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<title>Kpathsea: A library for path searching</title>
<meta name="description" content="Kpathsea: A library for path searching">
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<body lang="en">
<h1 class="settitle" align="center">Kpathsea: A library for path searching</h1>
<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Introduction-1" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-History-1" href="#History">1.1 History</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-unixtex_002eftp_003a-Obtaining-TeX" href="#unixtex_002eftp">2 <samp>unixtex.ftp</samp>: Obtaining TeX</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Security-1" href="#Security">3 Security</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-TeX-directory-structure-1" href="#TeX-directory-structure">4 TeX directory structure</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Path-searching-1" href="#Path-searching">5 Path searching</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Searching-overview-1" href="#Searching-overview">5.1 Searching overview</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Path-sources-1" href="#Path-sources">5.2 Path sources</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Config-files-1" href="#Config-files">5.2.1 Config files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Path-expansion-1" href="#Path-expansion">5.3 Path expansion</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Default-expansion-1" href="#Default-expansion">5.3.1 Default expansion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Variable-expansion-1" href="#Variable-expansion">5.3.2 Variable expansion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Tilde-expansion-1" href="#Tilde-expansion">5.3.3 Tilde expansion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Brace-expansion-1" href="#Brace-expansion">5.3.4 Brace expansion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-KPSE_005fDOT-expansion-1" href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">5.3.5 <code>KPSE_DOT</code> expansion</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Subdirectory-expansion-1" href="#Subdirectory-expansion">5.3.6 Subdirectory expansion</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Casefolding-search-1" href="#Casefolding-search">5.4 Casefolding search</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Casefolding-rationale-1" href="#Casefolding-rationale">5.4.1 Casefolding rationale</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Casefolding-examples-1" href="#Casefolding-examples">5.4.2 Casefolding examples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Filename-database-_0028ls_002dR_0029" href="#Filename-database">5.5 Filename database (<code>ls-R</code>)</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-ls_002dR-1" href="#ls_002dR">5.5.1 <samp>ls-R</samp></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Filename-aliases-1" href="#Filename-aliases">5.5.2 Filename aliases</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Database-format-1" href="#Database-format">5.5.3 Database format</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-kpsewhich_003a-Standalone-path-searching" href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">5.6 <code>kpsewhich</code>: Standalone path searching</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Path-searching-options-1" href="#Path-searching-options">5.6.1 Path searching options</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Specially_002drecognized-files-for-kpsewhich" href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">5.6.2 Specially-recognized files for <code>kpsewhich</code></a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Auxiliary-tasks-1" href="#Auxiliary-tasks">5.6.3 Auxiliary tasks</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Standard-options-1" href="#Standard-options">5.6.4 Standard options</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-TeX-support-1" href="#TeX-support">6 TeX support</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Supported-file-formats-1" href="#Supported-file-formats">6.1 Supported file formats</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-File-lookup-1" href="#File-lookup">6.2 File lookup</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Glyph-lookup-1" href="#Glyph-lookup">6.3 Glyph lookup</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Basic-glyph-lookup-1" href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">6.3.1 Basic glyph lookup</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Fontmap-1" href="#Fontmap">6.3.2 Fontmap</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Fallback-font-1" href="#Fallback-font">6.3.3 Fallback font</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Suppressing-warnings-1" href="#Suppressing-warnings">6.4 Suppressing warnings</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-mktex-scripts-1" href="#mktex-scripts">6.5 <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-mktex-configuration-1" href="#mktex-configuration">6.5.1 <samp>mktex</samp> configuration</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-mktex-script-names-1" href="#mktex-script-names">6.5.2 <samp>mktex</samp> script names</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-mktex-script-arguments-1" href="#mktex-script-arguments">6.5.3 <samp>mktex</samp> script arguments</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Programming-1" href="#Programming">7 Programming</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Programming-overview-1" href="#Programming-overview">7.1 Programming overview</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Calling-sequence-1" href="#Calling-sequence">7.2 Calling sequence</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Program_002dspecific-files-1" href="#Program_002dspecific-files">7.3 Program-specific files</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Programming-with-config-files-1" href="#Programming-with-config-files">7.4 Programming with config files</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Reporting-bugs-1" href="#Reporting-bugs">8 Reporting bugs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Bug-checklist-1" href="#Bug-checklist">8.1 Bug checklist</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Mailing-lists-1" href="#Mailing-lists">8.2 Mailing lists</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Debugging-1" href="#Debugging">8.3 Debugging</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Logging-1" href="#Logging">8.4 Logging</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Common-problems-1" href="#Common-problems">8.5 Common problems</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
<li><a id="toc-Unable-to-find-files-1" href="#Unable-to-find-files">8.5.1 Unable to find files</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Slow-path-searching-1" href="#Slow-path-searching">8.5.2 Slow path searching</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-Unable-to-generate-fonts-1" href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">8.5.3 Unable to generate fonts</a></li>
<li><a id="toc-TeX-or-Metafont-failing-1" href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">8.5.4 TeX or Metafont failing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Kpathsea-library"></span><h1 class="top">Kpathsea library</h1>
<p>This manual documents the Kpathsea library for path searching. It
corresponds to version 6.3.1, released in
March 2019.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Overview and history.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#unixtex_002eftp" accesskey="2">unixtex.ftp</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Obtaining TeX software.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Security" accesskey="3">Security</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Who can write what files, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-directory-structure" accesskey="4">TeX directory structure</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Managing the horde of TeX input files.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="5">Path searching</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How filename lookups work.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="6">TeX support</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Special support for TeX-related file lookups.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming" accesskey="7">Programming</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use Kpathsea features in your program.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="8">Reporting bugs</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where and how to report bugs.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Index" accesskey="9">Index</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Introduction"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp" accesskey="n" rel="next">unixtex.ftp</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Introduction-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction</h2>
<span id="index-introduction"></span>
<span id="index-fundamental-purpose-of-Kpathsea"></span>
<p>This manual corresponds to version 6.3.1 of the Kpathsea
library, released in March 2019.
</p>
<p>The library’s fundamental purpose is to return a filename from a list of
directories specified by the user, similar to what shells do when
looking up program names to execute.
</p>
<span id="index-programs-using-the-library"></span>
<p>The following software, all of which is maintained in parallel, uses
this library:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Dviljk (see the ‘<samp>dvilj</samp>’ man page)
</li><li> Dvipsk (see <cite><a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Top">Dvips: A DVI driver</a></cite>)
</li><li> GNU font utilities (see <cite><a href="fontu.html#Top">GNU font utilities</a></cite>)
</li><li> Web2c (see <cite><a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Top">Web2c: A TeX implementation</a></cite>)
</li><li> Xdvik (see the ‘<samp>xdvi</samp>’ man page)
</li></ul>
<p>Other software that we do not maintain also uses it.
</p>
<p>Kpathsea is now maintained as part of the TeX Live distribution
(<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), which includes several more
Kpathsea-using programs. For information on configuration, building,
installing, and more, see <cite><a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/tlbuild.html#Top">Building TeX Live</a></cite>.
</p>
<span id="index-interface_002c-not-frozen"></span>
<span id="index-comments_002c-making"></span>
<span id="index-suggestions_002c-making"></span>
<p>The library is still actively maintained. If you have comments or
suggestions, please send along (see <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-conditions-for-use"></span>
<span id="index-license-for-using-the-library"></span>
<span id="index-GNU-General-Public-License"></span>
<p>The Kpathsea library is distributed under the GNU Library General
Public License (LGPL), version 2.1 or (at your option) any later
version. In short, this means if you write a program using the
library, you must (offer to) distribute the source to the library,
along with any changes you have made, and allow anyone to modify the
library source and distribute their modifications. It does not mean
you have to distribute the source to your program using the library,
although we hope you will. See accompanying files for the text of the
GNU licenses, or <a href="http2://www.gnu.org/licenses">http2://www.gnu.org/licenses</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-TeX-Users-Group"></span>
<p>If you know enough about TeX to be reading this manual, then you (or
your institution) should consider joining the TeX Users Group (if
you’re already a member, thanks!). TUG produces the periodical
<cite>TUGboat</cite>, sponsors an annual meeting and publishes the
proceedings, and arranges courses on TeX for all levels of users
throughout the world. See <a href="https://tug.org">https://tug.org</a> for information.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#History" accesskey="1">History</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="History"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Introduction</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="History-1"></span><h3 class="section">1.1 History</h3>
<span id="index-history-of-Kpathsea"></span>
<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span>
<p>This section is for those people who are curious about how the library
came about. If you like to read historical accounts of software, we
urge you to seek out the GNU Autoconf manual and the “Errors of
TeX” paper by Don Knuth, published in his book <cite>Digital
Typography</cite>, among other places.
</p>
<span id="index-Morgan_002c-Tim"></span>
<span id="index-Rokicki_002c-Tom"></span>
<span id="index-Berry_002c-Karl"></span>
<span id="index-VAX-11_002f750"></span>
<span id="index-Sun-2"></span>
<span id="index-pxp-Pascal-preprocessor"></span>
<span id="index-pc-Pascal-compiler"></span>
<p>[Karl writes.] My first ChangeLog entry for Web2c seems to be
February 1990, but I may have done some work before then. In any
case, Tim Morgan and I were jointly maintaining it for a time. (I
should mention here that Tim had made Web2c into a real distribution
long before I had ever used it or even heard of it, and Tom Rokicki
did the original implementation. When I started, I was using
<code>pxp</code> and <code>pc</code> on VAX 11/750’s and the hot new Sun 2
machines.)
</p>
<p>It must have been later in 1990 and 1991 that I started working on
<cite>TeX for the Impatient</cite>. Dvips, Xdvi, Web2c, and the GNU
fontutils (which I was also writing at the time) all used different
environment variables, and, more importantly, had different bugs in
their path searching. This became extremely painful, as I was stressing
everything to the limit working on the book. I also desperately wanted
to implement subdirectory searching, since I couldn’t stand putting
everything in one big directory, and also couldn’t stand having to
explicitly specify <samp>cm</samp>, <samp>pandora</samp>, … in a path.
</p>
<span id="index-Vojta_002c-Paul"></span>
<p>In the first incarnation, I just hacked separately on each
program—that was the original subdirectory searching code in both
Xdvi and Dvips. That is, I tried to go with the flow in each program,
rather than changing the program’s calling sequences to conform to new
routines.
</p>
<p>Then, as bugs inevitably appeared, I found I was fixing the same thing
three times (Web2c and fontutils were already sharing code, since I
maintained both of those—there was no Dvipsk or Xdvik or Dviljk at
this point). After a while, I finally started sharing source files.
They weren’t yet a library, though. I just kept things up to date
with shell scripts. (I was developing on a 386 running ISC 2.2 at the
time, and so didn’t have symbolic links. An awful experience.)
</p>
<span id="index-MacKenzie_002c-David"></span>
<p>The ChangeLogs for Xdvik and Dvipsk record initial releases of those
distributions in May and June 1992. I think it was because I was tired
of the different configuration strategies of each program, not so much
because of the path searching. Autoconf was being developed by David
MacKenzie and others, and I was adapting it to TeX and friends.
</p>
<span id="index-zuhn_002c-david"></span>
<p>I started to make a separate library that other programs could link with
on my birthday in April 1993, according to the ChangeLog. I don’t
remember exactly why I finally took the time to make it a separate
library; a conversation with david zuhn initiated it. Just seemed
like it was time.
