate},%
-  frame=shadowbox,%                       % shadowbox around listing
-  rulesepcolor=\color{vshadowcolor},%     % shadow color
-  basicstyle=\footnotesize,%              % basic font for code listings
-  commentstyle=\bfseries\color{red},      % font for comments
-  keywordstyle=\bfseries\color{blue},%    % font for keywords
-  showstringspaces=true,%                 % show spaces in strings
-  numbers=left,%                          % where to put line numbers
-  numberstyle=\tiny,%                     % set to 'none' for no line numbers
-  xleftmargin=20pt,%                      % extra left margin
-  backgroundcolor=\color{vbgcolor},%      % some people find this annoying
-  upquote=true,%                          % how to typeset quotes
-  breaklines=true}%                       % break long lines
+\definecolor{vbgcolor}{rgb}{1,1,1}           % background for code listings
+\definecolor{vshadowcolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.5,0.5} % shadow for code listings
+\lstdefinestyle{vpython}{%                   % style for code listings
+  language=Python,%                          % select language
+  morekeywords={__future__,division,append,  % VPython/GlowScript specific keywords
+  arange,arrow,astuple,axis,background,black,blue,cyan,green,%
+  magenta,orange,red,white,yellow,border,box,color,comp,%
+  cone,convex,cross,curve,cylinder,degrees,diff_angle,dot,ellipsoid,extrusion,faces,%
+  font,frame,graphs,headlength,height,headwidth,helix,index,interval,label,length,%
+  line,linecolor,mag,mag2,make_trail,material,norm,normal,objects,opacity,points,pos,%
+  print,print_function,proj,pyramid,radians,radius,rate,retain,ring,rotate,scene,%
+  shaftwidth,shape,sign,size,space,sphere,text,trail_object,trail_type,True,twist,up,%
+  vector,visual,width,offset,yoffset,GlowScript,VPython,trail_color,trail_radius,%
+  pps,clear,False,CoffeeScript,graph,gdisplay,canvas,pause,vec,clone,compound,%
+  vertex,triangle,quad,attach_trail,attach_arrow,textures,bumpmaps,print_options,%
+  get_library,read_local_file},%
+  captionpos=b,%                       % position caption
+  frame=shadowbox,%                    % shadowbox around listing
+  rulesepcolor=\color{vshadowcolor},%  % shadow color
+  basicstyle=\footnotesize,%           % basic font for code listings
+  commentstyle=\bfseries\color{red},   % font for comments
+  keywordstyle=\bfseries\color{blue},% % font for keywords
+  showstringspaces=true,%              % show spaces in strings
+  stringstyle=\bfseries\color{green},% % color for strings
+  numbers=left,%                       % where to put line numbers
+  numberstyle=\tiny,%                  % set to 'none' for no line numbers
+  xleftmargin=20pt,%                   % extra left margin
+  backgroundcolor=\color{vbgcolor},%   % some people find this annoying
+  upquote=true,%                       % how to typeset quotes
+  breaklines=true}%                    % break long lines
+\definecolor{formcolor}{gray}{0.90}    % color for form background
 \newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\centering}m{#1}}
 \newboolean{@optromanvectors}
 \newboolean{@optboldvectors}
@@ -8051,37 +8685,40 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newboolean{@optbaseunits}
 \newboolean{@optdrvdunits}
 \newboolean{@optapproxconsts}
+\newboolean{@optuseradians}
 \setboolean{@optromanvectors}{false}   % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optboldvectors}{false}    % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optsingleabsbars}{false}  % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optbaseunits}{false}      % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optdrvdunits}{false}      % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optapproxconsts}{false}   % this is where you set the default option
+\setboolean{@optuseradians}{false}     % this is where you set the default option
 \DeclareOption{romanvectors}{\setboolean{@optromanvectors}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{boldvectors}{\setboolean{@optboldvectors}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{singleabsbars}{\setboolean{@optsingleabsbars}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{baseunits}{\setboolean{@optbaseunits}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{drvdunits}{\setboolean{@optdrvdunits}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{approxconsts}{\setboolean{@optapproxconsts}{true}}
+\DeclareOption{useradians}{\setboolean{@optuseradians}{true}}
 \ProcessOptions\relax
 %    \end{macrocode}
 %
+%    \begin{macrocode}
+\newcommand*{\mandiversion}{2.5.0}
+\typeout{mandi: You're using mandi version \mandiversion.}
+%    \end{macrocode}
+%
 % \noindent This block of code fixes a conflict with the amssymb package.
 %    \begin{macrocode}
 \@ifpackageloaded{amssymb}{%
   \csundef{square}
-  \typeout{mandi: Package amssymb detected. Its \protect\square\space has been 
-  redefined.}
+  \typeout{mandi: Package amssymb detected. Its \protect\square\space 
+  has been redefined.}
 }{%
   \typeout{mandi: Package amssymb not detected.}
 }%
 %    \end{macrocode}
 %
-%    \begin{macrocode}
-\newcommand*{\mandiversion}{2.4.0}
-\typeout{mandi: You're using mandi version \mandiversion.}
-%    \end{macrocode}
-%
 % \noindent This block of code defines unit names and symbols.
 %    \begin{macrocode}
 \newcommand*{\per}{\ensuremath{/}}
@@ -8226,6 +8863,9 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optapproxconsts}}
   {\typeout{mandi: You'll get approximate constants.}}
   {\typeout{mandi: You'll get precise constants.}}
+\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optuseradians}}
+  {\typeout{mandi: You'll get radians in ang mom, ang impulse, and torque.}}
+  {\typeout{mandi: You won't get radians in ang mom, ang impulse, and torque.}}
 %    \end{macrocode}
 %
 % \noindent This is a utility command for picking constants.
@@ -8235,22 +8875,6 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
   {\newcommand*{\mi@p}[2]{#2}} % precise value
 %    \end{macrocode}
 %
-% \noindent This block of code makes parentheses adjustable.
-%    \begin{macrocode}
-\def\resetMathstrut@{%
-  \setbox\z@\hbox{%
-    \mathchardef\@tempa\mathcode`\[\relax
-    \def\@tempb##1"##2##3{\the\textfont"##3\char"}%
-    \expandafter\@tempb\meaning\@tempa \relax}%
-  \ht\Mathstrutbox@\ht\z@ \dp\Mathstrutbox@\dp\z@}
-\begingroup
-  \catcode`(\active \xdef({\left\string(}
-  \catcode`)\active \xdef){\right\string)}
-\endgroup
-\mathcode`(="8000 \mathcode`)="8000
-\typeout{mandi: Parentheses have been made adjustable in math mode.}
-%    \end{macrocode}
-%
 % \noindent SI base unit of length or spatial displacement
 %    \begin{macrocode}
 \newcommand*{\m}{\metre}
@@ -8294,15 +8918,6 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\dimtemperature}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{\Theta}}}
 \newcommand*{\dimamount}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{N}}}
 \newcommand*{\dimluminous}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{J}}}
-\newphysicsquantity{displacement}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{mass}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsquantity{duration}{\s}[\s][\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{current}{\A}[\A][\A]
-\newphysicsquantity{temperature}{\K}[\K][\K]
-\newphysicsquantity{amount}{\mol}[\mol][\mol]
-\newphysicsquantity{luminous}{\cd}[\cd][\cd]
-\newphysicsquantity{planeangle}{\m\usk\reciprocal\m}[\rad][\relax]
-\newphysicsquantity{solidangle}{\m\squared\usk\reciprocalsquare\m}[\sr][\relax]
 \newcommand*{\indegrees}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree}}
 \newcommand*{\inFarenheit}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree\mathrm{F}}}
 \newcommand*{\inCelsius}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree\mathrm{C}}}
@@ -8335,120 +8950,329 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\insolarD}[1]{\unit{#1}{\Dsolar}}
 \newcommand*{\insolard}[1]{\unit{#1}{\dsolar}}
 \newcommand*{\velocityc}[1]{\ensuremath{#1c}}
-\newphysicsquantity{velocity}{\m\usk\reciprocal\s}[\m\usk\reciprocal\s][\m\per\s]
+\newcommand*{\lorentz}[1]{\ensuremath{#1}}
 \newcommand*{\speed}{\velocity}
-\newphysicsquantity{acceleration}{\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\kg]%
+\newphysicsquantity{displacement}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{mass}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsquantity{duration}%
+  {\s}%
+  [\s]%
+  [\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{current}%
+  {\A}%
+  [\A]%
+  [\A]
+\newphysicsquantity{temperature}%
+  {\K}%
+  [\K]%
+  [\K]
+\newphysicsquantity{amount}%
+  {\mol}%
+  [\mol]%
+  [\mol]
+\newphysicsquantity{luminous}%
+  {\cd}%
+  [\cd]%
+  [\cd]
+\newphysicsquantity{planeangle}%
+  {\m\usk\reciprocal\m}%
+  [\rad]%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{solidangle}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\reciprocalsquare\m}%
+  [\sr]%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{velocity}%
+  {\m\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\m\usk\reciprocal\s]%
+  [\m\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{acceleration}%
+  {\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\kg]%
   [\m\per\s\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalfield}{\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\kg]%
+\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalfield}%
+  {\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\kg]%
   [\N\per\kg]
-\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalpotential}{\square\m\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
-  [\J\per\kg][\J\per\kg]
-\newcommand*{\lorentz}[1]{\ensuremath{#1}}
-\newphysicsquantity{momentum}{\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\N\usk\s][\kg\usk\m\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{impulse}{\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\N\usk\s][\N\usk\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{force}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N][\N]
-\newphysicsquantity{springstiffness}{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\m][\N\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{springstretch}{\m}
-\newphysicsquantity{area}{\m\squared}
-\newphysicsquantity{volume}{\cubic\m}
-\newphysicsquantity{linearmassdensity}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg}[\kg\per\m][\kg\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{areamassdensity}{\m\reciprocalsquared\usk\kg}[\kg\per\m\squared]%
+\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalpotential}%
+  {\square\m\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
+  [\J\per\kg]%
+  [\J\per\kg]
+\newphysicsquantity{momentum}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\N\usk\s]%
+  [\kg\usk\m\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{impulse}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\N\usk\s]%
+  [\N\usk\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{force}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N]%
+  [\N]
+\newphysicsquantity{springstiffness}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m]%
+  [\N\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{springstretch}%
+  {\m}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{area}%
+  {\m\squared}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{volume}%
+  {\cubic\m}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{linearmassdensity}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg}%
+  [\kg\per\m]%
+  [\kg\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{areamassdensity}%
+  {\m\reciprocalsquared\usk\kg}%
+  [\kg\per\m\squared]%
   [\kg\per\m\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{volumemassdensity}{\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\kg}[\kg\per\m\cubed]%
+\newphysicsquantity{volumemassdensity}%
+  {\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\kg}%
+  [\kg\per\m\cubed]%
   [\kg\per\m\cubed]
-\newphysicsquantity{youngsmodulus}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\N\per\m\squared][\Pa]
-\newphysicsquantity{stress}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\N\per\m\squared][\Pa]
-\newphysicsquantity{pressure}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\N\per\m\squared][\Pa]
-\newphysicsquantity{strain}{\relax}[\relax][\relax]
-\newphysicsquantity{work}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\J][\N\usk\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{energy}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\usk\m][\J]
-\newphysicsquantity{power}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}[\J\per\s][\W]
-\newphysicsquantity{specificheatcapacity}{\J\per\K\usk\kg}[\J\per\K\usk\kg]%
+\newphysicsquantity{youngsmodulus}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m\squared]%
+  [\Pa]
+\newphysicsquantity{stress}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m\squared]%
+  [\Pa]
+\newphysicsquantity{pressure}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m\squared]%
+  [\Pa]
+\newphysicsquantity{strain}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{work}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\usk\m]%
+  [\J]
+\newphysicsquantity{energy}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\usk\m]%
+  [\J]
+\newphysicsquantity{power}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
+  [\J\per\s]%
+  [\W]
+\newphysicsquantity{specificheatcapacity}%
+  {\J\per\K\usk\kg}%
+  [\J\per\K\usk\kg]%
   [\J\per\K\usk\kg]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularvelocity}{\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}[\rad\per\s][\rad\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularacceleration}{\rad\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\rad\per\s\squared][\rad\per\s\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularmomentum}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\J\usk\s]%
-  [\kg\usk\m\squared\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{momentofinertia}{\m\squared\usk\kg}[\J\usk\s\squared]%
-  [\kg\usk\m\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{torque}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\J\per\rad]%
-  [\N\usk\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{entropy}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\K}
-  [\J\per\K][\J\per\K]
-\newphysicsquantity{wavelength}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{wavenumber}{\reciprocal\m}[\per\m][\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{frequency}{\reciprocal\s}[\hertz][\hertz]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularfrequency}{\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}[\rad\per\s][\rad\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{charge}{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{permittivity}
-{\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\A\squared}%
-  [\F\per\m][\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
+\newphysicsquantity{angularvelocity}%
+  {\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\rad\per\s]%
+  [\rad\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{angularacceleration}%
+  {\rad\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\rad\per\s\squared]%
+  [\rad\per\s\squared]
+\newphysicsquantity{momentofinertia}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg}%
+  [\m\usk\kg\squared]%
+  [\J\usk\s\squared]
+\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optuseradians}}
+  {%
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularmomentum}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s\usk\reciprocal\rad}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s\per\rad]%
+    [\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s\usk\reciprocal\rad]
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularimpulse}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s\usk\reciprocal\rad}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s\per\rad]%
+    [\J\usk\s\per\rad]
+  \newphysicsquantity{torque}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\rad}%
+    [\N\usk\m\per\rad]%
+    [\J\per\rad]
+  }%
+  {%
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularmomentum}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s]%
+    [\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s]
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularimpulse}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s]%
+    [\J\usk\s]
+  \newphysicsquantity{torque}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+    [\N\usk\m]%
+    [\J]
+  }%
+\newphysicsquantity{entropy}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\K}%
+  [\J\per\K]%
+  [\J\per\K]
+\newphysicsquantity{wavelength}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{wavenumber}%
+  {\reciprocal\m}%
+  [\per\m]%
+  [\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{frequency}%
+  {\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\hertz]%
+  [\hertz]
+\newphysicsquantity{angularfrequency}%
+  {\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\rad\per\s]%
+  [\rad\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{charge}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{permittivity}%
+  {\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\A\squared}%
+  [\F\per\m]%
+  [\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
 \newphysicsquantity{permeability}%
-  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}[\henry\per\m]%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\henry\per\m]%
   [\T\usk\m\per\A]
-\newphysicsquantity{electricfield}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\V\per\m][\N\per\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{electricdipolemoment}{\m\usk\s\usk\A}[\C\usk\m][\C\usk\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{electricfield}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\V\per\m]%
+  [\N\per\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{electricdipolemoment}%
+  {\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\usk\m]%
+  [\C\usk\m]
 \newphysicsquantity{electricflux}%
   {\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\V\usk\m][\N\usk\m\squared\per\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{magneticfield}{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}[\T]%
+  [\V\usk\m]%
+  [\N\usk\m\squared\per\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{magneticfield}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\T]%
   [\N\per\C\usk(\m\per\s)] % also \Wb\per\m\squared
 \newphysicsquantity{magneticflux}%
-  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}[\volt\usk\s]%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\volt\usk\s]%
   [\T\usk\m\squared] % also \Wb and \J\per\A
-\newphysicsquantity{cmagneticfield}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\V\per\m][\N\per\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{linearchargedensity}{\reciprocal\m\usk\s\usk\A}[\C\per\m][\C\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{areachargedensity}{\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
-  [\C\per\square\m][\C\per\square\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{volumechargedensity}{\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
-  [\C\per\cubic\m][\C\per\cubic\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{cmagneticfield}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\V\per\m]%
+  [\N\per\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{linearchargedensity}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\per\m]%
+  [\C\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{areachargedensity}%
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\per\square\m]%
+  [\C\per\square\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{volumechargedensity}%
+  {\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\per\cubic\m]%
+  [\C\per\cubic\m]
 \newphysicsquantity{mobility}%
- {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\reciprocal\A}[\m\squared\per\volt\usk\s]
+ {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+ [\m\squared\per\volt\usk\s]%
  [(\m\per\s)\per(\N\per\C)]
-\newphysicsquantity{numberdensity}{\reciprocalcubic\m}[\per\cubic\m][\per\cubic\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{polarizability}{\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\square\A}%
-  [\C\usk\square\m\per\V][\C\usk\m\per(\N\per\C)]
+\newphysicsquantity{numberdensity}%
+  {\reciprocalcubic\m}%
+  [\per\cubic\m]%
+  [\per\cubic\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{polarizability}%
+  {\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\square\A}%
+  [\C\usk\square\m\per\V]%
+  [\C\usk\m\per(\N\per\C)]
 \newphysicsquantity{electricpotential}%
-  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}[\J\per\C][\V]
-\newphysicsquantity{emf}{\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\J\per\C][\V]
-\newphysicsquantity{dielectricconstant}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{indexofrefraction}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{relativepermittivity}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{relativepermeability}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{energydensity}{\m\reciprocaled\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
-  [\J\per\cubic\m][\J\per\cubic\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{energyflux}{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
-  [\W\per\m\squared][\W\per\m\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{electroncurrent}{\reciprocal\s}%
-  [\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s][\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{conventionalcurrent}{\A}[\C\per\s][\A]
-\newphysicsquantity{magneticdipolemoment}{\square\m\usk\A}[\J\per\T][\A\usk\square\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{currentdensity}{\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\A}[\C\usk\s\per\square\m]%
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\J\per\C]%
+  [\V]
+\newphysicsquantity{emf}%
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\J\per\C]%
+  [\V]
+\newphysicsquantity{dielectricconstant}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{indexofrefraction}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{relativepermittivity}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{relativepermeability}
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{energydensity}%
