path: root/systems/knuth/dist/errata/errata.five

% Bugs (sigh) in Computers \& Typesetting

\input manmac
\font\sltt=cmsltt10
\font\niness=cmss9
\font\ninessi=cmssi9
\proofmodefalse
\raggedbottom
\output{\hsize=29pc \onepageout{\unvbox255\kern-\dimen@ \vfil}}

\def\today{\number\day\
  \ifcase\month\or
  Jan\or Feb\or Mar\or Apr\or May\or Jun\or
  Jul\or Aug\or Sep\or Oct\or Nov\or Dec\fi
  \ \number\year}

\def\cutpar{{\parfillskip=0pt\par}}

\def\rhead{Bugs in {\tensl Computers \& Typesetting, 1989}}
\def\bugonpage#1(#2) \par{\bigbreak\tenpoint
  \hrule width\hsize
  \line{\lower3.5pt\vbox to13pt{}Page #1\hfil(#2)}\hrule width\hsize
  \nobreak\medskip}
\def\buginvol#1(#2) \par{\bigbreak\penalty-1000\tenpoint
  \hrule width\hsize
  \line{\lower3.5pt\vbox to13pt{}Volume #1\hfil(#2)}\hrule width\hsize
  \nobreak\medskip}
\def\slMF{{\manual 89:;}\-{\manual <=>:}} % slant the logo
\def\0{\raise.7ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle\#$}}
\newcount\nn
\newdimen\nsize \newdimen\msize \newdimen\ninept \ninept=9pt
\newbox\eqbox \setbox\eqbox=\hbox{\kern2pt\eightrm=\kern2pt}

\tenpoint
\noindent This is a list of all corrections made to {\sl Computers \&
Typesetting}, Volumes \hbox{A--E}, between 20 February 1989 and
30 September 1989 (when \TeX\ Version 3.0 and \MF\ Version 2.0 were
fully defined). Corrections made to
the softcover version of {\sl The \TeX book\/} are the same as corrections to
Volume~A\null. Corrections to the softcover version of {\sl The
\slMF\kern1ptbook\/} are the same as corrections to Volume~C\null.
Some of these corrections have already been made in reprintings
of the books. Several minor changes
to Volumes A~and~C are not shown here because they simply
make room for the more substantive changes needed to describe the new
features of \TeX\ Version 3.0 and \MF\ Version 2.0. Hundreds of
changes will soon be made to Volumes B~and~D because of the upgrades
to \TeX\ and \MF\/; it will unfortunately be impossible to document all of those
changes. Therefore, readers who need up-to-date information on the \TeX\ and
\MF\ programs should refer to the |WEB| source files until new
printings of Volumes B~and~D are issued.

% volume A

\buginvol A, in general (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
[Change `127' to `255' and `128' to `256' in contexts referring to character
codes. This happens on pages 37(twice), 39, 41, 43, 44(twice), 48, 93, 154,
277, 305(twice), 308(twice), 313, and 343. Also change `7-bit' to `8-bit' on
pages 214 and 277.]

\bugonpage A23, line 16 (9/23/89)

|This is TeX, Version 3.0 (preloaded format=plain 89.7.15)|

\bugonpage A34, new copy for bottom of page (9/23/89)

\ddanger If you use \TeX\ format packages designed by others, your
error messages may involve many inscrutable two-line levels of macro
context. By setting ^|\errorcontextlines||=0| at the beginning of your file,
you can reduce the amount of information that is reported;
\TeX\ will show only the top and bottom pairs of context lines
together with up to |\errorcontextlines| additional two-line items. \ (If
anything has thereby been omitted, you'll also see `|...|'.) \ Chances
are good that you can spot the source of an error even when most of a
large context has been suppressed; if not, you can say
`|I\errorcontextlines=100\oops|' and try again. \ (That will usually
give you an undefined control sequence error and plenty of context.) \
Plain \TeX\ sets |\errorcontextlines=5|.

\bugonpage A45, lines 9--15 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
|^^| has an internal code between 64 and 127, \TeX\
subtracts 64 from the code; if the code is between 0 and 63, \TeX\
adds~64. Hence code 127 can be typed |^^?|, and
the dangerous bend sign can be obtained by saying
|{\manual^^?}|. However, you must change the category code of character
127 before using it, since this character ordinarily has category~15
(^{invalid}); say, e.g., |\catcode`\^^?=12|.
^^{double hat} ^^{hat hat}
The |^^| notation is different from |\char|, because |^^| combinations are
like single characters; for example, it would not be permissible to say
|\catcode`\char127|, but |^^| symbols can even be used as letters within
control words.

\bugonpage A45, new copy before line 20 (9/23/89)

\danger There's also a special convention in which |^^| is
followed by {\sl two\/} ``lowercase hexadecimal digits,'' |0|--|9| or |a|--|f|.
With this convention, all 256 characters are obtainable in a uniform
way, from |^^00| to |^^ff|. Character 127 is |^^7f|.

\noindent
[Also remove one of the two dangerous bend signs on line 20.]