</p>
<span id="index-Walsh_002c-Norman"></span>
<span id="index-Neumann_002c-Gustaf"></span>
<p>Dviljk got started in March 1994 after I bought a Laserjet 4. (Kpathsea
work got suspended while Norm Walsh and I, with Gustaf Neumann’s help,
implemented a way for TeX to get at all those neat builtin LJ4 fonts
… such a treat to have something to typeset in besides Palatino!)
</p>
<p>By spring of 1995, I had implemented just about all the path-searching
features in Kpathsea that I plan to, driven beyond my initial goals by
Thomas Esser and others. I then started to integrate Web2c with
Kpathsea. After the release of a stable Web2c, I hope to be able to stop
development, and turn most of my attention back to making fonts for GNU.
(Always assuming Micros**t hasn’t completely obliterated Unix by then,
or that software patents haven’t stopped software development by anybody
smaller than a company with a million-dollar-a-year legal budget. Which
is actually what I think is likely to happen, but that’s another
story…)
</p>
<span id="index-Weber_002c-Olaf"></span>
<p>[Olaf writes.] At the end of 1997, Unix is still alive and kicking,
individuals still develop software, and Web2c development still
continues. Karl had been looking for some time for someone to take up
part of the burden, and I volunteered.
</p>
<span id="index-Hoekwater_002c-Taco"></span>
<span id="index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter"></span>
<p>[Karl writes again.] Indeed, time goes on. As of 2006 or so, Olaf’s
available time for Kpathsea was reduced, and I started taking overall
care of it again, although I did not do any significant new
development. In 2009, Taco Hoekwater implemented a major
rearrangement to make the library suitable for use within the MetaPost
library (see <a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a>). Also, for some years now,
Peter Breitenlohner has made many improvements to the infrastructure
and kept it up-to-date with respect to the overall TeX Live build,
where Kpathsea is now maintained.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="unixtex_002eftp"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Security" accesskey="n" rel="next">Security</a>, Previous: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="unixtex_002eftp_003a-Obtaining-TeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 <samp>unixtex.ftp</samp>: Obtaining TeX</h2>
<span id="index-obtaining-TeX"></span>
<span id="index-retrieving-TeX"></span>
<span id="index-unixtex_002eftp"></span>
<span id="index-tug_002eorg"></span>
<span id="index-www_002etug_002eorg"></span>
<span id="index-ftp_002etug_002eorg"></span>
<p>This
is <a href="https://tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp">https://tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp</a>, last updated 28 November
2017. Email <a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a> with comments or questions.
</p>
<p>The principal free TeX distribution for Unix-like systems is TeX
Live, on the web at <a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>. The pages there
describe many ways to acquire and.or build TeX, over the Internet
or on physical media, both the sources and precompiled binaries for
many systems, either standalone or as part of various operating system
distributions.
</p>
<p>Web2c, Kpathsea, Dvips, and Dviljk are no longer released as a
separate packages. Their sources are now maintained as part of TeX
Live.
</p>
<span id="index-ftp_002ecs_002estanford_002eedu"></span>
<span id="index-tex_002eweb"></span>
<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-archive-of-programs-by"></span>
<p>The host <tt>ftp.cs.stanford.edu</tt> is the original source for the files
for which Donald Knuth is directly responsible: <samp>tex.web</samp>,
<samp>plain.tex</samp>, etc. However, unless you want to undertake the
project of building your TeX installation from scratch, it is more
reliable and less work to retrieve these files as part of a larger
package.
</p>
<p>In any case, the Stanford ftp site is not the canonical source for
anything except what was created as part of Knuth’s original TeX,
so do not rely on any other files available there being up-to-date.
The best place to check for up-to-date files is CTAN (the
Comprehensive TeX Archive Network), <a href="https://ctan.org">https://ctan.org</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Security"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX directory structure</a>, Previous: <a href="#unixtex_002eftp" accesskey="p" rel="prev">unixtex.ftp</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Security-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Security</h2>
<span id="index-security-considerations"></span>
<p>None of the programs in the TeX system require any special system
privileges, so there’s no first-level security concern of people gaining
illegitimate root access.
</p>
<span id="index-trojan-horse-attack"></span>
<span id="index-_002erhosts_002c-writable-by-TeX"></span>
<p>A TeX document, however, can write to arbitrary files, e.g.,
<samp>~/.rhosts</samp>, and thus an unwitting user who runs TeX on a random
document is vulnerable to a trojan horse attack. This loophole is
closed by default, but you can be permissive if you so desire in
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp>. See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>. MetaPost has
the same issue.
</p>
<p>Dvips, Xdvi, and TeX can also execute shell commands under some
circumstances. To disable this, see the ‘<samp>-R</samp>’ option in <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Option-details">Option
details</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>, the xdvi man page, and <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex
invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>, respectively.
</p>
<span id="index-local-cache-of-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-cache-of-fonts_002c-local"></span>
<p>Another security issue arises because it’s very useful—almost
necessary—to make arbitrary fonts on user demand with <code>mktexpk</code>
and friends. Where do these files get installed? By default, the
<code>mktexpk</code> distributed with Kpathsea assumes a world-writable
<samp>/var/tmp</samp> directory; this is a simple and convenient approach, but
it may not suit your situation because it means that a local cache of
fonts is created on every machine.
</p>
<span id="index-globally-writable-directories"></span>
<p>To avoid this duplication, many people consider a shared, globally
writable font tree desirable, in spite of the potential security
problems. To do this you should change the value of <code>VARTEXFONTS</code>
in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> to refer to some globally known directory.
See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-append_002donly-directories-and-mktexpk"></span>
<p>The first restriction you can apply is to make newly-created directories
under <samp>texmf</samp> be append-only with an option in <samp>mktex.cnf</samp>.
See <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-group_002dwritable-directories"></span>
<span id="index-setgid-scripts"></span>
<p>Another approach is to establish a group (or user) for TeX files,
make the <samp>texmf</samp> tree writable only to that group (or user), and
make <code>mktexpk</code> et al. setgid to that group (or setuid to that
user). Then users must invoke the scripts to install things. (If
you’re worried about the inevitable security holes in scripts, then you
could write a C wrapper to exec the script.)
</p>
<span id="index-file-permissions"></span>
<span id="index-permissions_002c-file"></span>
<p>The <samp>mktex…</samp> scripts install files with the same read and
write permissions as the directory they are installed in. The
executable, sgid, suid, and sticky bits are always cleared.
</p>
<span id="index-directory-permissions"></span>
<span id="index-permissions_002c-directory"></span>
<p>Any directories created by the <samp>mktex…</samp> scripts have the
same permissions as their parent directory, unless the
<code>appendonlydir</code> feature is used, in which case the sticky bit is
always set.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="TeX-directory-structure"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path searching</a>, Previous: <a href="#Security" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Security</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="TeX-directory-structure-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 TeX directory structure</h2>
<span id="index-TEXMF"></span>
<span id="index-TeX-directory-structure"></span>
<span id="index-directory-structure_002c-for-TeX-files"></span>
<span id="index-skeleton-TeX-directory"></span>
<span id="index-TDS"></span>
<p>This section describes the default installation hierarchy of the
distribution. It conforms to both the GNU coding standards and the
TeX directory structure (TDS) standard. For rationale and further
explanation, please see those documents. The GNU document is
available from <a href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards">http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards</a>. The TDS
document is available from <a href="http://www.mirror.ctan.org/tds">http://www.mirror.ctan.org/tds</a>
(see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
</p>
<p>In short, here is a skeleton of the default directory structure,
extracted from the TDS document:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><var>prefix</var>/ <span class="roman">installation root (<samp>/usr/local</samp> by default)</span>
bin/ <span class="roman">executables</span>
man/ <span class="roman">man pages</span>
include/ <span class="roman">C header files</span>
info/ <span class="roman">GNU info files</span>
lib/ <span class="roman">libraries (<samp>libkpathsea.*</samp>)</span>
share/ <span class="roman">architecture-independent files</span>
texmf/ <span class="roman">TDS root</span>
bibtex/ <span class="roman">BibTeX input files</span>
bib/ <span class="roman">BibTeX databases</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>xampl.bib</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file databases</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
bst/ <span class="roman">BibTeX style files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.bst</samp>’, ‘<samp>acm.bst</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file styles</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
doc/ <span class="roman">additional documentation</span>
dvips/ <span class="roman">‘<samp>.pro</samp>’, ‘<samp>.ps</samp>’, ‘<samp>psfonts.map</samp>’</span>
fonts/ <span class="roman">font-related files</span>
<var>type</var>/ <span class="roman">file type (e.g., ‘<samp>tfm</samp>’, ‘<samp>pk</samp>’)</span>
<var>mode</var>/ <span class="roman">type of output device (types ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ and ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ only)</span>
<var>supplier</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a font supplier (e.g., ‘<samp>public</samp>’)</span>
<var>typeface</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a typeface (e.g., ‘<samp>cm</samp>’)</span>
dpi<var>nnn</var>/ <span class="roman">font resolution (types ‘<samp>pk</samp>’ and ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ only)</span>
metafont/ <span class="roman">Metafont (non-font) input files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.mf</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages (e.g., ‘<samp>modes.mf</samp>’)</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., ‘<samp>mfpic</samp>’)</span>
metapost/ <span class="roman">MetaPost input files</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.mp</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package</span>
support/ <span class="roman">support files for MetaPost-related utilities (e.g., ‘<samp>trfonts.map</samp>’)</span>
mft/ <span class="roman">‘<samp>MFT</samp>’ inputs (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.mft</samp>’)</span>
tex/ <span class="roman">TeX input files</span>
<var>format</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a format (e.g., ‘<samp>plain</samp>’)</span>
base/ <span class="roman">base distribution for <var>format</var> (e.g., ‘<samp>plain.tex</samp>’)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file packages (e.g., ‘<samp>webmac.tex</samp>’)</span>
local/ <span class="roman">local additions to or local configuration files for <var>format</var></span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., ‘<samp>graphics</samp>’, ‘<samp>mfnfss</samp>’)</span>
generic/ <span class="roman">format-independent packages</span>
hyphen/ <span class="roman">hyphenation patterns (e.g., ‘<samp>hyphen.tex</samp>’)</span>
images/ <span class="roman">image input files (e.g., Encapsulated PostScript)</span>
misc/ <span class="roman">single-file format-independent packages (e.g., ‘<samp>null.tex</samp>’).</span>
<var>pkg</var>/ <span class="roman">name of a package (e.g., ‘<samp>babel</samp>’)</span>
web2c/ <span class="roman">implementation-dependent files (<samp>.pool</samp>, <samp>.fmt</samp>, <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, etc.)</span>
</pre></div>
<p>Some concrete examples for most file types:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">/usr/local/bin/tex
/usr/local/man/man1/xdvi.1
/usr/local/info/kpathsea.info
/usr/local/lib/libkpathsea.a
/usr/local/share/texmf/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/source/public/pandora/pnr10.mf
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/type1/adobe/utopia/putr.pfa
/usr/local/share/texmf/metafont/base/plain.mf
/usr/local/share/texmf/metapost/base/plain.mp
/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/plain.tex
/usr/local/share/texmf/tex/generic/hyphen/hyphen.tex
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.pool
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.fmt
/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Path-searching"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX support</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-directory-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX directory structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Path-searching-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Path searching</h2>
<span id="index-path-searching"></span>
<p>This chapter describes the generic path searching mechanism Kpathsea
provides. For information about searching for particular file types
(e.g., TeX fonts), see the next chapter.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Searching-overview" accesskey="1">Searching overview</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Basic scheme for searching.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="2">Path sources</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Where search paths can be defined.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="3">Path expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Special constructs in search paths.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Casefolding-search" accesskey="4">Casefolding search</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback to case-insensitive search.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="5">Filename database</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Using an externally-built list to search.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="6">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Standalone path lookup.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Searching-overview"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path sources</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Searching-overview-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 Searching overview</h3>
<span id="index-searching-overview"></span>
<span id="index-path-searching_002c-overview"></span>
<span id="index-overview-of-path-searching"></span>
<span id="index-search-path_002c-defined"></span>
<p>A <em>search path</em> is a colon-separated list of <em>path elements</em>,
which are directory names with a few extra frills. A search path can
come from (a combination of) many sources; see below. To look up a file
‘<samp>foo</samp>’ along a path ‘<samp>.:/dir</samp>’, Kpathsea checks each element of
the path in turn: first <samp>./foo</samp>, then <samp>/dir/foo</samp>, returning
the first match (or possibly all matches).
