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authorKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2022-06-08 21:22:11 +0000
committerKarl Berry <karl@freefriends.org>2022-06-08 21:22:11 +0000
commiteaf311d60531e74cdaa03ae4c062f66bb5afb81a (patch)
tree96183cbbcc05c4321cda5fbcaaf194bfc3784fa7 /Master/texmf-dist/doc/latex/arabtex/arabtex.doc
parent33dd675de4b7fbe33378a9167172ba06a7e941c2 (diff)
arabtex license fixes per k.lagally and j.hoffman
git-svn-id: svn://tug.org/texlive/trunk@63519 c570f23f-e606-0410-a88d-b1316a301751
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-arabtex.doc 20.11.1993
- A r a b T e X Version 3
- ========================
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-The introduction below is slightly out of date
-but may be used as a first start.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-arabtex.doc 05.11.1992
- A r a b T e X Version 2
- ========================
-
-What is ArabTeX?
-================
-
-ArabTeX is a package extending the capabilities of TeX/LaTeX to generate
-the arabic writing from an ASCII transliteration for texts in several
-languages using the arabic script.
-
-It consists of a TeX macro package and an arabic font in several sizes,
-presently only available in the Naskhi style. ArabTeX will run with Plain
-TeX and also with LaTeX; other additions to TeX have not been tried.
-
-ArabTeX is primarily intended for generating the arabic writing, but the
-scientific transcription can be also easily generated. For other languages
-using the arabic script limited support is available.
-
-
-Installing ArabTeX:
-===================
-
-The installation procedure is system dependent. You have to install the
-"nash14" font with its "*.pk" and "*.tfm" files on the font search path of
-your TeX system, and the "*.sty" files and "arabtex.tex" on the source
-search path of your system. Possibly you will have to rename the "*.pk"
-files according to local conventions, and as a last resort you can try to
-recreate the font from the "*.mf" METAFONT sources. Additional fonts if
-available are installed analogously.
-
-
-Activating ArabTeX:
-===================
-
-With Plain TeX, load the ArabTeX macros by "\input arabtex". With LaTeX,
-include the option "arabtex" in the document header. In both cases several
-additional files will be loaded automatically.
-
-ArabTeX defines several additional commands as indicated below, and also a
-large number of internal commands which could lead to storage overflow in
-a small TeX implementation. All internal commands contain an "at" sign <@>
-in their names and thus should not interfere with any user defined
-commands (but possibly with TeX extensions we do not know about).
-
-With Plain TeX, the arabic font is only available at the normal 14 point
-size which ought to cooperate well with the "cm" fonts at 10 points. For
-other sizes, change the "\magnification" or define additional font
-identifiers yourself. To change the default, inspect "arabtex.tex" and
-redefine the "\pnash" command accordingly. With LaTeX, the size changing
-commands will also operate on the arabic font.
-
-
-Input to ArabTeX:
-=================
-
-After activating ArabTeX, your modified TeX/LaTeX system will recognize
-the following items:
-
-- normal TeX/LaTeX text and commands,
-
-- short arabic quotations bracketed by < and >; these must fit on one
- line of output, and you have to select one of the Arabic writing styles,
- e.g \setarab, before using this feature. A quotation may also be started
- with \<.
-
-- longer arabic texts bracketed by \begin{arabtext} and \end{arabtext},
- called "Arabic Environments" in the sequel.
-
-An Arabic Environment consists of one or several paragraphs separated by
-blank lines or \par commands. Every paragraph and every arabic quotation
-is a sequence of the following kinds of items, separated by blank spaces
-or newlines:
-
-- isolated (legal) special characters, interpreted as the corresponding
- arabic special character;
-
-- "numbers", character sequences starting with a digit. A "number" will be
- translated in the normal writing sequence from left to right even if it
- contains letters and/or special characters;
-
-- "arabic quotes", coded as two left quotes or two right quotes each;
-
-- "words", character sequences starting with a letter or special character
- followed by a letter. The (coded) characters of a word will in the
- output be arranged from right to left.
-
-- TeX/LaTeX control sequences WITHOUT parameters. These will be executed
- immediately.
-
-- ArabTeX control sequences with or without parameters. These will be
- executed immediately.
-
-- a sequence of items enclosed in curly braces { and }. The output from
- the constituents will be arranged from right to left and must fit on one
- output line. As far as TeX is concerned, this is NO group. This feature
- may not be nested.
-
-Output from all items will be arranged from right to left, lines will be
-broken as necessary.
-
-Inside an Arabic Environment, but NOT in an arabic quotation, you may also
-have:
-
-- short mathematical insertions, bracketed by SINGLE $ signs. They must
- fit on one output line and are processed as usual;
-
-- short non-arabic text quotations, bracketed by < and >. These must fit
- on one output line and introduce a new level of grouping, so if they
- contain any TeX/LaTeX assignments the effects of these will be local.