\bugonpage A45, bottom paragraph and footnote (9/23/89)

\ddanger People who install \TeX\ systems for use with non-American alphabets
can make \TeX\ conform to any desired standard.  For example, suppose
you have a ^{Norwegian keyboard} containing the letter {\tt\ae}, which
^^{Scandinavian letters} ^^{foreign languages}
comes in as code~241 (say). Your local format package should define
|\catcode`|{\tt\ae}|=11|; then you could have control sequences like
|\s|{\tt\ae}|rtrykk|. Your \TeX\ input files could be made readable by
American installations of \TeX\ that don't have your keyboard, by
substituting |^^f1| for character~241. \ (For example, the stated control
sequence would appear as |\s^^f1rtrykk| in the file; your American
friends should also be provided with the format that you used, with its
|\catcode`^^f1=11|.) \ Of course you should also arrange your fonts
so that \TeX's character 241 will print as {\ae}; and you should
change \TeX's hyphenation algorithm so that it will do correct
Norwegian hyphenation. The main point is that such changes are not
extremely difficult; nothing in the design of \TeX\ limits it to the
American alphabet. Fine printing is obtained by fine tuning to the
language or languages being used.
^^{keyboards, non-ASCII}

\ddanger European languages can also be accommodated effectively with
only a limited character set.
For example, let's consider Norwegian again, but suppose that\parfillskip=0pt

\noindent [Now continue with the text on line 11 of page 46.]

\bugonpage A47, lines 9--21 (9/23/89)

\ddanger If \TeX\ sees a superscript character (category 7) in any state,
and if that character is followed by another identical character, and if
those two equal characters are followed by a character of code
$c<128$, then they
are deleted and 64 is added~to or subtracted from the code~$c$.
\ (Thus, |^^A| is
replaced by a single character whose code is~1, etc., as explained earlier.) \
However, if the two superscript characters are immediately followed by two
of the lowercase hexadecimal digits |0123456789abcdef|, the
four-character sequence is replaced by a single character having the
specified hexadecimal code.
The replacement is carried out also if such a trio or quartet of
characters is encountered during steps (b) or~(c) of the control-sequence-name
scanning procedure described above. After the replacement is made, \TeX\
begins again as if the new character had been present all the time.
If a superscript character is not the first of such a trio or quartet, it is
handled by the following rule.

\ddanger If \TeX\ sees a character of categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12,
or~13,
or a character of category~7 that is not the first of a special
sequence as just
described, it converts the character to a token by attaching the category
code, and goes into state~$M$. This is the normal case; almost every
nonblank character is handled by this rule.

\bugonpage A48, line 15 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
the input line
`| $x^2$~  \TeX  ^^62^^6|'\thinspace?

\bugonpage A54, third line from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
For example, a well-designed \TeX\ font for ^{French}
might well treat accents as lig-\cutpar

\bugonpage A76, lines 3--5 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
\TeX\ does not assign any value to
|\sfcode'042|.

\bugonpage A107, new copy for top of page (9/23/89)

\ddanger If you want to avoid overfull boxes at all costs without
trying to fix them manually, you might be tempted to set
|tolerance=10000|; this allows arbitrarily bad lines to be acceptable
in tough situations. But infinite tolerance is a bad idea, because
\TeX\ doesn't distinguish between terribly bad and preposterously
horrible lines. Indeed, a tolerance of 10000 encourages \TeX\ to
concentrate all the badness in one place, making one truly unsightly
line instead of two moderately bad ones, because a single
``write-off'' produces fewest total demerits according to the rules.
There's a much better way to get the desired effect: \TeX\ has a
parameter called ^|\emergencystretch| that is added to the assumed
stretchability of every line when badness and demerits are computed,
in cases where overfull boxes are otherwise unavoidable. If
|\emergencystretch| is positive, \TeX\ will make a third pass over a
paragraph before choosing the line breaks, when the first passes did
not find a way to satisfy the ^|\pretolerance| and ^|\tolerance|.
The effect of\/ |\emergencystretch| is to scale down the badnesses so
that large infinities are distinguishable from smaller ones. By
setting |\emergencystretch| high enough (based on |\hsize|) you can be
sure that the |\tolerance| is never exceeded; hence overfull boxes
will never occur unless the line-breaking task is truly impossible.

\bugonpage A116, lines 11--15 (6/7/89)

\danger If you have two or more |\topinsert| or |\pageinsert| commands in
quick succession, \TeX\ may need to carry them over to several subsequent
pages; but they will retain their relative order when they are
carried over.  For example, suppose you have pages that are nine inches
tall, and suppose you have already specified 4~inches of text for some
page, say page~25.  Then suppose you make seven topinserts in a row, of%
{\parfillskip=0pt\endgraf}\endgroup

\bugonpage A125, lines 13--29 (9/23/89)

\ddanger \looseness=-1
When the best page break is finally chosen, \TeX\ removes everything after
the chosen breakpoint from the bottom of the ``current page,'' and puts it
all back at the top of the ``recent contributions.'' The
chosen breakpoint itself is placed at the very top of the recent contributions.
If it is a penalty item, the value of the penalty is recorded in
^|\outputpenalty| and the penalty in the contribution list is changed
to $10000$; otherwise |\outputpenalty| is set to 10000.
The insertions that remain on the current page are of three kinds: For
each class~$n$ there are unsplit insertions, followed possibly by
a single split insertion, followed possibly by others. If
^|\holdinginserts|$\null>0$, all insertions remain in place (so that
they might be contributed again); otherwise they are all removed from
the current page list as follows: The unsplit insertions
are appended to |\box|$\,n$, with no interline glue between them. \
(^{Struts} should be used, as in the |\vfootnote| macro of
Appendix~B\null.) \
If a split insertion is present, it is effectively |\vsplit| to the size
that was computed previously in Step~4; the top part is treated as an
unsplit insertion, and the remainder (if any) is converted to an insertion
as if it had not been split. This remainder, followed by any other floating
insertions of the same class, is held
over in a separate place. \ (They will show up on the ``current page'' if
^|\showlists| is used while an ^|\output| routine is active; the total
number of such insertions appears in ^|\insertpenalties| during an
|\output| routine.) %\
Finally, the remaining items before the best break on the current page are put
together in a |\vbox|\parfillskip=0pt

\bugonpage A131, line 12 (9/22/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
work fine; but sometimes you want to have uniformity
between different members of a\cutpar

\bugonpage A155, lines 3--5 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
when it encounters a character that
is given explicitly as ^|\char|\<number>.