</p>
<span id="index-magic-characters"></span>
<span id="index-_003a-may-not-be-_003a"></span>
<span id="index-_002f-may-not-be-_002f"></span>
<p>The “colon” and “slash” mentioned here aren’t necessarily ‘<samp>:</samp>’
and ‘<samp>/</samp>’ on non-Unix systems. Kpathsea tries to adapt to other
operating systems’ conventions.
</p>
<span id="index-database-search"></span>
<span id="index-searching-the-database"></span>
<p>To check a particular path element <var>e</var>, Kpathsea first sees if a
prebuilt database (see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>) applies to <var>e</var>, i.e.,
if the database is in a directory that is a prefix of <var>e</var>. If so,
the path specification is matched against the contents of the database.
</p>
<span id="index-floating-directories"></span>
<span id="index-filesystem-search"></span>
<span id="index-disk-search"></span>
<span id="index-searching-the-disk"></span>
<p>If the database does not exist, or does not apply to this path element,
or contains no matches, the filesystem is searched (if this was not
forbidden by the specification with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’ and if the file being
searched for must exist). Kpathsea constructs the list of directories
that correspond to this path element, and then checks in each for the
file being searched for. (To help speed future lookups of files in the
same directory, the directory in which a file is found is floated to the
top of the directory list.)
</p>
<span id="index-must-exist"></span>
<span id="index-VF-files_002c-not-found"></span>
<span id="index-cmr10_002evf"></span>
<span id="index-_005copenin"></span>
<p>The “file must exist” condition comes into play with VF files and
input files read by the TeX ‘<samp>\openin</samp>’ command. These files
might very well not exist (consider <samp>cmr10.vf</samp>), and so it would
be wrong to search the disk for them. Therefore, if you fail to
update <samp>ls-R</samp> when you install a new VF file, it will not be
found.
</p>
<p>Each path element is checked in turn: first the database, then the
disk. If a match is found, the search stops and the result is
returned (unless the search explicitly requested all matches). This
avoids possibly-expensive processing of path specifications that are
never needed on a particular run.
</p>
<p>On Unix-like systems, if no match is found by any of the above, and
the path element allows checking the filesystem (per the above), a
final check is made for a case-insensitive match. Thus, looking for a
name like ‘<samp>./FooBar.TeX</samp>’ will match a file ‘<samp>./foobar.tex</samp>’,
and vice versa. This is not done on Windows. See <a href="#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a>.
</p>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-path-element"></span>
<p>Although the simplest and most common path element is a directory name,
Kpathsea supports additional features in search paths: layered default
values, environment variable names, config file values, users’ home
directories, and recursive subdirectory searching. Thus, we say that
Kpathsea <em>expands</em> a path element, meaning transforming all the
magic specifications into the basic directory name or names. This
process is described in the sections below. It happens in the same
order as the sections.
</p>
<span id="index-absolute-filenames"></span>
<span id="index-relative-filenames"></span>
<span id="index-explicitly-relative-filenames"></span>
<span id="index-filenames_002c-absolute-or-explicitly-relative"></span>
<p>Exception to all of the above: If the filename being searched for is
absolute or explicitly relative, i.e., starts with ‘<samp>/</samp>’ or ‘<samp>./</samp>’
or ‘<samp>../</samp>’, Kpathsea simply checks if that file exists, with a
fallback to a casefolding match if needed and enabled, as described above.
</p>
<span id="index-permission-denied"></span>
<span id="index-unreadable-files"></span>
<span id="index-access-warnings"></span>
<span id="index-warnings_002c-file-access"></span>
<span id="index-lost_002bfound-directory"></span>
<span id="index-TEX_005fHUSH"></span>
<p>Ordinarily, if Kpathsea tries to access a file or directory that
cannot be read, it gives a warning. This is so you will be alerted to
directories or files that accidentally lack any read permission (for
example, a <samp>lost+found</samp> directory). If you prefer not to see
these warnings, include the value ‘<samp>readable</samp>’ in the
<code>TEX_HUSH</code> environment variable or config file value.
</p>
<p>This generic path searching algorithm is implemented in
<samp>kpathsea/pathsearch.c</samp>. It is employed by a higher-level
algorithm when searching for a file of a particular type (see <a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a>, and <a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Path-sources"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Path expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Searching-overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Searching overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Path-sources-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 Path sources</h3>
<span id="index-path-sources"></span>
<span id="index-sources-for-search-paths"></span>
<p>A search path or other configuration value can come from many sources.
In the order in which Kpathsea looks for them:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <span id="index-environment-variable_002c-source-for-path"></span>
A user-set environment variable, e.g., <code>TEXINPUTS</code>.
Environment variables with an underscore and the program name appended
override; for example, <code>TEXINPUTS_latex</code> overrides <code>TEXINPUTS</code>
if the program being run is named ‘<samp>latex</samp>’.
</li><li> A program-specific configuration file, e.g., an ‘<samp>S /a:/b</samp>’ line in
Dvips’ <samp>config.ps</samp> (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Config-files">Config files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>).
</li><li> <span id="index-configuration-file_002c-source-for-path"></span>
<span id="index-Kpathsea-config-file_002c-source-for-path"></span>
<span id="index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-source-for-path"></span>
A line in a Kpathsea configuration file <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, e.g.,
‘<samp>TEXINPUTS=/c:/d</samp>’ (see below).
</li><li> <span id="index-compilation-value_002c-source-for-path"></span>
The compile-time default (specified in <samp>kpathsea/paths.h</samp>).
</li></ol>
<p>You can see each of these values for a given search path by using the
debugging options (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
</p>
<p>These sources may be combined via default expansion (see <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Config-files" accesskey="1">Config files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Kpathsea’s runtime config files (texmf.cnf).
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Config-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path sources</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Config-files-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.2.1 Config files</h4>
<span id="index-config-files"></span>
<span id="index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-definition-for"></span>
<span id="index-runtime-configuration-files"></span>
<span id="index-TEXMFCNF"></span>
<p>As mentioned above, Kpathsea reads <em>runtime configuration files</em>
named <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> for search path and other definitions. The
search path used to look for these configuration files is named
<code>TEXMFCNF</code>, and is constructed in the usual way, as described
above, except that configuration files cannot be used to define the
path, naturally; also, an <samp>ls-R</samp> database is not used to search for
them.
</p>
<p>Kpathsea reads <em>all</em> <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> files in the search path, not
just the first one found; definitions in earlier files override those in
later files. Thus, if the search path is ‘<samp>.:$TEXMF</samp>’, values from
<samp>./texmf.cnf</samp> override those from <samp>$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</samp>.
</p>
<span id="index-KPATHSEA_005fWARNING"></span>
<span id="index-warning_002c-about-missing-texmf_002ecnf"></span>
<span id="index-texmf_002ecnf-missing_002c-warning-about"></span>
<p>If Kpathsea cannot find any <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> file, it reports a
warning including all the directories it checked. If you don’t want
to see this warning, set the environment variable
<code>KPATHSEA_WARNING</code> to the single character ‘<samp>0</samp>’ (zero, not
oh).
</p>
<p>While (or instead of) reading this description, you may find it helpful
to look at the distributed <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, which uses or at least
mentions most features. The format of <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> files follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-comments_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf"></span>
Comments start with ‘<samp>%</samp>’, either at the beginning of a line or
preceded by whitespace, and continue to the end of the line. That is,
as with most shells, a ‘<samp>%</samp>’ in the “middle” of a value does not
start a comment. Examples:
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% this is a comment
var = a%b % but the value of var will be "a%b".
</pre></div>
</li><li> <span id="index-blank-lines_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf"></span>
Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> <span id="index-backslash_002dnewline"></span>
<span id="index-continuation-character"></span>
<span id="index-whitespace_002c-not-ignored-on-continuation-lines"></span>
<span id="index-_005c_002c-line-continuation-in-texmf_002ecnf"></span>
A ‘<samp>\</samp>’ at the end of a line acts as a continuation character, i.e.,
the next line is appended. Whitespace at the beginning of continuation
lines is not ignored.
</li><li> Each remaining line must look like
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><var>variable</var> <span class="roman">[</span>. <var>progname</var><span class="roman">]</span> <span class="roman">[</span>=<span class="roman">]</span> <var>value</var>
</pre></div>
<p>where the ‘<samp>=</samp>’ and surrounding whitespace is optional.
</p>
</li><li> <span id="index-identifiers_002c-characters-valid-in"></span>
The <var>variable</var> name may contain any character other than whitespace,
‘<samp>=</samp>’, or ‘<samp>.</samp>’, but sticking to ‘<samp>A-Za-z_</samp>’ is safest.
</li><li> If ‘<samp>.<var>progname</var></samp>’ is present, the definition only
applies if the program that is running is named (i.e., the last
component of <code>argv[0]</code> is) <var>progname</var> or
<samp><var>progname</var>.{exe,bat,cmd,...}</samp>. Most notably, this allows
different flavors of TeX to have different search paths.
</li><li> <span id="index-right_002dhand-side-of-variable-assignments"></span>
<var>value</var> may contain any characters except ‘<samp>%</samp>’ and ‘<samp>@</samp>’.
(These restrictions are only necessary because of the processing done
on <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> at build time, so you can stick those characters
in after installation if you have to.) The
‘<samp>$<var>var</var>.<var>prog</var></samp>’ feature is not available on the
right-hand side; instead, you must use an additional variable (see
below for example). A ‘<samp>;</samp>’ in <var>value</var> is translated to
‘<samp>:</samp>’ if running under Unix; this is useful to write a single
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> which can be used under both Unix and Windows.
</li><li> All definitions are read before anything is expanded, so you can
use variables before they are defined (like Make, unlike most other
programs).
</li></ul>
<p>Here is a configuration file fragment illustrating most of
these points:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">% TeX input files -- i.e., anything to be found by \input or \openin ...
latex209_inputs = .:$TEXMF/tex/latex209//:$TEXMF/tex//
latex2e_inputs = .:$TEXMF/tex/latex//:$TEXMF/tex//
TEXINPUTS = .:$TEXMF/tex//
TEXINPUTS.latex209 = $latex209_inputs
TEXINPUTS.latex2e = $latex2e_inputs
TEXINPUTS.latex = $latex2e_inputs
</pre></div>
<span id="index-shell-scripts-as-configuration-files"></span>
<span id="index-configuration-files-as-shell-scripts_002e"></span>
<p>This format has obvious similarities to Bourne shell scripts—change
the comment character to <code>#</code>, disallow spaces around the
<code>=</code>, and get rid of the <code>.<var>name</var></code> convention, and it
could be run through the shell. However, there seemed little
advantage in this, since all the information would have to passed back
to Kpathsea and parsed there anyway, since the <code>sh</code> process
couldn’t affect its parent’s environment.