-
-Control sequences in an Arabic Environment may be of the following kinds:
-
-- ArabTeX option changing commands. These may also be used outside an
- Arabic Environment and generally have a global effect;
-
-- \\ for a new line;
-
-- \par (or a blank line) for a new paragraph, \noindent for a new paragraph
- without indentation (NOT in arabic quotations);
-
-- \emphasize <item> will put a bar over the next <item>;
-
-- \setnash, \setnashbf, \setnastaliq font selection commands, see below;
-
-- size changing LaTeX commands like \large etc., only if you use LaTeX;
-
-- most other TeX/LaTeX commands make no sense in an Arabic Environment.
-
-- you MUST NOT nest another LaTeX environment inside an Arabic Environment
- (except possibly display math which we did not test, and might work);
-
-- if you really need to use a control sequence with parameters, define a
- new TeX macro or enclose the whole construct in curly braces { and }.
-
-
-Font selection:
-===============
-
-For space economy, only the Naskh font is available by default. With LaTeX,
-additional fonts can be loaded by the document style options "nashbf"
-and/or "nastaliq" (when available). Users of Plain TeX can load and define
-suitable fonts themselves.
-
-The following font selection commands are available:
-
-- \setnash (default) selects the Naskh font.
-
-- \setnashbf selects a bold-face version of Naskh.
-
-- \setnastaliq selects the Nastaliq font.
-
-If a font is not available or has not been loaded, the corresponding
-command will select the default font.
-
-With LaTeX, the size changing commands will also operate on the additional
-fonts.
-
-
-Input coding:
-=============
-
-The ASCII input notation for arabic text is modelled closely after the
-transliteration standards ISO/R 233 and DIN 31 635. As these standards do
-not guarantee unique re-transliteration and are also not ASCII compatible,
-some modifications were necessary. These follow the general rules:
-
-- if the transliteration uses a single letter, code that letter;
-
-- if the transliteration uses a letter with a diacritical mark, put a
- special character similar to the diacritical mark BEFORE the letter.
-
-Standard arabic and persian characters:
----------------------------------------
-
-b bah | d dal | .s ssad | f fah | h hah | ' hamza
-t tah | _d dhal | .d ddad | q qaf | w waw | N tanween
-_t thah | r rah | .t ttah | k kaf | y yah | Y alif maqsoura
-^g geem | z zay | .z tthah | l lam | g gaf | _A alif maqsoura
-.h hhah | s seen | ` `ain | m meem | p pah | T tah marbouta
-_h khah | ^s sheen | .g ghain | n noon | v vah | W waw (see below)
-
-Additional characters generally available:
-------------------------------------------
-
-c hhah with hamza
-^c gim with three dots (below)
-,c khah with three dots (above)
-^z zay with three dots (above)
-~n kaf with three dots (Ottoman)
-~l law with a bow accent (Kurdish)
-~r rah with two bows (Kurdish)
-
-See also "Urdu" and "Pashto" below.
-
-Additional coding rules:
-------------------------
-
-- For long vowels, use capital letters <A>, <I>, <U>, or <_a>, <_i>, <_u>.
-
-- As the transliteration is ambiguous, use <T> for <tah marbouta>,
- <N> for <tanween>, <Y> or <_A> for <alif maqsoura>.
-
-- Short vowels <a>, <i>, <u> need not generally be written except in the
- following cases:
- - at the beginning of a word where they generate <alif>,
- - adjacent to <hamza> where they will influence the carrier,
- - when the transcription is wanted,
- - in \fullvocalize mode.
-
-- <hamza> is denoted by a single RIGHT quote; its carrier will be
- determined from the context according to the rules for writing arabic
- words. If that is not wanted, "quote" it (see below).
-
-- <`ain> is a single LEFT quote, don't confuse it with <hamza>!
-
-- <madda> is generated by a right quote (<hamza>) before <A>: <'A>.
-
-- The "invisible letter" <|> may be inserted in order to break unwanted
- ligatures and to influence the <hamza> writing. It will not show in the
- arabic output or in the transcription.
-
-- <tashdid> is indicated by doubling the appropriate letter.
-
-- The article is always written <al-> (with hyphen!).
-
-- Hyphens <-> may be used freely, and generally do not change the writing,
- but will show up in the transcription. At the beginning and the end of a
- word they enforce the use of the connection form of the adjacent letter
- (if it exists), like e.g. in the date <1400 h->.
-
-- A double hyphen <--> between two otherwise joining letters will break
- any ligature and will insert a horizontal stroke (<tatweel>, <kashida>)
- without appearing in the transcription. It may be used repeatedly.
-
-
-Quoting:
-========
-
-A double quote <"> will modify the meaning of the following character as
-follows:
-
-- if a short vowel follows, the appropriate diacritical mark <fatha>,
- <kasra>, <damma> will be put on the preceding character even if the
- vocalization is off otherwise. If <N> follows the short vowel, the
- appropriate form of <tanween> will be generated instead. At the
- beginning of a word, <alif> is assumed as the first character. If the
- previous word ended with a vowel, <wasla> is generated instead of the
- vowel indicator.