\bugonpage A214, lines 19--24 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\textindent\bull |\the|\<special register>, where \<special register> is
one of the integer quantities ^|\prevgraf|, ^|\deadcycles|, ^|\insertpenalties|,
^|\inputlineno|, ^|\badness|,
or ^|\parshape| (denoting only the number of lines of\/ |\parshape|); or
one of the dimensions ^|\pagetotal|, ^|\pagegoal|, ^|\pagestretch|,
^|\pagefilstretch|, ^|\pagefillstretch|, ^|\pagefilllstretch|, ^|\pageshrink|,
^|\pagedepth|. In horizontal modes you can also refer to a special integer,
|\the\spacefactor|; in vertical modes there's a special dimension,
|\the\prevdepth|.

\bugonpage A229, new copy after line 11 (9/23/89)

\ddanger \TeX\ will report the badness of glue setting in a box if
you ask for the numeric quantity
^|\badness| after making a box. For example, you might say
\begintt
\setbox0=\line{\trialtexta}
\ifnum\badness>250 \setbox0=\line{\trialtextb}\fi
\endtt
The badness is between 0 and 10000
unless the box is overfull, when |\badness=1000000|.

\bugonpage A271, lines 17--20 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\beginsyntax
  \alt<countdef token>\alt^|\count|<8-bit number>\alt<codename><8-bit number>
  \alt<chardef token>\alt<mathchardef token>\alt^|\parshape|\alt^|\inputlineno|
  \alt^|\hyphenchar|<font>\alt^|\skewchar|<font>\alt^|\badness|
\endsyntax

\bugonpage A272, lines 3--4 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
value is between 0~and $2^8-1=255$; a ^\<4-bit number> is similar.

\bugonpage A273, insert after lines 11, 20, 21, 21, 38 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\begindisplay
|\holdinginserts|\quad(positive if insertions remain dormant in output box)\cr
|\language|\quad(the current set of hyphenation rules)\cr
|\lefthyphenmin|\quad(smallest fragment at beginning of hyphenated word)\cr
|\righthyphenmin|\quad(smallest fragment at end of hyphenated word)\cr
|\errorcontextlines|\quad(maximum extra context shown when errors occur)\cr
\enddisplay

\bugonpage A274, insert after line 4 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\indent
|\emergencystretch|\quad(reduces badnesses on final pass of line-breaking)

\bugonpage A275, line 13 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
That makes a total of 103 parameters of all five kinds.

\bugonpage A283, line 14 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\beginsyntax
  \alt^|\noboundary|\alt^|\unhbox|\alt^|\unhcopy|\alt^|\valign|\alt^|\vrule|
\endsyntax

\bugonpage A286, lines 3--12 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\textindent{$\bull$}%
\<letter>, \<otherchar>, \kern-1pt^|\char|\<8-bit number>, \<chardef token>,
\kern-1pt^|\noboundary|.\enskip
The most common commands of all are the character commands that tell
\TeX\ to append a character to the current horizontal
list, using the current font.
If two or more commands of this type occur in succession, \TeX\ processes
them all as a unit, converting to ligatures and/or
inserting kerns as directed by the font information. \ (Ligatures and
kerns may be influenced by invisible ``boundary'' characters at the left
and right, unless |\noboundary| appears.) \ Each character
command adjusts ^|\spacefactor|, using
the ^|\sfcode| table as described in Chapter~12.
In unrestricted horizontal mode, a
`|\discretionary{}{}{}|' item is appended after a character whose code is
the ^|\hyphenchar| of its font, or after a ligature formed from a sequence
that ends with such a character.

\bugonpage A287, insert after line 19 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\textindent{$\bull$}%
|\setlanguage|\<number>.\enskip See the conclusion of Appendix H.

\bugonpage A289, lines 9--14 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
$2^{15}-1$. This is done by replacing the character number by its
^|\mathcode| value. If the
|\mathcode| value turns out to be $32768=\null$\hex{8000}, however,
 the \<character>
is replaced by an ^{active character} token having the original character
code (0 to~255); \TeX\ forgets the original \<character> and expands this
active character according to the rules of Chapter~20.

\bugonpage A290, insert before 13th line from bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
\textindent{$\bull$}%
|\noboundary|. This command is redundant and therefore has no
effect; boundary ligatures are automatically disabled in math modes.

\bugonpage A296, line 16 from the bottom (9/22/89)

\noindent[There should be a `|^|' just above the `|3|' in the line below.
This was mistakenly dropped by the printer some time during 1985; it was
correct in the first two printings and it has always been correct inside the
computer!]

\bugonpage A309, lines 3--5 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
\hbox to\parindent{\bf\hss8.4.\enspace}\ignorespaces
|$|$_{3}$ |x|$_{11}$ |^|$_7$ |2|$_{12}$ |$|$_{3}$ |~|$_{13}$ \]$_{10}$
\cstok{TeX} |b|$_{12}$ |v|$_{12}$ \]$_{10}$. The final space comes from the
\<return> placed at the end of the line. Code |^^6| yields |v| only
when not followed by |0|--|9| or |a|--|f|.
The initial space is ignored, because state~$N$
governs the beginning of the line.

