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author | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2015-05-12 22:34:18 +0000 |
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committer | Karl Berry <karl@freefriends.org> | 2015-05-12 22:34:18 +0000 |
commit | 03c75c44272fafbdc68ad57c2895873f73a46a27 (patch) | |
tree | 3c6f5da3d39808a8a00258242b0c7d01825efa98 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | |
parent | 728988c17d5e8201bbfd874e54dc9a95f1985145 (diff) |
latex2e-help-texinfo (12may15)
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@37355 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
Diffstat (limited to 'Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk')
-rw-r--r-- | Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk | 1321 |
1 files changed, 787 insertions, 534 deletions
diff --git a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk index 10eb5b9ea47..960c331c619 100644 --- a/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk +++ b/Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk @@ -4,28 +4,29 @@ <!ENTITY latex "LaTeX"> ]> <book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en"> -<title>&latex;2e reference manual (May 2014)</title> +<title>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (May 2015)</title> <!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) --> <!-- latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, --> <!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. --> +<!-- xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file --> <!-- --> -<!-- xx mention \nocorr, \textit and ic --> -<!-- xx give actual smallskip/etc. defaults --> +<!-- xx ending a run with errors --> +<!-- xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX --> +<!-- xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> <!-- --> -<!-- xx merge http://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) --> +<!-- xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/info/latex-info/ (alt-latex-info) --> +<!-- xx merge http://mirror.ctan.org/latex2e-reference.tar.gz --> <!-- xx merge permuted-index --> <!-- xx merge latex-manual from savannah --> <!-- --> <!-- xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel --> <!-- xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. --> <!-- xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. --> -<!-- xx See also http://www.ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> -<!-- --> -<!-- xx packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts --> +<!-- xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. --> <bookinfo><legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2014. +document preparation system, version of May 2015. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -34,13 +35,13 @@ George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and -<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as -<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users +Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). </para> <para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version of May 2014. +document preparation system, version of May 2015. </para> <para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by @@ -71,13 +72,13 @@ George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The &latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and -<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by L. Botway -and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users Group as -<citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no text was -directly copied). +<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex; 2.09) by +L. Botway and C. Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users +Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material (no +text was directly copied). </para> <para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, -2014 Karl Berry. +2014, 2015 Karl Berry. Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. @@ -99,12 +100,10 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. <chapter label="" id="Top"> -<title>&latex;2e</title> +<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title> -<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a -document preparation system, version as of May 2014. It is -intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of -&latex; for many years. +<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of +May 2015) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system. </para> @@ -112,183 +111,350 @@ intended to cover &latex;2e, which has been the standard version of <chapter label="1" id="About-this-document"> <title>About this document</title> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm> -<para>The &latex; document preparation system is implemented as a macro -package for Donald E. Knuth’s &tex; typesetting program. -&latex; was originally created by Leslie Lamport; it is now -maintained by a group of volunteers (<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). -The official documentation written by the &latex; project is -available from their web site. -</para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>bug reporting</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>reporting bugs</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm> -<para>The present document is completely unofficial and has not been -reviewed by the &latex; maintainers. Do not send bug reports or -anything else about this document to them. Instead, please send all -comments to <email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>. -</para> -<para>The home page for this document is +<indexterm role="fn"><primary><ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink> home page</primary></indexterm> +<para>This is an unofficial reference manual for the &latex;2e document +preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex; +typesetting program (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). This document’s home page is <ulink url="http://home.gna.org/latexrefman">http://home.gna.org/latexrefman</ulink>. That page has links to the -current output in various formats, sources, mailing lists, and other -infrastructure. -</para> -<para>Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about -&latex;. Here are a few: +current output in various formats, sources, mailing list archives and +subscriptions, and other infrastructure. </para> -<variablelist><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; vs. &latex;2e</primary></indexterm> +<para>In this document, we will mostly just use ‘&latex;’ rather than +‘&latex;2e’, since the previous version of &latex; (2.09) was +retired many years ago. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. -</para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>The guide for document authors maintained as part of &latex;; there -are several others. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>unofficial nature of this manual</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; Project team</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary><email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email> email address</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers +(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). The official documentation written by +the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is +completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex; +maintainers. Do not send bug reports or anything else about this +document to them. Instead, please send all comments to +<email>latexrefman-discuss@gna.org</email>. +</para> +<para>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources +of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few +introductions. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex-doc-ptr document</primary></indexterm> +<para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>first-latex-doc document</primary></indexterm> +<para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>usrguide official documentation</primary></indexterm> +<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;; +there are plenty of others available elsewhere. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</ulink> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lshort document</primary></indexterm> +<para>A short introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><ulink url="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</ulink> -</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;. -</para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +</term><listitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further +references. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </chapter> <chapter label="2" id="Overview"> <title>Overview of &latex;</title> -<para>What is &latex;? -</para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>overview of &latex;</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>basics of &latex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Knuth, Donald E.</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport, Leslie</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex; overview</primary></indexterm> -<para>&latex; typesets a file of text using the &tex; program and the -&latex; “macro package” for &tex;. That is, it processes an input -file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that -describe how the text should be formatted. &latex; files are plain -text that can be written in any reasonable editor. It produces at -least three files as output: + +<para>&latex; is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally +created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers +(<ulink url="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</ulink>). It is widely used, particularly for +complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>macro package, &latex; as</primary></indexterm> +<para>A &latex; user writes an input file containing text along with +interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text +should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands +that interface with Donald E. Knuth’s &tex; typesetting program +(the technical term is that &latex; is a <firstterm>macro package</firstterm> for the +&tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that +file to the &tex; engine. +</para> +<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which +the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands +available to a &latex; user. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lamport &tex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>pronunciation</primary></indexterm> +<para>The name &latex; is short for “Lamport &tex;”. It is pronounced +LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document, +produce the logo with <literal>\LaTeX</literal>. Where use of the logo is not +sensible, such as in plain text, write it as ‘<literal>LaTeX</literal>’. +</para> + + +<sect1 label="2.1" id="Starting-and-ending"> +<title>Starting and ending</title> + +<anchor id="Starting-_0026-ending"/><!-- old name --> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>hello, world</primary></indexterm> + +<para>&latex; files have a simple global structure, with a standard +starting and ending. Here is a “hello, world” example: +</para> +<screen>\documentclass{article} +\begin{document} +Hello, \LaTeX\ world. +\end{document} +</screen> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class, defined</primary></indexterm> +<para>Here, the ‘<literal>article</literal>’ is the so-called <firstterm>document class</firstterm>, +implemented in a file <filename>article.cls</filename>. Any document class can be +used. A few document classes are defined by &latex; itself, and vast +array of others are widely available. See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>. +</para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm> +<para>You can include other &latex; commands between the +<literal>\documentclass</literal> and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands. +This area is called the <firstterm>preamble</firstterm>. +</para> +<para>The <literal>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</literal> is a so-called +<firstterm>environment</firstterm>; the ‘<literal>document</literal>’ environment (and no others) is +required in all &latex; documents. &latex; provides many +environments itself, and many more are defined separately. +See <link linkend="Environments">Environments</link>. </para> -<orderedlist numeration="arabic"><listitem><para>The main output file, which is one of: +<para>The following sections discuss how to produce PDF or other output from +a &latex; input file. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="2.2" id="Output-files"> +<title>Output files</title> + +<para>&latex; produces a main output file and at least two accessory files. +The main output file’s name ends in either <filename>.dvi</filename> or <filename>.pdf</filename>. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.dvi</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.dvi file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>latex command</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>latex</command>, a “Device Independent” (<filename>.dvi</filename>) -file is produced. This contains commands that can be translated into -commands for virtually any output device. You can view such -<filename>.dvi</filename> output of &latex; by using a program such as -<command>xdvi</command> (display directly), <command>dvips</command> (convert to -PostScript), or <command>dvipdfmx</command> (convert to PDF). +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xdvi command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvips command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvipdfmx command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>dvitype command</primary></indexterm> +<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>latex</command> then it +produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <filename>.dvi</filename>. You +can view this file with a command such as <command>xdvi</command>, or convert +it to a PostScript <literal>.ps</literal> file with <command>dvips</command> or to a +Portable Document Format <literal>.pdf</literal> file with <command>dvipdfmx</command>. +The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with +<command>dvitype</command>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are +available (<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/tex-archive/dviware</ulink>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.pdf</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.pdf file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex;</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>pdflatex command</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>pdflatex</command>, a “Portable Document Format” -(<filename>.pdf</filename>) file. Typically, this is a self-contained file, with -all fonts and images embedded. This can be very useful, but it does -make the output much larger than the <filename>.dvi</filename> produced from the -same document. -</para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>lualatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using -the Lua&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>). -</para> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm> -<para>If invoked as <command>xelatex</command>, a <filename>.pdf</filename> file is created using -the Xe&tex; engine (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>). +<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>, +among other commands (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>), then the main output is +a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a +self-contained file, with all fonts and images included. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>Many other less-common variants of &latex; (and &tex;) exist, which -can produce HTML, XML, and other things. +<para>&latex; also produces at least two additional files. </para> -</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>.log</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>transcript file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>log file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>.log file</primary></indexterm> -<para>The “transcript” or <filename>.log</filename> file that contains summary -information and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the -input file. +<para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of +loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps +additional information for any errors. </para> -</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>.aux</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>auxiliary file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>.aux file</primary></indexterm> -<para>An “auxiliary” or <filename>.aux</filename> file. This is used by &latex; itself, -for things such as cross-references. -</para></listitem></orderedlist> -<para>An open-ended list of other files might be created. We won’t try to -list them all. Xxx components? +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references, resolving</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>forward references, resolving</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>references, resolving forward</primary></indexterm> +<para>Auxiliary information is used by &latex; for things such as +cross references. For example, the first time that &latex; finds a +forward reference—a cross reference to something that has not yet +appeared in the source—it will appear in the output as a doubled +question mark <literal>??