-
-- if the following character is a single right quote, a <hamza> mark will
- be put on the preceding character even if in conflict with the <hamza>
- rules.
-
-- if the following character is the "invisible letter" <|>, the connection
- between the adjacent letters will be broken and a small space inserted.
-
-- otherwise: a <sukun> will be put on the preceding character. The
- following character will be processed again.
-
-The double quote will not show up in the transcription.
-
-
-Ligatures:
-==========
-
-There is no way to explicitly indicate ligatures as a large number of them
-are generated automatically. Any unwanted ligature can be suppressed by
-interposing the invisible letter <|> between the two letters otherwise
-combined into a ligature. After "\ligsfalse" ligatures in the middle of a
-word will not normally be produced; for some texts this looks better. You
-can return to the normal strategy by "\ligstrue".
-
-
-Vocalization:
-=============
-
-There are three modes of rendering short vowels:
-
-\fullvocalize:
- - every short vowel will generate the corresponding diacritic mark
- <fatha>, <kasra>, <damma>.
-
- - If <N> follows a short vowel, the corresponding form of <tanween> is
- generated instead.
-
- - <_a> will produce a <qur'an alif> accent instead of an explicit
- <alif> character which is coded <A>.
-
- - if a long vowel follows a consonant, the corresponding short vowel is
- implied. The long vowel itself carries no diacritical mark.
-
- - if no vowel is given after a consonant, <sukun> will be generated
- except if a double "sun letter" follows <lam>.
-
- - <alif> at the beginning of a word carries <wasla> instead of the vowel
- indicator if the preceding word ended with a vowel.
-
-\vocalize: as above, but <sukun> and <wasla> will not be generated except
- if explicitly indicated by "quoting".
-
-\novocalize: no diacritics will be generated except if explicitly asked for
- by "quoting".
-
-In all modes, a double consonant will generate <tashdid>, and <'A> always
-generates <madda> on <alif>. After <aN> the silent <alif> character is
-generated if necessary. The silent <alif> may also be explicitly indicated
-by <aNa> or <aNA>, or coded literally as <A> in \novocalize mode. If a
-silent <alif maqsoura> is wanted instead, write <aNY>, <aN_A>, <Y> or <_A>.
-A silent <alif> after <waw> is indicated by <Ua>, <UA> or <Wa>, <WA> (with
-a capital <W>!).
-
-
-Transcription:
-==============
-
-In addition to the arabic writing, the standard scientific transcription
-may also be obtained from a fully vocalized input text. This is indicated
-by "\transtrue" and may be switched off again by "\transfalse". If ONLY
-the transcription is wanted, you can deactivate the arabic writing by
-"\arabfalse"; it can be reactivated by "\arabtrue". If both modes are
-active their output will be interleaved line by line.
-
-The transcription mode assumes that the input text is in the Arabic
-language and has been coded according to the rules given above. For words
-from other languages the transcription might be in error. For Arabic text,
-the following special cases are handled:
-
-- after the article, a double consonant will be assimilated;
-
-- an initial vowel will be omitted if the preceding word ended with a
- vowel. If that is not wanted start with <hamza>.
-
-- a silent <alif> or <alif maqsoura> after <N> (<tanwin>) and <U> is
- omitted in the transcription. The same happens after <waw> if it is
- written <W>.
-
-For space economy, the transcription module is NOT loaded by default. If
-you want to use it, add the style option "atrans" with LaTeX; and with
-Plain TeX, say "\input atrans.sty".
-
-
-Support for other languages:
-============================
-
-ArabTeX is primarily intended for writing texts in classical and modern
-Arabic, but it also provides limited support for several other languages
-that are customarily written in the arabic alphabet. The vocalization and
-the transcription cannot generally be expected to be correct, but might
-work by accident.
-
-In order to switch to the conventions for one of these languages, say
-"\setfarsi", "\seturdu", "\setpashto", "\setmaghribi"; "\setarab" is the
-default and can also be used to switch back to the arabic conventions.
-
-- Farsi, Dari:
---------------
-All characters needed for writing Farsi are available by default. The
-short vowels <e> and <o> are mapped to <i> and <u>, the long vowels <E>
-and <O> to <I> and <U>.
-
-The <izafet> connection may be written literally, which may look awkward
-in the case of <h"'>, or always as <-i> (with hyphen); then the correct
-spelling will be determined from the context. Likewise the <yah-i-wahdat>
-can always be written <-I>.
-
-The final <yah> carries no dots.
-
-Farsi uses the Nasta`liq font if available.
-
-- Ottoman: see Farsi.
-----------
-
-- Kurdish: see Farsi.