\bugonpage A314, line 27 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
The English word `eighteen' might deserve similar treatment.
\TeX's hyphenation algorithm will not make such spelling changes automatically.

\bugonpage A318, line 19 (3/3/89)

\ninepoint
|\def\clearnotenumber{\notenumber=0\relax}|

\bugonpage A330, line 3 (8/25/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
\hbox to\parindent{\bf\hss20.10.\enspace}\ignorespaces
|\def\overpaid{{\count0=\balance|

\bugonpage A336, lines 4--8 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
badness rating of a
box is at most 10000, except that the |\badness| of
an overfull box is 1000000.  |INITEX| initializes |\tolerance| to
10000, thereby making all line breaks feasible. Penalties of 10000 or more
prohibit breaks; penalties of $-10000$ or less make breaks mandatory. The
cost of a page break is 100000, if the badness is 10000 and if the
associated penalties are less than 10000 in magnitude (see Chapter~15).

\bugonpage A337, lines 2--16 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
ifies characters whose codes differ by~64
from the codes of |?|, |@|, |A|; this convention applies only to
characters with ASCII codes less than~128. There are 256 possible characters,
hence 256 entries in each of the |\catcode|, |\mathcode|,
|\lccode|, |\uccode|, |\sfcode|, and |\delcode| tables. All
|\lccode|, |\uccode|, and |\char| values
must be less than~256. A font has at most 256 characters. There are
256~|\box| registers, 256~|\count| registers, 256~|\dimen| registers,
256~|\skip| registers, 256~|\muskip| registers, 256~|\toks| registers,
256~hyphenation tables.
The ``at size'' of a font must be less than~$2048\pt$, i.e.,~$2^{11}\pt$.
Math delimiters are encoded by multiplying the math~code of the ``small
character'' by~$2^{12}$. The magnitude of
a~\<dimen> value must be less than~$16384\pt$, i.e.,~$2^{14}\pt$;
similarly, the \<factor> in a~\<fil dimen> must be less than~$2^{14}$.
A~|\mathchar| or |\spacefactor| or |\sfcode| value must be less than~$2^{15}$;
a~|\mathcode| or |\mag| value must be less than or equal to~$2^{15}$,
and $2^{15}$ denotes an ``active'' math character. There
are $2^{16}\rm\,sp$ per~pt. A~|\delcode| value
must be less than~$2^{24}$; a~|\delimiter|, less than $2^{27}$.
The |\end| command sometimes contributes
a penalty of $-2^{30}$ to the current page. A~\<dimen> must be less than
$2^{30}\rm\,sp$ in absolute value; a~\<number> must be
less than $2^{31}$ in absolute value.

\bugonpage A348, line 12 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
^|\showboxbreadth||=5 |^|\showboxdepth||=3 |^|\errorcontextlines||=5|

\bugonpage A364, insert before line 18 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
^|\lefthyphenmin||=2 |^|\righthyphenmin||=3 % disallow x- or -xx breaks|

\bugonpage A364, line 5 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
|\def|^|\fmtname||{plain}\def\fmtversion{3.0} % identifies the current format|

\bugonpage A369, insert before line 5 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint
Modern keyboards allow 256 codes to be input, not just 128; so \TeX\
represents characters internally as numbers in the range 0--255 (i.e.,
\oct{000}--\oct{377}, or \hex{00}--\hex{FF}). Implementations of \TeX\
differ in which characters they will accept in input files and which
they will transmit to output files; these subsets can be specified
independently. A completely permissive version of \TeX\ allows full
256-character input and output; other versions might ignore all
but the visible characters of ASCII; still other versions might
distinguish the tab character (code \oct{011}) from a space on input,
but might output each tab as a sequence of three characters |^^I|.

\bugonpage A370, lines 3--7 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
close as possible to the ASCII conventions.
\ (b)~Make sure that codes \oct{041}--\oct{046}, \oct{060}--\oct{071},
\oct{141}--\oct{146}, and \oct{160}--\oct{171} are present and that
each unrepresentable
internal code $<\null$\oct{200} leads to a representable code when \oct{100} is
added or subtracted; then all 256 codes can be input and output.
\ (c)~Cooperate with everyone else who shares
the same constraints, so that you all adopt the same policy.
\ (See Appendix~J for information about the \TeX\ Users Group.)

\bugonpage A370, bottom line (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
doesn't matter if these symbols have their plain
\TeX\ meanings or not. \ (6)~There is a special convention for
representing characters 0--255 in the hexadecimal forms
|^^00|--|^^ff|, explained in Chapter~8. This convention is always
acceptable as input, when |^| is any character of catcode~7. Text
output is produced with this convention only when representing
characters of code $\ge128$ that a \TeX\ installer has chosen not to
output directly.

\bugonpage A385, line 8 (5/14/89)

\ninepoint
|\def\beginbox{\setbox0=\hbox\bgroup}|

\bugonpage A400, line 18 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
page prematurely if you want to pass a signal. \ (Set
^|\holdinginserts| positive to pass a signal when the contents of\/
|\box255| will be sent back through the page builder again, if any
insertions are present.)

\bugonpage A419, lines 4--6 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
shortened or lengthened anyway;
book preparation with \TeX, as with type, encourages interaction between
humans and machines.) \
The lines of the quotations are set ^{flush right} by using
^|\obeylines| together with a stretchable ^|\leftskip|:

\bugonpage A444, lines 21--26 (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
following one, using the specified family and the current size, then
insert the ligature character and continue as specified by the font;
two characters may collapse into one, or a new character may appear.
Otherwise if the font information
shows a kern between the current symbol and the next, insert a kern item
after the current Ord atom and move to the next item after that.
Otherwise (i.e., if no ligature or kern is specified between the present
text symbol and the following character), go to Rule~17.