+  {\m\reciprocaled\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
+  [\J\per\cubic\m]%
+  [\J\per\cubic\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{energyflux}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
+  [\W\per\m\squared]%
+  [\W\per\m\squared]
+\newphysicsquantity{electroncurrent}%
+  {\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s]%
+  [\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{conventionalcurrent}%
+  {\A}%
+  [\C\per\s]%
+  [\A]
+\newphysicsquantity{magneticdipolemoment}%
+  {\square\m\usk\A}%
+  [\J\per\T]%
+  [\A\usk\square\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{currentdensity}%
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\A}%
+  [\C\usk\s\per\square\m]%
   [\A\per\square\m]
 \newphysicsquantity{capacitance}%
-  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\quartic\s\usk\square\A}[\F][\C\per\V]
-  % also \C\squared\per\N\usk\m, \s\per\ohm
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\quartic\s\usk\square\A}%
+  [\F]%
+  [\C\per\V] % also \C\squared\per\N\usk\m, \s\per\ohm
 \newphysicsquantity{inductance}%
-  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}[\henry]%
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}%
+  [\henry]%
   [\volt\usk\s\per\A] % also \square\m\usk\kg\per\C\squared, \Wb\per\A
 \newphysicsquantity{conductivity}%
-  {\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}[\siemens\per\m]%
+  {\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}%
+  [\siemens\per\m]%
   [(\A\per\square\m)\per(\V\per\m)]
 \newphysicsquantity{resistivity}%
-  {\cubic\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}[\ohm\usk\m]%
+  {\cubic\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}%
+  [\ohm\usk\m]%
   [(\V\per\m)\per(\A\per\square\m)]
 \newphysicsquantity{resistance}%
-  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}[\V\per\A][\ohm]
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}%
+  [\V\per\A]%
+  [\ohm]
 \newphysicsquantity{conductance}%
-  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}[\A\per\V][\siemens]
-\newphysicsquantity{magneticcharge}{\m\usk\A}[\m\usk\A][\m\usk\A]
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}%
+  [\A\per\V]%
+  [\siemens]
+\newphysicsquantity{magneticcharge}%
+  {\m\usk\A}%
+  [\m\usk\A]%
+  [\m\usk\A]
 \newcommand*{\lv}{\ensuremath{\left\langle}}
 \newcommand*{\rv}{\ensuremath{\right\rangle}}
 \ExplSyntaxOn % Written in LaTeX3
@@ -8462,14 +9286,15 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
       {%
         \clist_set:Nn \l_tmpa_clist { #1 }
         \ensuremath{%
-          \sqrt{(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist { )^2+( } { )^2+( } { )^2+( } )^2 }
+          \sqrt{\left(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist { \right)^2+\left( } { \right)^2+
+          \left( } { \right)^2+\left( } \right)^2 }
         }%
       }%
       {%
         \clist_set:Nn \l_tmpa_clist { #1 }
         \ensuremath{%
-          \sqrt{(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist {\;{ #2 })^2+(} {\;{ #2 })^2+(}
-          {\;{ #2 })^2+(} \;{ #2 })^2}
+          \sqrt{\left(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist {\;{ #2 }\right)^2+\left(} {\;
+          { #2 }\right)^2+\left(} {\;{ #2 }\right)^2+\left(} \;{ #2 }\right)^2}
         }%
       }%
   }%
@@ -8483,7 +9308,7 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
    {\newcommand*{\vect}[1]{\ensuremath{\vv{\mathrm{#1}}}}}
    {\newcommand*{\vect}[1]{\ensuremath{\vv{#1}}}}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\abs{\vect{#1}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\absof{\vect{#1}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magof{\vect{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\magsquaredvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magvect{#1}\squared}}
 \newcommand*{\magnvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\magvect{#1}^{#2}}}
@@ -8495,6 +9320,15 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
    {\newcommand*{\dirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{\mathrm{#1}}}}}
    {\newcommand*{\dirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\direction}{\dirvect}
+\newcommand*{\componentalong}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{comp}_{#1}{#2}}}
+\newcommand*{\expcomponentalong}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}
+{\magof{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ucomponentalong}[2]{\ensuremath{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\projectiononto}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{proj}_{#1}{#2}}}
+\newcommand*{\expprojectiononto}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \inparens{\frac{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}{\magof{#1}}}\frac{#1}{\magof{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\uprojectiononto}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \inparens{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}#1}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optromanvectors}}
   {\newcommand*{\compvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\ssub{\mathrm{#1}}{\(#2\)}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\compvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\ssub{#1}{\(#2\)}}}}
@@ -8502,6 +9336,15 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
   \compvect{#1}{x},%
   \compvect{#1}{y},%
   \compvect{#1}{z}\rv}}
+\newcommand*{\scompsdirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\lv%
+  \compvect{\widehat{#1}}{x},%
+  \compvect{\widehat{#1}}{y},%
+  \compvect{\widehat{#1}}{z}\rv}}
+\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optromanvectors}}
+  {\newcommand*{\compdirvect}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+    \ssub{\widehat{\mathrm{#1}}}{\(#2\)}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\compdirvect}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+    \ssub{\widehat{#1}}{\(#2\)}}}}
 \newcommand*{\magvectscomps}[1]{\ensuremath{\sqrt{%
   \compvect{#1}{x}\squared +%
   \compvect{#1}{y}\squared +%
@@ -8515,8 +9358,8 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\Ddirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\Delta\dirvect{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\Ddirection}{\Ddirvect}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magdvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\abs{\dvect{#1}}}}
-   \newcommand*{\magDvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\abs{\Dvect{#1}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magdvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\absof{\dvect{#1}}}}
+   \newcommand*{\magDvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\absof{\Dvect{#1}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magdvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magof{\dvect{#1}}}}
    \newcommand*{\magDvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magof{\Dvect{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\compdvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{d}\compvect{#1}{#2}}}
@@ -8542,8 +9385,8 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
   \compDervect{#1}{y}{#2},%
   \compDervect{#1}{z}{#2}\rv}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magdervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\abs{\dervect{#1}{#2}}}}
-   \newcommand*{\magDervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\abs{\Dervect{#1}{#2}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magdervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\absof{\dervect{#1}{#2}}}}
+   \newcommand*{\magDervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\absof{\Dervect{#1}{#2}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magdervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\magof{\dervect{#1}{#2}}}}
    \newcommand*{\magDervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\magof{\Dervect{#1}{#2}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\dermagvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\dbyd{\magvect{#1}}{#2}}}
@@ -8565,7 +9408,7 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
   \compvectsub{#1}{#2}{y},%
   \compvectsub{#1}{#2}{z}\rv}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\abs{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\absof{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\magof{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\magsquaredvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\magvectsub{#1}{#2}\squared}}
 \newcommand*{\magnvectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\magvectsub{#1}{#2}^{#3}}}
@@ -8594,8 +9437,8 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\dervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\dbyd{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}{#3}}}
 \newcommand*{\Dervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\DbyD{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}{#3}}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magdervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\abs{\dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}
-   \newcommand*{\magDervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\abs{\Dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magdervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\absof{\dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}
+   \newcommand*{\magDervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\absof{\Dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magdervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\magof{\dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}
    \newcommand*{\magDervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\magof{\Dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\compdervectsub}[4]{\ensuremath{\dbyd{\compvectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}{#4}}}
@@ -8690,26 +9533,29 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
   \compDervect{#1}{x}{#2}\compDvect{#3}{x}+%
   \compDervect{#1}{y}{#2}\compDvect{#3}{y}+%
   \compDervect{#1}{z}{#2}\compDvect{#3}{z}}}
-\newcommand*{\vectcrossvect}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}}}
-\newcommand*{\ltriplecross}[3]{\ensuremath{({#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2})%
-  \boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\vectcrossvect}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}}}
+\newcommand*{\ltriplecross}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  \inparens{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
 \newcommand*{\rtriplecross}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}%
-  ({#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3})}}
-\newcommand*{\ltriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}\bullet{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\rtriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}\bullet{#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\ezero}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{0}}}
-\newcommand*{\eone}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{1}}}
-\newcommand*{\etwo}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{2}}}
-\newcommand*{\ethree}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{3}}}
-\newcommand*{\efour}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{4}}}
-\newcommand*{\ek}[1]{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{#1}}}
+  \inparens{{#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ltriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}\bullet{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\rtriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}\bullet{#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\ezero}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_0}}
+\newcommand*{\eone}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_1}}
+\newcommand*{\etwo}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_2}}
+\newcommand*{\ethree}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_3}}
+\newcommand*{\efour}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_4}}
+\newcommand*{\ek}[1]{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\e}{\ek}
-\newcommand*{\uezero}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{0}}}
-\newcommand*{\ueone}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{1}}}
-\newcommand*{\uetwo}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{2}}}
-\newcommand*{\uethree}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{3}}}
-\newcommand*{\uefour}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{4}}}
-\newcommand*{\uek}[1]{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\uezero}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_0}}
+\newcommand*{\ueone}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_1}}
+\newcommand*{\uetwo}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_2}}
+\newcommand*{\uethree}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_3}}
+\newcommand*{\uefour}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_4}}
+\newcommand*{\uek}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\ue}{\uek}
 \newcommand*{\ezerozero}{\ek{00}}
 \newcommand*{\ezeroone}{\ek{01}}
@@ -8739,6 +9585,13 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\eufour}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}^4}}
 \newcommand*{\euk}[1]{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}^{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\eu}{\euk}
+\newcommand*{\ueuzero}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^0}}
+\newcommand*{\ueuone}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^1}}
+\newcommand*{\ueutwo}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^2}}
+\newcommand*{\ueuthree}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^3}}
+\newcommand*{\ueufour}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^4}}
+\newcommand*{\ueuk}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\ueu}{\ueuk}
 \newcommand*{\euzerozero}{\euk{00}}
 \newcommand*{\euzeroone}{\euk{01}}
 \newcommand*{\euzerotwo}{\euk{02}}
@@ -8760,12 +9613,12 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\eufourtwo}{\euk{42}}
 \newcommand*{\eufourthree}{\euk{43}}
 \newcommand*{\eufourfour}{\euk{44}}
-\newcommand*{\gzero}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{0}}}
-\newcommand*{\gone}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{1}}}
-\newcommand*{\gtwo}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{2}}}
-\newcommand*{\gthree}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{3}}}
-\newcommand*{\gfour}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{4}}}
-\newcommand*{\gk}[1]{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\gzero}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_0}}
+\newcommand*{\gone}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1}}
+\newcommand*{\gtwo}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_2}}
+\newcommand*{\gthree}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_3}}
+\newcommand*{\gfour}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_4}}
+\newcommand*{\gk}[1]{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\g}{\gk}
 \newcommand*{\gzerozero}{\gk{00}}
 \newcommand*{\gzeroone}{\gk{01}}
@@ -8864,6 +9717,15 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
     \colvector{\msub{#2}{0},\msub{#2}{1},\msub{#2}{2},\msub{#2}{3}}%
   }%
 }%
+\newcommandx{\scompsCvect}[2][1,usedefault]{%
+  \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
+  {%
+    \colvector{\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+  {%
+    \colvector{\msup{#2}{0},\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+}%
 \newcommandx{\scompsrvect}[2][1,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
   {%
@@ -8873,131 +9735,314 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
     \rowvector[,]{\msub{#2}{0},\msub{#2}{1},\msub{#2}{2},\msub{#2}{3}}%
   }%
 }%
-\newphysicsconstant{oofpez}{\ensuremath{\frac{1}
-{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0}}}{\mi@p{9}{8.9876}\timestento{9}}
-{\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalquartic\s\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}[\m\per\farad]
-[\newton\usk\m\squared\per\coulomb\squared]
+\newcommandx{\scompsRvect}[2][1,usedefault]{%
+  \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
+  {%
+    \rowvector[,]{\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+  {%
+    \rowvector[,]{\msup{#2}{0},\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+}%
+\newcommand*{\bra}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\langle{#1}\right\lvert}}
+\newcommand*{\ket}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lvert{#1}\right\rangle}}
+\newcommand*{\bracket}[2]{\ensuremath{\left\langle{#1}\!\!\right.%
+  \left\lvert{#2}\right\rangle}}
+\newphysicsconstant{oofpez}%
+  {\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0}}}%
+  {\mi@p{9}{8.9876}\timestento{9}}%
+  {\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalquartic\s\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\m\per\farad]%
+  [\newton\usk\m\squared\per\coulomb\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{oofpezcs}%
+  {\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0 c^2\phantom{_o}}}}%
+  {\tento{-7}}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\T\usk\m\squared]%
+  [\N\usk\s\squared\per\C\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermittivity}%
+  {\ensuremath{\epsilon_0}}%
+  {\mi@p{9.0}{8.8542}\timestento{-12}}%
+  {\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\A\squared}%
+  [\F\per\m]%
+  [\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{mzofp}%
+  {\ensuremath{\frac{\phantom{_oo}\mu_0\phantom{_o}}{4\pi}}}%
+  {\tento{-7}}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\henry\per\m]%
+  [\tesla\usk\m\per\A]
+\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermeability}%
+  {\ensuremath{\mu_0}}%
+  {4\pi\timestento{-7}}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\henry\per\m]%
+  [\T\usk\m\per\A]
+\newphysicsconstant{boltzmann}%
+  {\ensuremath{k_B}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.4}{1.3806}\timestento{-23}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocal\K}%
+  [\joule\per\K]%
+  [\J\per\K]
+\newphysicsconstant{boltzmannineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{k_B}}%
+  {\mi@p{8.6}{8.6173}\timestento{-5}}%
+  {\eV\usk\reciprocal\K}%
+  [\eV\per\K]%
+  [\eV\per\K]
+\newphysicsconstant{stefanboltzmann}%
+  {\ensuremath{\sigma}}%
+  {\mi@p{5.7}{5.6704}\timestento{-8}}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\K\reciprocalquarted}%
+  [\W\per\m\squared\usk\K^4]%
+  [\W\per\m\squared\usk\K\quarted]
+\newphysicsconstant{planck}%
+  {\ensuremath{h}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.6}{6.6261}\timestento{-34}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\J\usk\s]%
+  [\J\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{h}}%
+  {\mi@p{4.1}{4.1357}\timestento{-15}}%
+  {\eV\usk\s}%
+  [\eV\usk\s]%
+  [\eV\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckbar}%
+  {\ensuremath{\hslash}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.1}{1.0546}\timestento{-34}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\J\usk\s]%
+  [\J\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckbarineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{\hslash}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.6}{6.5821}\timestento{-16}}%
+  {\eV\usk\s}%
+  [\eV\usk\s]%
+  [\eV\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckc}%
+  {\ensuremath{hc}}%
+  {\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}%
+  {\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
+  [\J\usk\m]%
+  [\J\usk\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckcineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{hc}}%
+  {\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}%
+  {\eV\usk\text{n}\m}%
+  [\eV\usk\text{n}\m]%
+  [\eV\usk\text{n}\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{rydberg}%
+  {\ensuremath{\msub{R}{\infty}}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.1}{1.0974}\timestento{7}}%
+  {\reciprocal\m}%
+  [\reciprocal\m]%
+  [\reciprocal\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{bohrradius}%
+  {\ensuremath{a_0}}%
+  {\mi@p{5.3}{5.2918}\timestento{-11}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{finestructure}%
+  {\ensuremath{\alpha}}%
+  {\mi@p{\frac{1}{137}}{7.2974\timestento{-3}}}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsconstant{avogadro}%
+  {\ensuremath{N_A}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.0}{6.0221}\timestento{23}}%
+  {\reciprocal\mol}%
+  [\reciprocal\mol]%
+  [\reciprocal\mol]
+\newphysicsconstant{universalgrav}%
+  {\ensuremath{G}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.7}{6.6738}\timestento{-11}}%
+  {\m\cubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\J\usk\m\per\kg\squared]%
+  [\N\usk\m\squared\per\kg\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{surfacegravfield}%
+  {\ensuremath{g}}%
+  {\mi@p{9.8}{9.80}}%
+  {\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\kg]%
+  [\N\per\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{clight}%
+  {\ensuremath{c}}%
+  {\mi@p{3}{2.9979}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\m\per\s]%
+  [\m\per\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{clightinfeet}%
+  {\ensuremath{c}}%
+  {\mi@p{1}{0.9836}}%
+  {\text{ft}\usk\reciprocal{\text{n}\s}}%
+  [\text{ft}\per\text{n}\s]%
+  [\text{ft}\per\mathrm{n}\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{Ratom}%
+  {\ensuremath{r_{\text{atom}}}}%
+  {\tento{-10}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{Mproton}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_p}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.6726}\timestento{-27}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{Mneutron}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_n}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.6749}\timestento{-27}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{Mhydrogen}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_H}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.6737}\timestento{-27}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{Melectron}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_e}}%
+  {\mi@p{9.1}{9.1094}\timestento{-31}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{echarge}%