</p>
<span id="index-cnf_002ec"></span>
<p>The implementation of all this is in <samp>kpathsea/cnf.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Path-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Casefolding-search" accesskey="n" rel="next">Casefolding search</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-sources" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path sources</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Path-expansion-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 Path expansion</h3>
<span id="index-path-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-search-path"></span>
<p>Kpathsea recognizes certain special characters and constructions in
search paths, similar to that in shells. As a general example:
‘<samp>~$USER/{foo,bar}//baz</samp>’ expands to all subdirectories under
directories <samp>foo</samp> and <samp>bar</samp> in <tt>$USER</tt>’s home directory that
contain a directory or file <samp>baz</samp>.
</p>
<p>These expansions are explained in the sections below.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Default-expansion" accesskey="1">Default expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">a: or :a or a::b expands to a default.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Variable-expansion" accesskey="2">Variable expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">$foo and ${foo} expand to environment values.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Tilde-expansion" accesskey="3">Tilde expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">~ and ~user expand to home directories.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Brace-expansion" accesskey="4">Brace expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">a{foo,bar}b expands to afoob abarb.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion" accesskey="5">KPSE_DOT expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">. is replaced with $KPSE_DOT if it is defined.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion" accesskey="6">Subdirectory expansion</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">a// and a//b recursively expand to subdirs.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Default-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Variable-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Variable expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Default-expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.1 Default expansion</h4>
<span id="index-_003a_003a-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-doubled-colons"></span>
<span id="index-leading-colons"></span>
<span id="index-trailing-colons"></span>
<span id="index-extra-colons"></span>
<span id="index-default-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-default"></span>
<p>If the highest-priority search path (see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>) contains an
<em>extra colon</em> (i.e., leading, trailing, or doubled), Kpathsea
inserts at that point the next-highest-priority search path that is
defined. If that inserted path has an extra colon, the same happens
with the next-highest. (An extra colon in the compile-time default
value has unpredictable results, so installers beware.)
</p>
<p>For example, given an environment variable setting
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">setenv TEXINPUTS /home/karl:
</pre></div>
<p>and a <code>TEXINPUTS</code> value from <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> of
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">.:$TEXMF//tex
</pre></div>
<p>then the final value used for searching will be:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">/home/karl:.:$TEXMF//tex
</pre></div>
<p>Put another way, default expansion works on “formats” (search
paths), and not directly on environment variables. Example, showing
the trailing ‘<samp>:</samp>’ ignored in the first case and expanded in the second:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ env TTFONTS=/tmp: kpsewhich --expand-path '$TTFONTS'
/tmp
$ env TTFONTS=/tmp: kpsewhich --show-path=.ttf
/tmp:.:/home/olaf/texmf/fonts/truetype//:...
</pre></div>
<p>Since Kpathsea looks for multiple configuration files, it would be
natural to expect that (for example) an extra colon in
<samp>./texmf.cnf</samp> would expand to the path in <samp>$TEXMF/texmf.cnf</samp>.
Or, with Dvips’ configuration files, that an extra colon in
<samp>config.$PRINTER</samp> would expand to the path in <samp>config.ps</samp>.
This doesn’t happen. It’s not clear this would be desirable in all
cases, and trying to devise a way to specify the path to which the extra
colon should expand seemed truly baroque.
<span id="index-Bach_002c-Johann-Sebastian"></span>
</p>
<p>Technicality: Since it would be useless to insert the default value in
more than one place, Kpathsea changes only one extra ‘<samp>:</samp>’ and leaves
any others in place (they will eventually be ignored). Kpathsea checks
first for a leading ‘<samp>:</samp>’, then a trailing ‘<samp>:</samp>’, then a doubled
‘<samp>:</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-kdefault_002ec"></span>
<p>You can trace this by debugging “paths” (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
Default expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/kdefault.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Variable-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Tilde-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Tilde expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Default-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Default expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Variable-expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.2 Variable expansion</h4>
<span id="index-_0024-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-environment-variables-in-paths"></span>
<span id="index-variable-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-variable"></span>
<span id="index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-and-variable-expansion"></span>
<p>‘<samp>$foo</samp>’ or ‘<samp>${foo}</samp>’ in a path element is replaced by (1) the
value of an environment variable ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ (if defined); (2) the value
of ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ from <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (if defined); (3) the empty string.
</p>
<p>If the character after the ‘<samp>$</samp>’ is alphanumeric or ‘<samp>_</samp>’, the
variable name consists of all consecutive such characters. If the
character after the ‘<samp>$</samp>’ is a ‘<samp>{</samp>’, the variable name consists
of everything up to the next ‘<samp>}</samp>’ (braces may not be nested around
variable names). Otherwise, Kpathsea gives a warning and ignores the
‘<samp>$</samp>’ and its following character.
</p>
<span id="index-quoting-variable-values"></span>
<span id="index-shell-variables"></span>
<p>You must quote the <tt>$</tt>’s and braces as necessary for your shell.
<em>Shell</em> variable values cannot be seen by Kpathsea, i.e., ones
defined by <code>set</code> in C shells and without <code>export</code> in Bourne
shells.
</p>
<p>For example, given
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">setenv tex /home/texmf
setenv TEXINPUTS .:$tex:${tex}prev
</pre></div>
<p>the final <code>TEXINPUTS</code> path is the three directories:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">.:/home/texmf:/home/texmfprev
</pre></div>
<p>The ‘<samp>.<var>progname</var></samp>’ suffix on variables and
‘<samp>_<var>progname</var></samp>’ on environment variable names are not implemented
for general variable expansions. These are only recognized when search
paths are initialized (see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-variable_002ec"></span>
<p>Variable expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/variable.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Tilde-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Brace-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Brace expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Variable-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Variable expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Tilde-expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.3 Tilde expansion</h4>
<span id="index-_007e-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-home-directories-in-paths"></span>
<span id="index-tilde-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-tilde"></span>
<span id="index-HOME_002c-as-_007e-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-USERPROFILE_002c-as-_007e-expansion"></span>
<p>A leading ‘<samp>~</samp>’ in a path element is replaced by the value of the
environment variable <code>HOME</code>, or <samp>.</samp> if <code>HOME</code> is not
set. On Windows, the environment variable <code>USERPROFILE</code> is
checked instead of <code>HOME</code>.
</p>
<p>A leading ‘<samp>~<var>user</var></samp>’ in a path element is replaced by
<var>user</var>’s home directory from the system <samp>passwd</samp> database.
</p>
<p>For example,
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">setenv TEXINPUTS ~/mymacros:
</pre></div>
<p>will prepend a directory <samp>mymacros</samp> in your home
directory to the default path.
</p>
<span id="index-root-user"></span>
<span id="index-trailing-_002f-in-home-directory"></span>
<span id="index-_002f_002c-trailing-in-home-directory"></span>
<p>As a special case, if a home directory ends in ‘<samp>/</samp>’, the trailing
slash is dropped, to avoid inadvertently creating a ‘<samp>//</samp>’ construct
in the path. For example, if the home directory of the user ‘<samp>root</samp>’
is ‘<samp>/</samp>’, the path element ‘<samp>~root/mymacros</samp>’ expands to just
‘<samp>/mymacros</samp>’, not ‘<samp>//mymacros</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-tilde_002ec"></span>
<p>Tilde expansion is implemented in the source file <samp>kpathsea/tilde.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Brace-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Tilde-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Tilde expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Brace-expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.4 Brace expansion</h4>
<span id="index-_007b-expansion"></span>
<span id="index-brace-expansion"></span>
<p>‘<samp>x{<var>a</var>,<var>b</var>}y</samp>’ expands to ‘<samp>x<var>a</var>y:x<var>b</var>y</samp>’.
For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">foo/{1,2}/baz
</pre></div>
<p>expands to ‘<samp>foo/1/baz:foo/2/baz</samp>’. ‘<samp>:</samp>’ is the path
separator on the current system; e.g., on a Windows system, it’s ‘<samp>;</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Braces can be nested; for example, ‘<samp>x{A,B{1,2}}y</samp>’ expands to
‘<samp>xAy:xB1y:xB2y</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Multiple non-nested braces are expanded from right to left; for example,
‘<samp>x{A,B}{1,2}y</samp>’ expands to ‘<samp>x{A,B}1y:x{A,B}2y</samp>’, which
expands to ‘<samp>xA1y:xB1y:xA2y:xB2y</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-multiple-TeX-hierarchies"></span>
<p>This feature can be used to implement multiple TeX hierarchies, by
assigning a brace list to <code>$TEXMF</code>, as mentioned in
<samp>texmf.in</samp>.
</p>
<p>You can also use the path separator instead of the comma. The last
example could have been written ‘<samp>x{A:B}{1:2}y</samp>’ (on Unix).
</p>
<span id="index-expand_002ec"></span>
<p>Brace expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/expand.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion" accesskey="n" rel="next">Subdirectory expansion</a>, Previous: <a href="#Brace-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Brace expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="KPSE_005fDOT-expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.5 <code>KPSE_DOT</code> expansion</h4>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"></span>
<p>When <code>KPSE_DOT</code> is defined in the environment, it names a directory
that should be considered the current directory for the purpose of
looking up files in the search paths. This feature is needed by the
‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>, because these
change the working directory. You should not ever define it yourself.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Subdirectory-expansion"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">KPSE_DOT expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path expansion</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Subdirectory-expansion-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.6 Subdirectory expansion</h4>
<span id="index-_002f_002f"></span>
<span id="index-subdirectory-searching"></span>
<span id="index-expansion_002c-subdirectory"></span>
<span id="index-alphabetical-order_002c-not"></span>
<p>Two or more consecutive slashes in a path element following a directory
<var>d</var> is replaced by all subdirectories of <var>d</var>: first those
subdirectories directly under <var>d</var>, then the subsubdirectories under
those, and so on. At each level, the order in which the directories are
searched is unspecified. (It’s “directory order”, and definitely not
alphabetical.)
</p>
<p>If you specify any filename components after the ‘<samp>//</samp>’, only
subdirectories which match those components are included. For example,
‘<samp>/a//b</samp>’ would expand into directories <samp>/a/1/b</samp>, <samp>/a/2/b</samp>,
<samp>/a/1/1/b</samp>, and so on, but not <samp>/a/b/c</samp> or <samp>/a/1</samp>.
</p>
<p>You can include multiple ‘<samp>//</samp>’ constructs in the path.
</p>
<p>‘<samp>//</samp>’ at the beginning of a path is ignored; you didn’t really want
to search every directory on the system, did you?
</p>
<span id="index-trick-for-detecting-leaf-directories"></span>
<span id="index-leaf-directory-trick"></span>
<span id="index-Farwell_002c-Matthew"></span>
<span id="index-MacKenzie_002c-David-1"></span>
<p>I should mention one related implementation trick, which I took from GNU
find. Matthew Farwell suggested it, and David MacKenzie implemented it.
</p>
<span id="index-st_005fnlink"></span>
<p>The trick is that in every real Unix implementation (as opposed to the
POSIX specification), a directory which contains no subdirectories will
have exactly two links (namely, one for <samp>.</samp> and one for <samp>..</samp>).