\bugonpage A453, lines 12--14 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\begingroup
\hyphenpenalty=-1000 \pretolerance=-1 \tolerance=1000
\doublehyphendemerits=-100000 \finalhyphendemerits=-100000
\ninepoint\noindent
Exception: The character
`|.|'~is treated as if it were a \<letter> of code~0
when it appears in a pattern. Code~0 (which obviously cannot match a nonzero
|\lccode|) is used by \TeX\ to represent the
left or right edge of a word when it is being hyphenated.

\endgroup

\bugonpage A454, lines 7--15 from the bottom (9/23/89)

\begingroup
\hyphenpenalty=-1000 \pretolerance=-1 \tolerance=1000
\doublehyphendemerits=-100000 \finalhyphendemerits=-100000
\ddanger If a trial word $l_1\ldots l_n$ has been found by this process,
hyphenation will still be abandoned unless $n\ge\lambda+\rho$, where
$\lambda=\max(1,\hbox{|\lefthyphenmin|})$ and
$\rho=\max(1,\hbox{|\righthyphenmin|})$.
\ (Plain \TeX\ takes $\lambda=2$ and $\rho=3$.) \ Furthermore, the items
immediately following the trial word must consist of zero or more
characters, ligatures, and implicit kerns, followed immediately by
either glue or an explicit kern or a penalty item or a whatsit or an
item of vertical mode material from ^|\mark|, ^|\insert|, or ^|\vadjust|.
Thus, a box or rule or math formula or discretionary following too closely
upon the trial word will inhibit hyphenation. (Since \TeX\ inserts
empty discretionaries after ^{explicit hyphens}, these rules imply that
already-hyphenated compound words will not be further hyphenated by
the algorithm.)

\endgroup

\bugonpage A455, new copy after line 13 (9/23/89)

\begingroup
\hyphenpenalty=-1000 \pretolerance=-1 \tolerance=1000
\doublehyphendemerits=-100000 \finalhyphendemerits=-100000
\ddanger \looseness=-1
So far we have assumed that \TeX\ knows only one style of
hyphenation at a time; but in fact \TeX\ can remember up to 256
distinct sets of rules, if you have enough memory in your computer. An
integer parameter called ^|\language| selects the rules actually used;
every ^|\hyphenation| and ^|\patterns| specification appends new rules
to those previously given for the current value of\/ |\language|.
\ (If\/ |\language| is negative or greater than 255, \TeX\ acts as if
|\language|$\null=0$.) \ All |\patterns| for all languages must be
given before a paragraph is typeset, if |INITEX| is used for
typesetting.

\ddanger \TeX\ is able to work with several languages in the same
paragraph, because it operates as follows. At the beginning of a
paragraph the ``current language'' is defined to be~0. Whenever a
character is added to the current paragraph (i.e., in unrestricted
horizontal mode), the current language is compared to |\language|; if
they differ, the current language is reset and a whatsit node
specifying the new current language is inserted before the character.
Thus, if you say `|\def\french{\language1...}|' and `|mix| |{\french
franc/ais}| |with| |English|', \TeX\ will put whatsits before the |f|
and the~|w|; hence it will use language~1 rules when hyphenating
|franc/ais|, after which it will revert to language~0. You can insert
the whatsit yourself (even in restricted horizontal mode) by saying
^|\setlanguage|\<number>; this changes the current language but it
does not change |\language|.

\endgroup

\bugonpage A459, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\badness|, 214, {\it229}, 271.

\bugonpage A461, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint
caron, {\sl see\/} h\'a\v cek.

\bugonpage A464, line 10 (5/15/89)

\eightpoint
displays, 87, 103, {\it139--145}, {\it166--167},

\bugonpage A464, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\emergencystretch|, $\underline{107}$, 274.

\bugonpage A465, left column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\errorcontextlines|, $\underline{34}$, 273, {\it348}.

\bugonpage A466, entry for `fractions' (9/23/89)

\eightpoint[Add page 332 to this entry.]

\bugonpage A466, entry for `French'' (9/23/89)

\eightpoint[Add page 455 to this entry.]

\bugonpage A467, entry for `hexadecimal' (9/23/89)

\eightpoint[Add pages 45, 47--48 to this entry.]

\bugonpage A467, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\holdinginserts|, $\underline{125}$, 273, 400.

\bugonpage A467, bottom line (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\hyphenation|, 277, {\it419}, $\underline{452}$--$\underline{453}$, 455.

\bugonpage A468, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint
infinite badness, 97, 107, 111, 229, 317.

\bugonpage A468, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\inputlineno|, 214, 271.

\bugonpage A469, entry for kerns (9/23/89)

\eightpoint[Add pages 286 and 444 to this entry.]

\bugonpage A469, left column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\language| (hyphenation method), 273, $\underline{455}$.

\bugonpage A469, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\lefthyphenmin|, 273, {\it364}, $\underline{454}$.

\bugonpage A470, entry for ligatures (9/23/89)

\eightpoint[Add pages 286 and 444 to this entry.]

\bugonpage A472, left column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\noboundary|, 283, $\underline{286}$, 290.

\bugonpage A473, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint
overfull boxes, 27--30, 94, 229, 238,\par
\indent\qquad 302--303, 307, 400.\par
\indent\quad avoiding, 107.