+  {\ensuremath{e}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.6}{1.6022}\timestento{-19}}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{Qelectron}%
+  {\ensuremath{Q_e}}%
+  {-\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{qelectron}%
+  {\ensuremath{q_e}}%
+  {-\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{Qproton}%
+  {\ensuremath{Q_p}}%
+  {+\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{qproton}%
+  {\ensuremath{q_p}}%
+  {+\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{MEarth}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Earth}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.0}{5.9736}\timestento{24}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{MMoon}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Moon}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{7.3}{7.3459}\timestento{22}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{MSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{2.0}{1.9891}\timestento{30}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{REarth}%
+  {\ensuremath{R_{\text{Earth}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.4}{6.3675}\timestento{6}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{RMoon}%
+  {\ensuremath{R_{\text{Moon}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.7375}\timestento{6}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{RSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{R_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{7.0}{6.9634}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{ESdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{ES}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{SEdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{SE}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{EMdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{EM}}%
+  {\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{MEdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{ME}}%
+  {\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{LSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{L_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{3.8}{3.8460}\timestento{26}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
+  [\W]
+  [\J\per\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{TSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{T_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{5800}{5778}}%
+  {\K}%
+  [\K]%
+  [\K]
+\newphysicsconstant{MagSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {+4.83}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsconstant{magSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {-26.74}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
 \newcommand*{\coulombconstant}{\oofpez}
-\newphysicsconstant{oofpezcs}{\ensuremath{\frac{1}
-{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0 c^2\phantom{_o}}}}{\tento{-7}}
-{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}
-[\T\usk\m\squared][\N\usk\s\squared\per\C\squared]
 \newcommand*{\altcoulombconstant}{\oofpezcs}
-\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermittivity}{\ensuremath{\epsilon_0}}
-{\mi@p{9.0}{8.8542}\timestento{-12}}
-{\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\A\squared}[\F\per\m]
-[\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
-\newphysicsconstant{mzofp}
-{\ensuremath{\frac{\phantom{_oo}\mu_0\phantom{_o}}{4\pi}}}
-{\tento{-7}}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}
-[\henry\per\m][\tesla\usk\m\per\A]
 \newcommand*{\biotsavartconstant}{\mzofp}
-\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermeability}{\ensuremath{\mu_0}}
-{4\pi\timestento{-7}}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}
-[\henry\per\m][\T\usk\m\per\A]
-\newphysicsconstant{boltzmann}{\ensuremath{k_B}}
-{\mi@p{1.4}{1.3806}\timestento{-23}}
-{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocal\K}[\joule\per\K][\J\per\K]
 \newcommand*{\boltzmannconstant}{\boltzmann}
-\newphysicsconstant{boltzmannineV}{\ensuremath{k_B}}
-{\mi@p{8.6}{8.6173}\timestento{-5}}
-{\eV\usk\reciprocal\K}[\eV\per\K][\eV\per\K]
-\newphysicsconstant{stefanboltzmann}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}
-{\mi@p{5.7}{5.6704}\timestento{-8}}
-{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\K\reciprocalquarted}[\W\per\m\squared\usk\K^4]
-[\W\per\m\squared\usk\K\quarted]
 \newcommand*{\stefanboltzmannconstant}{\stefanboltzmann}
-\newphysicsconstant{planck}{\ensuremath{h}}{\mi@p{6.6}{6.6261}\timestento{-34}}
-{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\J\usk\s][\J\usk\s]
 \newcommand*{\planckconstant}{\planck}
-\newphysicsconstant{planckineV}{\ensuremath{h}}{\mi@p{4.1}{4.1357}\timestento{-15}}
-{\eV\usk\s}[\eV\usk\s][\eV\usk\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{planckbar}{\ensuremath{\hslash}}{\mi@p{1.1}{1.0546}\timestento{-34}}
-{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\J\usk\s][\J\usk\s]
 \newcommand*{\reducedplanckconstant}{\planckbar}
-\newphysicsconstant{planckbarineV}{\ensuremath{\hslash}}
-{\mi@p{6.6}{6.5821}\timestento{-16}}{\eV\usk\s}[\eV\usk\s][\eV\usk\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{planckc}{\ensuremath{hc}}{\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}
-{\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}[\J\usk\m][\J\usk\m]
 \newcommand*{\planckconstanttimesc}{\planckc}
-\newphysicsconstant{planckcineV}{\ensuremath{hc}}
-{\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}{\eV\usk\text{n}\m}[\eV\usk\text{n}\m]
-[\eV\usk\text{n}\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{rydberg}{\ensuremath{\msub{R}{\infty}}}
-{\mi@p{1.1}{1.0974}\timestento{7}}{\reciprocal\m}[\reciprocal\m][\reciprocal\m]
 \newcommand*{\rydbergconstant}{\rydberg}
-\newphysicsconstant{bohrradius}{\ensuremath{a_0}}{\mi@p{5.3}{5.2918}\timestento{-11}}
-{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{finestructure}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
-{\mi@p{\frac{1}{137}}{7.2974\timestento{-3}}}{\relax}
 \newcommand*{\finestructureconstant}{\finestructure}
-\newphysicsconstant{avogadro}{\ensuremath{N_A}}
-{\mi@p{6.0}{6.0221}\timestento{23}}{\reciprocal\mol}[\reciprocal\mol][\reciprocal\mol]
 \newcommand*{\avogadroconstant}{\avogadro}
-\newphysicsconstant{universalgrav}{\ensuremath{G}}{\mi@p{6.7}{6.6738}\timestento{-11}}
-{\m\cubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\J\usk\m\per\kg\squared]
-[\N\usk\m\squared\per\kg\squared]
 \newcommand*{\universalgravitationalconstant}{\universalgrav}
-\newphysicsconstant{surfacegravfield}{\ensuremath{g}}{\mi@p{9.8}{9.80}}
-{\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\kg][\N\per\kg]
 \newcommand*{\earthssurfacegravitationalfield}{\surfacegravfield}
-\newphysicsconstant{clight}{\ensuremath{c}}
-{\mi@p{3}{2.9979}\timestento{8}}{\m\usk\reciprocal\s}[\m\per\s][\m\per\s]
 \newcommand*{\photonconstant}{\clight}
-\newphysicsconstant{clightinfeet}{\ensuremath{c}}{\mi@p{1}{0.9836}}
-{\text{ft}\usk\reciprocal{\text{n}\s}}[\text{ft}\per\text{n}\s]
-[\text{ft}\per\mathrm{n}\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{Ratom}{\ensuremath{r_{\text{atom}}}}{\tento{-10}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{Mproton}{\ensuremath{m_p}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.6726}\timestento{-27}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{Mneutron}{\ensuremath{m_n}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.6749}\timestento{-27}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{Mhydrogen}{\ensuremath{m_H}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.6737}\timestento{-27}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{Melectron}{\ensuremath{m_e}}
-{\mi@p{9.1}{9.1094}\timestento{-31}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{echarge}{\ensuremath{e}}
-{\mi@p{1.6}{1.6022}\timestento{-19}}{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
 \newcommand*{\elementarycharge}{\echarge}
-\newphysicsconstant{Qelectron}{\ensuremath{Q_e}}{-\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{qelectron}{\ensuremath{q_e}}{-\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{Qproton}{\ensuremath{Q_p}}{+\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{qproton}{\ensuremath{q_p}}{+\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{MEarth}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Earth}}}}
-{\mi@p{6.0}{5.9736}\timestento{24}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{MMoon}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Moon}}}}
-{\mi@p{7.3}{7.3459}\timestento{22}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{MSun}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}
-{\mi@p{2.0}{1.9891}\timestento{30}}
-{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{REarth}{\ensuremath{R_{\text{Earth}}}}
-{\mi@p{6.4}{6.3675}\timestento{6}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{RMoon}{\ensuremath{R_{\text{Moon}}}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.7375}\timestento{6}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{RSun}{\ensuremath{R_{\text{Sun}}}}{\mi@p{7.0}{6.9634}\timestento{8}}
-{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{ESdist}{\magvectsub{r}{ES}}{\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}{\m}
-[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{SEdist}{\magvectsub{r}{SE}}{\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}{\m}
-[\m][\m]
 \newcommand*{\EarthSundistance}{\ESdist}
 \newcommand*{\SunEarthdistance}{\SEdist}
-\newphysicsconstant{EMdist}{\magvectsub{r}{EM}}
-{\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{MEdist}{\magvectsub{r}{ME}}
-{\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}{\m}[\m][\m]
 \newcommand*{\EarthMoondistance}{\ESdist}
 \newcommand*{\MoonEarthdistance}{\SEdist}
-\newphysicsconstant{LSun}{\ensuremath{L_{\text{Sun}}}}
-{\mi@p{3.8}{3.8460}\timestento{26}}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}[\W]
-[\J\per\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{TSun}{\ensuremath{T_{\text{Sun}}}}{\mi@p{5800}{5778}}{\K}[\K][\K]
-\newphysicsconstant{MagSun}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}{+4.83}{}[][]
-\newphysicsconstant{magSun}{\ensuremath{m_{\text{Sun}}}}{-26.74}{}[][]
 \newcommand*{\Lstar}[1][\(\star\)]{\ensuremath{L_{\text{#1}}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\Lsolar}{\ensuremath{\Lstar[\(\odot\)]}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\Tstar}[1][\(\star\)]{\ensuremath{T_{\text{#1}}}\xspace}
@@ -9057,15 +10102,16 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
 \newcommand*{\foureighths}{\ensuremath{\frac{4}{8}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\fourninths}{\ensuremath{\frac{4}{9}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\fourtenths}{\ensuremath{\frac{4}{10}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\sumoverall}[1]{\ensuremath{\displaystyle\sum_{\substack{\text{\tiny{all }}
-  \text{\tiny{{#1}}}}}}}
+\newcommand*{\sumoverall}[1]{\ensuremath{\displaystyle
+  \sum_{\substack{\text{\tiny{all }}\text{\tiny{{#1}}}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\dx}[1]{\ensuremath{\,\mathrm{d}{#1}}}
-\newcommand*{\evalfromto}[3]{\ensuremath{\Bigg.{#1}\Bigg\rvert_{#2}^{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\evalfromto}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  \Bigg.{#1}\Bigg\rvert_{#2}^{#3}}}
 \newcommand*{\evalat}[2]{\ensuremath{\Bigg.{#1}\Bigg\rvert_{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\evaluatedat}[1]{\ensuremath{\Bigg.\Bigg\rvert_{#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\integral}[4][1,2,usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
-  \int_{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{#4=#1}}^{\ifthenelse{\equal{#2}{}}{}{#4=#2}}}
-  {#3}\dx{#4}}
+  \int_{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{#4=#1}}^{\ifthenelse{%
+    \equal{#2}{}}{}{#4=#2}}}{#3}\dx{#4}}
 \newcommand*{\opensurfaceintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
   \iint\nolimits_{#1}\vectdotvect{#2}{\dirvect{n}}\dx{A}}}
 \newcommand*{\closedsurfaceintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
@@ -9074,41 +10120,64 @@ Sshows factors dividing to a sneaky one.
   \int\nolimits_{#1}\vectdotvect{#2}{\dirvect{t}}\dx{\ell}}}
 \newcommand*{\closedlineintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
   \oint\nolimits_{#1}\vectdotvect{#2}{\dirvect{t}}\dx{\ell}}}
-\newcommand*{\volumeintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{\iiint\nolimits_{#1}{#2}\dx{V}}}
-\newcommandx{\dbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t}}}
-\newcommandx{\DbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta{#1}}{\Delta t}}}
-\newcommandx{\ddbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t^{2}}}}
-\newcommandx{\DDbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta t^{2}}}}
-\newcommandx{\pbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial t}}}
-\newcommandx{\ppbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial t^{2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\dbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\DbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta{#1}}{\Delta{#2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\ddbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}^{2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\DDbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta{#2}^{2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\pbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial{#2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\ppbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial{#2}^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\volumeintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \iiint\nolimits_{#1}{#2}\dx{V}}}
+\newcommandx{\dbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t}}}
+\newcommandx{\DbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\Delta{#1}}{\Delta t}}}
+\newcommandx{\ddbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t^{2}}}}
+\newcommandx{\DDbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta t^{2}}}}
+\newcommandx{\pbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial t}}}
+\newcommandx{\ppbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial t^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\dbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{%
+  \mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\DbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{%
+  \Delta{#1}}{\Delta{#2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ddbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\DDbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta{#2}^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\pbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial{#2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ppbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial{#2}^{2}}}}
 \newcommand*{\seriesfofx}{\ensuremath{%
-f(x) \approx f(a) + \frac{f^\prime (a)}{1!}(x-a) + \frac{f^{\prime\prime}(a)}{2!}(x-a)^2
-+ \frac{f^{\prime\prime\prime}(a)}{3!}(x-a)^3 + \ldots}\xspace}
+  f(x) \approx f(a) + \frac{f^\prime (a)}{1!}(x-a) + \frac{f^{\prime\prime}(a)}{2!}
+  (x-a)^2 + \frac{f^{\prime\prime\prime}(a)}{3!}(x-a)^3 + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriesexpx}{\ensuremath{%
-e^x \approx 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \ldots}\xspace}
+  e^x \approx 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriessinx}{\ensuremath{%
-\sin x \approx x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \ldots}\xspace}
+  \sin x \approx x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriescosx}{\ensuremath{%
-\cos x \approx 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \ldots}\xspace}
+  \cos x \approx 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriestanx}{\ensuremath{%
-\tan x \approx x + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{2x^5}{15} + \ldots}\xspace}
+  \tan x \approx x + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{2x^5}{15} + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriesatox}{\ensuremath{%
-a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ldots}
-\xspace}
+  a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + %
+  \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\serieslnoneplusx}{\ensuremath{%
-\ln(1 \pm x) \approx \pm\; x - \frac{x^2}{2} \pm \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^4}{4} \pm 
-\ldots}\xspace}
+  \ln(1 \pm x) \approx \pm\; x - \frac{x^2}{2} \pm \frac{x^3}{3} - %
+    \frac{x^4}{4} \pm \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\binomialseries}{\ensuremath{%
-(1 + x)^n \approx 1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^2 + \ldots}\xspace}
+  (1 + x)^n \approx 1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^2 + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\gradient}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla}}}
 \newcommand*{\divergence}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla}\bullet}}
 \newcommand*{\curl}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla\times}}}
+\newcommand{\taigrad}{\ensuremath{\nabla}}%
+\newcommand{\taisvec}{\ensuremath{%
+  \stackinset{c}{0.07ex}{c}{0.1ex}{\tiny$-$}{$\nabla$}}
+}%
+\newcommand{\taidivg}{\ensuremath{%
+  \stackinset{c}{0.07ex}{c}{0.1ex}{$\cdot$}{$\nabla$}}
+}%
+\newcommand{\taicurl}{\ensuremath{%
+  \stackinset{c}{0.04ex}{c}{0.32ex}{\tiny$\times$}{$\nabla$}}
+}%
 \newcommand*{\laplacian}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla}^2}}
 \newcommand*{\dalembertian}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\Box}}}
 \newcommand*{\diracdelta}[1]{\ensuremath{\delta}(#1)}
@@ -9137,18 +10206,18 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
    {\newcommand*{\cB}{\ensuremath{c\mskip -3.00mu B}}}}
 \newcommand*{\newpi}{\ensuremath{\pi\mskip -7.8mu\pi}}
 \newcommand*{\scripty}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathcalligra{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\Lagr}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{L}}}
 \newcommandx{\flux}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\ssub{\Phi}{#1}}}
-\@ifpackageloaded{commath}{%
-  \typeout{mandi: Package commath detected. Its \protect\abs\space command will 
-  be used.}
-}{%
-  \typeout{mandi: Package commath not detected. mandi's \protect\abs\space command
-  will be used.}
-  \newcommand*{\abs}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lvert{#1}\right\rvert}}
-}%
-\newcommand*{\magof}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lVert{#1}\right\rVert}}
-\newcommand*{\dimsof}[1]{\ensuremath{\left[{#1}\right]}}
-\newcommand*{\unitsof}[1]{\ensuremath{\left[{#1}\right]_u}}
+\newcommand*{\absof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left\lvert{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right\rvert}}
+\newcommand*{\inparens}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left({\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right)}}
+\newcommand*{\magof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left\lVert{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right\rVert}}
+\newcommand*{\dimsof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left[{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right]}}
+\newcommand*{\unitsof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left[{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right]_u}}
 \newcommand*{\changein}[1]{\ensuremath{\delta{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\Changein}[1]{\ensuremath{\Delta{#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\scin}[3][1,3=\!\!,usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
@@ -9166,8 +10235,10 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
     {\unit{10^{#1}}{#2}}}}
 \newcommand*{\ee}[2]{\texttt{{#1}e{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\EE}[2]{\texttt{{#1}E{#2}}}
-\newcommand*{\dms}[3]{\ensuremath{\indegrees{#1}\inarcminutes{#2}\inarcseconds{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\hms}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}^{\hour}{#2}^{\mathrm{m}}{#3}^{\s}}}
+\newcommand*{\dms}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  \indegrees{#1}\inarcminutes{#2}\inarcseconds{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\hms}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}^{\hour}{#2}^{\mathrm{m}}{#3}^{\s}}}
 \newcommand*{\clockreading}{\hms}
 \newcommand*{\latitude}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree}}
 \newcommand*{\latitudeN}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree\;\mathrm{N}}}
@@ -9181,8 +10252,10 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\msub}[2]{\ensuremath{#1_{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\msup}[2]{\ensuremath{#1^{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\msud}[3]{\ensuremath{#1^{#2}_{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\levicivita}[1]{\ensuremath{\varepsilon_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
-\newcommand*{\kronecker}[1]{\ensuremath{\delta_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\levicivita}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \varepsilon_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\kronecker}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \delta_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
 \newcommand*{\xaxis}{\ensuremath{x\text{-axis}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\yaxis}{\ensuremath{y\text{-axis}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\zaxis}{\ensuremath{z\text{-axis}}\xspace}
@@ -9204,9 +10277,9 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\ffourthroot}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}^\onefourth}}
 \newcommand*{\ffifthroot}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}^\onefifth}}
 \newcommand*{\relgamma}[1]{\ensuremath{%
-  \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{#1}{c})\squared}}}}
+  \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\inparens{\frac{#1}{c}}\squared}}}}
 \newcommand*{\frelgamma}[1]{\ensuremath{%
-  (1-\frac{{#1}\squared}{c\squared})^{-\onehalf}}}
+  \inparens{1-\frac{{#1}\squared}{c\squared}}^{-\onehalf}}}
 \newcommand*{\oosqrtomxs}[1]{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{#1}\squared}}}}
 \newcommand*{\oosqrtomx}[1]{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\ooomx}[1]{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{1-{#1}}}}