</literal>. When the referred-to spot does eventually +appear in the source then &latex; writes its location information to +this <literal>.aux</literal> file. On the next invocation, &latex; reads the +location information from this file and uses it to resolve the +reference, replacing the double question mark with the remembered +location. </para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lof file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list of figures file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lot file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>list of tables file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.toc file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>contents file</primary></indexterm> +<para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename +ending. These include a <literal>.lof</literal> file that is used to make a list +of figures, a <literal>.lot</literal> file used to make a list of tables, and a +<literal>.toc</literal> file used to make a table of contents. A particular class +may create others; the list is open-ended. +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="2.3" id="TeX-engines"> +<title>&tex; engines</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>engines, &tex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>implementations of &tex;</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>UTF-8</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Unicode input, native</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TrueType fonts</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>OpenType fonts</primary></indexterm> + +<para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex; +implementation (see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>). This section gives a terse +overview of the main programs. +</para> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>latex</literal> +</term><term><literal>pdflatex</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>pdf&tex; engine</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>etex command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>e-&tex;</primary></indexterm> +<para>In &tex; Live (<ulink url="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</ulink>, if &latex; is invoked +via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>, +then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</ulink>). +When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <filename>.dvi</filename> +file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <filename>.pdf</filename> file. +</para> +<para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth’s original +program (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/etex">http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</ulink>), including additional +programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of +extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the +command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces +<filename>.dvi</filename>). +</para> +<para>In other &tex; distributions, <command>latex</command> may invoke e-&tex; +rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be +assumed to be available in &latex;. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>lualatex</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>lualatex command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Lua&tex;</primary></indexterm> +<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the +Lua&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</ulink>). This +program allows code written in the scripting language Lua +(<ulink url="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</ulink>) to interact with &tex;’s typesetting. +Lua&tex; handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType +and TrueType fonts, and produces a <filename>.pdf</filename> file by default. +There is also <command>dvilualatex</command> to produce a <filename>.dvi</filename> file, +but this is rarely used. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>xelatex</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>xelatex command</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>Xe&tex;</primary></indexterm> +<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the +Xe&tex; engine is run (<ulink url="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</ulink>). Like Lua&tex;, +Xe&tex; also natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and +OpenType fonts, though the implementation is completely different, +mainly using external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; +produces a <filename>.pdf</filename> file as output; it does not support DVI output. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<para>Other variants of &latex; and &tex; exist, e.g., to provide +additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;, +<ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</ulink>, <ulink url="http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</ulink>). +</para> + +</sect1> +<sect1 label="2.4" id="LaTeX-command-syntax"> +<title>&latex; command syntax</title> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command syntax</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm> -<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>, -followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single -non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets, <literal>[]</literal>, are -optional while arguments contained in braces, <literal>{}</literal>, are -required. +<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a <literal>\</literal>; the +name itself then consists of either (a) a string of letters or +(b) a single non-letter. </para> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>case sensitivity of &latex;</primary></indexterm> -<para>&latex; is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless -explicitly directed to do otherwise. +<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments, either +required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly +braces, <literal>{...}</literal>. Optional arguments are contained in square +brackets, <literal>[...]</literal>. Generally, but not universally, if the +command accepts an optional argument, it comes first, before any +required arguments. </para> - -</chapter> -<chapter label="3" id="Starting-_0026-ending"> -<title>Starting & ending</title> - -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting & ending</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ending & starting</primary></indexterm> - -<para>A minimal input file looks like the following: +<para>Some commands have a <literal>*</literal> form that is related to the form without +a <literal>*</literal>, such as <literal>\chapter</literal> and <literal>\chapter*</literal>. </para> -<screen>\documentclass{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} -\begin{document} -<replaceable>your text</replaceable> -\end{document} -</screen> -<para>where the <replaceable>class</replaceable> is a valid document class for &latex;. -See <link linkend="Document-classes">Document classes</link>, for details of the various document classes -available locally. +<para>&latex; commands are case sensitive; neither <literal>\Begin{document}</literal> +nor <literal>\begin{Document}</literal> will work. Most commands are lowercase, +but in any event you must enter all commands in the same case as they +are defined. </para> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>preamble, defined</primary></indexterm> -<para>You may include other &latex; commands between the <literal>\documentclass</literal> -and the <literal>\begin{document}</literal> commands (this area is called the -<firstterm>preamble</firstterm>). +<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <literal>*</literal>-forms for the +commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). </para> +</sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="4" id="Document-classes"> +<chapter label="3" id="Document-classes"> <title>Document classes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document classes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>classes of documents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\documentclass</primary></indexterm> -<para>The class of a given document is defined with the command: +<para>The document’s overall class is defined with this command, which is +normally the first command in a &latex; source file. </para> <screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>The <literal>\documentclass</literal> command must be the first command in a -&latex; source file. -</para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>article class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>report class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>book class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter class</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>slides class</primary></indexterm> -<para>Built-in &latex; document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are (many other document -classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>): +<para>The following document <replaceable>class</replaceable> names are built into &latex;. +(Many other document classes are available as separate packages; +see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>.) </para> -<screen>article report book letter slides -</screen> -<!-- xx briefly describe each one --> - -<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described below. +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>article</literal> +</term><listitem><para>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>book</literal> +</term><listitem><para>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front +matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix +(see <link linkend="Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</link>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>report</literal> +</term><listitem><para>For documents of length between an <literal>article</literal> and a <literal>book</literal>, +such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>slides</literal> +</term><listitem><para>For slide presentations—rarely used today. In its place the +<literal>beamer</literal> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <link linkend="beamer-template">beamer +template</link>). +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<para>Standard <replaceable>options</replaceable> are described in the next section. </para> -<sect1 label="4.1" id="Document-class-options"> +<sect1 label="3.1" id="Document-class-options"> <title>Document class options</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document class options</primary></indexterm> @@ -296,10 +462,9 @@ classes are available as add-ons; see <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>): <indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> -<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> -to the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square -brackets as usual. To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate -them with a comma: +<para>You can specify so-called <firstterm>global options</firstterm> or <firstterm>class options</firstterm> to +the <literal>\documentclass</literal> command by enclosing them in square brackets. +To specify more than one <replaceable>option</replaceable>, separate them with a comma, as in: </para> <screen>\documentclass[<replaceable>option1</replaceable>,<replaceable>option2</replaceable>,...]{<replaceable>class</replaceable>} </screen> @@ -334,21 +499,39 @@ size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>): <indexterm role="fn"><primary>notitlepage option</primary></indexterm> <para>Miscellaneous other options: </para> -<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft, final</literal> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>draft</literal> +</term><term><literal>final</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>black boxes, omitting</primary></indexterm> -<para>mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is <literal>final</literal>. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Use “open” bibliography format. -</para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage, notitlepage</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. +<para>Mark (<literal>draft</literal>) or do not mark (<literal>final</literal>) overfull boxes with a +black box in the margin; default is <literal>final</literal>. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>fleqn</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>flush left equations</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>centered equations</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equations, flush left vs. centered</primary></indexterm> +<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>landscape</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>landscape orientation</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>portrait orientation</primary></indexterm> +<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>leqno</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-hand equation numbers</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>right-hand equation numbers</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>equation numbers, left vs. right</primary></indexterm> +<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openbib</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bibliography format, open</primary></indexterm> +<para>Use “open” bibliography format. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>titlepage</literal> +</term><term><literal>notitlepage</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title page, separate or run-in</primary></indexterm> +<para>Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on the class. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>These options are not available with the slides class: +<para>The following options are not available with the <literal>slides</literal> class. </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>onecolumn option</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>twocolumn option</primary></indexterm> @@ -365,34 +548,35 @@ size (default is <literal>letterpaper</literal>): </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\evensidemargin</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oddsidemargin</primary></indexterm> <para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <literal>oneside</literal>, except -for the <literal>book</literal> class. +that in the <literal>book</literal> class the default is <literal>twoside</literal>. </para> -<para>The <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> parameter determines -the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the -page and the text’s left margin. The defaults vary with the paper -size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected. For one-sided -printing the text is centered, for two-sided, <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> is -40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and <literal>\textwidth</literal>, -with <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> the remainder. +<para>For one-sided printing, the text is centered on the page. For two-sided +printing, the <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> (<literal>\oddsidemargin</literal>) parameter +determines the distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left +side of the page and the text’s left margin, with <literal>\oddsidemargin</literal> +being 40% of the difference between <literal>\paperwidth</literal> and +<literal>\textwidth</literal>, and <literal>\evensidemargin</literal> is the remainder. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>openright</literal> </term><term><literal>openany</literal> -</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a -right-hand page; default is <literal>openright</literal> for book. +</term><listitem><para>Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default is +<literal>openright</literal> for <literal>book</literal>, and <literal>openany</literal> for <literal>report</literal>. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>clock option to <literal>slides</literal> class</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>slides</literal> class offers the option <literal>clock</literal> for printing the time at the bottom of each note. </para> - -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>loading additional packages</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>packages, loading additional</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>additional packages, loading</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usepackage</primary></indexterm> <para>Additional packages are loaded like this: </para> <screen>\usepackage[<replaceable>options</replaceable>]{<replaceable>pkg</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>To specify more than one <replaceable>pkg</replaceable>, you can separate them with a -comma, or use multiple <literal>\usepackage</literal> commands. +<para>To specify more than one package, you can separate them with a comma, +as in <literal>\usepackage{<replaceable>pkg1</replaceable>,<replaceable>pkg2</replaceable>,...