\bugonpage A474, left column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\patterns|, 277, $\underline{453}$, 455.

\bugonpage A476, left column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\righthyphenmin|, 273, {\it364}, $\underline{454}$.

\bugonpage A476, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\setlanguage|, 287, $\underline{455}$.

\bugonpage A476, right column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\showboxbreadth|, 273, $\underline{302}$, 303, {\it348}.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\showboxdepth|, 79, 273, $\underline{302}$, 303, {\it348}.

\bugonpage A479, left column (9/23/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|\tolerance|, {\it29--30}, 91, 94, $\underline{96}$, 107, 272,\par
\indent\qquad{\it317}, {\it333}, {\it342}, {\it348}, {\it364}, {\it451}.

\bugonpage A481, right column, last six entries (9/23/89)

\def\frac#1/#2{\leavevmode\kern.1em
  \raise.5ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #1}\kern-.1em
  /\kern-.15em\lower.25ex\hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #2}}%
\eightpoint
\frac1/2, 67, 332.\par
1/2, in unslashed form, 141, 186.\par
\<4-bit number>, $\underline{271}$.\par
\<8-bit number>, $\underline{271}$, 276--278.\par
\<15-bit number>, $\underline{271}$, 277, 289, 291.\par
\<27-bit number>, $\underline{271}$, 289, 291.\par

\bugonpage A483, lines 15 and 21 (9/23/89)

\noindent[Delete these two lines, as TUG's address is no longer c/o AMS.]

% volume B
\hsize=35pc
\def\\#1{\hbox{\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % italic type for identifiers
\def\to{\mathrel{.\,.}} % double dot, used only in math mode

\bugonpage Bvii, top two lines (4/21/89)

{\hsize=29pc
\tenpoint\noindent
{\it {\sltt WEB} documentation for four utility programs that are
often used in conjunction with \TeX: {\sltt POOLtype}, {\sltt TFtoPL},
{\sltt PLtoTF}, and {\sltt DVItype}.}
\par}

\bugonpage B2, line 32 (6/20/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip10pt
{\bf define} $\\{banner}\equiv\hbox{\tt\char'23}$%
{\tt This\]is\]TeX,\]Version\]2.991\char'23}\quad
$\{\,$printed when \TeX\ starts$\,\}$

\bugonpage B118, lines 2--4 (3/2/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip10pt
{\bf begin if\/} $\\{cur\_level}>\\{level\_one}$ {\bf then}\par
\noindent\hskip20pt{\bf  begin} \\{check\_full\_save\_stack}; \
 $\\{save\_type}(\\{save\_ptr})\gets\\{insert\_token}$;\par
\noindent\hskip20pt$\\{save\_level}(\\{save\_ptr})\gets\\{level\_zero}$; \
 $\\{save\_index}(\\{save\_ptr})\gets t$; \ \\{incr}(\\{save\_ptr});\par
\noindent\hskip20pt{\bf  end};

\bugonpage B182, line 13 becomes two lines (6/20/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
$k,\\{kk}$: \\{small\_number};\quad
 $\{\,$number of digits in a decimal fraction$\,\}$\par\noindent
$p,q$: \\{pointer};\quad
 $\{\,$top of decimal digit stack$\,\}$

\bugonpage B182, line 15 from the bottom (6/20/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip10pt
{\bf begin} $k\gets0$; $p\gets\\{null}$; \\{get\_token};\quad
 $\{\,$\\{point\_token} is being re-scanned$\,\}$

\bugonpage B182, line 11 from the bottom (6/20/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip30pt
{\bf begin} $q\gets\\{get\_avail}$; $\\{link}(q)\gets p$;
 $\\{info}(q)\gets\\{cur\_tok}-\\{zero\_token}$;
 $p\gets q$; $\\{incr}(k)$;

\bugonpage B182, line 8 from the bottom (6/20/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
\\{done1}: {\bf for} $\\{kk}\gets k$ {\bf downto} 1 {\bf do}\par
\noindent\hskip20pt
{\bf begin} $\\{dig}[kk-1]\gets\\{info}(p)$; $q\gets p$; $p\gets\\{link}(p)$;
 $\\{free\_avail}(q)$;\par
\noindent\hskip20pt{\bf end};\par
\noindent\hskip10pt$f\gets\\{round\_decimals}(k)$;

\bugonpage B332, lines 11 and 12 from the bottom (4/8/89)

\ninepoint
\noindent\hskip10pt
{\bf begin if\/} $\\{cur\_align}=\\{null}$ {\bf then}
 \\{confusion}({\tt\char'23endv\char'23});\par\noindent\hskip10pt
$q\gets\\{link}(\\{cur\_align})$; \ {\bf if\/} $q=\\{null}$ {\bf then}
 \\{confusion}({\tt\char'23endv\char'23});

\bugonpage B466, line 5 becomes three lines (6/7/89)

\ninepoint
\noindent
$\\{mmode}+\\{halign}$: {\bf if\/} \\{privileged} {\bf then}\par\noindent
\hskip20pt{\bf if\/} $\\{cur\_group}=\\{math\_shift\_group}$
 {\bf then} \\{init\_align}\par\noindent\hskip20pt
{\bf else} \\{off\_save};

\bugonpage B518, line 25 (8/31/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip10pt
$\\{undump}(\\{lo\_mem\_stat\_max}+1)(\\{lo\_mem\_max})(\\{rover})$; \
$p\gets\\{mem\_bot}$; \ $q\gets\\{rover}$;

% volume C
\hsize=29pc
\def\\#1{\hbox{\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % italic type for identifiers

\buginvol C, in general (9/23/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
[Change `127' to `255' and `128' to `256' in contexts referring to character
codes. This happens on pages 188(thrice) and 251.]