That is to say, the <code>st_nlink</code> field in the ‘<samp>stat</samp>’ structure
will be two. Thus, we don’t have to stat everything in the bottom-level
(leaf) directories—we can just check <code>st_nlink</code>, notice it’s two,
and do no more work.
</p>
<p>But if you have a directory that contains a single subdirectory and 500
regular files, <code>st_nlink</code> will be 3, and Kpathsea has to stat every
one of those 501 entries. Therein lies slowness.
</p>
<span id="index-ST_005fNLINK_005fTRICK"></span>
<p>You can disable the trick by undefining <code>ST_NLINK_TRICK</code> in
<samp>kpathsea/config.h</samp>. (It is undefined by default except under Unix.)
</p>
<span id="index-elt_002ddirs_002ec"></span>
<p>Unfortunately, in some cases files in leaf directories are
<code>stat</code>’d: if the path specification is, say,
‘<samp>$TEXMF/fonts//pk//</samp>’, then files in a subdirectory
‘<samp>…/pk</samp>’, even if it is a leaf, are checked. The reason cannot
be explained without reference to the implementation, so read
<samp>kpathsea/elt-dirs.c</samp> (search for ‘<samp>may descend</samp>’) if you are
curious. And if you can find a way to <em>solve</em> the problem, please
let me know.
</p>
<span id="index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-1"></span>
<p>Subdirectory expansion is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/elt-dirs.c</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Casefolding-search"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename database</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-expansion" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path expansion</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Casefolding-search-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 Casefolding search</h3>
<span id="index-casefolding-search"></span>
<span id="index-search_002c-case_002dinsensitive"></span>
<p>In Kpathsea version 6.3.0 (released with TeX Live 2018), a new
fallback search was implemented on Unix-like systems, including Macs:
for each path element in turn, if no match is found by the normal
search, and the path element allows for checking the filesystem, a
second check is made for a case-insensitive match.
</p>
<span id="index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch"></span>
<p>This is enabled at compile-time on Unix systems, and enabled at
runtime by setting the configuration variable
<code>texmf_casefold_search</code>, to a true value, e.g., ‘<samp>1</samp>’; this is
done by default in TeX Live.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Casefolding-rationale" accesskey="1">Rationale</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Casefolding-examples" accesskey="2">Examples</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Casefolding-rationale"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Casefolding-examples" accesskey="n" rel="next">Casefolding examples</a>, Up: <a href="#Casefolding-search" accesskey="u" rel="up">Casefolding search</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Casefolding-rationale-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.1 Casefolding rationale</h4>
<span id="index-casefolding-fallback-rationale"></span>
<span id="index-rationale-for-casefolding-fallback"></span>
<span id="index-system_002ddependent-casefolding-behavior"></span>
<span id="index-filesystem_002c-case_002d_0028in_0029sensitive"></span>
<span id="index-Apple-filesystem_002c-case_002dinsensitive"></span>
<span id="index-Mac-filesystem_002c-case_002dinsensitive"></span>
<p>The purpose of the fallback casefolding search is to ease moving
complex documents between case-insensitive (file)systems and
case-sensitive ones. In particular, Apple decided to make the default
filesystem on Macs be case-insensitive some years ago, and this has
exacerbated a problem of people creating documents that use, say, an
image under the name <samp>foo.jpg</samp>, while the actual file is named
<samp>foo.JPG</samp> or <samp>Foo.jpg</samp>. It works on the Mac but if the
document is transferred and run on a standard case-sensitive Unix
(file)system, the file can’t be found, due only to differences in
case.
</p>
<p>This same problematic scenario has always existed on Windows, but for
whatever reason, it has become much more common since Apple also went
to a case-insensitive filesystem. Hence the move to change the
Kpathsea behavior now.
</p>
<span id="index-Windows-and-casefolding"></span>
<p>The fallback case-insensitive search is omitted at compile-time on
Windows, where (for practical purposes) all file names are
case-insensitive at the kernel level, and so the normal search will
already have definitively matched or not. Therefore, search results
in unusual cases can be different on Windows and Unix—but this has
always been true.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Casefolding-examples"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Casefolding-rationale" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Casefolding rationale</a>, Up: <a href="#Casefolding-search" accesskey="u" rel="up">Casefolding search</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Casefolding-examples-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.4.2 Casefolding examples</h4>
<span id="index-casefolding-examples"></span>
<span id="index-examples_002c-of-casefolding-searches"></span>
<p>The casefolding implementation prefers exact matches to casefolded
matches within a given path element, so as to retain most
compatibility. Backward compatibility is not perfect, however, as a
casefolded match may be found in an earlier path element than an exact
match was previously found (see example #4 below). Still, preferring
the match in the earlier element seemed potentially less confusing
than otherwise, and is in fact consistent with past behavior on
Windows. Since case mismatches are rare to begin with, and name
collisions with respect only to case thus even more rare, the hope is
that it will not cause difficulties in practice.
</p>
<p>If it’s desirable in a given situation to have the exact same search
behavior as previously, that can be accomplished by setting the
configuration variable <code>texmf_casefold_search</code> to ‘<samp>0</samp>’
(see <a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a>).
</p>
<p>Some examples to illustrate the new behavior follow.
</p>
<p>Example #1: suppose the file <samp>./foobar.tex</samp> exists. Now,
searching for <samp>./FooBar.TeX</samp> (or any other case variation) will
succeed, returning <samp>./foobar.tex</samp>—the name as stored on disk.
In previous releases, or if <code>texmf_casefold_search</code> is false, the
search would fail.
</p>
<p>Example #2: suppose we are using a case-sensitive (file)system, and
the search path is ‘<samp>.:/somedir</samp>’, and the files
<samp>./foobar.tex</samp> and <samp>/somedir/FooBar.TeX</samp> both exist. Both
now and previously, searching for <samp>foobar.tex</samp> returns
<samp>./foobar.tex</samp>. However, searching for <samp>FooBar.TeX</samp> now
returns <samp>./foobar.tex</samp> instead of <samp>/somedir/FooBar.TeX</samp>;
this is the incompatibility mentioned above. Also (as expected),
searching for <samp>FOOBAR.TEX</samp> (or whatever variation) will now
return <samp>./foobar.tex</samp>, whereas before it would fail. Searching
for all (‘<samp>kpsewhich --all</samp>’) <samp>foobar.tex</samp> will return both
matches.
</p>
<p>Example #3: same as example #2, but on a case-insensitive
(file)system: both now and previously, searching for <samp>FooBar.TeX</samp>
returns <samp>./foobar.tex</samp>, since the system considers that a match.
The Kpathsea casefolding never comes into play.
</p>
<p>Example #4: if we have (on a case-sensitive system) both
<samp>./foobar.tex</samp> and <samp>./FOOBAR.TEX</samp>, searching with the exact
case returns that exact match, now and previously. Searching for
<samp>FooBar.tex</samp> will now return one or the other (chosen
arbitrarily), rather than failing. Perhaps unexpectedly, searching
for all <samp>foobar.tex</samp> or <samp>FooBar.tex</samp> will also return only
one or the other, not both (see more below).
</p>
<p>Example #5: the font file <samp>STIX-Regular.otf</samp> is included in
TeX Live in the system directory
<samp>texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/public/stix</samp>. Because Kpathsea never
searches the disk in the big system directory, the casefolding is not
done, and a search for ‘<samp>stix-regular.otf</samp>’ will fail (on
case-sensitive systems), as it always has.
</p>
<span id="index-_0021_0021-and-casefolding"></span>
<p>The caveat about not searching the disk amounts to saying that
casefolding does not happen in the trees specified with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’
(see <a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a>), that is, where only database (<samp>ls-R</samp>) searching
is done. In TeX Live, that is the ‘<samp>texmf-local</samp>’ and
‘<samp>texmf-dist</samp>’ trees (also <code>$TEXMFSYSCONFIG</code> and
<code>$TEXMFSYSVAR</code>, but those are rarely noticed). The rationale for
this is that in practice, case mangling happens with user-created
files, not with packages distributed as part of the TeX system.
</p>
<p>One more caveat: the purpose of <code>kpsewhich</code> is to exercise the
path searching in Kpathsea as it is actually done. Therefore, as
shown above, ‘<samp>kpsewhich --all</samp>’ will not return all matches
regardless of case within a given path element. If you want to find
all matches in all directories, <code>find</code> is the best tool, although
the setup takes a couple steps:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich -show-path=tex >/tmp/texpath # search path specification
kpsewhich -expand-path="`cat /tmp/texpath`" >/tmp/texdirs # all dirs
tr ':' '\n' </tmp/texdirs >/tmp/texdirlist # colons to newlines
find `cat /tmp/texdirlist` -iname somefile.tex -print </tmp/texdirlist
</pre></div>
<span id="index-Findutils_002c-GNU-package"></span>
<span id="index-_002diname_002c-find-predicate"></span>
<p>Sorry that it’s annoyingly lengthy, but implementing this inside
Kpathsea would be a lot of error-prone trouble for something that is
only useful for debugging. If your <code>find</code> does not support
<code>-iname</code>, you can get GNU Find from
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils">https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils</a>.
</p>
<p>The casefolding search is implemented in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/pathsearch.c</samp>. Two implementation points:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-access-system-call"></span>
Kpathsea never tries to check if a given directory resides on a
case-insensitive filesystem, because there is no efficient and
portable way to do so. All it does is try to see if a potential file
name is a readable normal file (with, usually, the <code>access</code>
system call).
</li><li> Kpathsea does not do any case-insensitive matching of the directories
along the path. It’s not going to find <samp>/Some/Random/file.tex</samp>
when looking for <samp>/some/random/file.tex</samp>. The casefolding only
happens with the elements of the leaf directory.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<span id="Filename-database"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="n" rel="next">Invoking kpsewhich</a>, Previous: <a href="#Casefolding-search" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Casefolding search</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Filename-database-_0028ls_002dR_0029"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Filename database (<code>ls-R</code>)</h3>
<span id="index-filename-database"></span>
<span id="index-database_002c-for-filenames"></span>
<span id="index-externally_002dbuilt-filename-database"></span>
<p>Kpathsea goes to some lengths to minimize disk accesses for searches
(see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>). Nevertheless, in practice searching
each possible directory in typical TeX installations takes an
excessively long time.
</p>
<p>Therefore, Kpathsea can use an externally-built <em>filename
database</em> file named <samp>ls-R</samp> that maps files to directories, thus
avoiding the need to exhaustively search the disk.
</p>
<p>A second database file <samp>aliases</samp> allows you to give additional
names to the files listed in <samp>ls-R</samp>. This can be helpful to adapt
to “8.3” filename conventions in source files.
</p>
<p>The <samp>ls-R</samp> and <samp>aliases</samp> features are implemented in the
source file <samp>kpathsea/db.c</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#ls_002dR" accesskey="1">ls-R</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The main filename database.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Filename-aliases" accesskey="2">Filename aliases</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Aliases for those names.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Database-format" accesskey="3">Database format</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Syntax details of the database file.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="ls_002dR"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Filename-aliases" accesskey="n" rel="next">Filename aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename database</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="ls_002dR-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.1 <samp>ls-R</samp></h4>
<span id="index-ls_002dR-database-file"></span>
<p>As mentioned above, you must name the main filename database
<samp>ls-R</samp>. You can put one at the root of each TeX installation
hierarchy you wish to search (<code>$TEXMF</code> by default, which expands
to a braced list of several hierarchies in TeX Live).