@@ -9233,60 +10306,76 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\platerthan}{\pwordoperator{later}{than}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\pforevery}{\pwordoperator{for}{every}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\defines}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\text{\tiny{def}}}{=}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\inframe}[1][\relax]{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow[\text\tiny{\mathcal #1}]{}}
-  \xspace}
-\newcommand*{\associates}{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{assoc}}}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\becomes}{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{becomes}}}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\rrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{\xLongrightarrow{\text{\tiny{#1}}}}}
-\newcommand*{\lrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{\xLongleftarrow[\text{\tiny{#1}}]{}}}
+\newcommand*{\inframe}[1][\relax]{\ensuremath{%
+  \xrightarrow[\text\tiny{\mathcal #1}]{}}\xspace}
+\newcommand*{\associates}{\ensuremath{%
+  \xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{assoc}}}}\xspace}
+\newcommand*{\becomes}{\ensuremath{%
+  \xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{becomes}}}}\xspace}
+\newcommand*{\rrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \xLongrightarrow{\text{\tiny{#1}}}}}
+\newcommand*{\lrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \xLongleftarrow[\text{\tiny{#1}}]{}}}
 \newcommand*{\brelatedto}[2]{\ensuremath{%
   \xLongleftrightarrow[\text{\tiny{#1}}]{\text{\tiny{#2}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\momentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
   \vectsub{p}{sys,final}=\vectsub{p}{sys,initial}+\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
 \newcommand*{\LHSmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{p}{sys,final}}}
-\newcommand*{\RHSmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{p}{sys,initial}+\Fnetsys
-  \Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\momentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{\Dvectsub{p}{sys}=\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\energyprinciple}{\ensuremath{\ssub{E}{sys,final}=\ssub{E}{sys,initial}+W
-  +Q}}
+\newcommand*{\RHSmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \vectsub{p}{sys,initial}+\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\momentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{%
+  \Dvectsub{p}{sys}=\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\energyprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \ssub{E}{sys,final}=\ssub{E}{sys,initial}+W+Q}}
 \newcommand*{\LHSenergyprinciple}{\ensuremath{\ssub{E}{sys,final}}}
 \newcommand*{\RHSenergyprinciple}{\ensuremath{\ssub{E}{sys,initial}+W+Q}}
 \newcommand*{\energyprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{\Delta\ssub{E}{sys}=W+Q}}
-\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}=
+\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}=\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,initial}+\Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\LHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}}}
+\newcommand*{\RHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
   \vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,initial}+\Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\LHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}}}
-\newcommand*{\RHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,initial}+
-  \Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{\Dvectsub{L}{\(A\),sys}=
-  \Tsub{net}\Delta t}}  
+\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{%
+  \Dvectsub{L}{\(A\),sys}=\Tsub{net}\Delta t}}  
 \newcommand*{\gravitationalinteraction}{\ensuremath{%
-  \universalgravmathsymbol\frac{\msub{M}{1}\msub{M}{2}}{\magvectsub{r}{12}\squared}
-  (-\dirvectsub{r}{12})}}
+  \universalgravmathsymbol\frac{\msub{M}{1}\msub{M}{2}}{%
+  \magvectsub{r}{12}\squared}(-\dirvectsub{r}{12})}}
 \newcommand*{\electricinteraction}{\ensuremath{%
   \oofpezmathsymbol\frac{\msub{Q}{1}\msub{Q}{2}}{\magvectsub{r}{12}\squared}
   \dirvectsub{r}{12}}}
 \newcommand*{\springinteraction}{\ensuremath{\ks\magvect{s}(-\dirvect{s})}}
 \newcommand*{\Bfieldofparticle}{\ensuremath{%
-  \mzofpmathsymbol\frac{Q\magvect{v}}{\magvect{r}\squared}\dirvect{v}\times\dirvect{r}}}
+  \mzofpmathsymbol\frac{Q\magvect{v}}{\magvect{r}\squared}\dirvect{v}\times
+  \dirvect{r}}}
 \newcommand*{\Efieldofparticle}{\ensuremath{%
   \oofpezmathsymbol\frac{Q}{\magvect{r}\squared}\dirvect{r}}}
-\newcommandx{\Esys}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{sys}}{\ssub{E}{sys,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Us}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\),#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Ug}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\),#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Ue}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\),#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Esys}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{sys}}{\ssub{E}{sys,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Us}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\),#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Ug}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\),#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Ue}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\),#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Ktrans}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{trans}}
   {\ssub{K}{trans,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Krot}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{rot}}{\ssub{K}{rot,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Kvib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{vib}}{\ssub{K}{vib,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Krot}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{rot}}{\ssub{K}{rot,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Kvib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{vib}}{\ssub{K}{vib,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Eparticle}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{particle}}
   {\ssub{E}{particle,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Einternal}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{internal}}
   {\ssub{E}{internal,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Erest}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{rest}}{\ssub{E}{rest,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Echem}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{chem}}{\ssub{E}{chem,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Erest}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{rest}}{\ssub{E}
+  {rest,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Echem}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{chem}}{\ssub{E}
+  {chem,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Etherm}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{therm}}
   {\ssub{E}{therm,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Evib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{vib}}{\ssub{E}{vib,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Evib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{vib}}{\ssub{E}{vib,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Ephoton}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{photon}}
   {\ssub{E}{photon,#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\DEsys}{\Changein\Esys}
@@ -9424,19 +10513,25 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\RHSmaxwellivdif}{\ensuremath{\vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol%
   \vacuumpermittivitymathsymbol\pbypt[\vect{E}]+%
   \vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol\vectsub{J}{\(e\)}}}
-\newcommand*{\RHSmaxwellivdiffree}{\ensuremath{\vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol\vacuumpermittivitymathsymbol\pbypt[\vect{E}]}}
+\newcommand*{\RHSmaxwellivdiffree}{\ensuremath{\vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol
+  \vacuumpermittivitymathsymbol\pbypt[\vect{E}]}}
 \newcommand*{\maxwellivdif}{\ensuremath{\LHSmaxwellivdif=\RHSmaxwellivdif}}
 \newcommand*{\maxwellivdiffree}{\ensuremath{\LHSmaxwellivdif=\RHSmaxwellivdiffree}}
 \newcommand*{\RHSlorentzforce}{\ensuremath{\msub{q}{e}\left(\vect{E}+%
   \vectcrossvect{\vect{v}}{\vect{B}}\right)}}
 \newcommand*{\RHSlorentzforcem}{\ensuremath{\RHSlorentzforce+\msub{q}{m}\left(%
   \vect{B}-\vectcrossvect{\vect{v}}{\frac{\vect{E}}{c^2}}\right)}}
+\newcommandx{\eulerlagrange}[1][1={q_i},usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
+  \pbyp{\mathcal{L}}{#1}-\dbydt\inparens{\pbyp{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{#1}}} = 0}}
+\newcommandx{\Eulerlagrange}[1][1={q_i},usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
+  \DbyD{\mathcal{L}}{#1}-\DbyDt\inparens{\DbyD{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{#1}}} = 0}}
 \newcommand*{\vpythonline}{\lstinline[style=vpython]}
-\lstnewenvironment{vpythonblock}{\lstset{style=vpython}}{}
-\newcommand*{\vpythonfile}{\lstinputlisting[style=vpython]}
+\lstnewenvironment{vpythonblock}[1][]{\lstset{style=vpython,caption={#1}}}{}
+\newcommand*{\vpythonfile}[1][]{\newpage\lstinputlisting[style=vpython,caption={#1}]}
 \newcommandx{\emptyanswer}[2][1=0.80,2=0.1,usedefault]
   {\begin{minipage}{#1\textwidth}\hfill\vspace{#2\textheight}\end{minipage}}
-\newenvironmentx{activityanswer}[5][1=white,2=black,3=black,4=0.90,5=0.10,usedefault]{%
+\newenvironmentx{activityanswer}[5][1=white,2=black,3=black,4=0.90,%
+  5=0.10,usedefault]{%
   \def\skipper{#5}%
   \def\response@fbox{\fcolorbox{#2}{#1}}%
   \begin{center}%
@@ -9463,7 +10558,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
     \response@fbox{\usebox{\@tempboxa}}%
   \end{center}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\emptybox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.10,usedefault]
+\newcommandx{\emptybox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.10,usedefault]%
   {\begin{center}%
      \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
        \begin{minipage}[c][#6\textheight][c]{#5\textwidth}\color{#4}%
@@ -9472,8 +10568,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \vspace{\baselineskip}%
    \end{center}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\adjemptybox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=,
-7=0.0,usedefault]
+\newcommandx{\adjemptybox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=,%
+  7=0.0,usedefault]
   {\begin{center}%
      \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
        \begin{minipage}[c]{#5\textwidth}\color{#4}%
@@ -9484,7 +10580,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \vspace{\baselineskip}%
    \end{center}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\answerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.1,usedefault]
+\newcommandx{\answerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.1,usedefault]%
   {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9493,8 +10590,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\adjanswerbox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.1,7=0.0,%
-  usedefault]%
+\newcommandx{\adjanswerbox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.1,7=0.0,usedefault]%
   {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9503,8 +10600,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\adjemptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6][#7]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\smallanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.10,%
-  usedefault]%
+\newcommandx{\smallanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.10,usedefault]%
   {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9513,8 +10610,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\mediumanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.20,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\smallanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.10,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\mediumanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.20,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9523,8 +10636,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\largeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.25,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\mediumanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.20,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\largeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.25,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9533,8 +10662,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\largeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.33,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\largeanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.25,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\largeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.33,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9543,8 +10688,25 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\hugeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.50,%
+\newcommandx{\largeranswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.33,4=0.90,%
   usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\hugeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.50,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9553,8 +10715,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\hugeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.75,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\hugeanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.50,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\hugeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.75,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9563,8 +10741,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\fullpageanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=1.00,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\hugeranswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.75,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\fullpageanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=1.00,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -9573,9 +10767,26 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
+\newcommandx{\fullpageanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=1.00,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
 \mdfdefinestyle{miinstructornotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={INSTRUCTOR NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=cyan!60,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=cyan!25,
@@ -9590,6 +10801,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{mistudentnotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={STUDENT NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=cyan!60,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=cyan!25,
@@ -9604,6 +10816,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{miderivationstyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=0pt,rightmargin=0pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={DERIVATION},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=orange!60,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=orange!25,
@@ -9611,6 +10824,14 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \NewEnviron{miderivation}{%
   \begin{mdframed}[style=miderivationstyle]
   \setcounter{equation}{0}
+    \begin{align}
+      \BODY
+    \end{align}
+  \end{mdframed}
+}%
+\NewEnviron{miderivation*}{%
+  \begin{mdframed}[style=miderivationstyle]
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
     \begin{align*}
       \BODY
     \end{align*}
@@ -9619,6 +10840,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{bwinstructornotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={INSTRUCTOR NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=gray!50,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=gray!20,
@@ -9633,6 +10855,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{bwstudentnotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={STUDENT NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=gray!50,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=gray!20,
@@ -9647,6 +10870,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{bwderivationstyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=0pt,rightmargin=0pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={DERIVATION},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=gray!50,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=gray!20,
@@ -9654,18 +10878,35 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \NewEnviron{bwderivation}{%
   \begin{mdframed}[style=bwderivationstyle]
   \setcounter{equation}{0}
+    \begin{align}
+      \BODY
+    \end{align}
+  \end{mdframed}
+}%
+\NewEnviron{bwderivation*}{%
+  \begin{mdframed}[style=bwderivationstyle]
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
     \begin{align*}
       \BODY
     \end{align*}
   \end{mdframed}
 }%
 \NewEnviron{mysolution}{%
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
+  \begin{align}
+    \BODY
+  \end{align}
+}%
+\NewEnviron{mysolution*}{%
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
   \begin{align*}
     \BODY
   \end{align*}
 }%
 \newcommand*{\checkpoint}{%
-  \vspace{1cm}\begin{center}|--------- CHECKPOINT ---------|\end{center}}%
+  \vspace{1cm}\begin{center}%
+    \colorbox{yellow!80}{|--------- CHECKPOINT ---------|}%
+  \end{center}}%
 \newcommand*{\image}[2]{%
   \begin{figure}[h!]
     \begin{center}%
@@ -9674,7 +10915,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
       \label{#1}%
     \end{center}%
   \end{figure}}
-\newcommand*{\sneakyone}[1]{\ensuremath{\cancelto{1}{\frac{#1}{#1}}}}
+%\changes{v2.5.0}{2015/09/13}{Changed behavior of \cs{sneakyone}.}
+\newcommand*{\sneakyone}[1]{\ensuremath{\cancelto{1}{#1}}}
 % undocumented diagnostic command
 \newcommand*{\chkquantity}[1]{%
   \begin{center}
@@ -9685,6 +10927,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
     \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
 }%
+\newcommand*{\qed}{\ensuremath{\text{ Q.E.D.}}}
 % undocumented diagnostic command
 \newcommand*{\chkconstant}[1]{%
   \begin{center}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.ins b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.ins
index 743a77a224e..8ec0aff32cb 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.ins
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/source/latex/mandi/mandi.ins
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 %%
 %% mandi.dtx  (with options: `install')
 %% 
-%% Copyright (C) 2014 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
+%% Copyright (C) 2016 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
 %% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% This  work may be  distributed and/or modified  under the conditions of the
 %% LaTeX Project Public  License, either  version 1.3  of this  license or (at
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@
 %% 
 %% This work consists of the files mandi.dtx
 %%                                 README
+%%                                 mandi.pdf
 %% 
 %% and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
-%%                                 mandi.sty
-%%                                 vdemo.py and
-%%                                 mandi.pdf.
+%%                                 mandi.sty and
+%%                                 vdemo.py.
 %% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% 
 \input docstrip.tex
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 \usedir{tex/latex/mandi}
 \preamble
 
-Copyright (C) 2014 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
+Copyright (C) 2016 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 This  work may be  distributed and/or modified  under the conditions of the
 LaTeX Project Public  License, either  version 1.3  of this  license or (at
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ The Current Maintainer of this work is Paul J. Heafner.
 
 This work consists of the files mandi.dtx
                                 README
+                                mandi.pdf
 
 and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
-                                mandi.sty
-                                vdemo.py and
-                                mandi.pdf.
+                                mandi.sty and
+                                vdemo.py.
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 \endpreamble
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
 \generate{\file{\jobname.sty}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{package}}}
 \generate{\file{\jobname.ins}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{install}}}
 \generate{\usepreamble\empty\usepostamble\empty
-          \file{README.txt}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{readme}}}
+          \file{vdemo.py}{\from{\jobname.dtx}{vdemo}}}
 
 \obeyspaces
 \Msg{*************************************************************}
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/mandi/mandi.sty b/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/mandi/mandi.sty
index 700d2db36c8..652a6bdbf6e 100644
--- a/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/mandi/mandi.sty
+++ b/Master/texmf-dist/tex/latex/mandi/mandi.sty
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 %%
 %% mandi.dtx  (with options: `package')
 %% 
-%% Copyright (C) 2014 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
+%% Copyright (C) 2016 by Paul J. Heafner <heafnerj@gmail.com>
 %% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% This  work may be  distributed and/or modified  under the conditions of the
 %% LaTeX Project Public  License, either  version 1.3  of this  license or (at
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 %% 
 %% This work consists of the files mandi.dtx
 %%                                 README
+%%                                 mandi.pdf
 %% 
 %% and includes the derived files  mandi.ins
-%%                                 mandi.sty
-%%                                 vdemo.py and
-%%                                 mandi.pdf.
+%%                                 mandi.sty and
+%%                                 vdemo.py.