\bugonpage C91, lines 12 and 13 (8/31/89)

\begintt
\mode=cheapo; input newface
\endtt
and the same file should also produce a high-resolution font if we start with

\bugonpage C204, line 4 (8/18/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
so that
\\{currenttransform} multiplies all $y$~coordinates by
\\{aspect\_ratio}, when paths are\cutpar

\bugonpage C212, lines 24--27 (9/30/89)

\ninepoint
\begindisplay
{\it boundarychar}\quad&the right boundary character for ligatures and kerns\cr
\enddisplay
All of these quantities are numeric. They are initially zero at the
start of a job, except for {\it year\/}, {\it month\/},
 {\it day\/}, and {\it time\/}, which
are initialized to the time the run began; furthermore, {\it boundarychar\/} is
initially~$-1$. A {\it granularity\/} of zero is equivalent to
 $\hbox{\it granularity\/}=1$.
A preloaded base file like plain \MF\ will usually give nonzero values to
several other internal quantities on this list.

\bugonpage C259, lines 16 and 17 from the bottom (5/14/89)

\tenpoint
\noindent
|screenchars|; \ |screenstrokes|; \ |imagerules|; \ |gfcorners|; \
|nodisplays|;\hfil\break
|notransforms|; \ |input| \<filename>.

\bugonpage C282, the three lines following the chart (9/30/89)

\tenpoint\noindent
\MF\ can also be configured to accept any or all of the character codes
128--255.
However, \MF\ programs that make use of anything in addition to the 95
standard ASCII characters cannot be expected to run on other systems, so
the use of extended character sets is discouraged.

\bugonpage C316, bottom 14 lines and top 30 of page C317 (9/30/89)

\ninepoint
Ligature information and kerning information is specified in short
``^{ligtable programs}'' of a particularly simple form. Here's an example
that illustrates most of the features (although it is not a serious
example of typographic practice):
\beginlines
^|ligtable|| "f": "f" =: oct"013", "i" |\||=: oct"020", skipto 1;|
|ligtable "o": "b": "p": "e" kern .5u#, "o" kern .5u#, "x" kern-.5u#,|
|          1:: "!" kern u#;|
\endlines
This sequence of instructions can be paraphrased as follows:
\smallskip
\hangindent 3pc
Dear \TeX, when you're typesetting an~`f' with this font, and when the
following character also belongs to this font, look at it closely because
you might need to do something special: If that following character is
another~`f', replace the two f's by character code |oct"013"|
[namely `\char'13'\kern.5pt];
if it's an `i', retain the `f' but replace the `i' by character code
|oct"020"| [a dotless `\char'20'\kern.5pt];
otherwise skip down to label `|1::|' for further instructions.
When you're typesetting an `o' or~`b' or~`p', if the next input to \TeX\ is
`e' or~`o', add a half unit
of space between the letters; if it's an `x', subtract a half unit; if it's an
exclamation point, add a full unit. The last instruction applies also
to exclamation points following~`f' (because of the label `|1::|').
\smallskip\noindent
When a character code appears in front of a colon, the colon ``labels''
the starting place for that character's ligature and kerning program,
which continues to the end of the ligtable statement. A double colon denotes
a ``local label''; a |skipto| instruction advances to the next matching local
label, which must appear before 128 ligtable steps intervene. The special
label \|\||:| can be used to initiate ligtable instructions for an invisible
``left boundary character'' that is implicitly present just before every
word; an invisible ``right boundary character'' equal to {\it boundarychar\/} is
also implicitly present just after every word, if {\it boundarychar\/}
 lies between
0 and~255.

The general syntax for ligtable programs is pretty easy to guess from
these examples, but we ought to exhibit it for completeness:
\beginsyntax \chardef\\=`\|
<ligtable command>\is[ligtable]<ligtable program><optional skip>
<ligtable program>\is<ligtable step>\alt<ligtable program>[,]<ligtable step>
<optional skip>\is[,] [skipto]<code>\alt<empty>
<ligtable step>\is<code><ligature op><code>
 \alt<code>[kern]<numeric expression>
 \alt<label><ligtable step>
<ligature op>\is[=:]\alt[\\=:]\alt[\\=:>]\alt[=:\\]\alt[=:\\>]%
  \alt[\\=:\\]\alt[\\=:\\>]\alt[\\=:\\>>]
<label>\is<code>[:]\alt<code>[::]\alt[\\\\:]
<code>\is<numeric expression>\alt<string expression>
\endsyntax
A \<code> should have a numeric value between 0 and 255, inclusive,
after having been rounded to the nearest integer; or it should be a
string of length~1, in which case it denotes the corresponding
^{ASCII} code (Appendix~C\null). For example, |"A"| and |64.61| both
specify the code value 65. Vertical bars to the left or right of `|=:|'
tell \TeX\ to retain the original left and/or right character that invoked a
ligature. Additional `|>|' signs tell \TeX\ to advance its focus of attention
instead of doing any further ligtable operations at the current
character position.

\bugonpage C338, lines 21 and 22 (9/30/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
and 127--255 have to be specified with the `|#|' option,
on non-fancy installations of \TeX,
and so does code 35 (which is the ASCII code of `|#|' itself).