-----------
-
-- Urdu:
--------
-The additional characters in Urdu are coded as follows:
-
-h always denotes the "two-eyed <hah>"
-,h the "wavy" <hah> letter
-,t <tah> with a small <ttah> accent
-,d <dal> with a small <ttah> accent
-,r <rah> with a small <ttah> accent
-.n <noon> without a dot (modifies a preceding vowel)
-E <yah bari> in the final position, otherwise mapped to <yah>
-O mapped to <U>
-
-The short vowels <e> and <o> are mapped to <a> and <u>.
-
-Note: Some of the given codings also occur in Pashto but with a different
-meaning, see below.
-
-Urdu uses the Nasta`liq font if available.
-
-- Pashto:
----------
-The additional characters for Pashto are coded as follows:
-
-,t <tah> with a small loop
-,d <dal> with a small loop
-,r <rah> with a small loop
-.n <noon> with a small loop
-g <gaf> is written with a small loop instead of a bar
-,z <rah> with one dot above and one below
-,s <sin> with one dot above and one below
-e like <a>, with a <zwarakay> mark if vocalized
-e'i <yah> with <hamza>
-E <yah> with two dots below aligned vertically
-Ey <yah> written with a final stroke
-o mapped to <u>
-O mapped to <U>
-w"' <hamza> on <waw>
-h"' <hamza> on <hah>
-
-The <qur'an alif> accent is not available for Pashto.
-
-The rules for <izafet> and <yah-i-wahdat> apply.
-
-Note: Some of the given codings also occur in Urdu but with a different
-meaning, see above. For writing some words in the Urdu style, write the
-command \seturdu and afterwards switch back to the Pashto conventions by
-\setpashto.
-
-- Maghribi:
------------
-This is just a different writing convention. <fah> is written with one dot
-below the letter, <qaf> with one dot above the normal letter form of
-<fah>. The three dots of <vah> are put below the letter. Otherwise like
-Arabic.
-
-Miscellaneous features:
-=======================
-- As ArabTeX is slow, it will produce some terminal output while running
- to indicate it is still alive. If that is not wanted, say "\quiet" or
- "\tracingarab = 0 " (outside an Arabic Environment). "\tracingarab = 1 "
- will report arabic paragraphs, a value of 2: arabic lines and insertions,
- a value of 3 or more: individual items.
-
-- Whether <yah> in the final position carries dots or not depends on the
- chosen language convention. You can override this by "\yahdots" and
- "\yahnodots".
-
-- To reproduce erroneous or archaic texts exactly as they are, the
- following additional codings are available:
-
- .k <kaf> in final position without a diacritical mark
- .f <fah> without a dot
- .b <bah> without a dot
- .n <noon> without a dot (not available for Pashto)
- Y <alif maqsoura>, <yah> without dots in all positions.
-
-How to move from Version 1 to Version 2:
-========================================
-
-Version 2 is not fully compatible with Version 1; however, moving to the
-new version should cause little problems, and is recommended as version 1
-is no longer supported. Apart from some extensions, most changes were
-introduced in order to better conform to the transliteration standards,
-and to have less compatibility problems with TeX and LaTeX. Further
-versions are expected to be upward compatible if no grave bugs turn up.
-
-The main differences between versions 1 and 2 are:
-
-- The font size has increased, so the document layout may change. The old
- font can no more be used.
-
-- Some arabic characters are now coded differently: <`ain> is denoted by a
- left quote, and <c>, <^z>, <^t>, and <.n> denote different characters
- from what they did before. This was changed in order to better conform
- to the standard transliteration.
-
-- There are a lot more ligatures than before. This normally need not
- concern the user.
-
-- \vocalize will no more generate <sukun> and <wasla> except if explicitly
- indicated by quoting. See \fullvocalize.
-
-- Arabic Environments are always bracketed by the new control sequences
- \begin{arabtext} and \end{arabtext} even if only the transcription is
- wanted.
-
-- Short arabic quotations are now bracketed by \< and > so < has its
- standard TeX meaning.
-
-We recommend converting existent input files to the new notation. If that
-is impractical in special cases, the LaTeX option "oldarabtex" and/or the
-command "\oldarabtex" will switch back to most of the old conventions (and
-problems). This shortcut will probably go away in some future version.
-
-Acknowledgments:
-================
-
-The development of ArabTeX would not have been possible without the
-assistance of many people. Apart from my local team, helpful advice came
-among others from Wolfdietrich Fischer, Ahmed El-Hadi, Abdelsalam Heddaya,
-Iqbal Khan, Tom Koornwinder, Eberhard Krueger, Asif Lakehsar, Jan Lodder,
-Richard Lorch, Eberhard Mattes, and Bernd Raichle. I also have to thank
-the many people who sent bug reports and comments.