</p>
<span id="index-TEXMFDBS"></span>
<span id="index-_0021_0021-in-TEXMFDBS"></span>
<p>Kpathsea looks for <samp>ls-R</samp> files along the <code>TEXMFDBS</code>
path. It is best for this to contain all and only those hierarchies
from <code>$TEXMF</code> which are specified with <code>!!</code>—and also to
specify them with <code>!!</code> in <code>TEXMFDBS</code>. (See the end of this
section for more on <code>!!</code>.)
</p>
<p>The recommended way to create and maintain ‘<samp>ls-R</samp>’ is to run the
<code>mktexlsr</code> script, which is installed in ‘<samp>$(bindir)</samp>’
(<samp>/usr/local/bin</samp> by default). That script goes to some trouble to
follow symbolic links as necessary, etc. It’s also invoked by the
distributed ‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts.
</p>
<span id="index-ls_002dR_002c-simplest-build"></span>
<p>At its simplest, though, you can build <samp>ls-R</samp> with the command
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">cd <var>/your/texmf/root</var> && ls -LAR ./ >ls-R
</pre></div>
<p><span id="index-_002d_002dcolor_003dtty"></span>
<span id="index-_002fetc_002fprofile-and-aliases"></span>
presuming your <code>ls</code> produces the right output format (see the
section below). GNU <code>ls</code>, for example, outputs in this format.
Also presuming your <code>ls</code> hasn’t been aliased in a system file
(e.g., <samp>/etc/profile</samp>) to something problematic, e.g., ‘<samp>ls
--color=tty</samp>’. In that case, you will have to disable the alias before
generating <samp>ls-R</samp>. For the precise definition of the file format,
see <a href="#Database-format">Database format</a>.
</p>
<p>Regardless of whether you use the supplied script or your own, you
will almost certainly want to invoke it via <code>cron</code>, so when you
make changes in the installed files (say if you install a new LaTeX
package), <samp>ls-R</samp> will be automatically updated. However, for
those using TeX Live or system distributions, the package managers
should run <code>mktexlsr</code> as needed.
</p>
<span id="index-_002dA-option-to-ls"></span>
<span id="index-dot-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002e-files"></span>
<span id="index-_002e-directories_002c-ignored"></span>
<span id="index-_002etex-file_002c-included-in-ls_002dR"></span>
<p>The ‘<samp>-A</samp>’ option to <code>ls</code> includes files beginning with ‘<samp>.</samp>’
(except for <samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp>), such as the file <samp>.tex</samp>
included with the LaTeX tools package. (On the other hand,
<em>directories</em> whose names begin with ‘<samp>.</samp>’ are always ignored.)
</p>
<span id="index-symbolic-links_002c-and-ls_002dR"></span>
<span id="index-_002dL-option-to-ls"></span>
<p>If your system does not support symbolic links, omit the ‘<samp>-L</samp>’.
</p>
<span id="index-automounter_002c-and-ls_002dR"></span>
<span id="index-NFS-and-ls_002dR"></span>
<p><code>ls -LAR <var>/your/texmf/root</var></code> will also work. But using
‘<samp>./</samp>’ avoids embedding absolute pathnames, so the hierarchy can be
easily transported. It also avoids possible trouble with automounters
or other network filesystem conventions.
</p>
<span id="index-warning-about-unusable-ls_002dR"></span>
<span id="index-unusable-ls_002dR-warning"></span>
<p>Kpathsea warns you if it finds an <samp>ls-R</samp> file, but the file does
not contain any usable entries. The usual culprit is running plain
‘<samp>ls -R</samp>’ instead of ‘<samp>ls -LR ./</samp>’ or ‘<samp>ls -R
<var>/your/texmf/root</var></samp>’. Another possibility is some system directory
name starting with a ‘<samp>.</samp>’ (perhaps if you are using AFS); Kpathsea
ignores everything under such directories.
</p>
<span id="index-_0021_0021-in-path-specifications"></span>
<span id="index-disk-searching_002c-avoiding"></span>
<p>If a particular path element begins with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’, <em>only</em> the
database will be searched for that element, never the disk; and if the
database does not exist, nothing at all will be searched. In TeX
Live, most of the trees are specified with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’.
</p>
<p>For path elements that do not begin with ‘<samp>!!</samp>’, if the database
exists, it will be used, and the disk will not be searched. However,
in this case, if the database does not exist, the disk will be
searched. In TeX Live, the most notable case of this is the
<code>TEXMFHOME</code> tree, to allow users to add and remove files from
their own tree without having to worry about <code>ls-R</code>.
</p>
<p>(Aside: there are uncommon cases where a ‘<samp>!!</samp>’ tree will be
searched on disk even if the <code>ls-R</code> file exists; they are too
obscure to try to explain here. See <samp>pathsearch.c</samp> in the source
if you need to know.)
</p>
<p>To sum up: do not create an <code>ls-R</code> file unless you also take care
to keep it up to date. Otherwise newly-installed files will not be
found.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Filename-aliases"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Database-format" accesskey="n" rel="next">Database format</a>, Previous: <a href="#ls_002dR" accesskey="p" rel="prev">ls-R</a>, Up: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename database</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Filename-aliases-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.2 Filename aliases</h4>
<span id="index-filename-aliases"></span>
<span id="index-aliases_002c-for-filenames"></span>
<p>In some circumstances, you may wish to find a file under several names.
For example, suppose a TeX document was created using a DOS system
and tries to read <samp>longtabl.sty</samp>. But now it’s being run on a Unix
system, and the file has its original name, <samp>longtable.sty</samp>. The
file won’t be found. You need to give the actual file
<samp>longtable.sty</samp> an alias ‘<samp>longtabl.sty</samp>’.
</p>
<p>You can handle this by creating a file <samp>aliases</samp> as a companion to
the <samp>ls-R</samp> for the hierarchy containing the file in question. (You
must have an <samp>ls-R</samp> for the alias feature to work.)
</p>
<p>The format of <samp>aliases</samp> is simple: two whitespace-separated words
per line; the first is the real name <samp>longtable.sty</samp>, and second is
the alias (<samp>longtabl.sty</samp>). These must be base filenames, with no
directory components. <samp>longtable.sty</samp> must be in the sibling
<samp>ls-R</samp>.
</p>
<p>Also, blank lines and lines starting with ‘<samp>%</samp>’ or ‘<samp>#</samp>’ are
ignored in <samp>aliases</samp>, to allow for comments.
</p>
<p>If a real file <samp>longtabl.sty</samp> exists, it is used regardless of any
aliases.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Database-format"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Filename-aliases" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename aliases</a>, Up: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="u" rel="up">Filename database</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Database-format-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.5.3 Database format</h4>
<span id="index-format-of-external-database"></span>
<span id="index-database_002c-format-of"></span>
<p>The “database” read by Kpathsea is a line-oriented file of plain
text. The format is that generated by GNU (and most other) <code>ls</code>
programs given the ‘<samp>-R</samp>’ option, as follows.
</p>
<ul>
<li> Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> If a line begins with ‘<samp>/</samp>’ or ‘<samp>./</samp>’ or ‘<samp>../</samp>’ and ends with
a colon, it’s the name of a directory. (‘<samp>../</samp>’ lines aren’t useful,
however, and should not be generated.)
</li><li> All other lines define entries in the most recently seen directory.
<tt>/</tt>’s in such lines will produce possibly-strange results.
</li><li> Files with no preceding directory line are ignored.
</li></ul>
<p>For example, here’s the first few lines of <samp>ls-R</samp> (which totals
about 30K bytes) on my system:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">bibtex
dvips
fonts
ls-R
metafont
metapost
tex
web2c
./bibtex:
bib
bst
doc
./bibtex/bib:
asi.bib
btxdoc.bib
…
</pre></div>
<hr>
<span id="Invoking-kpsewhich"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Filename-database" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filename database</a>, Up: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="u" rel="up">Path searching</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="kpsewhich_003a-Standalone-path-searching"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 <code>kpsewhich</code>: Standalone path searching</h3>
<span id="index-kpsewhich"></span>
<span id="index-path-searching_002c-standalone"></span>
<span id="index-standalone-path-searching"></span>
<p>The Kpsewhich program exercises the path searching functionality
independent of any particular application. This can also be useful as a
sort of <code>find</code> program to locate files in your TeX hierarchies,
perhaps in administrative scripts. It is used heavily in the
distributed ‘<samp>mktex…</samp>’ scripts.
</p>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich <var>option</var>… <var>filename</var>…
</pre></div>
<p>The options and filename(s) to look up can be intermixed.
Options can start with either ‘<samp>-</samp>’ or ‘<samp>--</samp>’, and any unambiguous
abbreviation is accepted.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Path-searching-options" accesskey="1">Path searching options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Changing the mode, resolution, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files" accesskey="2">Specially-recognized files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Default formats for texmf.cnf, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks" accesskey="3">Auxiliary tasks</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Path and variable expansion, etc.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Standard-options" accesskey="4">Standard options</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">‘<samp>--help</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--version</samp>’.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Path-searching-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Specially-recognized files</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Path-searching-options-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.1 Path searching options</h4>
<span id="index-path-searching-options"></span>
<p>Kpsewhich looks up each non-option argument on the command line as a
filename, and returns the first file found.
</p>
<p>Various options alter the path searching behavior:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>--all</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dall"></span>
<span id="index-all-matches_002c-finding"></span>
<p>Report all matches found, one per line. By default, if there is more
than one match, just one will be reported (chosen effectively at
random). Exception: with the glyph formats (<code>pk</code>, <code>gf</code>),
this option has no effect and only the first match is returned.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--casefold-search</samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp>--no-casefold-search</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dcasefold_002dsearch"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dcasefold_002dsearch"></span>
<p>Explicitly enable or disable the fallback to a case-insensitive search
on Unix platforms (see <a href="#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a>); no effect on Windows.
The default is enabled, set in <code>texmf.cnf</code>. Disabling
(<code>--no-casefold-search</code>) does not mean that searches magically
become case-sensitive when the underlying (file)system is
case-insensitive, it merely means that Kpathsea does not do any
casefolding itself.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--dpi=<var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002ddpi_003dnum"></span>
<span id="index-_002dD-num"></span>
<span id="index-resolution_002c-setting"></span>
<p>Set the resolution to <var>num</var>; this only affects ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ and
‘<samp>pk</samp>’ lookups. ‘<samp>-D</samp>’ is a synonym, for compatibility with
Dvips. Default is 600.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--engine=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dengine_003dname"></span>
<span id="index-engine-name"></span>
<p>Set the engine name to <var>name</var>. By default it is not set. The
engine name is used in some search paths to allow files with the same
name but used by different engines to coexist.
</p>
<p>In particular, since the memory dump files
(<samp>.fmt</samp>/<samp>.base</samp>/<samp>.mem</samp>) are now stored in
subdirectories named for the engine (<samp>tex</samp>, <samp>pdftex</samp>,
<samp>xetex</samp>, etc.), you must specify an engine name in order to find
them. For example, <samp>cont-en.fmt</samp> typically exists for both
<samp>pdftex</samp> and <samp>xetex</samp>. With the default path settings, you
can use ‘<samp>--engine=/</samp>’ to look for any dump file, regardless of
engine; if a dump file exists for more than one engine, it’s
indeterminate which one is returned. (The ‘<samp>/</samp>’ ends up specifying
a normal recursive search along the path where the dumps are stored,
namely ‘<samp>$TEXMF/web2c{/$engine,}</samp>’.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--format=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dformat_003dname"></span>
<p>Set the format for lookup to <var>name</var>. By default, the format is
guessed from the filename, with ‘<samp>tex</samp>’ being used if nothing else
fits. The recognized filename extensions (including any leading
‘<samp>.</samp>’) are also allowable <var>name</var>s.