 %% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 %% 
-\ProvidesPackage{mandi}[2014/12/29 2.4.0 Macros for physics and astronomy]
+\ProvidesPackage{mandi}[2016/03/15 2.5.1 Macros for physics and astronomy]
 \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1999/12/01]
 
 \RequirePackage{amsmath}
@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@
 \RequirePackage{textcomp}
 \RequirePackage{letltxmacro}
 \RequirePackage{listings}
+\RequirePackage{mathtools}
 \RequirePackage[framemethod=TikZ]{mdframed}
+\RequirePackage{stackengine}
 \RequirePackage{suffix}
 \RequirePackage{xargs}
 \RequirePackage{xparse}
@@ -61,28 +63,37 @@
 \DeclareGraphicsRule{.tif}{png}{.png}{`convert #1 `basename #1 .tif`.png}
 \DeclareMathAlphabet{\mathpzc}{OT1}{pzc}{m}{it}
 \usetikzlibrary{shadows}
-\definecolor{vbgcolor}{rgb}{1,1,1}
-\definecolor{vshadowcolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.5,0.5}
-\lstdefinestyle{vpython}{%                % style for VPython code
-  language=Python,%                       % select language
-  morekeywords={visual,arrow,box,cone,%   % VPython specific keywords
-  convex,curve,cylinder,ellipsoid,extrusion,faces,helix,label,points,pyramid,ring,%
-  sphere,text,frame,graphs,vector,pos,axis,radius,color,opacity,material,up,%
-  make_trail,trail_type,trail_object,scene,mag,mag2,norm,dot,cross,proj,comp,%
-  diff_angle,rotate,astuple,radians,shaftwidth,headwidth,headlength,height,width,%
-  size,degrees,interval,retain,__future__,division,print_function,rate},%
-  frame=shadowbox,%                       % shadowbox around listing
-  rulesepcolor=\color{vshadowcolor},%     % shadow color
-  basicstyle=\footnotesize,%              % basic font for code listings
-  commentstyle=\bfseries\color{red},      % font for comments
-  keywordstyle=\bfseries\color{blue},%    % font for keywords
-  showstringspaces=true,%                 % show spaces in strings
-  numbers=left,%                          % where to put line numbers
-  numberstyle=\tiny,%                     % set to 'none' for no line numbers
-  xleftmargin=20pt,%                      % extra left margin
-  backgroundcolor=\color{vbgcolor},%      % some people find this annoying
-  upquote=true,%                          % how to typeset quotes
-  breaklines=true}%                       % break long lines
+\definecolor{vbgcolor}{rgb}{1,1,1}           % background for code listings
+\definecolor{vshadowcolor}{rgb}{0.5,0.5,0.5} % shadow for code listings
+\lstdefinestyle{vpython}{%                   % style for code listings
+  language=Python,%                          % select language
+  morekeywords={__future__,division,append,  % VPython/GlowScript specific keywords
+  arange,arrow,astuple,axis,background,black,blue,cyan,green,%
+  magenta,orange,red,white,yellow,border,box,color,comp,%
+  cone,convex,cross,curve,cylinder,degrees,diff_angle,dot,ellipsoid,extrusion,faces,%
+  font,frame,graphs,headlength,height,headwidth,helix,index,interval,label,length,%
+  line,linecolor,mag,mag2,make_trail,material,norm,normal,objects,opacity,points,pos,%
+  print,print_function,proj,pyramid,radians,radius,rate,retain,ring,rotate,scene,%
+  shaftwidth,shape,sign,size,space,sphere,text,trail_object,trail_type,True,twist,up,%
+  vector,visual,width,offset,yoffset,GlowScript,VPython,trail_color,trail_radius,%
+  pps,clear,False,CoffeeScript,graph,gdisplay,canvas,pause,vec,clone,compound,%
+  vertex,triangle,quad,attach_trail,attach_arrow,textures,bumpmaps,print_options,%
+  get_library,read_local_file},%
+  captionpos=b,%                       % position caption
+  frame=shadowbox,%                    % shadowbox around listing
+  rulesepcolor=\color{vshadowcolor},%  % shadow color
+  basicstyle=\footnotesize,%           % basic font for code listings
+  commentstyle=\bfseries\color{red},   % font for comments
+  keywordstyle=\bfseries\color{blue},% % font for keywords
+  showstringspaces=true,%              % show spaces in strings
+  stringstyle=\bfseries\color{green},% % color for strings
+  numbers=left,%                       % where to put line numbers
+  numberstyle=\tiny,%                  % set to 'none' for no line numbers
+  xleftmargin=20pt,%                   % extra left margin
+  backgroundcolor=\color{vbgcolor},%   % some people find this annoying
+  upquote=true,%                       % how to typeset quotes
+  breaklines=true}%                    % break long lines
+\definecolor{formcolor}{gray}{0.90}    % color for form background
 \newcolumntype{C}[1]{>{\centering}m{#1}}
 \newboolean{@optromanvectors}
 \newboolean{@optboldvectors}
@@ -90,28 +101,31 @@
 \newboolean{@optbaseunits}
 \newboolean{@optdrvdunits}
 \newboolean{@optapproxconsts}
+\newboolean{@optuseradians}
 \setboolean{@optromanvectors}{false}   % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optboldvectors}{false}    % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optsingleabsbars}{false}  % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optbaseunits}{false}      % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optdrvdunits}{false}      % this is where you set the default option
 \setboolean{@optapproxconsts}{false}   % this is where you set the default option
+\setboolean{@optuseradians}{false}     % this is where you set the default option
 \DeclareOption{romanvectors}{\setboolean{@optromanvectors}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{boldvectors}{\setboolean{@optboldvectors}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{singleabsbars}{\setboolean{@optsingleabsbars}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{baseunits}{\setboolean{@optbaseunits}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{drvdunits}{\setboolean{@optdrvdunits}{true}}
 \DeclareOption{approxconsts}{\setboolean{@optapproxconsts}{true}}
+\DeclareOption{useradians}{\setboolean{@optuseradians}{true}}
 \ProcessOptions\relax
+\newcommand*{\mandiversion}{2.5.0}
+\typeout{mandi: You're using mandi version \mandiversion.}
 \@ifpackageloaded{amssymb}{%
   \csundef{square}
-  \typeout{mandi: Package amssymb detected. Its \protect\square\space has been
-  redefined.}
+  \typeout{mandi: Package amssymb detected. Its \protect\square\space
+  has been redefined.}
 }{%
   \typeout{mandi: Package amssymb not detected.}
 }%
-\newcommand*{\mandiversion}{2.4.0}
-\typeout{mandi: You're using mandi version \mandiversion.}
 \newcommand*{\per}{\ensuremath{/}}
 \newcommand*{\usk}{\ensuremath{\cdot}}
 \newcommand*{\unit}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\,{#2}}}
@@ -242,21 +256,12 @@
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optapproxconsts}}
   {\typeout{mandi: You'll get approximate constants.}}
   {\typeout{mandi: You'll get precise constants.}}
+\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optuseradians}}
+  {\typeout{mandi: You'll get radians in ang mom, ang impulse, and torque.}}
+  {\typeout{mandi: You won't get radians in ang mom, ang impulse, and torque.}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optapproxconsts}}
   {\newcommand*{\mi@p}[2]{#1}} % approximate value
   {\newcommand*{\mi@p}[2]{#2}} % precise value
-\def\resetMathstrut@{%
-  \setbox\z@\hbox{%
-    \mathchardef\@tempa\mathcode`\[\relax
-    \def\@tempb##1"##2##3{\the\textfont"##3\char"}%
-    \expandafter\@tempb\meaning\@tempa \relax}%
-  \ht\Mathstrutbox@\ht\z@ \dp\Mathstrutbox@\dp\z@}
-\begingroup
-  \catcode`(\active \xdef({\left\string(}
-  \catcode`)\active \xdef){\right\string)}
-\endgroup
-\mathcode`(="8000 \mathcode`)="8000
-\typeout{mandi: Parentheses have been made adjustable in math mode.}
 \newcommand*{\m}{\metre}
 \newcommand*{\kg}{\kilogram}
 \newcommand*{\s}{\second}
@@ -271,15 +276,6 @@
 \newcommand*{\dimtemperature}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{\Theta}}}
 \newcommand*{\dimamount}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{N}}}
 \newcommand*{\dimluminous}{\ensuremath{\mathrm{J}}}
-\newphysicsquantity{displacement}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{mass}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsquantity{duration}{\s}[\s][\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{current}{\A}[\A][\A]
-\newphysicsquantity{temperature}{\K}[\K][\K]
-\newphysicsquantity{amount}{\mol}[\mol][\mol]
-\newphysicsquantity{luminous}{\cd}[\cd][\cd]
-\newphysicsquantity{planeangle}{\m\usk\reciprocal\m}[\rad][\relax]
-\newphysicsquantity{solidangle}{\m\squared\usk\reciprocalsquare\m}[\sr][\relax]
 \newcommand*{\indegrees}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree}}
 \newcommand*{\inFarenheit}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree\mathrm{F}}}
 \newcommand*{\inCelsius}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree\mathrm{C}}}
@@ -312,120 +308,329 @@
 \newcommand*{\insolarD}[1]{\unit{#1}{\Dsolar}}
 \newcommand*{\insolard}[1]{\unit{#1}{\dsolar}}
 \newcommand*{\velocityc}[1]{\ensuremath{#1c}}
-\newphysicsquantity{velocity}{\m\usk\reciprocal\s}[\m\usk\reciprocal\s][\m\per\s]
+\newcommand*{\lorentz}[1]{\ensuremath{#1}}
 \newcommand*{\speed}{\velocity}
-\newphysicsquantity{acceleration}{\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\kg]%
+\newphysicsquantity{displacement}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{mass}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsquantity{duration}%
+  {\s}%
+  [\s]%
+  [\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{current}%
+  {\A}%
+  [\A]%
+  [\A]
+\newphysicsquantity{temperature}%
+  {\K}%
+  [\K]%
+  [\K]
+\newphysicsquantity{amount}%
+  {\mol}%
+  [\mol]%
+  [\mol]
+\newphysicsquantity{luminous}%
+  {\cd}%
+  [\cd]%
+  [\cd]
+\newphysicsquantity{planeangle}%
+  {\m\usk\reciprocal\m}%
+  [\rad]%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{solidangle}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\reciprocalsquare\m}%
+  [\sr]%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{velocity}%
+  {\m\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\m\usk\reciprocal\s]%
+  [\m\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{acceleration}%
+  {\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\kg]%
   [\m\per\s\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalfield}{\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\kg]%
+\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalfield}%
+  {\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\kg]%
   [\N\per\kg]
-\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalpotential}{\square\m\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
-  [\J\per\kg][\J\per\kg]
-\newcommand*{\lorentz}[1]{\ensuremath{#1}}
-\newphysicsquantity{momentum}{\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\N\usk\s][\kg\usk\m\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{impulse}{\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\N\usk\s][\N\usk\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{force}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N][\N]
-\newphysicsquantity{springstiffness}{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\m][\N\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{springstretch}{\m}
-\newphysicsquantity{area}{\m\squared}
-\newphysicsquantity{volume}{\cubic\m}
-\newphysicsquantity{linearmassdensity}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg}[\kg\per\m][\kg\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{areamassdensity}{\m\reciprocalsquared\usk\kg}[\kg\per\m\squared]%
+\newphysicsquantity{gravitationalpotential}%
+  {\square\m\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
+  [\J\per\kg]%
+  [\J\per\kg]
+\newphysicsquantity{momentum}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\N\usk\s]%
+  [\kg\usk\m\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{impulse}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\N\usk\s]%
+  [\N\usk\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{force}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N]%
+  [\N]
+\newphysicsquantity{springstiffness}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m]%
+  [\N\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{springstretch}%
+  {\m}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{area}%
+  {\m\squared}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{volume}%
+  {\cubic\m}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{linearmassdensity}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg}%
+  [\kg\per\m]%
+  [\kg\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{areamassdensity}%
+  {\m\reciprocalsquared\usk\kg}%
+  [\kg\per\m\squared]%
   [\kg\per\m\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{volumemassdensity}{\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\kg}[\kg\per\m\cubed]%
+\newphysicsquantity{volumemassdensity}%
+  {\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\kg}%
+  [\kg\per\m\cubed]%
   [\kg\per\m\cubed]
-\newphysicsquantity{youngsmodulus}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\N\per\m\squared][\Pa]
-\newphysicsquantity{stress}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\N\per\m\squared][\Pa]
-\newphysicsquantity{pressure}{\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\N\per\m\squared][\Pa]
-\newphysicsquantity{strain}{\relax}[\relax][\relax]
-\newphysicsquantity{work}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\J][\N\usk\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{energy}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\usk\m][\J]
-\newphysicsquantity{power}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}[\J\per\s][\W]
-\newphysicsquantity{specificheatcapacity}{\J\per\K\usk\kg}[\J\per\K\usk\kg]%
+\newphysicsquantity{youngsmodulus}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m\squared]%
+  [\Pa]
+\newphysicsquantity{stress}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m\squared]%
+  [\Pa]
+\newphysicsquantity{pressure}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\m\squared]%
+  [\Pa]
+\newphysicsquantity{strain}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{work}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\usk\m]%
+  [\J]
+\newphysicsquantity{energy}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\usk\m]%
+  [\J]
+\newphysicsquantity{power}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
+  [\J\per\s]%
+  [\W]
+\newphysicsquantity{specificheatcapacity}%
+  {\J\per\K\usk\kg}%
+  [\J\per\K\usk\kg]%
   [\J\per\K\usk\kg]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularvelocity}{\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}[\rad\per\s][\rad\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularacceleration}{\rad\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
-  [\rad\per\s\squared][\rad\per\s\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularmomentum}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\J\usk\s]%
-  [\kg\usk\m\squared\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{momentofinertia}{\m\squared\usk\kg}[\J\usk\s\squared]%
-  [\kg\usk\m\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{torque}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\J\per\rad]%
-  [\N\usk\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{entropy}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\K}
-  [\J\per\K][\J\per\K]
-\newphysicsquantity{wavelength}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{wavenumber}{\reciprocal\m}[\per\m][\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{frequency}{\reciprocal\s}[\hertz][\hertz]
-\newphysicsquantity{angularfrequency}{\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}[\rad\per\s][\rad\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{charge}{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{permittivity}
-{\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\A\squared}%
-  [\F\per\m][\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
+\newphysicsquantity{angularvelocity}%
+  {\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\rad\per\s]%
+  [\rad\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{angularacceleration}%
+  {\rad\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\rad\per\s\squared]%
+  [\rad\per\s\squared]
+\newphysicsquantity{momentofinertia}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg}%
+  [\m\usk\kg\squared]%
+  [\J\usk\s\squared]
+\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optuseradians}}
+  {%
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularmomentum}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s\usk\reciprocal\rad}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s\per\rad]%
+    [\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s\usk\reciprocal\rad]
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularimpulse}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s\usk\reciprocal\rad}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s\per\rad]%
+    [\J\usk\s\per\rad]
+  \newphysicsquantity{torque}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\rad}%
+    [\N\usk\m\per\rad]%
+    [\J\per\rad]
+  }%
+  {%
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularmomentum}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s]%
+    [\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s]
+  \newphysicsquantity{angularimpulse}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+    [\N\usk\m\usk\s]%
+    [\J\usk\s]
+  \newphysicsquantity{torque}%
+    {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+    [\N\usk\m]%
+    [\J]
+  }%
+\newphysicsquantity{entropy}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\K}%
+  [\J\per\K]%
+  [\J\per\K]
+\newphysicsquantity{wavelength}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{wavenumber}%
+  {\reciprocal\m}%
+  [\per\m]%
+  [\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{frequency}%
+  {\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\hertz]%
+  [\hertz]
+\newphysicsquantity{angularfrequency}%
+  {\rad\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\rad\per\s]%
+  [\rad\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{charge}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{permittivity}%
+  {\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\A\squared}%
+  [\F\per\m]%
+  [\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
 \newphysicsquantity{permeability}%
-  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}[\henry\per\m]%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\henry\per\m]%
   [\T\usk\m\per\A]
-\newphysicsquantity{electricfield}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\V\per\m][\N\per\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{electricdipolemoment}{\m\usk\s\usk\A}[\C\usk\m][\C\usk\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{electricfield}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\V\per\m]%
+  [\N\per\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{electricdipolemoment}%
+  {\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\usk\m]%
+  [\C\usk\m]
 \newphysicsquantity{electricflux}%
   {\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\V\usk\m][\N\usk\m\squared\per\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{magneticfield}{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}[\T]%
+  [\V\usk\m]%
+  [\N\usk\m\squared\per\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{magneticfield}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\T]%
   [\N\per\C\usk(\m\per\s)] % also \Wb\per\m\squared
 \newphysicsquantity{magneticflux}%
-  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}[\volt\usk\s]%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\volt\usk\s]%
   [\T\usk\m\squared] % also \Wb and \J\per\A
-\newphysicsquantity{cmagneticfield}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\V\per\m][\N\per\C]
-\newphysicsquantity{linearchargedensity}{\reciprocal\m\usk\s\usk\A}[\C\per\m][\C\per\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{areachargedensity}{\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
-  [\C\per\square\m][\C\per\square\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{volumechargedensity}{\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
-  [\C\per\cubic\m][\C\per\cubic\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{cmagneticfield}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\V\per\m]%
+  [\N\per\C]
+\newphysicsquantity{linearchargedensity}%
+  {\reciprocal\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\per\m]%
+  [\C\per\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{areachargedensity}%
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\per\square\m]%
+  [\C\per\square\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{volumechargedensity}%
+  {\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\s\usk\A}%
+  [\C\per\cubic\m]%
+  [\C\per\cubic\m]
 \newphysicsquantity{mobility}%
- {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\reciprocal\A}[\m\squared\per\volt\usk\s]
+ {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalquarted\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+ [\m\squared\per\volt\usk\s]%
  [(\m\per\s)\per(\N\per\C)]
-\newphysicsquantity{numberdensity}{\reciprocalcubic\m}[\per\cubic\m][\per\cubic\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{polarizability}{\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\square\A}%
-  [\C\usk\square\m\per\V][\C\usk\m\per(\N\per\C)]
+\newphysicsquantity{numberdensity}%
+  {\reciprocalcubic\m}%
+  [\per\cubic\m]%
+  [\per\cubic\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{polarizability}%
+  {\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\square\A}%
+  [\C\usk\square\m\per\V]%
+  [\C\usk\m\per(\N\per\C)]