-
-Please send bug reports, suggestions and inquiries to the author:
-=================================================================
-
-Prof. Klaus Lagally
-Institut fuer Informatik
-Universitaet Stuttgart
-Breitwiesenstrasse 20-22
-D-70565 Stuttgart
-GERMANY
-
-lagally@informatik.uni-stuttgart.de
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Copyright (c) 1990 - 1993, Klaus Lagally
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
+arabtex.doc 20.11.1993
+ A r a b T e X Version 3
+ ========================
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+The introduction below is slightly out of date
+but may be used as a first start.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+arabtex.doc 05.11.1992
+ A r a b T e X Version 2
+ ========================
+
+What is ArabTeX?
+================
+
+ArabTeX is a package extending the capabilities of TeX/LaTeX to generate
+the arabic writing from an ASCII transliteration for texts in several
+languages using the arabic script.
+
+It consists of a TeX macro package and an arabic font in several sizes,
+presently only available in the Naskhi style. ArabTeX will run with Plain
+TeX and also with LaTeX; other additions to TeX have not been tried.
+
+ArabTeX is primarily intended for generating the arabic writing, but the
+scientific transcription can be also easily generated. For other languages
+using the arabic script limited support is available.
+
+
+Installing ArabTeX:
+===================
+
+The installation procedure is system dependent. You have to install the
+"nash14" font with its "*.pk" and "*.tfm" files on the font search path of
+your TeX system, and the "*.sty" files and "arabtex.tex" on the source
+search path of your system. Possibly you will have to rename the "*.pk"
+files according to local conventions, and as a last resort you can try to
+recreate the font from the "*.mf" METAFONT sources. Additional fonts if
+available are installed analogously.
+
+
+Activating ArabTeX:
+===================
+
+With Plain TeX, load the ArabTeX macros by "\input arabtex". With LaTeX,
+include the option "arabtex" in the document header. In both cases several
+additional files will be loaded automatically.
+
+ArabTeX defines several additional commands as indicated below, and also a
+large number of internal commands which could lead to storage overflow in
+a small TeX implementation. All internal commands contain an "at" sign <@>
+in their names and thus should not interfere with any user defined
+commands (but possibly with TeX extensions we do not know about).
+
+With Plain TeX, the arabic font is only available at the normal 14 point
+size which ought to cooperate well with the "cm" fonts at 10 points. For
+other sizes, change the "\magnification" or define additional font
+identifiers yourself. To change the default, inspect "arabtex.tex" and
+redefine the "\pnash" command accordingly. With LaTeX, the size changing
+commands will also operate on the arabic font.
+
+
+Input to ArabTeX:
+=================
+
+After activating ArabTeX, your modified TeX/LaTeX system will recognize
+the following items:
+
+- normal TeX/LaTeX text and commands,
+
+- short arabic quotations bracketed by < and >; these must fit on one
+ line of output, and you have to select one of the Arabic writing styles,
+ e.g \setarab, before using this feature. A quotation may also be started
+ with \<.
+
+- longer arabic texts bracketed by \begin{arabtext} and \end{arabtext},
+ called "Arabic Environments" in the sequel.
+
+An Arabic Environment consists of one or several paragraphs separated by
+blank lines or \par commands. Every paragraph and every arabic quotation
+is a sequence of the following kinds of items, separated by blank spaces
+or newlines:
+
+- isolated (legal) special characters, interpreted as the corresponding
+ arabic special character;
+
+- "numbers", character sequences starting with a digit. A "number" will be
+ translated in the normal writing sequence from left to right even if it
+ contains letters and/or special characters;
+
+- "arabic quotes", coded as two left quotes or two right quotes each;
+
+- "words", character sequences starting with a letter or special character
+ followed by a letter. The (coded) characters of a word will in the
+ output be arranged from right to left.
+
+- TeX/LaTeX control sequences WITHOUT parameters. These will be executed
+ immediately.
+
+- ArabTeX control sequences with or without parameters. These will be
+ executed immediately.
+
+- a sequence of items enclosed in curly braces { and }. The output from
+ the constituents will be arranged from right to left and must fit on one
+ output line. As far as TeX is concerned, this is NO group. This feature
+ may not be nested.
+
+Output from all items will be arranged from right to left, lines will be
+broken as necessary.
+
+Inside an Arabic Environment, but NOT in an arabic quotation, you may also
+have:
+
+- short mathematical insertions, bracketed by SINGLE $ signs. They must
+ fit on one output line and are processed as usual;
+
+- short non-arabic text quotations, bracketed by < and >. These must fit
+ on one output line and introduce a new level of grouping, so if they
+ contain any TeX/LaTeX assignments the effects of these will be local.
+
+Control sequences in an Arabic Environment may be of the following kinds:
+
+- ArabTeX option changing commands. These may also be used outside an
+ Arabic Environment and generally have a global effect;
+
+- \\ for a new line;
+
+- \par (or a blank line) for a new paragraph, \noindent for a new paragraph
+ without indentation (NOT in arabic quotations);
+
+- \emphasize <item> will put a bar over the next <item>;
+
+- \setnash, \setnashbf, \setnastaliq font selection commands, see below;
+
+- size changing LaTeX commands like \large etc., only if you use LaTeX;
+
+- most other TeX/LaTeX commands make no sense in an Arabic Environment.