</p>
<p>All formats also have a name, which is the only way to specify formats
with no associated suffix. For example, for Dvips configuration files
you can use ‘<samp>--format="dvips config"</samp>’. (The quotes are for the
sake of the shell.)
</p>
<p>Here’s the current list of recognized names and the associated suffixes.
See <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>, for more information on each of these.
</p>
<p>The strings in parentheses are abbreviations recognized only by
<code>kpsewhich</code> (not the underlying library calls). They are
provided when it would otherwise require an argument containing a
space to specify the format, to simplify quoting of calls from shells.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">gf: gf
pk: pk
bitmap font (bitmapfont):
tfm: .tfm
afm: .afm
base: .base
bib: .bib
bst: .bst
cnf: .cnf
ls-R: ls-R ls-r
fmt: .fmt
map: .map
mem: .mem
mf: .mf
mfpool: .pool
mft: .mft
mp: .mp
mppool: .pool
MetaPost support (mpsupport):
ocp: .ocp
ofm: .ofm .tfm
opl: .opl .pl
otp: .otp
ovf: .ovf .vf
ovp: .ovp .vpl
graphic/figure: .eps .epsi
tex: .tex .sty .cls .fd .aux .bbl .def .clo .ldf
TeX system documentation (doc):
texpool: .pool
TeX system sources (source): .dtx .ins
PostScript header: .pro
Troff fonts (trofffont):
type1 fonts: .pfa .pfb
vf: .vf
dvips config (dvipsconfig):
ist: .ist
truetype fonts: .ttf .ttc .TTF .TTC .dfont
type42 fonts: .t42 .T42
web2c files (web2c):
other text files (othertext):
other binary files (otherbin):
misc fonts (miscfont):
web: .web .ch
cweb: .w .web .ch
enc files: .enc
cmap files (cmap):
subfont definition files: .sfd
opentype fonts: .otf
pdftex config (pdftexconfig):
lig files: .lig
texmfscripts:
lua: .lua .luatex .luc .luctex .texlua .texluc .tlu
font feature files: .fea
cid maps: .cid .cidmap
mlbib: .mlbib .bib
mlbst: .mlbst .bst
clua: .dll .so
ris: .ris
bltxml: .bltxml
</pre></div>
<p>This option and ‘<samp>--path</samp>’ are mutually exclusive.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--interactive</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dinteractive"></span>
<span id="index-interactive-query"></span>
<p>After processing the command line, read additional filenames to look up
from standard input.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp>--no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"></span>
<p>Turn on or off the ‘<samp>mktex</samp>’ script associated with <var>filetype</var>.
Usual values for <var>filetype</var> are ‘<samp>pk</samp>’, ‘<samp>mf</samp>’, ‘<samp>tex</samp>’,
and ‘<samp>tfm</samp>’. By default, all are off in Kpsewhich, even if they
are enabled for TeX. This option implies setting
<code>--must-exist</code>. See <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mode=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dmode_003dstring"></span>
<p>Set the mode name to <var>string</var>; this also only affects ‘<samp>gf</samp>’ and
‘<samp>pk</samp>’ lookups. No default: any mode will be found. See <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--must-exist</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dmust_002dexist"></span>
<p>Do everything possible to find the files, notably including searching
the disk and running the ‘<samp>mktex</samp>’ scripts. By default, only the
<samp>ls-R</samp> database is checked, in the interest of efficiency.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--path=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dpath_003dstring"></span>
<p>Search along the path <var>string</var> (colon-separated as usual), instead
of guessing the search path from the filename. ‘<samp>//</samp>’ and all the
usual expansions are supported (see <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>). This option
and ‘<samp>--format</samp>’ are mutually exclusive. To output the complete
directory expansion of a path, instead of doing a one-shot lookup, see
‘<samp>--expand-path</samp>’ and ‘<samp>--show-path</samp>’ in the following section.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--progname=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dprogname_003dname"></span>
<p>Set the program name to <var>name</var>; default is ‘<samp>kpsewhich</samp>’. This
can affect the search paths via the ‘<samp>.<var>prognam</var></samp>’ feature in
configuration files (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--subdir=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dsubdir_003dstring"></span>
<p>Report only those matches whose directory part <em>ends</em> with
<var>string</var> (compared literally, except case is ignored on a
case-insensitive operating system). For example, suppose there are
two matches for a given name:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich foo.sty
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
/another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>Then we can narrow the result to what we are interested in with
<samp>--subdir</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=where foo.sty
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
kpsewhich --subdir=place foo.sty
⇒ /another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>The string to match must be at the end of the directory part of the
match, and it is taken literally, with no pattern matching:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=another foo.sty
⇒
</pre></div>
<p>The string to match may cross directory components:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=some/where foo.sty
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p><samp>--subdir</samp> implies <samp>--all</samp>; if there is more than one
match, they will all be reported (in our example, both ‘<samp>where</samp>’
and ‘<samp>place</samp>’ end in ‘<samp>e</samp>’):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=e
⇒ /some/where/foo.sty
/another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>Because of the above rules, the presence of a leading ‘<samp>/</samp>’ is
important, since it “anchors” the match to a full component name:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=/lace foo.sty
⇒
</pre></div>
<p>However, a trailing ‘<samp>/</samp>’ is immaterial (and ignored), since the
match always takes place at the end of the directory part:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">kpsewhich --subdir=lace/ foo.sty
⇒ /another/place/foo.sty
</pre></div>
<p>The purpose of these rules is to make it convenient to find results
only within a particular area of the tree. For instance, a given
script named <samp>foo.lua</samp> might exist within both
<samp>texmf-dist/scripts/pkg1/</samp> and <samp>texmf-dist/scripts/pkg2/</samp>.
By specifying, say, ‘<samp>--subdir=/pkg1</samp>’, you can be sure of getting
the one you are interested in.
</p>
<p>We only match at the end because a site might happen to install TeX
in <samp>/some/coincidental/pkg1/path/</samp>, and we wouldn’t want to match
<samp>texmf-dist/scripts/pkg2/</samp> that when searching for ‘<samp>/pkg1</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Specially_002drecognized-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Auxiliary tasks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-searching-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching options</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Specially_002drecognized-files-for-kpsewhich"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.2 Specially-recognized files for <code>kpsewhich</code></h4>
<p><code>kpsewhich</code> recognizes a few special filenames on the command
line and defaults to using the ‘known’ file formats for them, merely
to save the time and trouble of specifying the format. This is only a
feature of <code>kpsewhich</code>; when using the Kpathsea library
itself, none of these special filenames are recognized, and it’s still
up to the caller to specify the desired format.
</p>
<p>Here is the list of special filenames to <code>kpsewhich</code>, along
with their corresponding format:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dd>
<span id="index-config_002eps"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>config.ps</samp></dt>
<dd><p><code>dvips config</code>
</p>
<span id="index-dvipdfmx_002ecfg"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>dvipdfmx.cfg</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>other text files</samp>’
</p>
<span id="index-fmtutil_002ecnf"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>fmtutil.cnf</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>web2c files</samp>’
</p>
<span id="index-glyphlist_002etxt"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>glyphlist.txt</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>map</samp>’
</p>
<span id="index-mktex_002ecnf"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktex.cnf</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>web2c files</samp>’
</p>
<span id="index-pdfglyphlist_002etxt"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>pdfglyphlist.txt</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>map</samp>’
</p>
<span id="index-pdftex_002ecfg"></span>
<span id="index-pdftexconfig_002etex"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>pdftex.cfg</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>pdftex config</samp>’ (although <samp>pdftex.cfg</samp> is not used any more;
look for the file <samp>pdftexconfig.tex</samp> instead.)
</p>
<span id="index-texmf_002ecnf"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>texmf.cnf</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>cnf</samp>’
</p>
<span id="index-XDvi"></span>
</dd>
<dt><samp>XDvi</samp></dt>
<dd><p>‘<samp>other text files</samp>’
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>A user-specified format will override the above defaults.
</p>
<span id="index-tcfmgr_002emap"></span>
<p>Another useful configuration file in this regard is <samp>tcfmgr.map</samp>,
found in <samp>texmf/texconfig/tcfmgr.map</samp>, which records various
information about the above configuration files (among others).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Auxiliary-tasks"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Standard-options" accesskey="n" rel="next">Standard options</a>, Previous: <a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Specially-recognized files</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Auxiliary-tasks-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.3 Auxiliary tasks</h4>
<span id="index-auxiliary-tasks"></span>
<p>Kpsewhich provides some features in addition to path lookup as such:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>--debug=<var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002ddebug_003dnum"></span>
<p>Set debugging options to <var>num</var>. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--expand-braces=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dexpand_002dbraces_003dstring"></span>
<p>Output variable, tilde, and brace expansion of <var>string</var>, which is
assumed to be a single path element. See <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--expand-path=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dexpand_002dpath_003dstring"></span>
<p>Output the complete expansion of <var>string</var>, with each element
separated by the usual path separator on the current system (‘<samp>;</samp>’
on Windows, ‘<samp>:</samp>’ otherwise). This may be useful to construct a
custom search path for a format not otherwise supported. To retrieve
the search path for a format that is already supported, see
‘<samp>--show-path</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Nonexistent directories are culled from the output:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">$ kpsewhich --expand-path '/tmp'
⇒ /tmp
$ kpsewhich --expand-path '/nonesuch'
⇒
</pre></div>
<p>For one-shot uses of an arbitrary (not built in to Kpathsea) path, see
‘<samp>--path</samp>’ (see <a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--expand-var=<var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dexpand_002dvar_003dstring"></span>
<p>Output the variable and tilde expansion of <var>string</var>. For example,
with the usual <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, ‘<samp>kpsewhich
--expand-var='$TEXMF'</samp>’ returns the TeX system hierarchy root(s).
See <a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a>. The specified <var>string</var> can contain
anything, though, not just variable references. This calls
<code>kpse_var_expand</code> (see <a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--help-formats</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dhelp_002dformats"></span>
<p>Output information about each supported format (see <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>), including the names and abbreviations, variables
looked for, and the original path.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--safe-in-name=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dt>‘<samp>--safe-out-name=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dsafe_002din_002dname_003dname"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dsafe_002dout_002dname_003dname"></span>
<p>Exit successfully if <var>name</var> is safe to open for reading or
writing, respectively, else unsuccessfully. No output is written.
These tests take account of the related Kpathsea configuration
settings (see <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--show-path=<var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dshow_002dpath_003dname"></span>
<p>Show the path that would be used for file lookups of file type
<var>name</var>. Either a filename extension (‘<samp>pk</samp>’, ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’, etc.)
or an integer can be used, just as with ‘<samp>--format</samp>’, described in
the previous section.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--var-brace-value=<var>variable</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dvar_002dbrace_002dvalue_003dvariable"></span>
<p>Like ‘<samp>--var-value</samp>’ (next), but also expands ‘<samp>{...}</samp>’
constructs. (see <a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a>). Thus, the value is assumed to
possibly be several path elements, and ‘<samp>~</samp>’ is expanded at the
beginning of each. The path separator is changed to that of the
current system in the expansion.