\bugonpage C346, left column, after line 14 (9/30/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
\||=:|, {\it316}, $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
\||=:>|, $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|=:|\|, $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|=:|\||>|, $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
\||=:|\|, $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
\||=:|\||>|, $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
\||=:|\||>>|, $\underline{317}$.\par

\bugonpage C346, left column, after line 31 (9/30/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|::| (local label), $\underline{317}$.\par
\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
\|\||:| (left boundary label), $\underline{317}$.\par

\bugonpage C347, left column (9/30/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|boundarychar|, 212, 317.

\bugonpage C352, left column (9/30/89)

\eightpoint[Change `\<ligature replacement>' to `\<ligature op>'.]

\bugonpage C354, left column (9/30/89)

\eightpoint
\<optional skip>, 217.

\bugonpage C356, left column (9/30/89)

\eightpoint\indent\hbox to0pt{\hss\lower1pt\hbox{*}}%
|skipto|, {\it316}, $\underline{317}$.

% Volume D
\hsize=35pc
\def\\#1{\hbox{\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % italic type for identifiers
\def\to{\mathrel{.\,.}} % double dot, used only in math mode

\bugonpage Dvi, bottom two lines, and top lines of page vii (4/21/89)

{\hsize=29pc \tenpoint
\textindent\bull ``\MF\/ware'' by Donald~E. Knuth, Tomas~G. Rokicki, and
Ar\-thur~L. Samuel, Stanford Computer Science Report 1255 (Stanford,
California, April 1989), 207~pp. \ {\it The {\sltt WEB} programs for
four utility programs that are often used in conjunction with
\slMF\kern1pt: {\sltt GFtype}, {\sltt GFtoPK}, {\sltt GFtoDVI},
and {\sltt MFT}.}
\par}

\bugonpage D63, line 9 (8/31/89)

\tenpoint\noindent
\\{mem}, so we
allow pointers to assume any \\{halfword} value. The minimum memory
index represents\cutpar

\bugonpage D63, line 28 (8/31/89)

\tenpoint\centerline{$\\{null}=\\{mem\_min}<\\{lo\_mem\_max}<
\\{hi\_mem\_min}<\\{mem\_top}\le\\{mem\_end}\le\\{mem\_max}$.}

\bugonpage D67, in the July 1987 printing (4/7/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
[Delete line 7, which has a redundant `{\bf if\/} $r=p$ {\bf then}';
  move line 8 to the left 10 points for alignment; and restore the following
  line (which was deleted by mistake after line 8):
  
  \noindent\hskip10pt
  $\\{node\_size}(p)\gets q-p$\quad$\{\,$reset the size in case it grew$\,\}$
  
  \noindent
  These corrections are needed only in the reprinting made July, 1987.]

\bugonpage D228, in the July 1987 printing (4/7/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
[Delete lines 14--15, which were inserted erroneously from a previous errata
list; and restore the following lines (which were deleted by mistake):

\noindent\hskip20pt
{\bf begin} \\{double}(\\{max\_coef}); \
\\{double}(\\{x0}); \
\\{double}(\\{x1}); \
\\{double}(\\{x2});\par\noindent\hskip20pt
\\{double}(\\{y0}); \
\\{double}(\\{y1}); \
\\{double}(\\{y2});\par\noindent\hskip20pt
{\bf end}

\noindent
These corrections are needed only in the reprinting made July, 1987.]

\bugonpage D248, in the July 1987 printing (4/7/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
[Delete line 16, which begins with `$d\gets\\{take\_fraction}$';
and restore the following line (which was deleted by mistake after line 22):

\noindent\hskip10pt
{\bf if\/} $d<\\{alpha}$ {\bf then} $d\gets\\{alpha}$

\noindent
These corrections are needed only in the reprinting made July, 1987.]

\bugonpage D389, line 10 (6/20/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip20pt
\\{help1}({\tt\char'23
The\]expression\]above\]should\]have\]been\]a\]number\]>=3/4.\char'23});

\bugonpage D504, line 25 (8/31/89)

\ninepoint\noindent\hskip10pt
$\\{undump}(\\{lo\_mem\_stat\_max}+1)(\\{lo\_mem\_max})(\\{rover})$; \
$p\gets\\{mem\_min}$; \ $q\gets\\{rover}$;

\bugonpage D510, in the July 1987 printing (4/7/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
[Move the 7th-to-last line, which begins with `\\{internal}[\\{fontmaking}]',
one line down, and indent it to the right by 10 more points.
This correction is needed only in the reprinting made July, 1987.]

% volume E
\hsize=29pc
\def\dashto{\mathrel{\hbox{-\kern-.05em}\mkern3.9mu\hbox{-\kern-.05em}}}

\bugonpage Exiii, bottom four lines (5/5/89)

{\hsize=29pc \tenpoint
\textindent\bull ``Metamarks: Preliminary studies for a Pandora's Box of
shapes'' by Neenie Billawala,
Stanford Computer Science Report 1256 (Stanford,
California, May 1989), 132~pp. \ {\it Lavishly illustrated studies in
parameter variation, leading to the design of a new family of
typefaces called Pandora.}
\par}

\bugonpage E401, bottom line (5/16/89)

\ninepoint\noindent
{\bf \def\_{\kern.04em\vbox{\hrule width.3em height .6pt}\kern.08em}%
math\_fit}$(-.3\\{cap\_height}\0*\\{slant}-.5u\0,\\{ic}\0)$;\par\noindent
{\bf penlabels}$(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)$; {\bf endchar\/};
\smallskip\noindent
[some points and labels are missing at the tip of the tail on page 400]
\bye
Now here are some that I will make soon!