 \newphysicsquantity{electricpotential}%
-  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}[\J\per\C][\V]
-\newphysicsquantity{emf}{\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}%
-  [\J\per\C][\V]
-\newphysicsquantity{dielectricconstant}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{indexofrefraction}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{relativepermittivity}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{relativepermeability}{}[][]
-\newphysicsquantity{energydensity}{\m\reciprocaled\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
-  [\J\per\cubic\m][\J\per\cubic\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{energyflux}{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
-  [\W\per\m\squared][\W\per\m\squared]
-\newphysicsquantity{electroncurrent}{\reciprocal\s}%
-  [\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s][\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s]
-\newphysicsquantity{conventionalcurrent}{\A}[\C\per\s][\A]
-\newphysicsquantity{magneticdipolemoment}{\square\m\usk\A}[\J\per\T][\A\usk\square\m]
-\newphysicsquantity{currentdensity}{\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\A}[\C\usk\s\per\square\m]%
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\J\per\C]%
+  [\V]
+\newphysicsquantity{emf}%
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocal\A}%
+  [\J\per\C]%
+  [\V]
+\newphysicsquantity{dielectricconstant}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{indexofrefraction}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{relativepermittivity}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{relativepermeability}
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsquantity{energydensity}%
+  {\m\reciprocaled\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
+  [\J\per\cubic\m]%
+  [\J\per\cubic\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{energyflux}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
+  [\W\per\m\squared]%
+  [\W\per\m\squared]
+\newphysicsquantity{electroncurrent}%
+  {\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s]%
+  [\ensuremath{\mathrm{e}}\per\s]
+\newphysicsquantity{conventionalcurrent}%
+  {\A}%
+  [\C\per\s]%
+  [\A]
+\newphysicsquantity{magneticdipolemoment}%
+  {\square\m\usk\A}%
+  [\J\per\T]%
+  [\A\usk\square\m]
+\newphysicsquantity{currentdensity}%
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\A}%
+  [\C\usk\s\per\square\m]%
   [\A\per\square\m]
 \newphysicsquantity{capacitance}%
-  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\quartic\s\usk\square\A}[\F][\C\per\V]
-  % also \C\squared\per\N\usk\m, \s\per\ohm
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\quartic\s\usk\square\A}%
+  [\F]%
+  [\C\per\V] % also \C\squared\per\N\usk\m, \s\per\ohm
 \newphysicsquantity{inductance}%
-  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}[\henry]%
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}%
+  [\henry]%
   [\volt\usk\s\per\A] % also \square\m\usk\kg\per\C\squared, \Wb\per\A
 \newphysicsquantity{conductivity}%
-  {\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}[\siemens\per\m]%
+  {\reciprocalcubic\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}%
+  [\siemens\per\m]%
   [(\A\per\square\m)\per(\V\per\m)]
 \newphysicsquantity{resistivity}%
-  {\cubic\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}[\ohm\usk\m]%
+  {\cubic\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}%
+  [\ohm\usk\m]%
   [(\V\per\m)\per(\A\per\square\m)]
 \newphysicsquantity{resistance}%
-  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}[\V\per\A][\ohm]
+  {\square\m\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalcubic\s\usk\reciprocalsquare\A}%
+  [\V\per\A]%
+  [\ohm]
 \newphysicsquantity{conductance}%
-  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}[\A\per\V][\siemens]
-\newphysicsquantity{magneticcharge}{\m\usk\A}[\m\usk\A][\m\usk\A]
+  {\reciprocalsquare\m\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\cubic\s\usk\square\A}%
+  [\A\per\V]%
+  [\siemens]
+\newphysicsquantity{magneticcharge}%
+  {\m\usk\A}%
+  [\m\usk\A]%
+  [\m\usk\A]
 \newcommand*{\lv}{\ensuremath{\left\langle}}
 \newcommand*{\rv}{\ensuremath{\right\rangle}}
 \ExplSyntaxOn % Written in LaTeX3
@@ -439,14 +644,15 @@
       {%
         \clist_set:Nn \l_tmpa_clist { #1 }
         \ensuremath{%
-          \sqrt{(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist { )^2+( } { )^2+( } { )^2+( } )^2 }
+          \sqrt{\left(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist { \right)^2+\left( } { \right)^2+
+          \left( } { \right)^2+\left( } \right)^2 }
         }%
       }%
       {%
         \clist_set:Nn \l_tmpa_clist { #1 }
         \ensuremath{%
-          \sqrt{(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist {\;{ #2 })^2+(} {\;{ #2 })^2+(}
-          {\;{ #2 })^2+(} \;{ #2 })^2}
+          \sqrt{\left(\clist_use:Nnnn \l_tmpa_clist {\;{ #2 }\right)^2+\left(} {\;
+          { #2 }\right)^2+\left(} {\;{ #2 }\right)^2+\left(} \;{ #2 }\right)^2}
         }%
       }%
   }%
@@ -459,7 +665,7 @@
    {\newcommand*{\vect}[1]{\ensuremath{\vv{\mathrm{#1}}}}}
    {\newcommand*{\vect}[1]{\ensuremath{\vv{#1}}}}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\abs{\vect{#1}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\absof{\vect{#1}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magof{\vect{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\magsquaredvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magvect{#1}\squared}}
 \newcommand*{\magnvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\magvect{#1}^{#2}}}
@@ -471,6 +677,15 @@
    {\newcommand*{\dirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{\mathrm{#1}}}}}
    {\newcommand*{\dirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\direction}{\dirvect}
+\newcommand*{\componentalong}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{comp}_{#1}{#2}}}
+\newcommand*{\expcomponentalong}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}
+{\magof{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ucomponentalong}[2]{\ensuremath{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\projectiononto}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{proj}_{#1}{#2}}}
+\newcommand*{\expprojectiononto}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \inparens{\frac{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}{\magof{#1}}}\frac{#1}{\magof{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\uprojectiononto}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \inparens{\vectdotvect{#2}{#1}}#1}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optromanvectors}}
   {\newcommand*{\compvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\ssub{\mathrm{#1}}{\(#2\)}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\compvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\ssub{#1}{\(#2\)}}}}
@@ -478,6 +693,15 @@
   \compvect{#1}{x},%
   \compvect{#1}{y},%
   \compvect{#1}{z}\rv}}
+\newcommand*{\scompsdirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\lv%
+  \compvect{\widehat{#1}}{x},%
+  \compvect{\widehat{#1}}{y},%
+  \compvect{\widehat{#1}}{z}\rv}}
+\ifthenelse{\boolean{@optromanvectors}}
+  {\newcommand*{\compdirvect}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+    \ssub{\widehat{\mathrm{#1}}}{\(#2\)}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\compdirvect}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+    \ssub{\widehat{#1}}{\(#2\)}}}}
 \newcommand*{\magvectscomps}[1]{\ensuremath{\sqrt{%
   \compvect{#1}{x}\squared +%
   \compvect{#1}{y}\squared +%
@@ -491,8 +715,8 @@
 \newcommand*{\Ddirvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\Delta\dirvect{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\Ddirection}{\Ddirvect}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magdvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\abs{\dvect{#1}}}}
-   \newcommand*{\magDvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\abs{\Dvect{#1}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magdvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\absof{\dvect{#1}}}}
+   \newcommand*{\magDvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\absof{\Dvect{#1}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magdvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magof{\dvect{#1}}}}
    \newcommand*{\magDvect}[1]{\ensuremath{\magof{\Dvect{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\compdvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathrm{d}\compvect{#1}{#2}}}
@@ -518,8 +742,8 @@
   \compDervect{#1}{y}{#2},%
   \compDervect{#1}{z}{#2}\rv}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magdervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\abs{\dervect{#1}{#2}}}}
-   \newcommand*{\magDervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\abs{\Dervect{#1}{#2}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magdervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\absof{\dervect{#1}{#2}}}}
+   \newcommand*{\magDervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\absof{\Dervect{#1}{#2}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magdervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\magof{\dervect{#1}{#2}}}}
    \newcommand*{\magDervect}[2]{\ensuremath{\magof{\Dervect{#1}{#2}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\dermagvect}[2]{\ensuremath{\dbyd{\magvect{#1}}{#2}}}
@@ -541,7 +765,7 @@
   \compvectsub{#1}{#2}{y},%
   \compvectsub{#1}{#2}{z}\rv}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\abs{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\absof{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\magof{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\magsquaredvectsub}[2]{\ensuremath{\magvectsub{#1}{#2}\squared}}
 \newcommand*{\magnvectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\magvectsub{#1}{#2}^{#3}}}
@@ -570,8 +794,8 @@
 \newcommand*{\dervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\dbyd{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}{#3}}}
 \newcommand*{\Dervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\DbyD{\vectsub{#1}{#2}}{#3}}}
 \ifthenelse{\boolean{@optsingleabsbars}}
-  {\newcommand*{\magdervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\abs{\dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}
-   \newcommand*{\magDervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\abs{\Dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}}
+  {\newcommand*{\magdervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\absof{\dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}
+   \newcommand*{\magDervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\absof{\Dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}}
   {\newcommand*{\magdervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\magof{\dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}
    \newcommand*{\magDervectsub}[3]{\ensuremath{\magof{\Dervectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\compdervectsub}[4]{\ensuremath{\dbyd{\compvectsub{#1}{#2}{#3}}{#4}}}
@@ -666,26 +890,29 @@
   \compDervect{#1}{x}{#2}\compDvect{#3}{x}+%
   \compDervect{#1}{y}{#2}\compDvect{#3}{y}+%
   \compDervect{#1}{z}{#2}\compDvect{#3}{z}}}
-\newcommand*{\vectcrossvect}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}}}
-\newcommand*{\ltriplecross}[3]{\ensuremath{({#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2})%
-  \boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\vectcrossvect}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}}}
+\newcommand*{\ltriplecross}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  \inparens{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
 \newcommand*{\rtriplecross}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}%
-  ({#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3})}}
-\newcommand*{\ltriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}\bullet{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\rtriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}\bullet{#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\ezero}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{0}}}
-\newcommand*{\eone}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{1}}}
-\newcommand*{\etwo}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{2}}}
-\newcommand*{\ethree}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{3}}}
-\newcommand*{\efour}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{4}}}
-\newcommand*{\ek}[1]{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{e}}{#1}}}
+  \inparens{{#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ltriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}\boldsymbol{\times}{#2}\bullet{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\rtriplescalar}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}\bullet{#2}\boldsymbol{\times}{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\ezero}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_0}}
+\newcommand*{\eone}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_1}}
+\newcommand*{\etwo}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_2}}
+\newcommand*{\ethree}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_3}}
+\newcommand*{\efour}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_4}}
+\newcommand*{\ek}[1]{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}_{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\e}{\ek}
-\newcommand*{\uezero}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{0}}}
-\newcommand*{\ueone}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{1}}}
-\newcommand*{\uetwo}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{2}}}
-\newcommand*{\uethree}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{3}}}
-\newcommand*{\uefour}{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{4}}}
-\newcommand*{\uek}[1]{\ensuremath{\msub{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}}{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\uezero}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_0}}
+\newcommand*{\ueone}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_1}}
+\newcommand*{\uetwo}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_2}}
+\newcommand*{\uethree}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_3}}
+\newcommand*{\uefour}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_4}}
+\newcommand*{\uek}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}_{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\ue}{\uek}
 \newcommand*{\ezerozero}{\ek{00}}
 \newcommand*{\ezeroone}{\ek{01}}
@@ -715,6 +942,13 @@
 \newcommand*{\eufour}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}^4}}
 \newcommand*{\euk}[1]{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{e}^{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\eu}{\euk}
+\newcommand*{\ueuzero}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^0}}
+\newcommand*{\ueuone}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^1}}
+\newcommand*{\ueutwo}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^2}}
+\newcommand*{\ueuthree}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^3}}
+\newcommand*{\ueufour}{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^4}}
+\newcommand*{\ueuk}[1]{\ensuremath{\widehat{\boldsymbol{e}}^{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\ueu}{\ueuk}
 \newcommand*{\euzerozero}{\euk{00}}
 \newcommand*{\euzeroone}{\euk{01}}
 \newcommand*{\euzerotwo}{\euk{02}}
@@ -736,12 +970,12 @@
 \newcommand*{\eufourtwo}{\euk{42}}
 \newcommand*{\eufourthree}{\euk{43}}
 \newcommand*{\eufourfour}{\euk{44}}
-\newcommand*{\gzero}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{0}}}
-\newcommand*{\gone}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{1}}}
-\newcommand*{\gtwo}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{2}}}
-\newcommand*{\gthree}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{3}}}
-\newcommand*{\gfour}{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{4}}}
-\newcommand*{\gk}[1]{\ensuremath{\msub{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\gzero}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_0}}
+\newcommand*{\gone}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_1}}
+\newcommand*{\gtwo}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_2}}
+\newcommand*{\gthree}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_3}}
+\newcommand*{\gfour}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_4}}
+\newcommand*{\gk}[1]{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\gamma}_{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\g}{\gk}
 \newcommand*{\gzerozero}{\gk{00}}
 \newcommand*{\gzeroone}{\gk{01}}
@@ -840,6 +1074,15 @@
     \colvector{\msub{#2}{0},\msub{#2}{1},\msub{#2}{2},\msub{#2}{3}}%
   }%
 }%
+\newcommandx{\scompsCvect}[2][1,usedefault]{%
+  \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
+  {%
+    \colvector{\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+  {%
+    \colvector{\msup{#2}{0},\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+}%
 \newcommandx{\scompsrvect}[2][1,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
   {%
@@ -849,131 +1092,314 @@
     \rowvector[,]{\msub{#2}{0},\msub{#2}{1},\msub{#2}{2},\msub{#2}{3}}%
   }%
 }%
-\newphysicsconstant{oofpez}{\ensuremath{\frac{1}
-{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0}}}{\mi@p{9}{8.9876}\timestento{9}}
-{\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalquartic\s\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}[\m\per\farad]
-[\newton\usk\m\squared\per\coulomb\squared]
+\newcommandx{\scompsRvect}[2][1,usedefault]{%
+  \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
+  {%
+    \rowvector[,]{\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+  {%
+    \rowvector[,]{\msup{#2}{0},\msup{#2}{1},\msup{#2}{2},\msup{#2}{3}}%
+  }%
+}%
+\newcommand*{\bra}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\langle{#1}\right\lvert}}
+\newcommand*{\ket}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lvert{#1}\right\rangle}}
+\newcommand*{\bracket}[2]{\ensuremath{\left\langle{#1}\!\!\right.%
+  \left\lvert{#2}\right\rangle}}
+\newphysicsconstant{oofpez}%
+  {\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0}}}%
+  {\mi@p{9}{8.9876}\timestento{9}}%
+  {\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalquartic\s\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\m\per\farad]%
+  [\newton\usk\m\squared\per\coulomb\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{oofpezcs}%
+  {\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0 c^2\phantom{_o}}}}%
+  {\tento{-7}}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\T\usk\m\squared]%
+  [\N\usk\s\squared\per\C\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermittivity}%
+  {\ensuremath{\epsilon_0}}%
+  {\mi@p{9.0}{8.8542}\timestento{-12}}%
+  {\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\A\squared}%
+  [\F\per\m]%
+  [\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{mzofp}%
+  {\ensuremath{\frac{\phantom{_oo}\mu_0\phantom{_o}}{4\pi}}}%
+  {\tento{-7}}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\henry\per\m]%
+  [\tesla\usk\m\per\A]
+\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermeability}%
+  {\ensuremath{\mu_0}}%
+  {4\pi\timestento{-7}}%
+  {\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\henry\per\m]%
+  [\T\usk\m\per\A]
+\newphysicsconstant{boltzmann}%
+  {\ensuremath{k_B}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.4}{1.3806}\timestento{-23}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocal\K}%
+  [\joule\per\K]%
+  [\J\per\K]
+\newphysicsconstant{boltzmannineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{k_B}}%
+  {\mi@p{8.6}{8.6173}\timestento{-5}}%
+  {\eV\usk\reciprocal\K}%
+  [\eV\per\K]%
+  [\eV\per\K]
+\newphysicsconstant{stefanboltzmann}%
+  {\ensuremath{\sigma}}%
+  {\mi@p{5.7}{5.6704}\timestento{-8}}%
+  {\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\K\reciprocalquarted}%
+  [\W\per\m\squared\usk\K^4]%
+  [\W\per\m\squared\usk\K\quarted]
+\newphysicsconstant{planck}%
+  {\ensuremath{h}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.6}{6.6261}\timestento{-34}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\J\usk\s]%
+  [\J\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{h}}%
+  {\mi@p{4.1}{4.1357}\timestento{-15}}%
+  {\eV\usk\s}%
+  [\eV\usk\s]%
+  [\eV\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckbar}%
+  {\ensuremath{\hslash}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.1}{1.0546}\timestento{-34}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\J\usk\s]%
+  [\J\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckbarineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{\hslash}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.6}{6.5821}\timestento{-16}}%
+  {\eV\usk\s}%
+  [\eV\usk\s]%
+  [\eV\usk\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckc}%
+  {\ensuremath{hc}}%
+  {\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}%
+  {\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}%
+  [\J\usk\m]%
+  [\J\usk\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{planckcineV}%
+  {\ensuremath{hc}}%
+  {\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}%
+  {\eV\usk\text{n}\m}%
+  [\eV\usk\text{n}\m]%
+  [\eV\usk\text{n}\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{rydberg}%
+  {\ensuremath{\msub{R}{\infty}}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.1}{1.0974}\timestento{7}}%
+  {\reciprocal\m}%
+  [\reciprocal\m]%
+  [\reciprocal\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{bohrradius}%
+  {\ensuremath{a_0}}%