+
+- you MUST NOT nest another LaTeX environment inside an Arabic Environment
+ (except possibly display math which we did not test, and might work);
+
+- if you really need to use a control sequence with parameters, define a
+ new TeX macro or enclose the whole construct in curly braces { and }.
+
+
+Font selection:
+===============
+
+For space economy, only the Naskh font is available by default. With LaTeX,
+additional fonts can be loaded by the document style options "nashbf"
+and/or "nastaliq" (when available). Users of Plain TeX can load and define
+suitable fonts themselves.
+
+The following font selection commands are available:
+
+- \setnash (default) selects the Naskh font.
+
+- \setnashbf selects a bold-face version of Naskh.
+
+- \setnastaliq selects the Nastaliq font.
+
+If a font is not available or has not been loaded, the corresponding
+command will select the default font.
+
+With LaTeX, the size changing commands will also operate on the additional
+fonts.
+
+
+Input coding:
+=============
+
+The ASCII input notation for arabic text is modelled closely after the
+transliteration standards ISO/R 233 and DIN 31 635. As these standards do
+not guarantee unique re-transliteration and are also not ASCII compatible,
+some modifications were necessary. These follow the general rules:
+
+- if the transliteration uses a single letter, code that letter;
+
+- if the transliteration uses a letter with a diacritical mark, put a
+ special character similar to the diacritical mark BEFORE the letter.
+
+Standard arabic and persian characters:
+---------------------------------------
+
+b bah | d dal | .s ssad | f fah | h hah | ' hamza
+t tah | _d dhal | .d ddad | q qaf | w waw | N tanween
+_t thah | r rah | .t ttah | k kaf | y yah | Y alif maqsoura
+^g geem | z zay | .z tthah | l lam | g gaf | _A alif maqsoura
+.h hhah | s seen | ` `ain | m meem | p pah | T tah marbouta
+_h khah | ^s sheen | .g ghain | n noon | v vah | W waw (see below)
+
+Additional characters generally available:
+------------------------------------------
+
+c hhah with hamza
+^c gim with three dots (below)
+,c khah with three dots (above)
+^z zay with three dots (above)
+~n kaf with three dots (Ottoman)
+~l law with a bow accent (Kurdish)
+~r rah with two bows (Kurdish)
+
+See also "Urdu" and "Pashto" below.
+
+Additional coding rules:
+------------------------
+
+- For long vowels, use capital letters <A>, <I>, <U>, or <_a>, <_i>, <_u>.
+
+- As the transliteration is ambiguous, use <T> for <tah marbouta>,
+ <N> for <tanween>, <Y> or <_A> for <alif maqsoura>.
+
+- Short vowels <a>, <i>, <u> need not generally be written except in the
+ following cases:
+ - at the beginning of a word where they generate <alif>,
+ - adjacent to <hamza> where they will influence the carrier,
+ - when the transcription is wanted,
+ - in \fullvocalize mode.
+
+- <hamza> is denoted by a single RIGHT quote; its carrier will be
+ determined from the context according to the rules for writing arabic
+ words. If that is not wanted, "quote" it (see below).
+
+- <`ain> is a single LEFT quote, don't confuse it with <hamza>!
+
+- <madda> is generated by a right quote (<hamza>) before <A>: <'A>.
+
+- The "invisible letter" <|> may be inserted in order to break unwanted
+ ligatures and to influence the <hamza> writing. It will not show in the
+ arabic output or in the transcription.
+
+- <tashdid> is indicated by doubling the appropriate letter.
+
+- The article is always written <al-> (with hyphen!).
+
+- Hyphens <-> may be used freely, and generally do not change the writing,
+ but will show up in the transcription. At the beginning and the end of a
+ word they enforce the use of the connection form of the adjacent letter
+ (if it exists), like e.g. in the date <1400 h->.
+
+- A double hyphen <--> between two otherwise joining letters will break
+ any ligature and will insert a horizontal stroke (<tatweel>, <kashida>)
+ without appearing in the transcription. It may be used repeatedly.
+
+
+Quoting:
+========
+
+A double quote <"> will modify the meaning of the following character as
+follows:
+
+- if a short vowel follows, the appropriate diacritical mark <fatha>,
+ <kasra>, <damma> will be put on the preceding character even if the
+ vocalization is off otherwise. If <N> follows the short vowel, the
+ appropriate form of <tanween> will be generated instead. At the
+ beginning of a word, <alif> is assumed as the first character. If the
+ previous word ended with a vowel, <wasla> is generated instead of the
+ vowel indicator.
+
+- if the following character is a single right quote, a <hamza> mark will
+ be put on the preceding character even if in conflict with the <hamza>
+ rules.