}</literal>, or use multiple +<literal>\usepackage</literal> commands. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>global options</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>options, global</primary></indexterm> @@ -403,7 +587,7 @@ by the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="5" id="Fonts"> +<chapter label="4" id="Fonts"> <title>Fonts</title> <anchor id="Typefaces"/><!-- old name --> @@ -415,7 +599,7 @@ and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here. </para> -<sect1 label="5.1" id="Font-styles"> +<sect1 label="4.1" id="Font-styles"> <title>Font styles</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font styles</primary></indexterm> @@ -431,13 +615,22 @@ arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group. </para> <para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, -are cumulative; e.g.,, you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or +are cumulative; e.g., you can say either <literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal> to get bold sans serif. </para> <para>You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations; for instance, <literal>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</literal>. </para> -<para>These commands automatically supply an italic correction if needed. +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorr</primary></indexterm> +<para>These font-switching commands automatically insert italic corrections +if needed. (See <link linkend="_005c_002f">\/</link>, for the details of italic corrections.) +Specifically, they insert the italic correction unless the following +character is in the list <literal>\nocorrlist</literal>, which by default consists +of a period and a comma. To suppress the automatic insertion of +italic correction, use <literal>\nocorr</literal> at the start or end of the +command argument, such as <literal>\textit{\nocorr text}</literal> or +<literal>\textsc{text \nocorr}</literal>. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\textrm (\rmfamily)</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textrm</primary></indexterm> @@ -548,8 +741,8 @@ FAQ entry: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http: <para>&latex; also provides the following commands, which unconditionally switch to the given style, that is, are <emphasis>not</emphasis> cumulative. Also, they are used differently than the above commands: <literal>{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> -...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two very -different things. +...}</literal> instead of <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>{...}</literal>. These are two unrelated +constructs. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bf</primary></indexterm><literal>\bf</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold font</primary></indexterm> @@ -602,7 +795,7 @@ their place. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.2" id="Font-sizes"> +<sect1 label="4.2" id="Font-sizes"> <title>Font sizes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font sizes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>typeface sizes</primary></indexterm> @@ -654,7 +847,7 @@ these commands; for instance, <literal>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="5.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"> +<sect1 label="4.3" id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"> <title>Low-level font commands</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-level font commands</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>font commands, low-level</primary></indexterm> @@ -743,7 +936,7 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="6" id="Layout"> +<chapter label="5" id="Layout"> <title>Layout</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>layout commands</primary></indexterm> @@ -751,7 +944,7 @@ followed by <literal>\selectfont</literal>. </para> -<sect1 label="6.1" id="_005conecolumn"> +<sect1 label="5.1" id="_005conecolumn"> <title><literal>\onecolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\onecolumn</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>one-column output</primary></indexterm> @@ -761,7 +954,7 @@ single-column output. This is the default. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.2" id="_005ctwocolumn"> +<sect1 label="5.2" id="_005ctwocolumn"> <title><literal>\twocolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\twocolumn</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>multicolumn text</primary></indexterm> @@ -812,7 +1005,7 @@ and the main text. Default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>̵ </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.3" id="_005cflushbottom"> +<sect1 label="5.3" id="_005cflushbottom"> <title><literal>\flushbottom</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm> @@ -826,7 +1019,7 @@ page. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.4" id="_005craggedbottom"> +<sect1 label="5.4" id="_005craggedbottom"> <title><literal>\raggedbottom</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedbottom</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, omitting vertical</primary></indexterm> @@ -837,7 +1030,7 @@ stretched. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="6.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> +<sect1 label="5.5" id="Page-layout-parameters"> <title>Page layout parameters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page layout parameters</primary></indexterm> @@ -914,14 +1107,14 @@ then divided by two. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topskip</primary></indexterm><literal>\topskip</literal> </term><listitem><para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of -the first line of text. For the standard clases, the default is the +the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="7" id="Sectioning"> +<chapter label="6" id="Sectioning"> <title>Sectioning</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>sectioning</primary></indexterm> @@ -929,7 +1122,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., ‘<literal>10pt</literal>’ at ‘<li </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\part</primary></indexterm><literal>\part</literal> </term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\chapter</primary></indexterm><literal>\chapter</literal> -</term><listitem><para>(report and book class only) +</term><listitem><para>(<literal>report</literal> and <literal>book</literal> class only) </para></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\section</primary></indexterm><literal>\section</literal> </term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsection</literal> </term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\subsubsection</literal> @@ -982,7 +1175,7 @@ The setting </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="8" id="Cross-references"> +<chapter label="7" id="Cross-references"> <title>Cross references</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross references</primary></indexterm> @@ -991,7 +1184,7 @@ the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” </para> -<sect1 label="8.1" id="_005clabel"> +<sect1 label="7.1" id="_005clabel"> <title><literal>\label</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\label</primary></indexterm> @@ -1004,7 +1197,8 @@ the reader to them, as in “See Figure 3 for more details.” inside a numbered environment assigns that number to <replaceable>key</replaceable>. </para> <para>A <replaceable>key</replaceable> name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or -punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished. +punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are +distinguished, as usual. </para> <para>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by @@ -1026,7 +1220,7 @@ a colon or period. Some conventionally-used prefixes: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.2" id="_005cpageref"> +<sect1 label="7.2" id="_005cpageref"> <title><literal>\pageref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pageref</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing with page number</primary></indexterm> @@ -1042,7 +1236,7 @@ the place in the text where the corresponding </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="8.3" id="_005cref"> +<sect1 label="7.3" id="_005cref"> <title><literal>\ref{<replaceable>key</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ref</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>cross referencing, symbolic</primary></indexterm> @@ -1063,7 +1257,7 @@ such as the word ‘Section’ or ‘Figure’, just the bare nu </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="9" id="Environments"> +<chapter label="8" id="Environments"> <title>Environments</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments</primary></indexterm> @@ -1079,7 +1273,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </screen> -<sect1 label="9.1" id="abstract"> +<sect1 label="8.1" id="abstract"> <title><literal>abstract</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>abstract environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1094,7 +1288,7 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.2" id="array"> +<sect1 label="8.2" id="array"> <title><literal>array</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>array environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>arrays, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -1110,8 +1304,8 @@ Each environment begins and ends in the same manner: within an <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link linkend="equation">equation</link>). It has a single mandatory <replaceable>template</replaceable> argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each column <replaceable>col</replaceable> is -specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should -be formatted, as follows: +specified by a single letter that tells how items in each row of that +column should be formatted, as follows: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>c</literal> </term><listitem><para>centered @@ -1148,7 +1342,7 @@ namely <literal>\arrayrulewidth</literal> and <literal>\arraystretch</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.3" id="center"> +<sect1 label="8.3" id="center"> <title><literal>center</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>center environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1169,7 +1363,7 @@ string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="9.3.1" id="_005ccentering"> +<sect2 label="8.3.1" id="_005ccentering"> <title><literal>\centering</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\centering</primary></indexterm> @@ -1198,7 +1392,7 @@ second line \\ </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.4" id="description"> +<sect1 label="8.4" id="description"> <title><literal>description</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>description environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1231,7 +1425,7 @@ plain typewriter}]</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.5" id="displaymath"> +<sect1 label="8.5" id="displaymath"> <title><literal>displaymath</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>displaymath environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1256,17 +1450,17 @@ equation number, use the <literal>equation</literal> environment (see <link link </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.6" id="document"> +<sect1 label="8.6" id="document"> <title><literal>document</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>document environment</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>document</literal> environment encloses the body of a document. -It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-_0026-ending">Starting & ending</link>. +It is required in every &latex; document. See <link linkend="Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</link>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.7" id="enumerate"> +<sect1 label="8.7" id="enumerate"> <title><literal>enumerate</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>enumerate environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1322,7 +1516,7 @@ letters: </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.8" id="eqnarray"> +<sect1 label="8.8" id="eqnarray"> <title><literal>eqnarray</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>eqnarray environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1349,7 +1543,7 @@ others) from the <literal>amsmath</literal> package. </screen> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>eqnarray</literal>)</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>eqnarray</literal> environment is used to display a sequence of -equations or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column +equations or inequalities. It is similar to a three-column <literal>array</literal> environment, with consecutive rows separated by <literal>\\</literal> and consecutive items within a row separated by an <literal>&</literal>. </para> @@ -1372,7 +1566,7 @@ zero width. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.9" id="equation"> +<sect1 label="8.9" id="equation"> <title><literal>equation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>equation environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1391,7 +1585,7 @@ on the page, and also places an equation number in the right margin. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.10" id="figure"> +<sect1 label="8.10" id="figure"> <title><literal>figure</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>figure</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>inserting figures</primary></indexterm> @@ -1427,9 +1621,8 @@ output. To ameliorate this, use the <literal>stfloats</literal> or FAQ: <ulink url="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</ulink>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>h</literal> -</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>float</literal> package</primary></indexterm> -<para>(Here)—at the position in the text where the figure environment -appears. However, this is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is +</term><listitem><para>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <literal>figure</literal> environment +appears. However, <literal>t</literal> is not allowed by itself; <literal>t</literal> is automatically added. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>here, putting floats</primary></indexterm> @@ -1451,7 +1644,7 @@ The <literal>!</literal> specifier does <emphasis>not</emphasis> mean “put see above. </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>The standard report and article classes use the default placement +<para>The standard <literal>report</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes use the default placement <literal>tbp</literal>. </para> <para>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, &latex; commands, @@ -1467,7 +1660,7 @@ present, it is used in the list of figures instead of <replaceable>text</replace non-float text: </para> <variablelist><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomfraction</primary></indexterm> -<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at +<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at the bottom; default ‘<literal>.3</literal>’. </para> <varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\floatpagefraction</primary></indexterm><literal>\floatpagefraction</literal> @@ -1498,17 +1691,21 @@ floats; default ‘<literal>.7</literal>’. </term><listitem><para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; default ‘<literal>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</literal>’. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page: +<para>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page: </para> -<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\bottomnumber</literal> +<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>bottomnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>bottomnumber</literal> </term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; default 1. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\topnumber</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>dbltopnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>dbltopnumber</literal> +</term><listitem><para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a +two-column page; default 2. +</para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>topnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>topnumber</literal> </term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; default 2. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>\totalnumber</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>totalnumber</primary></indexterm><literal>totalnumber</literal> </term><listitem><para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <para>The principal &tex; FAQ entry relating to floats: @@ -1516,7 +1713,7 @@ default 2. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.11" id="filecontents"> +<sect1 label="8.11" id="filecontents"> <title><literal>filecontents</literal>: Create external files</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>filecontents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>external files, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -1561,13 +1758,13 @@ unrelated to using the created file. So you need to use, for instance, <literal>\input</literal> or <literal>\usepackage</literal> or <literal>\bibliography</literal> or whatever is applicable, to use the created file. </para> -<para>This environment is also useful to make a self-contained document, for -example, for a bug report, or to keep a <filename>.bib</filename> file with the main -document. +<para>This environment is also useful to make a document in a self-contained +file, for example, for a bug report, or to keep the content of a +<filename>.bib</filename> file in the same file as the main document. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.12" id="flushleft"> +<sect1 label="8.12" id="flushleft"> <title><literal>flushleft</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushleft environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-justifying text, environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -1586,7 +1783,7 @@ right Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="9.12.1" id="_005craggedright"> +<sect2 label="8.12.1" id="_005craggedright"> <title><literal>\raggedright</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedright</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged right text</primary></indexterm> @@ -1606,7 +1803,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.13" id="flushright"> +<sect1 label="8.13" id="flushright"> <title><literal>flushright</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>flushright environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text, environment for</primary></indexterm> @@ -1625,7 +1822,7 @@ left. Each line must be terminated with the string <literal>\\</literal>. </para> -<sect2 label="9.13.1" id="_005craggedleft"> +<sect2 label="8.13.1" id="_005craggedleft"> <title><literal>\raggedleft</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raggedleft</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>ragged left text</primary></indexterm> @@ -1645,7 +1842,7 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.14" id="itemize"> +<sect1 label="8.14" id="itemize"> <title><literal>itemize</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>itemize environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\item</primary></indexterm> @@ -1771,7 +1968,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>): </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.15" id="letter"> +<sect1 label="8.15" id="letter"> <title><literal>letter</literal> environment: writing letters</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>letter</primary></indexterm> @@ -1779,7 +1976,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cparskip">\parskip</link>): </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.16" id="list"> +<sect1 label="8.16" id="list"> <title><literal>list</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>list</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lists of items, generic</primary></indexterm> @@ -1808,7 +2005,7 @@ empty, i.e., <literal>{}</literal>, which leaves the default spacing. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.17" id="math"> +<sect1 label="8.17" id="math"> <title><literal>math</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>math environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1826,7 +2023,7 @@ See <link linkend="Math-formulas">Math formulas</link>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.18" id="minipage"> +<sect1 label="8.18" id="minipage"> <title><literal>minipage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>minipage environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -1865,7 +2062,7 @@ footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.19" id="picture"> +<sect1 label="8.19" id="picture"> <title><literal>picture</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>picture</primary></indexterm> @@ -1946,32 +2143,34 @@ be the lower left corner of the box. </para> -<sect2 label="9.19.1" id="_005ccircle"> +<sect2 label="8.19.1" id="_005ccircle"> <title><literal>\circle</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\circle</primary></indexterm> -<screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\circle[*]{<replaceable>diameter</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The <literal>\circle</literal> command produces a circle with a diameter as close to the specified one as possible. The <literal>*</literal>-form of the command draws a solid circle. </para> -<para>Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn. +<para>Circles up to 40pt can be drawn. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"> +<sect2 label="8.19.2" id="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"> <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (picture)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox (for <literal>picture</literal>)</primary></indexterm> -<para><literal>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</literal> -</para> +<para>Synopsis: +</para><screen>\makebox(<replaceable>width</replaceable>,<replaceable>height</replaceable>)[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]{<replaceable>text</replaceable>} +</screen> <para>The <literal>\makebox</literal> command for the picture environment is similar to the normal <literal>\makebox</literal> command except that you must specify a -<literal>width</literal> and <literal>height</literal> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>. +<replaceable>width</replaceable> and <replaceable>height</replaceable> in multiples of <literal>\unitlength</literal>. </para> -<para>The optional argument, <literal>[position]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that -your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: +<para>The optional argument, <literal>[<replaceable>position</replaceable>]</literal>, specifies the quadrant that +your <replaceable>text</replaceable> appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>t</literal> </term><listitem><para>Moves the item to the top of the rectangle. @@ -1990,7 +2189,7 @@ your text appears in. You may select up to two of the following: </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"> +<sect2 label="8.19.3" id="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"> <title><literal>\framebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -2010,7 +2209,7 @@ and the contents of the box. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.4" id="_005cdashbox"> +<sect2 label="8.19.4" id="_005cdashbox"> <title><literal>\dashbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dashbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -2024,12 +2223,12 @@ and the contents of the box. rectangle has overall width <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and height <replaceable>rheight</replaceable>. The <replaceable>text</replaceable> is positioned at optional <replaceable>pos</replaceable>. <!-- xxref positions. --> </para> -<para>A dashed box looks best when the <literal>rwidth</literal> and <literal>rheight</literal> are -multiples of the <literal>dlen</literal>. +<para>A dashed box looks best when the <replaceable>rwidth</replaceable> and <replaceable>rheight</replaceable> are +multiples of the <replaceable>dlen</replaceable>. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.5" id="_005cframe"> +<sect2 label="8.19.5" id="_005cframe"> <title><literal>\frame</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frame</primary></indexterm> @@ -2043,7 +2242,7 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.6" id="_005cline"> +<sect2 label="8.19.6" id="_005cline"> <title><literal>\line</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\line</primary></indexterm> @@ -2054,14 +2253,16 @@ space is put between the frame and the object. <para>The <literal>\line</literal> command draws a line with the given <replaceable>length</replaceable> and slope <replaceable>xslope</replaceable>/<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>. </para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>pict2e</literal> package</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>graphics packages</primary></indexterm> <para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>slope</replaceable> = x/y</mathphrase></inlineequation>, where <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> have integer values from −6 -through 6. For lines of any slope, not to mention other shapes, -see the <literal>curve2e</literal> and many many other packages on CTAN. +through 6. For lines of any slope, and plenty of other shapes, +see <literal>pict2e</literal> and many other packages on CTAN. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.7" id="_005clinethickness"> +<sect2 label="8.19.7" id="_005clinethickness"> <title><literal>\linethickness</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linethickness</primary></indexterm> @@ -2074,7 +2275,7 @@ circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <literal>\oval</literal>. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.8" id="_005cthicklines"> +<sect2 label="8.19.8" id="_005cthicklines"> <title><literal>\thicklines</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thicklines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2084,7 +2285,7 @@ cf. <link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link link </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.9" id="_005cthinlines"> +<sect2 label="8.19.9" id="_005cthinlines"> <title><literal>\thinlines</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinlines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2094,7 +2295,7 @@ cf. <link linkend="_005clinethickness">\linethickness</link> and <link link </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.10" id="_005cmultiput"> +<sect2 label="8.19.10" id="_005cmultiput"> <title><literal>\multiput</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multiput</primary></indexterm> @@ -2108,7 +2309,7 @@ pattern across a picture. <replaceable>obj</replaceable> is first placed at pos </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.11" id="_005coval"> +<sect2 label="8.19.11" id="_005coval"> <title><literal>\oval</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oval</primary></indexterm> @@ -2135,19 +2336,21 @@ boxes with rounded corners. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.12" id="_005cput"> +<sect2 label="8.19.12" id="_005cput"> <title><literal>\put</literal></title> - <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\put</primary></indexterm> -<para><literal>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</literal> +<para>Synopsis: </para> -<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the item specified by the mandatory -argument at the given coordinates. +<screen>\put(<replaceable>xcoord</replaceable>,<replaceable>ycoord</replaceable>){ ... } +</screen> +<para>The <literal>\put</literal> command places the material specified by the +(mandatory) argument in braces at the given coordinate, +(<replaceable>xcoord</replaceable>,<replaceable>ycoord</replaceable>). </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.13" id="_005cshortstack"> +<sect2 label="8.19.13" id="_005cshortstack"> <title><literal>\shortstack</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\shortstack</primary></indexterm> @@ -2170,22 +2373,22 @@ positions are: </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.19.14" id="_005cvector"> +<sect2 label="8.19.14" id="_005cvector"> <title><literal>\vector</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vector</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: </para> -<screen>\vector(<replaceable>x-slope</replaceable>,<replaceable>y-slope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} +<screen>\vector(<replaceable>xslope</replaceable>,<replaceable>yslope</replaceable>){<replaceable>length</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The <literal>\vector</literal> command draws a line with an arrow of the specified -length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase>x</mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase>y</mathphrase></inlineequation> values must lie between -−4 and +4, inclusive. +length and slope. The <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>xslope</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation> and <inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>yslope</replaceable></mathphrase></inlineequation> +values must lie between −4 and +4, inclusive. </para> </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.20" id="quotation"> +<sect1 label="8.20" id="quotation"> <title><literal>quotation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>quotation</primary></indexterm> @@ -2208,7 +2411,7 @@ normally. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.21" id="quote"> +<sect1 label="8.21" id="quote"> <title><literal>quote</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>quote</primary></indexterm> @@ -2216,7 +2419,7 @@ normally. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</primary></indexterm> -<para>Snyopsis: +<para>Synopsis: </para> <screen>\begin{quote} <replaceable>text</replaceable> @@ -2230,7 +2433,7 @@ blank line between text produces a new paragraph. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.22" id="tabbing"> +<sect1 label="8.22" id="tabbing"> <title><literal>tabbing</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabbing environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2254,7 +2457,7 @@ the width of each column is constant and known in advance. <para>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the <literal>tabular</literal> environment. </para> -<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> enviroment: +<para>The following commands can be used inside a <literal>tabbing</literal> environment: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (tabbing)</primary></indexterm><literal>\\ (tabbing)</literal> </term><listitem><para>End a line. @@ -2335,7 +2538,7 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.23" id="table"> +<sect1 label="8.23" id="table"> <title><literal>table</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>table</primary></indexterm> @@ -2368,7 +2571,7 @@ you wish. The <literal>\caption</literal> command allows you to title your tabl </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.24" id="tabular"> +<sect1 label="8.24" id="tabular"> <title><literal>tabular</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>tabular environment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lines in tables</primary></indexterm> @@ -2491,7 +2694,7 @@ environment: </para> -<sect2 label="9.24.1" id="_005cmulticolumn"> +<sect2 label="8.24.1" id="_005cmulticolumn"> <title><literal>\multicolumn</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\multicolumn</primary></indexterm> @@ -2517,7 +2720,7 @@ for flushleft, <literal>r</literal> for flushright. The third mandatory argumen </screen> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.24.2" id="_005ccline"> +<sect2 label="8.24.2" id="_005ccline"> <title><literal>\cline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2531,7 +2734,7 @@ which are specified in the mandatory argument. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.24.3" id="_005chline"> +<sect2 label="8.24.3" id="_005chline"> <title><literal>\hline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2542,7 +2745,7 @@ of a table. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.24.4" id="_005cvline"> +<sect2 label="8.24.4" id="_005cvline"> <title><literal>\vline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vline</primary></indexterm> @@ -2554,7 +2757,7 @@ move the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.25" id="thebibliography"> +<sect1 label="8.25" id="thebibliography"> <title><literal>thebibliography</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>thebibliography</primary></indexterm> @@ -2585,7 +2788,7 @@ less than 10 references, <literal>99</literal> for ones with less than 100, etc. </para> -<sect2 label="9.25.1" id="_005cbibitem"> +<sect2 label="8.25.1" id="_005cbibitem"> <title><literal>\bibitem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bibitem</primary></indexterm> @@ -2608,7 +2811,7 @@ associated label. </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.25.2" id="_005ccite"> +<sect2 label="8.25.2" id="_005ccite"> <title><literal>\cite</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cite</primary></indexterm> @@ -2628,7 +2831,7 @@ citation. For example, <literal>\cite[p.~314]{knuth}</literal> might produce </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.25.3" id="_005cnocite"> +<sect2 label="8.25.3" id="_005cnocite"> <title><literal>\nocite</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocite</primary></indexterm> @@ -2639,7 +2842,7 @@ which is a list of one or more citation keys, on the <filename>.aux</filename> f </para> </sect2> -<sect2 label="9.25.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> +<sect2 label="8.25.4" id="Using-BibTeX"> <title>Using Bib&tex;</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>using Bib&tex;</primary></indexterm> @@ -2675,7 +2878,7 @@ publication. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <para>In addition, numerous other Bib&tex; style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. See -<ulink url="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>. +<ulink url="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</ulink>. </para> <para>The <literal>\bibliography</literal> command is what actually produces the bibliography. The argument to <literal>\bibliography</literal> refers to files @@ -2686,7 +2889,7 @@ Bib&tex; format. Only the entries referred to via <literal>\cite</literal> and </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.26" id="theorem"> +<sect1 label="8.26" id="theorem"> <title><literal>theorem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>theorem environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2705,7 +2908,7 @@ possibilities for <replaceable>n</replaceable> are described under <literal>\new </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.27" id="titlepage"> +<sect1 label="8.27" id="titlepage"> <title><literal>titlepage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>titlepage environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2729,7 +2932,7 @@ produce a standard title page without a <literal>titlepage</literal> environment </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.28" id="verbatim"> +<sect1 label="8.28" id="verbatim"> <title><literal>verbatim</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>verbatim environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2754,7 +2957,7 @@ effect that they would on a typewriter. <para>The <literal>verbatim</literal> uses a monospaced typewriter-like font (<literal>\tt</literal>). </para> -<sect2 label="9.28.1" id="_005cverb"> +<sect2 label="8.28.1" id="_005cverb"> <title><literal>\verb</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\verb</primary></indexterm> @@ -2778,7 +2981,7 @@ verbatim text. The delimiter must not appear in <replaceable>literal-text</repl </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="9.29" id="verse"> +<sect1 label="8.29" id="verse"> <title><literal>verse</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>verse environment</primary></indexterm> @@ -2804,7 +3007,7 @@ stanzas. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="10" id="Line-breaking"> +<chapter label="9" id="Line-breaking"> <title>Line breaking</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaking</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking lines</primary></indexterm> @@ -2820,7 +3023,7 @@ some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the </para> -<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005c_005c"> +<sect1 label="9.1" id="_005c_005c"> <title><literal>\\</literal>[*][<replaceable>morespace</replaceable>]</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -2836,7 +3039,7 @@ except that it tells &latex; not to start a new page after the line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> +<sect1 label="9.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"> <title><literal>\obeycr</literal> & <literal>\restorecr</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm> @@ -2851,7 +3054,7 @@ in the output. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewline"> +<sect1 label="9.3" id="_005cnewline"> <title><literal>\newline</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newline</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting (paragraph mode)</primary></indexterm> @@ -2862,14 +3065,14 @@ mode. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"> +<sect1 label="9.4" id="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"> <title><literal>\-</literal> (discretionary hyphen)</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\- (hyphenation)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, forcing</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\-</literal> command tells &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at -that point. &latex; is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually -find most of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an +that point. &latex; is pretty good at hyphenating, and usually finds +most of the correct hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The <literal>\-</literal> command is used for the exceptional cases. </para> @@ -2880,7 +3083,7 @@ that &latex; might otherwise have chosen. </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cfussy"> +<sect1 label="9.5" id="_005cfussy"> <title><literal>\fussy</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm> @@ -2893,7 +3096,7 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.6" id="_005csloppy"> +<sect1 label="9.6" id="_005csloppy"> <title><literal>\sloppy</literal></title> <para>The declaration <literal>\sloppy</literal> makes &tex; less fussy about line @@ -2904,7 +3107,7 @@ interword spacing. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.7" id="_005chyphenation"> +<sect1 label="9.7" id="_005chyphenation"> <title><literal>\hyphenation</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hyphenation</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>hyphenation, defining</primary></indexterm> @@ -2924,7 +3127,7 @@ misses the hyphenations in these words): </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="10.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> +<sect1 label="9.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"> <title><literal>\linebreak</literal> & <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm> @@ -2948,7 +3151,7 @@ from a demand to a request. The <replaceable>priority</replaceable> must be a n </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="11" id="Page-breaking"> +<chapter label="10" id="Page-breaking"> <title>Page breaking</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page breaking</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>breaking pages</primary></indexterm> @@ -2959,7 +3162,7 @@ but sometimes you may want to influence the breaks. </para> -<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage"> +<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005ccleardoublepage"> <title><literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm> @@ -2972,7 +3175,7 @@ In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cclearpage"> +<sect1 label="10.2" id="_005cclearpage"> <title><literal>\clearpage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm> @@ -2983,7 +3186,7 @@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cnewpage"> +<sect1 label="10.3" id="_005cnewpage"> <title><literal>\newpage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newpage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>new page, starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -2994,7 +3197,7 @@ floats (see <literal>\clearpage</literal> above). </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.4" id="_005cenlargethispage"> +<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005cenlargethispage"> <title><literal>\enlargethispage</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enlargethispage</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>enlarge current page</primary></indexterm> @@ -3013,7 +3216,7 @@ much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="11.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> +<sect1 label="10.5" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"> <title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> & <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm> @@ -3038,7 +3241,7 @@ insistent the request is. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="12" id="Footnotes"> +<chapter label="11" id="Footnotes"> <title>Footnotes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -3049,7 +3252,7 @@ produced with two commands, the <literal>\footnotemark</literal> and the </para> -<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cfootnote"> +<sect1 label="11.1" id="_005cfootnote"> <title><literal>\footnote</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnote</primary></indexterm> @@ -3068,7 +3271,7 @@ tables or in a <literal>tabular</literal> environment. (See following sections. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cfootnotemark"> +<sect1 label="11.2" id="_005cfootnotemark"> <title><literal>\footnotemark</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotemark</primary></indexterm> @@ -3086,7 +3289,7 @@ markers referring to the same footnote with </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cfootnotetext"> +<sect1 label="11.3" id="_005cfootnotetext"> <title><literal>\footnotetext</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotetext</primary></indexterm> @@ -3103,7 +3306,7 @@ appear in outer paragraph mode. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> +<sect1 label="11.4" id="Symbolic-footnotes"> <title>Symbolic footnotes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered</primary></indexterm> @@ -3121,7 +3324,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="12.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> +<sect1 label="11.5" id="Footnote-parameters"> <title>Footnote parameters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>footnote parameters</primary></indexterm> @@ -3131,7 +3334,7 @@ redefine <literal>\@fnsymbol</literal>. </term><listitem><para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page’s footnotes. Default dimensions: <literal>0.4pt</literal> thick (or wide), and <literal>0.4\columnwidth</literal> long in the standard document classes (except -slides, where it does not appear). +<literal>slides</literal>, where it does not appear). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\footnotesep</primary></indexterm><literal>\footnotesep</literal> </term><listitem><para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote. By @@ -3144,7 +3347,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="13" id="Definitions"> +<chapter label="12" id="Definitions"> <title>Definitions</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>definitions</primary></indexterm> @@ -3154,7 +3357,7 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> -<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> +<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"> <title><literal>\newcommand</literal> & <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm> @@ -3164,8 +3367,8 @@ footnotes. This is ‘<literal>6.65pt</literal>’ for ‘<literal> <para><literal>\newcommand</literal> and <literal>\renewcommand</literal> define and redefine a command, respectively. Synopses: </para> -<screen> \newcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optarg</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} -\renewcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optarg</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} +<screen> \newcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargval</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} +\renewcommand[*]{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargval</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>} </screen> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable><literal>*</literal></replaceable> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form of defining new commands</primary></indexterm> @@ -3173,7 +3376,7 @@ command, respectively. Synopses: multiple paragraphs of text (not <literal>\long</literal>, in plain &tex; terms). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>The command name beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it +</term><listitem><para>The command name, beginning with <literal>\</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for <literal>\renewcommand</literal>, it must already be defined. </para> @@ -3182,12 +3385,14 @@ must not be already defined and must not begin with <literal>\end</literal>; for that the command will take. The default is for the command to have no arguments. </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optarg</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command’s -first argument is optional. The default value of the optional -argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is <replaceable>optarg</replaceable>, -or, if that argument is present in the <literal>\newcommand</literal> but has an -empty value, the string ‘<literal>def</literal>’. +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optargval</replaceable> +</term><listitem><para>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the first +argument of command <replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is optional and its default value (i.e., +if it is not specified in the call) is <replaceable>optarg</replaceable>. In otherwise, +when calling the macro, if no <literal>[<replaceable>value</replaceable>]</literal> is given after +<literal><replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>—which is different from having <literal>[]</literal> for an +empty <replaceable>value</replaceable>—then string ‘<literal><replaceable>optargval</replaceable></literal>’ becomes the +value of <literal>#1</literal> within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> when the macro is expanded. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable> </term><listitem><para>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of <literal>cmd</literal>; a @@ -3198,26 +3403,26 @@ text of the <replaceable>n</replaceable>th argument. <!-- xx \providecommand, * form (non-\long) --> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cnewcounter"> +<sect1 label="12.2" id="_005cnewcounter"> <title><literal>\newcounter</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcounter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, defining new</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: </para> -<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>cnt</replaceable>}[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>] +<screen>\newcounter{<replaceable>countername</replaceable>}[<replaceable>supercounter</replaceable>] </screen> -<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>cnt</replaceable>. +<para>The <literal>\newcounter</literal> command defines a new counter named <replaceable>countername</replaceable>. The new counter is initialized to zero. </para> -<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>countername</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>cnt</replaceable> -will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented. +<para>Given the optional argument <literal>[<replaceable>super</replaceable>]</literal>, <replaceable>countername</replaceable> +will be reset whenever the counter named <replaceable>supercounter</replaceable> is incremented. </para> <para>See <link linkend="Counters">Counters</link>, for more information about counters. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cnewlength"> +<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cnewlength"> <title><literal>\newlength</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newlength</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining new</primary></indexterm> @@ -3227,7 +3432,7 @@ will be reset whenever <replaceable>countername</replaceable> is incremented. <screen>\newlength{\<replaceable>arg</replaceable>} </screen> <para>The <literal>\newlength</literal> command defines the mandatory argument as a -<literal>length</literal> command with a value of <literal>0in</literal>. The argument must +<firstterm>length</firstterm> command with a value of zero. The argument must be a control sequence, as in <literal>\newlength{\foo}</literal>. An error occurs if <literal>\foo</literal> is already defined. </para> @@ -3236,7 +3441,7 @@ for more information about lengths in general. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005cnewsavebox"> +<sect1 label="12.4" id="_005cnewsavebox"> <title><literal>\newsavebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newsavebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -3249,7 +3454,7 @@ defined, to refer to a new bin for storing boxes. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> +<sect1 label="12.5" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"> <title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> & <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm> @@ -3296,7 +3501,7 @@ may not contain any argument parameters. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005cnewtheorem"> +<sect1 label="12.6" id="_005cnewtheorem"> <title><literal>\newtheorem</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newtheorem</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>theorems, defining</primary></indexterm> @@ -3330,7 +3535,7 @@ not both. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cnewfont"> +<sect1 label="12.7" id="_005cnewfont"> <title><literal>\newfont</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newfont</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>fonts, new commands for</primary></indexterm> @@ -3349,7 +3554,7 @@ More commonly, fonts are defined in families through <filename>.fd</filename> fi </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cprotect"> +<sect1 label="12.8" id="_005cprotect"> <title><literal>\protect</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\protect</primary></indexterm> @@ -3380,7 +3585,7 @@ be preceded by <literal>\protect</literal>. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="14" id="Counters"> +<chapter label="13" id="Counters"> <title>Counters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, a list of</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>variables, a list of</primary></indexterm> @@ -3400,7 +3605,7 @@ subsubsection </screen> -<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"> +<sect1 label="13.1" id="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"> <title><literal>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</literal>: Printing counters</title> <para>All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for @@ -3418,7 +3623,7 @@ instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>. </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal> </term><listitem><para>uses lowercase roman numerals: ‘i’, ‘ii’, ... </para> -</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\roman</literal> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\Roman</primary></indexterm><literal>\Roman</literal> </term><listitem><para>uses uppercase roman numerals: ‘I’, ‘II’, ... </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fnsymbol</primary></indexterm><literal>\fnsymbol</literal> @@ -3426,14 +3631,16 @@ instance, <literal>\alph{enumi}</literal>. symbols (conventionally used for labeling footnotes). The value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> must be between 1 and 9, inclusive. </para> -<para>The symbols mostly aren’t supported in Info, but here are the names: -</para><literallayout>asterisk(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel -double-asterisk(**) double-dagger double-ddagger +<para>Here are the symbols (as Unicode code points in ASCII output): +</para> +<literallayout>asterisk(*) dagger(‡) ddagger(‡) +section-sign(§) paragraph-sign(¶) parallel(∥) +double-asterisk(**) double-dagger(‡‡) double-ddagger(‡‡) </literallayout> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005cusecounter"> +<sect1 label="13.2" id="_005cusecounter"> <title><literal>\usecounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usecounter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>list items, specifying counter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3449,7 +3656,7 @@ the list items. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005cvalue"> +<sect1 label="13.3" id="_005cvalue"> <title><literal>\value{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\value</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, getting value of</primary></indexterm> @@ -3467,7 +3674,7 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csetcounter"> +<sect1 label="13.4" id="_005csetcounter"> <title><literal>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setcounter</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>counters, setting</primary></indexterm> @@ -3475,14 +3682,14 @@ be used anywhere &latex; expects a number, for example: <para>Synopsis: </para> -<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>\counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>} +<screen>\setcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>\counter</replaceable> to the +<para>The <literal>\setcounter</literal> command sets the value of <replaceable>counter</replaceable> to the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005caddtocounter"> +<sect1 label="13.5" id="_005caddtocounter"> <title><literal>\addtocounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocounter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3491,7 +3698,7 @@ amount specified by the <replaceable>value</replaceable> argument, which may be </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.6" id="_005crefstepcounter"> +<sect1 label="13.6" id="_005crefstepcounter"> <title><literal>\refstepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\refstepcounter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3501,7 +3708,7 @@ current <literal>\ref</literal> value to be the result of <literal>\thecounter</ </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.7" id="_005cstepcounter"> +<sect1 label="13.7" id="_005cstepcounter"> <title><literal>\stepcounter{<replaceable>counter</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stepcounter</primary></indexterm> @@ -3510,7 +3717,7 @@ resets all subsidiary counters. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="14.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"> +<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cday-_005cmonth-_005cyear"> <title><literal>\day \month \year</literal>: Predefined counters</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm> @@ -3528,7 +3735,7 @@ current day (see <link linkend="_005ctoday">\today</link>). </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="15" id="Lengths"> +<chapter label="14" id="Lengths"> <title>Lengths</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, defining and using</primary></indexterm> @@ -3537,7 +3744,7 @@ length as an argument. </para> -<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005csetlength"> +<sect1 label="14.1" id="_005csetlength"> <title><literal>\setlength{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>value</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\setlength</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, setting</primary></indexterm> @@ -3549,7 +3756,7 @@ understands, i.e., inches (<literal>in</literal>), millimeters (<literal>mm</lit </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005caddtolength"> +<sect1 label="14.2" id="_005caddtolength"> <title>\addtolength{<replaceable>\len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>amount</replaceable>}</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtolength</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, adding to</primary></indexterm> @@ -3560,7 +3767,7 @@ may be negative. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005csettodepth"> +<sect1 label="14.3" id="_005csettodepth"> <title><literal>\settodepth</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settodepth</primary></indexterm> @@ -3571,7 +3778,7 @@ equal to the depth of the <literal>text</literal> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.4" id="_005csettoheight"> +<sect1 label="14.4" id="_005csettoheight"> <title><literal>\settoheight</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settoheight</primary></indexterm> @@ -3583,7 +3790,7 @@ equal to the height of the <literal>text</literal> argument. </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.5" id="_005csettowidth"> +<sect1 label="14.5" id="_005csettowidth"> <title><literal>\settowidth{\<replaceable>len</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\settowidth</primary></indexterm> @@ -3592,7 +3799,7 @@ to the width of the <replaceable>text</replaceable> argument. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="15.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> +<sect1 label="14.6" id="Predefined-lengths"> <title>Predefined lengths</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>lengths, predefined</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>predefined lengths</primary></indexterm> @@ -3620,7 +3827,7 @@ natural size, e.g., say </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="16" id="Making-paragraphs"> +<chapter label="15" id="Making-paragraphs"> <title>Making paragraphs</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>making paragraphs</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraphs</primary></indexterm> @@ -3632,7 +3839,7 @@ a sectioning command. </para> -<sect1 label="16.1" id="_005cindent"> +<sect1 label="15.1" id="_005cindent"> <title><literal>\indent</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm> @@ -3649,7 +3856,7 @@ mode, otherwise <literal>15pt</literal> for <literal>10pt</literal> documents, < </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.2" id="_005cnoindent"> +<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005cnoindent"> <title><literal>\noindent</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, suppressing</primary></indexterm> @@ -3660,7 +3867,7 @@ the middle of a paragraph. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.3" id="_005cparskip"> +<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005cparskip"> <title><literal>\parskip</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space before paragraphs</primary></indexterm> @@ -3670,7 +3877,7 @@ before each paragraph. The default is <literal>0pt plus1pt</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="16.4" id="Marginal-notes"> +<sect1 label="15.4" id="Marginal-notes"> <title>Marginal notes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>marginal notes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>notes in the margin</primary></indexterm> @@ -3730,7 +3937,7 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="17" id="Math-formulas"> +<chapter label="16" id="Math-formulas"> <title>Math formulas</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math formulas</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>formulas, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -3785,7 +3992,7 @@ below summations. For example -<sect1 label="17.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> +<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"> <title>Subscripts & superscripts</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm> @@ -3802,7 +4009,7 @@ superscript. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.2" id="Math-symbols"> +<sect1 label="16.2" id="Math-symbols"> <title>Math symbols</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math symbols</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -4447,7 +4654,7 @@ the pi symbol (<inlineequation><mathphrase>\pi</mathphrase></inlineequation>) in </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.3" id="Math-functions"> +<sect1 label="16.3" id="Math-functions"> <title>Math functions</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math functions</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>functions, math</primary></indexterm> @@ -4549,7 +4756,10 @@ spacing. </term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sinh</mathphrase></inlineequation> </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sup</literal> -</term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\sup</mathphrase></inlineequation> +</term><listitem><para>sup +<!-- don't try to use \sup since that turned into a Texinfo command --> +<!-- and it's not worth hassling with different versions when it's --> +<!-- just three roman letters anyway. --> </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\tan</primary></indexterm><literal>\tan</literal> </term><listitem><para><inlineequation><mathphrase>\tan</mathphrase></inlineequation> @@ -4560,7 +4770,7 @@ spacing. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.4" id="Math-accents"> +<sect1 label="16.4" id="Math-accents"> <title>Math accents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math accents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents, mathematical</primary></indexterm> @@ -4636,7 +4846,7 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> +<sect1 label="16.5" id="Spacing-in-math-mode"> <title>Spacing in math mode</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing within math mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode, spacing</primary></indexterm> @@ -4662,7 +4872,7 @@ commands for use in math mode: </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="17.6" id="Math-miscellany"> +<sect1 label="16.6" id="Math-miscellany"> <title>Math miscellany</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math miscellany</primary></indexterm> @@ -4697,7 +4907,7 @@ For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}</ </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\overline{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> </term><listitem><para>Generates a horizontal line over <replaceable>tex</replaceable>. -For exampe, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>. +For example, <inlineequation><mathphrase>\overline{x+y}</mathphrase></inlineequation>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</primary></indexterm><literal>\sqrt[<replaceable>root</replaceable>]{arg}</literal> </term><listitem><para>Produces the representation of the square root of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The @@ -4725,14 +4935,13 @@ descenders. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="18" id="Modes"> +<chapter label="17" id="Modes"> <title>Modes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>modes</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>left-to-right mode</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lR mode</primary></indexterm> - +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>LR mode</primary></indexterm> <para>When &latex; is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: @@ -4741,36 +4950,39 @@ modes: </para></listitem><listitem><para>Math mode </para></listitem><listitem><para>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short </para></listitem></itemizedlist> -<para>&latex; changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a -different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. -Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +<para>Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when &latex; is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. </para> -<para>“Paragraph mode” is the most common; it’s the one &latex; is in -when processing ordinary text. In that mode, &latex; breaks your -text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. &latex; is in -“math mode” when it’s generating a mathematical formula. In “LR -mode”, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output that it -produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, -unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to right; it -never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words -into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting them from left -to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting -box was too wide to fit on the line. -</para> -<para>&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal> -command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for -example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. -There are also several text-producing commands and environments for -making a box that put &latex; in paragraph mode. The box make by one of -these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. When -&latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in -“inner paragraph mode”. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out -in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. +<para><firstterm>Paragraph mode</firstterm> is the most common; it’s the one &latex; is in +when processing ordinary text. In this mode, &latex; breaks the +input text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. +</para> +<para>&latex; is in <firstterm>math mode</firstterm> when it’s generating a mathematical +formula, either displayed math or within a line. +</para> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox, and LR mode</primary></indexterm> +<para>In <firstterm>LR mode</firstterm>, as in paragraph mode, &latex; considers the output +that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. +However, unlike paragraph mode, &latex; keeps going from left to +right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a +hundred words into an <literal>\mbox</literal>, &latex; would keep typesetting +them from left to right inside a single box (and then most likely +complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line). +&latex; is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an +<literal>\mbox</literal> command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside +the box—for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a +formula in the box. +</para> +<para>There are also several text-producing commands and environments for +making a box that put &latex; into paragraph mode. The box made by +one of these commands or environments will be called a <literal>parbox</literal>. +When &latex; is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to +be in “inner paragraph mode” (no page breaks). Its normal paragraph +mode, which it starts out in, is called “outer paragraph mode”. </para> </chapter> -<chapter label="19" id="Page-styles"> +<chapter label="18" id="Page-styles"> <title>Page styles</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>styles, page</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page styles</primary></indexterm> @@ -4780,7 +4992,7 @@ the page’s head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. </para> -<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005cmaketitle"> +<sect1 label="18.1" id="_005cmaketitle"> <title><literal>\maketitle</literal></title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>titles, making</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\maketitle</primary></indexterm> @@ -4820,7 +5032,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005cpagenumbering"> +<sect1 label="18.2" id="_005cpagenumbering"> <title><literal>\pagenumbering</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagenumbering</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>page numbering style</primary></indexterm> @@ -4829,7 +5041,9 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </para> <screen>\pagenumbering{<replaceable>style</replaceable>} </screen> -<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>: +<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, according to <replaceable>style</replaceable>; also +resets the page number to 1. The <replaceable>style</replaceable> argument is one of +the following: </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>arabic</literal> </term><listitem><para>arabic numerals @@ -4848,7 +5062,7 @@ document. Use <literal>\\</literal> to force a line break, as usual. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cpagestyle"> +<sect1 label="18.3" id="_005cpagestyle"> <title><literal>\pagestyle</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagestyle</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>header style</primary></indexterm> @@ -4893,7 +5107,7 @@ the page. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005cthispagestyle"> +<sect1 label="18.4" id="_005cthispagestyle"> <title><literal>\thispagestyle{<replaceable>style</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thispagestyle</primary></indexterm> @@ -4904,7 +5118,7 @@ changes to <replaceable>style</replaceable> for the current page only. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="20" id="Spaces"> +<chapter label="19" id="Spaces"> <title>Spaces</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces</primary></indexterm> @@ -4916,7 +5130,7 @@ more often useful in math mode (see <link linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacin </para> -<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005chspace"> +<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005chspace"> <title><literal>\hspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hspace</primary></indexterm> @@ -4936,10 +5150,12 @@ form. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005chfill"> +<sect1 label="19.2" id="_005chfill"> <title><literal>\hfill</literal></title> - <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hfill</primary></indexterm> + +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, infinite horizontal</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>infinite horizontal stretch</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\hfill</literal> fill command produces a “rubber length” which has no natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed. @@ -4951,16 +5167,16 @@ equivalent to <literal>\hfill</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.3" id="_005cSPACE"> -<title><literal>\SPACE</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.3" id="_005cSPACE"> +<title><literal>\SPACE</literal>: Normal interword space</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\SPACE</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\TAB</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NEWLINE</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\ </literal> (space) command produces a normal interword space. It’s -useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example -<literal>Knuth's article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>. -It is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a +useful after punctuation which shouldn’t end a sentence. For example, +<literal>the article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental</literal>. It +is also often used after control sequences, as in <literal>\TeX\ is a nice system.</literal> </para> <para>In normal circumstances, <literal>\</literal><keycap>tab</keycap> and <literal>\</literal><keycap>newline</keycap> @@ -4968,9 +5184,10 @@ are equivalent to <literal>\ </literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cAT"> -<title><literal>\@</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.4" id="_005c_0040"> +<title><literal>\@</literal>: Force sentence-ending punctuation</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\@</primary></indexterm> +<anchor id="_005cAT"/><!-- old name --> <para>The <literal>\@</literal> command makes the following punctuation character end a sentence even if it normally would not. This is typically used after @@ -4982,26 +5199,27 @@ a capital letter. Here are side-by-side examples with and without </screen> <para>produces </para> -<!-- Texinfo does it differently, but the result is the same. --> +<!-- Texinfo has different commands, but the result is the same. --> <blockquote><para>… in C. Pascal, though … … in C. Pascal, though … </para></blockquote> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cthinspace"> -<title><literal>\thinspace</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.5" id="_005cthinspace"> +<title><literal>\thinspace</literal>: Insert 1/6em</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\thinspace</literal> produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that -is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as -in ’”. +is 1/6 of an em. This is the proper space to use between nested +quotes, as in ’”.<!-- Abuse @dmn, which is a thin space in Texinfo. --> </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005c_002f"> -<title><literal>\/</literal></title> +<sect1 label="19.6" id="_005c_002f"> +<title><literal>\/</literal>: Insert italic correction</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\/</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>italic correction</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>\/</literal> command produces an <firstterm>italic correction</firstterm>. This is a small space defined by the font designer for a given character, @@ -5015,14 +5233,22 @@ normal letters, it can help. Compare <emphasis>f: f;</emphasis> (in the &tex; output, the ‘f’s are nicely separated) with <emphasis>f: f;</emphasis>. </para> +<para>When changing fonts with commands such as <literal>\textit{italic +text}</literal> or <literal>{\itshape italic text}</literal>, &latex; will +automatically insert an italic correction if appropriate (see <link linkend="Font-styles">Font +styles</link>). +</para> <para>Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic correction. Compare pdf&tex; (in the &tex; output, there is a small space after the ‘f’) with pdf&tex;. </para> +<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done +in a different way. +</para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005chrulefill"> +<sect1 label="19.7" id="_005chrulefill"> <title><literal>\hrulefill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm> @@ -5032,7 +5258,7 @@ rule. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005cdotfill"> +<sect1 label="19.8" id="_005cdotfill"> <title><literal>\dotfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm> @@ -5043,7 +5269,7 @@ with dots instead of just white space. <!-- xx undone --> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005caddvspace"> +<sect1 label="19.9" id="_005caddvspace"> <title><literal>\addvspace</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addvspace</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical space</primary></indexterm> @@ -5054,50 +5280,56 @@ with dots instead of just white space. <para>The <literal>\addvspace</literal> command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous <literal>\addvspace</literal> command, then this -command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length -of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>. +command will not add more space than is needed to make the natural +length of the total vertical space equal to <literal>length</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"> +<sect1 label="19.10" id="_005cbigskip-_005cmedskip-_005csmallskip"> <title><literal>\bigskip \medskip \smallskip</literal></title> -<para>These commands produce a given amount of space. +<para>These commands produce a given amount of space, specified by the +document class. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><literal>\bigskip</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskipamount</primary></indexterm> -<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line -space (with stretch and shrink). +<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about one line +space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <literal>book</literal> and +<literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</literal>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\medskip</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskipamount</primary></indexterm> -<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily -about half of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\medskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about half of +a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the <literal>book</literal> +and <literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</literal>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\smallskip</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskipamount</primary></indexterm> -<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a -quarter of a line space (with stretch and shrink). +<para>The same as <literal>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</literal>, ordinarily about a +quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink (the default for the +<literal>book</literal> and <literal>article</literal> classes is <literal>3pt plus 1pt minus +1pt</literal>). </para> </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> -<para>The <literal>\...amount</literal> parameters are determined by the document class. -</para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.11" id="_005cvfill"> +<sect1 label="19.11" id="_005cvfill"> <title><literal>\vfill</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vfill</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>stretch, infinite vertical</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>infinite vertical stretch</primary></indexterm> + <para>The <literal>\vfill</literal> fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed. It’s equivalent to <literal>\vspace{\fill}</literal> (see <link linkend="_005chfill">\hfill</link>). </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="20.12" id="_005cvspace"> +<sect1 label="19.12" id="_005cvspace"> <title><literal>\vspace[*]{<replaceable>length</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vspace</primary></indexterm> @@ -5115,7 +5347,7 @@ space is not removed. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="21" id="Boxes"> +<chapter label="20" id="Boxes"> <title>Boxes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>boxes</primary></indexterm> @@ -5125,7 +5357,7 @@ used in the arguments of the box-making commands. </para> -<sect1 label="21.1" id="_005cmbox"> +<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005cmbox"> <title><literal>\mbox{<replaceable>text}</replaceable></literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5136,7 +5368,7 @@ lines, so it can be used to prevent hyphenation. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"> +<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005cfbox-and-_005cframebox"> <title><literal>\fbox</literal> and <literal>\framebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5166,7 +5398,7 @@ argument. <!-- xxref --> </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.3" id="lrbox"> +<sect1 label="20.3" id="lrbox"> <title><literal>lrbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>lrbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5179,7 +5411,7 @@ must have been declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.4" id="_005cmakebox"> +<sect1 label="20.4" id="_005cmakebox"> <title><literal>\makebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5208,7 +5440,7 @@ see <link linkend="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</link>. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005cparbox"> +<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005cparbox"> <title><literal>\parbox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5252,7 +5484,7 @@ for this to work. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005craisebox"> +<sect1 label="20.6" id="_005craisebox"> <title><literal>\raisebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\raisebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5272,7 +5504,7 @@ ignoring its natural height and depth. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.7" id="_005csavebox"> +<sect1 label="20.7" id="_005csavebox"> <title><literal>\savebox</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5287,7 +5519,7 @@ declared with <literal>\newsavebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewsavebox </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.8" id="_005csbox"> +<sect1 label="20.8" id="_005csbox"> <title><literal>\sbox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm> @@ -5303,8 +5535,8 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="21.9" id="_005cusebox"> -<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable></literal></title> +<sect1 label="20.9" id="_005cusebox"> +<title><literal>\usebox{<replaceable>\boxcmd</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\usebox</primary></indexterm> <para>Synopsis: @@ -5317,7 +5549,7 @@ included in the normal output, it is saved in the box labeled </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="22" id="Special-insertions"> +<chapter label="21" id="Special-insertions"> <title>Special insertions</title> <para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a @@ -5325,7 +5557,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type. </para> -<sect1 label="22.1" id="Reserved-characters"> +<sect1 label="21.1" id="Reserved-characters"> <title>Reserved characters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>reserved characters</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, reserved</primary></indexterm> @@ -5374,7 +5606,7 @@ with <literal>"</literal>, so the previous example could also be written as </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.2" id="Text-symbols"> +<sect1 label="21.2" id="Text-symbols"> <title>Text symbols</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm> @@ -5402,6 +5634,11 @@ not available in OT1; you may need to load the <literal>textcomp</literal> packa <indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;</primary></indexterm> <para>The &latex; logo. </para> +</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LaTeXe</primary></indexterm><literal>\LaTeXe</literal> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>&latex;2e logo</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>logo, &latex;2e</primary></indexterm> +<para>The &latex;2e logo. +</para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotleft («)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotleft («)</literal> </term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guillemotright (»)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guillemotright (»)</literal> </term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\guilsinglleft (‹)</primary></indexterm><literal>\guilsinglleft (‹)</literal> @@ -5446,7 +5683,7 @@ and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode. </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>double low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>single low-9 quotation mark</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>low-9 quotation marks, single and double</primary></indexterm> -<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: +<para>Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: „ and ‚. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rq</primary></indexterm><literal>\rq</literal> @@ -5584,8 +5821,8 @@ has the ascender height. <para>Centered period: <inlineequation><mathphrase>\cdot</mathphrase></inlineequation>. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquestiondown (or <literal>?`</literal>)</literal> -</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>questionation point, upside-down</primary></indexterm> -<para>Upside down questionation point: ¿. +</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>question mark, upside-down</primary></indexterm> +<para>Upside down question mark: ¿. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</primary></indexterm><literal>\textquotedblleft (or <literal>``</literal>)</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote, double</primary></indexterm> @@ -5649,13 +5886,15 @@ has the ascender height. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.3" id="Accents"> +<sect1 label="21.3" id="Accents"> <title>Accents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>accents</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>characters, accented</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, accented</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>babel</literal> package</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>multilingual support</primary></indexterm> <para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world’s scripts and languages, through the <literal>babel</literal> package and related support. This section does not attempt to cover all that support. It merely lists @@ -5810,7 +6049,7 @@ descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in <link linkend="Math-misce </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"> +<sect1 label="21.4" id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"> <title>Non-English characters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>special characters</primary></indexterm> @@ -5838,8 +6077,8 @@ used in languages other than English. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\dh</literal> </term><term><literal>\DH</literal> -</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (æ)</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (Æ)</primary></indexterm> +</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dh (ð)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DH (Ð)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>Icelandic eth</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>eth, Icelandic letter</primary></indexterm> <para>Icelandic letter eth: ð and Ð. @@ -5848,7 +6087,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </term><term><literal>\DJ</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dj</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DJ</primary></indexterm> -<para>xxxx +<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ij</literal> </term><term><literal>\IJ</literal> @@ -5868,7 +6107,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </term><term><literal>\NG</literal> </term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ng</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\NG</primary></indexterm> -<para>xxxx +<para>Latin letter eng, also used in phonetics. </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\o</literal> </term><term><literal>\O</literal> @@ -5903,7 +6142,7 @@ used in languages other than English. </listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.5" id="_005crule"> +<sect1 label="21.5" id="_005crule"> <title><literal>\rule</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\rule</primary></indexterm> @@ -5925,7 +6164,7 @@ rectangles. The arguments are: </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </sect1> -<sect1 label="22.6" id="_005ctoday"> +<sect1 label="21.6" id="_005ctoday"> <title><literal>\today</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\today</primary></indexterm> @@ -5942,7 +6181,7 @@ of other date formats. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="23" id="Splitting-the-input"> +<chapter label="22" id="Splitting-the-input"> <title>Splitting the input</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>splitting the input file</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>input file</primary></indexterm> @@ -5958,7 +6197,7 @@ external file to be created with the main document. </para> -<sect1 label="23.1" id="_005cinclude"> +<sect1 label="22.1" id="_005cinclude"> <title><literal>\include</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm> @@ -5981,7 +6220,7 @@ read by another <literal>\include</literal> command. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="23.2" id="_005cincludeonly"> +<sect1 label="22.2" id="_005cincludeonly"> <title>\<literal>includeonly</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm> @@ -5999,7 +6238,7 @@ effective. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="23.3" id="_005cinput"> +<sect1 label="22.3" id="_005cinput"> <title>\input</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\input</primary></indexterm> @@ -6018,12 +6257,12 @@ is tried (‘<literal>foo</literal>’ or ‘<literal>foo.bar</liter </para> </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="24" id="Front_002fback-matter"> +<chapter label="23" id="Front_002fback-matter"> <title>Front/back matter</title> -<sect1 label="24.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> +<sect1 label="23.1" id="Tables-of-contents"> <title>Tables of contents</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents, creating</primary></indexterm> @@ -6042,9 +6281,12 @@ table of contents, write a <literal>\newpage</literal> command after the </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoffigures</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\listoftables</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lof file</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.lot file</primary></indexterm> <para>The analogous commands <literal>\listoffigures</literal> and <literal>\listoftables</literal> -produce a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. -Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. +produce a list of figures and a list of tables (from <filename>.lof</filename> and +<filename>.lot</filename> files), respectively. Everything works exactly the same +as for the table of contents. </para> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nofiles</primary></indexterm> <para>The command <literal>\nofiles</literal> overrides these commands, and @@ -6052,7 +6294,7 @@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. </para> -<sect2 label="24.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline"> +<sect2 label="23.1.1" id="_005caddcontentsline"> <title>\addcontentsline</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addcontentsline{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>table of contents entry, manually adding</primary></indexterm> @@ -6078,17 +6320,17 @@ following, matching the value of the <replaceable>ext</replaceable> argument: </term><listitem><para>For the list of tables. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>entry</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>The actual text of the entry. +</term><listitem><para>The text of the entry. </para></listitem></varlistentry></variablelist> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\contentsline</primary></indexterm> <para>What is written to the <filename>.<replaceable>ext</replaceable></filename> file is the command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}</literal>. </para> -<!-- ?? how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> +<!-- xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? --> </sect2> -<sect2 label="24.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents"> +<sect2 label="23.1.2" id="_005caddtocontents"> <title>\addtocontents</title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\addtocontents{<replaceable>ext</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm> @@ -6097,9 +6339,9 @@ command <literal>\contentsline{<replaceable>unit</replaceable>}{<replaceable>nam generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </para> <variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>ext</replaceable> -</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written: -<filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of figures), or -<filename>lot</filename> (list of tables). +</term><listitem><para>The extension of the file on which information is to be written, +typically one of: <filename>toc</filename> (table of contents), <filename>lof</filename> (list of +figures), or <filename>lot</filename> (list of tables). </para> </listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>text</replaceable> </term><listitem><para>The text to be written. @@ -6107,7 +6349,7 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. </sect2> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.2" id="Glossaries"> +<sect1 label="23.2" id="Glossaries"> <title>Glossaries</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossaries</primary></indexterm> @@ -6124,12 +6366,13 @@ generates the table of contents or lists of figures or tables. <literal>\glossaryentry{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>pageno</replaceable>}</literal>, where <replaceable>pageno</replaceable> is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value. </para> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>glossary package</primary></indexterm> <para>The <literal>glossary</literal> package on CTAN provides support for fancier glossaries. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="24.3" id="Indexes"> +<sect1 label="23.3" id="Indexes"> <title>Indexes</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>indexes</primary></indexterm> @@ -6148,6 +6391,7 @@ the preamble. is the current <literal>\thepage</literal> value. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>‘see’ and ‘see also’ index entries</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>index entries, ‘see’ and ‘see also’</primary></indexterm> <para>To generate a index entry for ‘bar’ that says ‘See foo’, use a vertical bar: <literal>\index{bar|see{foo}}</literal>. Use <literal>seealso</literal> instead of <literal>see</literal> to make a ‘See also’ entry. @@ -6192,7 +6436,7 @@ preparing the index. </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="25" id="Letters"> +<chapter label="24" id="Letters"> <title>Letters</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>creating letters</primary></indexterm> @@ -6233,7 +6477,7 @@ commands, use <literal>\\</literal> to separate the items. </para> -<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005caddress"> +<sect1 label="24.1" id="_005caddress"> <title>\address{<replaceable>return-address}</replaceable></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\address</primary></indexterm> @@ -6242,14 +6486,14 @@ should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by <literal>\\</literal> commands. </para> <para>If you do not make an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter -will be formatted for copying onto your organisation’s standard +will be formatted for copying onto your organization’s standard letterhead. (See <link linkend="Overview">Overview</link>, for details on your local implementation). If you give an <literal>\address</literal> declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ccc"> +<sect1 label="24.2" id="_005ccc"> <title><literal>\cc</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cc</primary></indexterm> @@ -6264,7 +6508,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.3" id="_005cclosing"> +<sect1 label="24.3" id="_005cclosing"> <title><literal>\closing</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closing</primary></indexterm> @@ -6280,7 +6524,7 @@ printed on a separate line. </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.4" id="_005cencl"> +<sect1 label="24.4" id="_005cencl"> <title><literal>\encl</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\encl</primary></indexterm> @@ -6294,18 +6538,18 @@ printed on a separate line. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.5" id="_005clocation"> +<sect1 label="24.5" id="_005clocation"> <title><literal>\location</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\location</primary></indexterm> <para><literal>\location{address}</literal> </para> -<para>This modifies your organisation’s standard address. This only appears +<para>This modifies your organization’s standard address. This only appears if the <literal>firstpage</literal> pagestyle is selected. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.6" id="_005cmakelabels"> +<sect1 label="24.6" id="_005cmakelabels"> <title><literal>\makelabels</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makelabels</primary></indexterm> @@ -6317,7 +6561,7 @@ address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters. </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.7" id="_005cname"> +<sect1 label="24.7" id="_005cname"> <title><literal>\name</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\name</primary></indexterm> @@ -6328,7 +6572,7 @@ address. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.8" id="_005copening"> +<sect1 label="24.8" id="_005copening"> <title><literal>\opening{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\opening</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>letters, starting</primary></indexterm> @@ -6345,7 +6589,7 @@ For instance: </screen> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.9" id="_005cps"> +<sect1 label="24.9" id="_005cps"> <title><literal>\ps</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ps</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>postscript, in letters</primary></indexterm> @@ -6355,7 +6599,7 @@ For instance: </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.10" id="_005csignature"> +<sect1 label="24.10" id="_005csignature"> <title><literal>\signature{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\signature</primary></indexterm> @@ -6365,7 +6609,7 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.11" id="_005cstartbreaks"> +<sect1 label="24.11" id="_005cstartbreaks"> <title><literal>\startbreaks</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\startbreaks</primary></indexterm> @@ -6374,9 +6618,8 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within <para>Used after a <literal>\stopbreaks</literal> command to allow page breaks again. </para> - </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.12" id="_005cstopbreaks"> +<sect1 label="24.12" id="_005cstopbreaks"> <title><literal>\stopbreaks</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stopbreaks</primary></indexterm> @@ -6385,9 +6628,8 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within <para>Inhibit page breaks until a <literal>\startbreaks</literal> command occurs. </para> - </sect1> -<sect1 label="25.13" id="_005ctelephone"> +<sect1 label="24.13" id="_005ctelephone"> <title><literal>\telephone</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\telephone</primary></indexterm> @@ -6399,14 +6641,14 @@ space for your signature. <literal>\\</literal> starts a new line within </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="26" id="Terminal-input_002foutput"> +<chapter label="25" id="Terminal-input_002foutput"> <title>Terminal input/output</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>input/output</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>terminal input/output</primary></indexterm> -<sect1 label="26.1" id="_005ctypein"> +<sect1 label="25.1" id="_005ctypein"> <title><literal>\typein[<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>]{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typein</primary></indexterm> @@ -6424,7 +6666,7 @@ redefined to be the typed input. </para> </sect1> -<sect1 label="26.2" id="_005ctypeout"> +<sect1 label="25.2" id="_005ctypeout"> <title><literal>\typeout{<replaceable>msg</replaceable>}</literal></title> <indexterm role="fn"><primary>\typeout</primary></indexterm> @@ -6446,19 +6688,24 @@ printed, independent of surrounding spaces. A <literal>^^J</literal> in </sect1> </chapter> -<chapter label="27" id="Command-line"> +<chapter label="26" id="Command-line"> <title>Command line</title> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>command line</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm> <para>The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; &tex; uses <filename>.tex</filename> as a default file extension. If you omit the -input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You -specify command options by supplying a string as a parameter to the -command; e.g. +input file entirely, &tex; accepts input from the terminal. You can +also specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting with a backslash. +For example, this processes <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every +error: </para> <screen>latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex' </screen> -<para>will process <filename>foo.tex</filename> without pausing after every error. +<indexterm role="fn"><primary>–help command-line option</primary></indexterm> +<para>With many, but not all, implementations, command-line options can also +be specified in the usual Unix way, starting with ‘<literal>-</literal>’ or +‘<literal>--</literal>’. For a list of those options, try ‘<literal>latex --help</literal>’. </para> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt</primary></indexterm> <indexterm role="cp"><primary>prompt, ‘<literal>*</literal>’</primary></indexterm> @@ -6467,7 +6714,8 @@ command; e.g. ‘<literal>*</literal>’ prompt, it is waiting for input. You can type <literal>\stop</literal> (and return) and it will prematurely end the document. </para> - +<para>See <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>, for other system commands invoking &latex;. +</para> </chapter> <appendix label="A" id="Document-templates"> @@ -6475,37 +6723,17 @@ command; e.g. <indexterm role="cp"><primary>document templates</primary></indexterm> <para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will -be useful. Additional template resources are listed +be useful. Additional template resources are listed at <ulink url="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</ulink>. </para> -<sect1 label="A.1" id="book-template"> -<title><literal>book</literal> template</title> - -<screen>\documentclass{book} -\title{Book Class Template} -\author{Alex Author} - -\begin{document} -\maketitle - -\chapter{First} -Some text. - -\chapter{Second} -Some other text. - -\section{A subtopic} -The end. -\end{document} -</screen> - -</sect1> -<sect1 label="A.2" id="beamer-template"> +<sect1 label="A.1" id="beamer-template"> <title><literal>beamer</literal> template</title> -<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates slides presentations. +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>beamer</literal> template and class</primary></indexterm> +<para>The <literal>beamer</literal> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast +array of features, but here is a basic template: </para> <screen>\documentclass{beamer} @@ -6534,9 +6762,34 @@ The end. </para> </sect1> +<sect1 label="A.2" id="book-template"> +<title><literal>book</literal> template</title> + +<screen>\documentclass{book} +\title{Book Class Template} +\author{Alex Author} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\chapter{First} +Some text. + +\chapter{Second} +Some other text. + +\section{A subtopic} +The end. +\end{document} +</screen> + +</sect1> <sect1 label="A.3" id="tugboat-template"> <title><literal>tugboat</literal> template</title> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TUGboat template</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>ltugboat</literal> class</primary></indexterm> + <para><citetitle>TUGboat</citetitle> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group, <ulink url="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</ulink>. </para> @@ -6570,8 +6823,8 @@ This is an example article for \TUB{}. This is an example article for \TUB, from \url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}. -We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the -hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output). +We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the +\texttt{hyperref} package for active urls in the \acro{PDF} output. Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively. The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more: |