+  {\mi@p{5.3}{5.2918}\timestento{-11}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{finestructure}%
+  {\ensuremath{\alpha}}%
+  {\mi@p{\frac{1}{137}}{7.2974\timestento{-3}}}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsconstant{avogadro}%
+  {\ensuremath{N_A}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.0}{6.0221}\timestento{23}}%
+  {\reciprocal\mol}%
+  [\reciprocal\mol]%
+  [\reciprocal\mol]
+\newphysicsconstant{universalgrav}%
+  {\ensuremath{G}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.7}{6.6738}\timestento{-11}}%
+  {\m\cubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\J\usk\m\per\kg\squared]%
+  [\N\usk\m\squared\per\kg\squared]
+\newphysicsconstant{surfacegravfield}%
+  {\ensuremath{g}}%
+  {\mi@p{9.8}{9.80}}%
+  {\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}%
+  [\N\per\kg]%
+  [\N\per\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{clight}%
+  {\ensuremath{c}}%
+  {\mi@p{3}{2.9979}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m\usk\reciprocal\s}%
+  [\m\per\s]%
+  [\m\per\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{clightinfeet}%
+  {\ensuremath{c}}%
+  {\mi@p{1}{0.9836}}%
+  {\text{ft}\usk\reciprocal{\text{n}\s}}%
+  [\text{ft}\per\text{n}\s]%
+  [\text{ft}\per\mathrm{n}\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{Ratom}%
+  {\ensuremath{r_{\text{atom}}}}%
+  {\tento{-10}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{Mproton}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_p}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.6726}\timestento{-27}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{Mneutron}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_n}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.6749}\timestento{-27}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{Mhydrogen}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_H}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.6737}\timestento{-27}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{Melectron}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_e}}%
+  {\mi@p{9.1}{9.1094}\timestento{-31}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{echarge}%
+  {\ensuremath{e}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.6}{1.6022}\timestento{-19}}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{Qelectron}%
+  {\ensuremath{Q_e}}%
+  {-\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{qelectron}%
+  {\ensuremath{q_e}}%
+  {-\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{Qproton}%
+  {\ensuremath{Q_p}}%
+  {+\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{qproton}%
+  {\ensuremath{q_p}}%
+  {+\echargevalue}%
+  {\A\usk\s}%
+  [\C]%
+  [\C]
+\newphysicsconstant{MEarth}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Earth}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.0}{5.9736}\timestento{24}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{MMoon}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Moon}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{7.3}{7.3459}\timestento{22}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{MSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{2.0}{1.9891}\timestento{30}}%
+  {\kg}%
+  [\kg]%
+  [\kg]
+\newphysicsconstant{REarth}%
+  {\ensuremath{R_{\text{Earth}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{6.4}{6.3675}\timestento{6}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{RMoon}%
+  {\ensuremath{R_{\text{Moon}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.7}{1.7375}\timestento{6}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{RSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{R_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{7.0}{6.9634}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{ESdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{ES}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{SEdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{SE}}%
+  {\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{EMdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{EM}}%
+  {\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{MEdist}%
+  {\magvectsub{r}{ME}}%
+  {\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}%
+  {\m}%
+  [\m]%
+  [\m]
+\newphysicsconstant{LSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{L_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{3.8}{3.8460}\timestento{26}}%
+  {\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}%
+  [\W]
+  [\J\per\s]
+\newphysicsconstant{TSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{T_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {\mi@p{5800}{5778}}%
+  {\K}%
+  [\K]%
+  [\K]
+\newphysicsconstant{MagSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {+4.83}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
+\newphysicsconstant{magSun}%
+  {\ensuremath{m_{\text{Sun}}}}%
+  {-26.74}%
+  {}%
+  []%
+  []
 \newcommand*{\coulombconstant}{\oofpez}
-\newphysicsconstant{oofpezcs}{\ensuremath{\frac{1}
-{\phantom{_o}4\pi\epsilon_0 c^2\phantom{_o}}}}{\tento{-7}}
-{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}
-[\T\usk\m\squared][\N\usk\s\squared\per\C\squared]
 \newcommand*{\altcoulombconstant}{\oofpezcs}
-\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermittivity}{\ensuremath{\epsilon_0}}
-{\mi@p{9.0}{8.8542}\timestento{-12}}
-{\m\reciprocalcubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\quarted\usk\A\squared}[\F\per\m]
-[\C\squared\per\N\usk\m\squared]
-\newphysicsconstant{mzofp}
-{\ensuremath{\frac{\phantom{_oo}\mu_0\phantom{_o}}{4\pi}}}
-{\tento{-7}}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}
-[\henry\per\m][\tesla\usk\m\per\A]
 \newcommand*{\biotsavartconstant}{\mzofp}
-\newphysicsconstant{vacuumpermeability}{\ensuremath{\mu_0}}
-{4\pi\timestento{-7}}{\m\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared\usk\A\reciprocalsquared}
-[\henry\per\m][\T\usk\m\per\A]
-\newphysicsconstant{boltzmann}{\ensuremath{k_B}}
-{\mi@p{1.4}{1.3806}\timestento{-23}}
-{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s\usk\reciprocal\K}[\joule\per\K][\J\per\K]
 \newcommand*{\boltzmannconstant}{\boltzmann}
-\newphysicsconstant{boltzmannineV}{\ensuremath{k_B}}
-{\mi@p{8.6}{8.6173}\timestento{-5}}
-{\eV\usk\reciprocal\K}[\eV\per\K][\eV\per\K]
-\newphysicsconstant{stefanboltzmann}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}
-{\mi@p{5.7}{5.6704}\timestento{-8}}
-{\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed\usk\K\reciprocalquarted}[\W\per\m\squared\usk\K^4]
-[\W\per\m\squared\usk\K\quarted]
 \newcommand*{\stefanboltzmannconstant}{\stefanboltzmann}
-\newphysicsconstant{planck}{\ensuremath{h}}{\mi@p{6.6}{6.6261}\timestento{-34}}
-{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\J\usk\s][\J\usk\s]
 \newcommand*{\planckconstant}{\planck}
-\newphysicsconstant{planckineV}{\ensuremath{h}}{\mi@p{4.1}{4.1357}\timestento{-15}}
-{\eV\usk\s}[\eV\usk\s][\eV\usk\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{planckbar}{\ensuremath{\hslash}}{\mi@p{1.1}{1.0546}\timestento{-34}}
-{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\reciprocal\s}[\J\usk\s][\J\usk\s]
 \newcommand*{\reducedplanckconstant}{\planckbar}
-\newphysicsconstant{planckbarineV}{\ensuremath{\hslash}}
-{\mi@p{6.6}{6.5821}\timestento{-16}}{\eV\usk\s}[\eV\usk\s][\eV\usk\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{planckc}{\ensuremath{hc}}{\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}
-{\m\cubed\usk\kg\usk\reciprocalsquare\s}[\J\usk\m][\J\usk\m]
 \newcommand*{\planckconstanttimesc}{\planckc}
-\newphysicsconstant{planckcineV}{\ensuremath{hc}}
-{\mi@p{2.0}{1.9864}\timestento{-25}}{\eV\usk\text{n}\m}[\eV\usk\text{n}\m]
-[\eV\usk\text{n}\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{rydberg}{\ensuremath{\msub{R}{\infty}}}
-{\mi@p{1.1}{1.0974}\timestento{7}}{\reciprocal\m}[\reciprocal\m][\reciprocal\m]
 \newcommand*{\rydbergconstant}{\rydberg}
-\newphysicsconstant{bohrradius}{\ensuremath{a_0}}{\mi@p{5.3}{5.2918}\timestento{-11}}
-{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{finestructure}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}
-{\mi@p{\frac{1}{137}}{7.2974\timestento{-3}}}{\relax}
 \newcommand*{\finestructureconstant}{\finestructure}
-\newphysicsconstant{avogadro}{\ensuremath{N_A}}
-{\mi@p{6.0}{6.0221}\timestento{23}}{\reciprocal\mol}[\reciprocal\mol][\reciprocal\mol]
 \newcommand*{\avogadroconstant}{\avogadro}
-\newphysicsconstant{universalgrav}{\ensuremath{G}}{\mi@p{6.7}{6.6738}\timestento{-11}}
-{\m\cubed\usk\reciprocal\kg\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\J\usk\m\per\kg\squared]
-[\N\usk\m\squared\per\kg\squared]
 \newcommand*{\universalgravitationalconstant}{\universalgrav}
-\newphysicsconstant{surfacegravfield}{\ensuremath{g}}{\mi@p{9.8}{9.80}}
-{\m\usk\s\reciprocalsquared}[\N\per\kg][\N\per\kg]
 \newcommand*{\earthssurfacegravitationalfield}{\surfacegravfield}
-\newphysicsconstant{clight}{\ensuremath{c}}
-{\mi@p{3}{2.9979}\timestento{8}}{\m\usk\reciprocal\s}[\m\per\s][\m\per\s]
 \newcommand*{\photonconstant}{\clight}
-\newphysicsconstant{clightinfeet}{\ensuremath{c}}{\mi@p{1}{0.9836}}
-{\text{ft}\usk\reciprocal{\text{n}\s}}[\text{ft}\per\text{n}\s]
-[\text{ft}\per\mathrm{n}\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{Ratom}{\ensuremath{r_{\text{atom}}}}{\tento{-10}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{Mproton}{\ensuremath{m_p}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.6726}\timestento{-27}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{Mneutron}{\ensuremath{m_n}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.6749}\timestento{-27}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{Mhydrogen}{\ensuremath{m_H}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.6737}\timestento{-27}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{Melectron}{\ensuremath{m_e}}
-{\mi@p{9.1}{9.1094}\timestento{-31}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{echarge}{\ensuremath{e}}
-{\mi@p{1.6}{1.6022}\timestento{-19}}{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
 \newcommand*{\elementarycharge}{\echarge}
-\newphysicsconstant{Qelectron}{\ensuremath{Q_e}}{-\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{qelectron}{\ensuremath{q_e}}{-\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{Qproton}{\ensuremath{Q_p}}{+\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{qproton}{\ensuremath{q_p}}{+\echargevalue}
-{\A\usk\s}[\C][\C]
-\newphysicsconstant{MEarth}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Earth}}}}
-{\mi@p{6.0}{5.9736}\timestento{24}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{MMoon}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Moon}}}}
-{\mi@p{7.3}{7.3459}\timestento{22}}{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{MSun}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}
-{\mi@p{2.0}{1.9891}\timestento{30}}
-{\kg}[\kg][\kg]
-\newphysicsconstant{REarth}{\ensuremath{R_{\text{Earth}}}}
-{\mi@p{6.4}{6.3675}\timestento{6}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{RMoon}{\ensuremath{R_{\text{Moon}}}}
-{\mi@p{1.7}{1.7375}\timestento{6}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{RSun}{\ensuremath{R_{\text{Sun}}}}{\mi@p{7.0}{6.9634}\timestento{8}}
-{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{ESdist}{\magvectsub{r}{ES}}{\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}{\m}
-[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{SEdist}{\magvectsub{r}{SE}}{\mi@p{1.5}{1.4960}\timestento{11}}{\m}
-[\m][\m]
 \newcommand*{\EarthSundistance}{\ESdist}
 \newcommand*{\SunEarthdistance}{\SEdist}
-\newphysicsconstant{EMdist}{\magvectsub{r}{EM}}
-{\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}{\m}[\m][\m]
-\newphysicsconstant{MEdist}{\magvectsub{r}{ME}}
-{\mi@p{3.8}{3.8440}\timestento{8}}{\m}[\m][\m]
 \newcommand*{\EarthMoondistance}{\ESdist}
 \newcommand*{\MoonEarthdistance}{\SEdist}
-\newphysicsconstant{LSun}{\ensuremath{L_{\text{Sun}}}}
-{\mi@p{3.8}{3.8460}\timestento{26}}{\m\squared\usk\kg\usk\s\reciprocalcubed}[\W]
-[\J\per\s]
-\newphysicsconstant{TSun}{\ensuremath{T_{\text{Sun}}}}{\mi@p{5800}{5778}}{\K}[\K][\K]
-\newphysicsconstant{MagSun}{\ensuremath{M_{\text{Sun}}}}{+4.83}{}[][]
-\newphysicsconstant{magSun}{\ensuremath{m_{\text{Sun}}}}{-26.74}{}[][]
 \newcommand*{\Lstar}[1][\(\star\)]{\ensuremath{L_{\text{#1}}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\Lsolar}{\ensuremath{\Lstar[\(\odot\)]}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\Tstar}[1][\(\star\)]{\ensuremath{T_{\text{#1}}}\xspace}
@@ -1033,15 +1459,16 @@
 \newcommand*{\foureighths}{\ensuremath{\frac{4}{8}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\fourninths}{\ensuremath{\frac{4}{9}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\fourtenths}{\ensuremath{\frac{4}{10}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\sumoverall}[1]{\ensuremath{\displaystyle\sum_{\substack{\text{\tiny{all }}
-  \text{\tiny{{#1}}}}}}}
+\newcommand*{\sumoverall}[1]{\ensuremath{\displaystyle
+  \sum_{\substack{\text{\tiny{all }}\text{\tiny{{#1}}}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\dx}[1]{\ensuremath{\,\mathrm{d}{#1}}}
-\newcommand*{\evalfromto}[3]{\ensuremath{\Bigg.{#1}\Bigg\rvert_{#2}^{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\evalfromto}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  \Bigg.{#1}\Bigg\rvert_{#2}^{#3}}}
 \newcommand*{\evalat}[2]{\ensuremath{\Bigg.{#1}\Bigg\rvert_{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\evaluatedat}[1]{\ensuremath{\Bigg.\Bigg\rvert_{#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\integral}[4][1,2,usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
-  \int_{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{#4=#1}}^{\ifthenelse{\equal{#2}{}}{}{#4=#2}}}
-  {#3}\dx{#4}}
+  \int_{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{}{#4=#1}}^{\ifthenelse{%
+    \equal{#2}{}}{}{#4=#2}}}{#3}\dx{#4}}
 \newcommand*{\opensurfaceintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
   \iint\nolimits_{#1}\vectdotvect{#2}{\dirvect{n}}\dx{A}}}
 \newcommand*{\closedsurfaceintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
@@ -1050,41 +1477,64 @@
   \int\nolimits_{#1}\vectdotvect{#2}{\dirvect{t}}\dx{\ell}}}
 \newcommand*{\closedlineintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
   \oint\nolimits_{#1}\vectdotvect{#2}{\dirvect{t}}\dx{\ell}}}
-\newcommand*{\volumeintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{\iiint\nolimits_{#1}{#2}\dx{V}}}
-\newcommandx{\dbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t}}}
-\newcommandx{\DbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta{#1}}{\Delta t}}}
-\newcommandx{\ddbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t^{2}}}}
-\newcommandx{\DDbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta t^{2}}}}
-\newcommandx{\pbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial t}}}
-\newcommandx{\ppbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial t^{2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\dbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\DbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta{#1}}{\Delta{#2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\ddbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}^{2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\DDbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta{#2}^{2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\pbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial{#2}}}}
-\newcommand*{\ppbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial{#2}^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\volumeintegral}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \iiint\nolimits_{#1}{#2}\dx{V}}}
+\newcommandx{\dbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t}}}
+\newcommandx{\DbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\Delta{#1}}{\Delta t}}}
+\newcommandx{\ddbydt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}t^{2}}}}
+\newcommandx{\DDbyDt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta t^{2}}}}
+\newcommandx{\pbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial t}}}
+\newcommandx{\ppbypt}[1][1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial t^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\dbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{%
+  \mathrm{d}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\DbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{\frac{%
+  \Delta{#1}}{\Delta{#2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ddbyd}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\mathrm{d}^{2}{#1}}{\mathrm{d}{#2}^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\DDbyD}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\Delta^{2}{#1}}{\Delta{#2}^{2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\pbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial{#1}}{\partial{#2}}}}
+\newcommand*{\ppbyp}[2]{\ensuremath{%
+  \frac{\partial^{2}{#1}}{\partial{#2}^{2}}}}
 \newcommand*{\seriesfofx}{\ensuremath{%
-f(x) \approx f(a) + \frac{f^\prime (a)}{1!}(x-a) + \frac{f^{\prime\prime}(a)}{2!}(x-a)^2
-+ \frac{f^{\prime\prime\prime}(a)}{3!}(x-a)^3 + \ldots}\xspace}
+  f(x) \approx f(a) + \frac{f^\prime (a)}{1!}(x-a) + \frac{f^{\prime\prime}(a)}{2!}
+  (x-a)^2 + \frac{f^{\prime\prime\prime}(a)}{3!}(x-a)^3 + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriesexpx}{\ensuremath{%
-e^x \approx 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \ldots}\xspace}
+  e^x \approx 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriessinx}{\ensuremath{%
-\sin x \approx x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \ldots}\xspace}
+  \sin x \approx x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriescosx}{\ensuremath{%
-\cos x \approx 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \ldots}\xspace}
+  \cos x \approx 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} - \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriestanx}{\ensuremath{%
-\tan x \approx x + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{2x^5}{15} + \ldots}\xspace}
+  \tan x \approx x + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{2x^5}{15} + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\seriesatox}{\ensuremath{%
-a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ldots}
-\xspace}
+  a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + %
+  \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\serieslnoneplusx}{\ensuremath{%
-\ln(1 \pm x) \approx \pm\; x - \frac{x^2}{2} \pm \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^4}{4} \pm
-\ldots}\xspace}
+  \ln(1 \pm x) \approx \pm\; x - \frac{x^2}{2} \pm \frac{x^3}{3} - %
+    \frac{x^4}{4} \pm \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\binomialseries}{\ensuremath{%
-(1 + x)^n \approx 1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^2 + \ldots}\xspace}
+  (1 + x)^n \approx 1 + nx + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}x^2 + \ldots}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\gradient}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla}}}
 \newcommand*{\divergence}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla}\bullet}}
 \newcommand*{\curl}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla\times}}}
+\newcommand{\taigrad}{\ensuremath{\nabla}}%
+\newcommand{\taisvec}{\ensuremath{%
+  \stackinset{c}{0.07ex}{c}{0.1ex}{\tiny$-$}{$\nabla$}}
+}%
+\newcommand{\taidivg}{\ensuremath{%
+  \stackinset{c}{0.07ex}{c}{0.1ex}{$\cdot$}{$\nabla$}}
+}%
+\newcommand{\taicurl}{\ensuremath{%
+  \stackinset{c}{0.04ex}{c}{0.32ex}{\tiny$\times$}{$\nabla$}}
+}%
 \newcommand*{\laplacian}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\nabla}^2}}
 \newcommand*{\dalembertian}{\ensuremath{\boldsymbol{\Box}}}
 \newcommand*{\diracdelta}[1]{\ensuremath{\delta}(#1)}
@@ -1113,18 +1563,18 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
    {\newcommand*{\cB}{\ensuremath{c\mskip -3.00mu B}}}}
 \newcommand*{\newpi}{\ensuremath{\pi\mskip -7.8mu\pi}}
 \newcommand*{\scripty}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathcalligra{#1}}}
+\newcommand*{\Lagr}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{L}}}
 \newcommandx{\flux}[1][1]{\ensuremath{\ssub{\Phi}{#1}}}
-\@ifpackageloaded{commath}{%
-  \typeout{mandi: Package commath detected. Its \protect\abs\space command will
-  be used.}
-}{%
-  \typeout{mandi: Package commath not detected. mandi's \protect\abs\space command
-  will be used.}
-  \newcommand*{\abs}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lvert{#1}\right\rvert}}
-}%
-\newcommand*{\magof}[1]{\ensuremath{\left\lVert{#1}\right\rVert}}
-\newcommand*{\dimsof}[1]{\ensuremath{\left[{#1}\right]}}
-\newcommand*{\unitsof}[1]{\ensuremath{\left[{#1}\right]_u}}
+\newcommand*{\absof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left\lvert{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right\rvert}}
+\newcommand*{\inparens}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left({\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right)}}
+\newcommand*{\magof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left\lVert{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right\rVert}}
+\newcommand*{\dimsof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left[{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right]}}
+\newcommand*{\unitsof}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \left[{\ifblank{#1}{\:\cdot\:}{#1}}\right]_u}}
 \newcommand*{\changein}[1]{\ensuremath{\delta{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\Changein}[1]{\ensuremath{\Delta{#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\scin}[3][1,3=\!\!,usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