+
+- if the following character is the "invisible letter" <|>, the connection
+ between the adjacent letters will be broken and a small space inserted.
+
+- otherwise: a <sukun> will be put on the preceding character. The
+ following character will be processed again.
+
+The double quote will not show up in the transcription.
+
+
+Ligatures:
+==========
+
+There is no way to explicitly indicate ligatures as a large number of them
+are generated automatically. Any unwanted ligature can be suppressed by
+interposing the invisible letter <|> between the two letters otherwise
+combined into a ligature. After "\ligsfalse" ligatures in the middle of a
+word will not normally be produced; for some texts this looks better. You
+can return to the normal strategy by "\ligstrue".
+
+
+Vocalization:
+=============
+
+There are three modes of rendering short vowels:
+
+\fullvocalize:
+ - every short vowel will generate the corresponding diacritic mark
+ <fatha>, <kasra>, <damma>.
+
+ - If <N> follows a short vowel, the corresponding form of <tanween> is
+ generated instead.
+
+ - <_a> will produce a <qur'an alif> accent instead of an explicit
+ <alif> character which is coded <A>.
+
+ - if a long vowel follows a consonant, the corresponding short vowel is
+ implied. The long vowel itself carries no diacritical mark.
+
+ - if no vowel is given after a consonant, <sukun> will be generated
+ except if a double "sun letter" follows <lam>.
+
+ - <alif> at the beginning of a word carries <wasla> instead of the vowel
+ indicator if the preceding word ended with a vowel.
+
+\vocalize: as above, but <sukun> and <wasla> will not be generated except
+ if explicitly indicated by "quoting".
+
+\novocalize: no diacritics will be generated except if explicitly asked for
+ by "quoting".
+
+In all modes, a double consonant will generate <tashdid>, and <'A> always
+generates <madda> on <alif>. After <aN> the silent <alif> character is
+generated if necessary. The silent <alif> may also be explicitly indicated
+by <aNa> or <aNA>, or coded literally as <A> in \novocalize mode. If a
+silent <alif maqsoura> is wanted instead, write <aNY>, <aN_A>, <Y> or <_A>.
+A silent <alif> after <waw> is indicated by <Ua>, <UA> or <Wa>, <WA> (with
+a capital <W>!).
+
+
+Transcription:
+==============
+
+In addition to the arabic writing, the standard scientific transcription
+may also be obtained from a fully vocalized input text. This is indicated
+by "\transtrue" and may be switched off again by "\transfalse". If ONLY
+the transcription is wanted, you can deactivate the arabic writing by
+"\arabfalse"; it can be reactivated by "\arabtrue". If both modes are
+active their output will be interleaved line by line.
+
+The transcription mode assumes that the input text is in the Arabic
+language and has been coded according to the rules given above. For words
+from other languages the transcription might be in error. For Arabic text,
+the following special cases are handled:
+
+- after the article, a double consonant will be assimilated;
+
+- an initial vowel will be omitted if the preceding word ended with a
+ vowel. If that is not wanted start with <hamza>.
+
+- a silent <alif> or <alif maqsoura> after <N> (<tanwin>) and <U> is
+ omitted in the transcription. The same happens after <waw> if it is
+ written <W>.
+
+For space economy, the transcription module is NOT loaded by default. If
+you want to use it, add the style option "atrans" with LaTeX; and with
+Plain TeX, say "\input atrans.sty".
+
+
+Support for other languages:
+============================
+
+ArabTeX is primarily intended for writing texts in classical and modern
+Arabic, but it also provides limited support for several other languages
+that are customarily written in the arabic alphabet. The vocalization and
+the transcription cannot generally be expected to be correct, but might
+work by accident.
+
+In order to switch to the conventions for one of these languages, say
+"\setfarsi", "\seturdu", "\setpashto", "\setmaghribi"; "\setarab" is the
+default and can also be used to switch back to the arabic conventions.
+
+- Farsi, Dari:
+--------------
+All characters needed for writing Farsi are available by default. The
+short vowels <e> and <o> are mapped to <i> and <u>, the long vowels <E>
+and <O> to <I> and <U>.
+
+The <izafet> connection may be written literally, which may look awkward
+in the case of <h"'>, or always as <-i> (with hyphen); then the correct
+spelling will be determined from the context. Likewise the <yah-i-wahdat>
+can always be written <-I>.
+
+The final <yah> carries no dots.
+
+Farsi uses the Nasta`liq font if available.
+
+- Ottoman: see Farsi.
+----------
+
+- Kurdish: see Farsi.
+----------
+
+- Urdu:
+-------
+The additional characters in Urdu are coded as follows:
+
+h always denotes the "two-eyed <hah>"
+,h the "wavy" <hah> letter
+,t <tah> with a small <ttah> accent
+,d <dal> with a small <ttah> accent
+,r <rah> with a small <ttah> accent
+.n <noon> without a dot (modifies a preceding vowel)
+E <yah bari> in the final position, otherwise mapped to <yah>
+O mapped to <U>
+
+The short vowels <e> and <o> are mapped to <a> and <u>.