@@ -1142,8 +1592,10 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
     {\unit{10^{#1}}{#2}}}}
 \newcommand*{\ee}[2]{\texttt{{#1}e{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\EE}[2]{\texttt{{#1}E{#2}}}
-\newcommand*{\dms}[3]{\ensuremath{\indegrees{#1}\inarcminutes{#2}\inarcseconds{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\hms}[3]{\ensuremath{{#1}^{\hour}{#2}^{\mathrm{m}}{#3}^{\s}}}
+\newcommand*{\dms}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  \indegrees{#1}\inarcminutes{#2}\inarcseconds{#3}}}
+\newcommand*{\hms}[3]{\ensuremath{%
+  {#1}^{\hour}{#2}^{\mathrm{m}}{#3}^{\s}}}
 \newcommand*{\clockreading}{\hms}
 \newcommand*{\latitude}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree}}
 \newcommand*{\latitudeN}[1]{\unit{#1}{\degree\;\mathrm{N}}}
@@ -1157,8 +1609,10 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\msub}[2]{\ensuremath{#1_{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\msup}[2]{\ensuremath{#1^{#2}}}
 \newcommand*{\msud}[3]{\ensuremath{#1^{#2}_{#3}}}
-\newcommand*{\levicivita}[1]{\ensuremath{\varepsilon_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
-\newcommand*{\kronecker}[1]{\ensuremath{\delta_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\levicivita}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \varepsilon_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\kronecker}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \delta_{\scriptscriptstyle{#1}}}}
 \newcommand*{\xaxis}{\ensuremath{x\text{-axis}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\yaxis}{\ensuremath{y\text{-axis}}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\zaxis}{\ensuremath{z\text{-axis}}\xspace}
@@ -1179,9 +1633,9 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\ffourthroot}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}^\onefourth}}
 \newcommand*{\ffifthroot}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}^\onefifth}}
 \newcommand*{\relgamma}[1]{\ensuremath{%
-  \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{#1}{c})\squared}}}}
+  \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\inparens{\frac{#1}{c}}\squared}}}}
 \newcommand*{\frelgamma}[1]{\ensuremath{%
-  (1-\frac{{#1}\squared}{c\squared})^{-\onehalf}}}
+  \inparens{1-\frac{{#1}\squared}{c\squared}}^{-\onehalf}}}
 \newcommand*{\oosqrtomxs}[1]{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{#1}\squared}}}}
 \newcommand*{\oosqrtomx}[1]{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-{#1}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\ooomx}[1]{\ensuremath{\frac{1}{1-{#1}}}}
@@ -1208,60 +1662,76 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\platerthan}{\pwordoperator{later}{than}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\pforevery}{\pwordoperator{for}{every}\xspace}
 \newcommand*{\defines}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\text{\tiny{def}}}{=}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\inframe}[1][\relax]{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow[\text\tiny{\mathcal #1}]{}}
-  \xspace}
-\newcommand*{\associates}{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{assoc}}}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\becomes}{\ensuremath{\xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{becomes}}}}\xspace}
-\newcommand*{\rrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{\xLongrightarrow{\text{\tiny{#1}}}}}
-\newcommand*{\lrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{\xLongleftarrow[\text{\tiny{#1}}]{}}}
+\newcommand*{\inframe}[1][\relax]{\ensuremath{%
+  \xrightarrow[\text\tiny{\mathcal #1}]{}}\xspace}
+\newcommand*{\associates}{\ensuremath{%
+  \xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{assoc}}}}\xspace}
+\newcommand*{\becomes}{\ensuremath{%
+  \xrightarrow{\text{\tiny{becomes}}}}\xspace}
+\newcommand*{\rrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \xLongrightarrow{\text{\tiny{#1}}}}}
+\newcommand*{\lrelatedto}[1]{\ensuremath{%
+  \xLongleftarrow[\text{\tiny{#1}}]{}}}
 \newcommand*{\brelatedto}[2]{\ensuremath{%
   \xLongleftrightarrow[\text{\tiny{#1}}]{\text{\tiny{#2}}}}}
 \newcommand*{\momentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
   \vectsub{p}{sys,final}=\vectsub{p}{sys,initial}+\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
 \newcommand*{\LHSmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{p}{sys,final}}}
-\newcommand*{\RHSmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{p}{sys,initial}+\Fnetsys
-  \Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\momentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{\Dvectsub{p}{sys}=\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\energyprinciple}{\ensuremath{\ssub{E}{sys,final}=\ssub{E}{sys,initial}+W
-  +Q}}
+\newcommand*{\RHSmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \vectsub{p}{sys,initial}+\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\momentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{%
+  \Dvectsub{p}{sys}=\Fnetsys\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\energyprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \ssub{E}{sys,final}=\ssub{E}{sys,initial}+W+Q}}
 \newcommand*{\LHSenergyprinciple}{\ensuremath{\ssub{E}{sys,final}}}
 \newcommand*{\RHSenergyprinciple}{\ensuremath{\ssub{E}{sys,initial}+W+Q}}
 \newcommand*{\energyprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{\Delta\ssub{E}{sys}=W+Q}}
-\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}=
+\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}=\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,initial}+\Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\LHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
+  \vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}}}
+\newcommand*{\RHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{%
   \vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,initial}+\Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\LHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,final}}}
-\newcommand*{\RHSangularmomentumprinciple}{\ensuremath{\vectsub{L}{\(A\),sys,initial}+
-  \Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
-\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{\Dvectsub{L}{\(A\),sys}=
-  \Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
+\newcommand*{\angularmomentumprinciplediff}{\ensuremath{%
+  \Dvectsub{L}{\(A\),sys}=\Tsub{net}\Delta t}}
 \newcommand*{\gravitationalinteraction}{\ensuremath{%
-  \universalgravmathsymbol\frac{\msub{M}{1}\msub{M}{2}}{\magvectsub{r}{12}\squared}
-  (-\dirvectsub{r}{12})}}
+  \universalgravmathsymbol\frac{\msub{M}{1}\msub{M}{2}}{%
+  \magvectsub{r}{12}\squared}(-\dirvectsub{r}{12})}}
 \newcommand*{\electricinteraction}{\ensuremath{%
   \oofpezmathsymbol\frac{\msub{Q}{1}\msub{Q}{2}}{\magvectsub{r}{12}\squared}
   \dirvectsub{r}{12}}}
 \newcommand*{\springinteraction}{\ensuremath{\ks\magvect{s}(-\dirvect{s})}}
 \newcommand*{\Bfieldofparticle}{\ensuremath{%
-  \mzofpmathsymbol\frac{Q\magvect{v}}{\magvect{r}\squared}\dirvect{v}\times\dirvect{r}}}
+  \mzofpmathsymbol\frac{Q\magvect{v}}{\magvect{r}\squared}\dirvect{v}\times
+  \dirvect{r}}}
 \newcommand*{\Efieldofparticle}{\ensuremath{%
   \oofpezmathsymbol\frac{Q}{\magvect{r}\squared}\dirvect{r}}}
-\newcommandx{\Esys}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{sys}}{\ssub{E}{sys,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Us}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\),#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Ug}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\),#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Ue}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\),#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Esys}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{sys}}{\ssub{E}{sys,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Us}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(s\),#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Ug}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(g\),#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Ue}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\)}}{\ssub{U}{\(e\),#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Ktrans}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{trans}}
   {\ssub{K}{trans,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Krot}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{rot}}{\ssub{K}{rot,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Kvib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{vib}}{\ssub{K}{vib,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Krot}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{rot}}{\ssub{K}{rot,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Kvib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{K}{vib}}{\ssub{K}{vib,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Eparticle}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{particle}}
   {\ssub{E}{particle,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Einternal}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{internal}}
   {\ssub{E}{internal,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Erest}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{rest}}{\ssub{E}{rest,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Echem}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{chem}}{\ssub{E}{chem,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Erest}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{rest}}{\ssub{E}
+  {rest,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Echem}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{chem}}{\ssub{E}
+  {chem,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Etherm}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{therm}}
   {\ssub{E}{therm,#1}}}
-\newcommandx{\Evib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{vib}}{\ssub{E}{vib,#1}}}
+\newcommandx{\Evib}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{%
+  \equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{vib}}{\ssub{E}{vib,#1}}}
 \newcommandx{\Ephoton}[1][1]{\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}{\ssub{E}{photon}}
   {\ssub{E}{photon,#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\DEsys}{\Changein\Esys}
@@ -1399,19 +1869,25 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \newcommand*{\RHSmaxwellivdif}{\ensuremath{\vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol%
   \vacuumpermittivitymathsymbol\pbypt[\vect{E}]+%
   \vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol\vectsub{J}{\(e\)}}}
-\newcommand*{\RHSmaxwellivdiffree}{\ensuremath{\vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol\vacuumpermittivitymathsymbol\pbypt[\vect{E}]}}
+\newcommand*{\RHSmaxwellivdiffree}{\ensuremath{\vacuumpermeabilitymathsymbol
+  \vacuumpermittivitymathsymbol\pbypt[\vect{E}]}}
 \newcommand*{\maxwellivdif}{\ensuremath{\LHSmaxwellivdif=\RHSmaxwellivdif}}
 \newcommand*{\maxwellivdiffree}{\ensuremath{\LHSmaxwellivdif=\RHSmaxwellivdiffree}}
 \newcommand*{\RHSlorentzforce}{\ensuremath{\msub{q}{e}\left(\vect{E}+%
   \vectcrossvect{\vect{v}}{\vect{B}}\right)}}
 \newcommand*{\RHSlorentzforcem}{\ensuremath{\RHSlorentzforce+\msub{q}{m}\left(%
   \vect{B}-\vectcrossvect{\vect{v}}{\frac{\vect{E}}{c^2}}\right)}}
+\newcommandx{\eulerlagrange}[1][1={q_i},usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
+  \pbyp{\mathcal{L}}{#1}-\dbydt\inparens{\pbyp{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{#1}}} = 0}}
+\newcommandx{\Eulerlagrange}[1][1={q_i},usedefault]{\ensuremath{%
+  \DbyD{\mathcal{L}}{#1}-\DbyDt\inparens{\DbyD{\mathcal{L}}{\dot{#1}}} = 0}}
 \newcommand*{\vpythonline}{\lstinline[style=vpython]}
-\lstnewenvironment{vpythonblock}{\lstset{style=vpython}}{}
-\newcommand*{\vpythonfile}{\lstinputlisting[style=vpython]}
+\lstnewenvironment{vpythonblock}[1][]{\lstset{style=vpython,caption={#1}}}{}
+\newcommand*{\vpythonfile}[1][]{\newpage\lstinputlisting[style=vpython,caption={#1}]}
 \newcommandx{\emptyanswer}[2][1=0.80,2=0.1,usedefault]
   {\begin{minipage}{#1\textwidth}\hfill\vspace{#2\textheight}\end{minipage}}
-\newenvironmentx{activityanswer}[5][1=white,2=black,3=black,4=0.90,5=0.10,usedefault]{%
+\newenvironmentx{activityanswer}[5][1=white,2=black,3=black,4=0.90,%
+  5=0.10,usedefault]{%
   \def\skipper{#5}%
   \def\response@fbox{\fcolorbox{#2}{#1}}%
   \begin{center}%
@@ -1438,7 +1914,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
     \response@fbox{\usebox{\@tempboxa}}%
   \end{center}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\emptybox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.10,usedefault]
+\newcommandx{\emptybox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.10,usedefault]%
   {\begin{center}%
      \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
        \begin{minipage}[c][#6\textheight][c]{#5\textwidth}\color{#4}%
@@ -1447,8 +1924,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \vspace{\baselineskip}%
    \end{center}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\adjemptybox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=,
-7=0.0,usedefault]
+\newcommandx{\adjemptybox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=,%
+  7=0.0,usedefault]
   {\begin{center}%
      \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
        \begin{minipage}[c]{#5\textwidth}\color{#4}%
@@ -1459,7 +1936,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \vspace{\baselineskip}%
    \end{center}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\answerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.1,usedefault]
+\newcommandx{\answerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.1,usedefault]%
   {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1468,8 +1946,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\adjanswerbox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.1,7=0.0,%
-  usedefault]%
+\newcommandx{\adjanswerbox}[7][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.1,7=0.0,usedefault]%
   {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1478,8 +1956,8 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\adjemptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6][#7]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\smallanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.10,%
-  usedefault]%
+\newcommandx{\smallanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.10,usedefault]%
   {\ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1488,8 +1966,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\mediumanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.20,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\smallanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.10,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\mediumanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.20,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1498,8 +1992,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\largeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.25,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\mediumanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.20,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\largeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.25,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1508,8 +2018,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\largeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.33,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\largeanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.25,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\largeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.33,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1518,8 +2044,25 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\hugeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.50,%
+\newcommandx{\largeranswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.33,4=0.90,%
   usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\hugeanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.50,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1528,8 +2071,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\hugeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=0.75,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\hugeanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.50,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\hugeranswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=0.75,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1538,8 +2097,24 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
-\newcommandx{\fullpageanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,6=1.00,%
-  usedefault]{%
+\newcommandx{\hugeranswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=0.75,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
+\newcommandx{\fullpageanswerbox}[6][1=\hfill,2=white,3=black,4=black,5=0.90,%
+  6=1.00,usedefault]{%
   \ifthenelse{\equal{#1}{}}%
     {\begin{center}%
        \fcolorbox{#3}{#2}{%
@@ -1548,9 +2123,26 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
      \end{center}}%
     {\emptybox[#1][#2][#3][#4][#5][#6]}%
 }%
+\newcommandx{\fullpageanswerform}[4][1=q1,2=Response,3=1.00,4=0.90,usedefault]{%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+    \begin{Form}
+      \begin{center}%
+        \TextField[value={#2},%
+        name=#1,%
+        width=#4\linewidth,%
+        height=#3\textheight,%
+        backgroundcolor=formcolor,%
+        multiline=true,%
+        charsize=10pt,%
+        bordercolor=black]{}%
+      \end{center}%
+    \end{Form}%
+  \vspace{\baselineskip}%
+}%
 \mdfdefinestyle{miinstructornotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={INSTRUCTOR NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=cyan!60,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=cyan!25,
@@ -1565,6 +2157,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{mistudentnotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={STUDENT NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=cyan!60,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=cyan!25,
@@ -1579,6 +2172,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{miderivationstyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=0pt,rightmargin=0pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={DERIVATION},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=orange!60,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=orange!25,
@@ -1586,6 +2180,14 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \NewEnviron{miderivation}{%
   \begin{mdframed}[style=miderivationstyle]
   \setcounter{equation}{0}
+    \begin{align}
+      \BODY
+    \end{align}
+  \end{mdframed}
+}%
+\NewEnviron{miderivation*}{%
+  \begin{mdframed}[style=miderivationstyle]
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
     \begin{align*}
       \BODY
     \end{align*}
@@ -1594,6 +2196,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{bwinstructornotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={INSTRUCTOR NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=gray!50,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=gray!20,
@@ -1608,6 +2211,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{bwstudentnotestyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=40pt,rightmargin=40pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={STUDENT NOTE},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=gray!50,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=gray!20,
@@ -1622,6 +2226,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \mdfdefinestyle{bwderivationstyle}{%
     hidealllines=false,skipbelow=\baselineskip,skipabove=\baselineskip,
     leftmargin=0pt,rightmargin=0pt,linewidth=1,roundcorner=10,
+    nobreak=true,
     frametitle={DERIVATION},
     frametitlebackgroundcolor=gray!50,frametitlerule=true,frametitlerulewidth=1,
     backgroundcolor=gray!20,
@@ -1629,18 +2234,35 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
 \NewEnviron{bwderivation}{%
   \begin{mdframed}[style=bwderivationstyle]
   \setcounter{equation}{0}
+    \begin{align}
+      \BODY
+    \end{align}
+  \end{mdframed}
+}%
+\NewEnviron{bwderivation*}{%
+  \begin{mdframed}[style=bwderivationstyle]
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
     \begin{align*}
       \BODY
     \end{align*}
   \end{mdframed}
 }%
 \NewEnviron{mysolution}{%
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
+  \begin{align}
+    \BODY
+  \end{align}
+}%
+\NewEnviron{mysolution*}{%
+  \setcounter{equation}{0}
   \begin{align*}
     \BODY
   \end{align*}
 }%
 \newcommand*{\checkpoint}{%
-  \vspace{1cm}\begin{center}|--------- CHECKPOINT ---------|\end{center}}%
+  \vspace{1cm}\begin{center}%
+    \colorbox{yellow!80}{|--------- CHECKPOINT ---------|}%
+  \end{center}}%
 \newcommand*{\image}[2]{%
   \begin{figure}[h!]
     \begin{center}%
@@ -1649,7 +2271,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
       \label{#1}%
     \end{center}%
   \end{figure}}
-\newcommand*{\sneakyone}[1]{\ensuremath{\cancelto{1}{\frac{#1}{#1}}}}
+\newcommand*{\sneakyone}[1]{\ensuremath{\cancelto{1}{#1}}}
 \newcommand*{\chkquantity}[1]{%
   \begin{center}
     \begin{tabular}{C{4.5cm} C{4cm} C{4cm} C{4cm}}
@@ -1659,6 +2281,7 @@ a^x \approx 1 + x \ln{a} + \frac{(x \ln a)^2}{2!} + \frac{(x \ln a)^3}{3!} + \ld
     \end{tabular}
   \end{center}
 }%
+\newcommand*{\qed}{\ensuremath{\text{ Q.E.D.}}}
 \newcommand*{\chkconstant}[1]{%
   \begin{center}
     \begin{tabular}{C{4cm} C{2cm} C{3cm} C{3cm} C{3cm} C{3cm}}