+
+Note: Some of the given codings also occur in Pashto but with a different
+meaning, see below.
+
+Urdu uses the Nasta`liq font if available.
+
+- Pashto:
+---------
+The additional characters for Pashto are coded as follows:
+
+,t <tah> with a small loop
+,d <dal> with a small loop
+,r <rah> with a small loop
+.n <noon> with a small loop
+g <gaf> is written with a small loop instead of a bar
+,z <rah> with one dot above and one below
+,s <sin> with one dot above and one below
+e like <a>, with a <zwarakay> mark if vocalized
+e'i <yah> with <hamza>
+E <yah> with two dots below aligned vertically
+Ey <yah> written with a final stroke
+o mapped to <u>
+O mapped to <U>
+w"' <hamza> on <waw>
+h"' <hamza> on <hah>
+
+The <qur'an alif> accent is not available for Pashto.
+
+The rules for <izafet> and <yah-i-wahdat> apply.
+
+Note: Some of the given codings also occur in Urdu but with a different
+meaning, see above. For writing some words in the Urdu style, write the
+command \seturdu and afterwards switch back to the Pashto conventions by
+\setpashto.
+
+- Maghribi:
+-----------
+This is just a different writing convention. <fah> is written with one dot
+below the letter, <qaf> with one dot above the normal letter form of
+<fah>. The three dots of <vah> are put below the letter. Otherwise like
+Arabic.
+
+Miscellaneous features:
+=======================
+- As ArabTeX is slow, it will produce some terminal output while running
+ to indicate it is still alive. If that is not wanted, say "\quiet" or
+ "\tracingarab = 0 " (outside an Arabic Environment). "\tracingarab = 1 "
+ will report arabic paragraphs, a value of 2: arabic lines and insertions,
+ a value of 3 or more: individual items.
+
+- Whether <yah> in the final position carries dots or not depends on the
+ chosen language convention. You can override this by "\yahdots" and
+ "\yahnodots".
+
+- To reproduce erroneous or archaic texts exactly as they are, the
+ following additional codings are available:
+
+ .k <kaf> in final position without a diacritical mark
+ .f <fah> without a dot
+ .b <bah> without a dot
+ .n <noon> without a dot (not available for Pashto)
+ Y <alif maqsoura>, <yah> without dots in all positions.
+
+How to move from Version 1 to Version 2:
+========================================
+
+Version 2 is not fully compatible with Version 1; however, moving to the
+new version should cause little problems, and is recommended as version 1
+is no longer supported. Apart from some extensions, most changes were
+introduced in order to better conform to the transliteration standards,
+and to have less compatibility problems with TeX and LaTeX. Further
+versions are expected to be upward compatible if no grave bugs turn up.
+
+The main differences between versions 1 and 2 are:
+
+- The font size has increased, so the document layout may change. The old
+ font can no more be used.
+
+- Some arabic characters are now coded differently: <`ain> is denoted by a
+ left quote, and <c>, <^z>, <^t>, and <.n> denote different characters
+ from what they did before. This was changed in order to better conform
+ to the standard transliteration.
+
+- There are a lot more ligatures than before. This normally need not
+ concern the user.
+
+- \vocalize will no more generate <sukun> and <wasla> except if explicitly
+ indicated by quoting. See \fullvocalize.
+
+- Arabic Environments are always bracketed by the new control sequences
+ \begin{arabtext} and \end{arabtext} even if only the transcription is
+ wanted.
+
+- Short arabic quotations are now bracketed by \< and > so < has its
+ standard TeX meaning.
+
+We recommend converting existent input files to the new notation. If that
+is impractical in special cases, the LaTeX option "oldarabtex" and/or the
+command "\oldarabtex" will switch back to most of the old conventions (and
+problems). This shortcut will probably go away in some future version.
+
+Acknowledgments:
+================
+
+The development of ArabTeX would not have been possible without the
+assistance of many people. Apart from my local team, helpful advice came
+among others from Wolfdietrich Fischer, Ahmed El-Hadi, Abdelsalam Heddaya,
+Iqbal Khan, Tom Koornwinder, Eberhard Krueger, Asif Lakehsar, Jan Lodder,
+Richard Lorch, Eberhard Mattes, and Bernd Raichle. I also have to thank
+the many people who sent bug reports and comments.
+
+Please send bug reports, suggestions and inquiries to the author:
+=================================================================
+
+Prof. Klaus Lagally
+Institut fuer Informatik
+Universitaet Stuttgart
+Breitwiesenstrasse 20-22
+D-70565 Stuttgart
+GERMANY
+
+lagally@informatik.uni-stuttgart.de
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Copyright (c) 1990 - 1993, Klaus Lagally
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+