</p>
<p>Example: ‘<samp>FOO='.;~' kpsewhich --var-brace-value=FOO</samp>’ outputs (on
a Unix-ish system) ‘<samp>.:/home/karl</samp>’, supposing the latter is the
current user’s home directory. Note that the ‘<samp>;</samp>’ in the source
value, as commonly used in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, has changed to a
‘<samp>:</samp>’, as the normal path separator on the current system. (On a
Windows-ish system, the ‘<samp>;</samp>’ would remain.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--var-value=<var>variable</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dvar_002dvalue_003dvariable"></span>
<p>Outputs the value of <var>variable</var> (a simple identifier like
‘<samp>TEXMFDIST</samp>’, with no ‘<samp>$</samp>’ or other constructs), expanding
‘<samp>$</samp>’ (see <a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a>) and ‘<samp>~</samp>’ (see <a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a>) constructs in the value. ‘<samp>~</samp>’ expansion happens at the
beginning of the overall value and at the beginning of a variable
expansion, but not arbitrarily within the string. Braces are not expanded.
</p>
<p>Example: ‘<samp>--var-value=texmf_casefold_search</samp>’ outputs (if the
default is not changed) ‘<samp>1</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Example to contrast with ‘<samp>--var-brace-value</samp>’: ‘<samp>FOO='.;~'
kpsewhich --var-value=FOO</samp>’ outputs ‘<samp>.;~</samp>’, i.e., the same as the
input value.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Standard-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Auxiliary tasks</a>, Up: <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich" accesskey="u" rel="up">Invoking kpsewhich</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Standard-options-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.6.4 Standard options</h4>
<span id="index-standard-options"></span>
<p>Kpsewhich accepts the standard GNU options:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-_002d_002dhelp"></span>
‘<samp>--help</samp>’ prints a help message on standard output and exits
successfully.
</li><li> <span id="index-_002d_002dversion"></span>
‘<samp>--version</samp>’ prints the Kpathsea version number and exits successfully.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<span id="TeX-support"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programming</a>, Previous: <a href="#Path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="TeX-support-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 TeX support</h2>
<span id="index-TeX-support"></span>
<p>Although the basic features in Kpathsea can be used for any type of
path searching, it came about, as usual, with a specific application
in mind: I wrote Kpathsea specifically for TeX system programs. I
had been struggling with the programs I was using (Dvips, Xdvi, and
TeX itself) having slightly different notions of how to specify
paths; and debugging was painful, since no code was shared.
</p>
<p>Therefore, Kpathsea provides some TeX-specific formats and
features. Indeed, many of the purportedly generic path searching
features were provided because they seemed useful in that conTeXt
(font lookup, particularly).
</p>
<p>Kpathsea provides a standard way to search for files of any of the
supported file types; glyph fonts are a bit different than all the
rest. Searches are based solely on names of files, not their
contents—if a GF file is (mis)named <samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>, it will be
found as a PK file.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Supported-file-formats" accesskey="1">Supported file formats</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">File types Kpathsea knows about.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#File-lookup" accesskey="2">File lookup</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching for most kinds of files.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="3">Glyph lookup</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Searching for bitmap fonts.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Suppressing-warnings" accesskey="4">Suppressing warnings</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Avoiding warnings via TEX_HUSH.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="5">mktex scripts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Generating files at runtime.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Supported-file-formats"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#File-lookup" accesskey="n" rel="next">File lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Supported-file-formats-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 Supported file formats</h3>
<span id="index-supported-file-formats"></span>
<span id="index-file-formats_002c-supported"></span>
<span id="index-environment-variables-for-TeX"></span>
<span id="index-TeX-environment-variables"></span>
<p>Kpathsea has support for a number of file types. Each file type has a
list of environment and config file variables that are checked to define
the search path, and most have a default suffix that plays a role in
finding files (see the next section). Some also define additional
suffixes, and/or a program to be run to create missing files on the fly.
</p>
<span id="index-program_002dvarying-paths"></span>
<p>Since environment variables containing periods, such as
‘<samp>TEXINPUTS.latex</samp>’, are not allowed on some systems, Kpathsea looks
for environment variables with an underscore, e.g.,
‘<samp>TEXINPUTS_latex</samp>’ (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
</p>
<p>The following table lists the above information. You can also get the
list by giving the ‘<samp>--help-formats</samp>’ option to <code>kpsewhich</code>
(see <a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>afm</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eafm"></span>
<span id="index-AFMFONTS"></span>
<p>(Adobe font metrics, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>AFMFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.afm</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>base</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ebase"></span>
<span id="index-MFBASES"></span>
<span id="index-TEXMFINI"></span>
<p>(Metafont memory dump, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFBASES</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.base</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>bib</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ebib"></span>
<span id="index-BIBINPUTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXBIB"></span>
<p>(BibTeX bibliography source, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#bibtex-invocation">bibtex invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>BIBINPUTS</code>, <code>TEXBIB</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.bib</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>bltxml</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ebltxml"></span>
<span id="index-BLTXMLINPUTS"></span>
<p>(BibLaTeXML bibliography files for Biber, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/biber">http://ctan.org/pkg/biber</a>)
<code>BLTXMLINPUTS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.bltxml</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>bst</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ebst"></span>
<span id="index-BSTINPUTS"></span>
<p>(BibTeX style, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Basic-BibTeX-style-files">Basic BibTeX
style files</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>BSTINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.bst</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>clua</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002edll"></span>
<span id="index-_002eso"></span>
<span id="index-CLUAINPUTS"></span>
<p>(dynamic libraries for Lua, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>)
<code>CLUAINPUTS</code>
suffixes ‘<samp>.dll</samp>’ and ‘<samp>.so</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>cmap</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ecmap"></span>
<span id="index-CMAPFONTS"></span>
<p>(character map files)
<code>CMAPFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.cmap</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>cnf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ecnf"></span>
<span id="index-TEXMFCNF-1"></span>
<p>(Runtime configuration files, see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>)
<code>TEXMFCNF</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.cnf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>cweb</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ew"></span>
<span id="index-_002eweb"></span>
<span id="index-CWEBINPUTS"></span>
<p>(CWEB input files)
<code>CWEBINPUTS</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.w</samp>’, ‘<samp>.web</samp>’;
additional suffix ‘<samp>.ch</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>dvips config</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-TEXCONFIG"></span>
<span id="index-config_002eps_002c-search-path-for"></span>
<p>(Dvips ‘<samp>config.*</samp>’ files, such as <samp>config.ps</samp>, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Config-files">Config
files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TEXCONFIG</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>enc files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eenc"></span>
<span id="index-ENCFONTS"></span>
<p>(encoding vectors)
<code>ENCFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.enc</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>fmt</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002efmt"></span>
<span id="index-TEXFORMATS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXMFINI-1"></span>
<p>(TeX memory dump, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TEXFORMATS</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>font cid map</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ecid"></span>
<span id="index-FONTCIDMAPS"></span>
<p>(CJK mapping)
<code>FONTCIDMAPS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.cid</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>font feature files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002efea"></span>
<span id="index-FONTFEATURES"></span>
<p>(primarily for OpenType font features)
<code>FONTFEATURES</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.fea</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>gf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-gf"></span>
<span id="index-GFFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-GLYPHFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXFONTS"></span>
<p>(generic font bitmap, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code><var>program</var>FONTS</code>, <code>GFFONTS</code>, <code>GLYPHFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>gf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>graphic/figure</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eeps"></span>
<span id="index-_002eepsi"></span>
<span id="index-TEXPICTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXINPUTS"></span>
<p>(Encapsulated PostScript figures, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#PostScript-figures">PostScript figures</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TEXPICTS</code>, <code>TEXINPUTS</code>;
additional suffixes: ‘<samp>.eps</samp>’, ‘<samp>.epsi</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ist</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eist"></span>
<span id="index-TEXINDEXSTYLE"></span>
<span id="index-INDEXSTYLE"></span>
<p>(makeindex style files)
<code>TEXINDEXSTYLE</code>, <code>INDEXSTYLE</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.ist</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>lig files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002elig"></span>
<span id="index-LIGFONTS"></span>
<p>(ligature definition files)
<code>LIGFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.lig</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ls-R</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-ls_002dR"></span>
<span id="index-TEXMFDBS-1"></span>
<p>(Filename databases, see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>)
<code>TEXMFDBS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>map</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emap"></span>
<span id="index-TEXFONTMAPS"></span>
<p>(Fontmaps, see <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>)
<code>TEXFONTMAPS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.map</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mem</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emem"></span>
<span id="index-MPMEMS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXMFINI-2"></span>
<p>(MetaPost memory dump, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory dumps</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPMEMS</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mem</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp><span class="roman">MetaPost support</span></samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-MPSUPPORT"></span>
<p>(MetaPost support files, used by DMP; see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#dmp-invocation">dmp invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPSUPPORT</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emf"></span>
<span id="index-MFINPUTS"></span>
<p>(Metafont source, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#mf-invocation">mf invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mf</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktexmf</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mfpool</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002epool"></span>
<span id="index-MFPOOL"></span>
<p>(Metafont program strings, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mft</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emft"></span>
<span id="index-MFTINPUTS"></span>
<p>(<code>MFT</code> style file, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#mft-invocation">mft invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MFTINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mft</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>misc fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-MISCFONTS"></span>
<p>(font-related files that don’t fit the other categories)
<code>MISCFONTS</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mlbib</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emlbib"></span>
<span id="index-MLBIBINPUTS"></span>
<span id="index-BIBINPUTS-1"></span>
<span id="index-TEXBIB-1"></span>
<p>(MlBibTeX bibliography source)
<code>MLBIBINPUTS</code>, <code>BIBINPUTS</code>, <code>TEXBIB</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.mlbib</samp>’, ‘<samp>.mlbib</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mlbst</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emlbst"></span>
<span id="index-MLBSTINPUTS"></span>
<span id="index-BSTINPUTS-1"></span>
<p>(MlBibTeX style)
<code>MLBSTINPUTS</code>, <code>BSTINPUTS</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.mlbst</samp>’, ‘<samp>.bst</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002emp"></span>
<span id="index-MPINPUTS"></span>
<p>(MetaPost source, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#mpost-invocation">mpost invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.mp</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>mppool</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002epool-1"></span>
<span id="index-MPPOOL"></span>
<p>(MetaPost program strings, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>MPPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ocp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eocp"></span>
<span id="index-OCPINPUTS"></span>
<p>(Omega compiled process files)
<code>OCPINPUTS</code>; <br>
suffix ‘<samp>.ocp</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>MakeOmegaOCP</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ofm</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eofm"></span>
<span id="index-OFMFONTS"></span>
<p>(Omega font metrics)
<code>OFMFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>; <br>
suffixes ‘<samp>.ofm</samp>’, ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>MakeOmegaOFM</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>opentype fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-OPENTYPEFONTS"></span>
<p>(OpenType fonts)
<code>OPENTYPEFONTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>opl</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eopl"></span>
<p>(Omega property lists)
<code>OPLFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.opl</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>otp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eotp"></span>
<span id="index-OTPINPUTS"></span>
<p>(Omega translation process files)
<code>OTPINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.otp</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ovf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eovf"></span>
<span id="index-OVFFONTS"></span>
<p>(Omega virtual fonts)
<code>OVFFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.ovf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ovp</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eovp"></span>
<span id="index-OVPFONTS"></span>
<p>(Omega virtual property lists)
<code>OVPFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.ovp</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>pdftex config</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-PDFTEXCONFIG"></span>
<p>(PDFTeX-specific configuration files)
<code>PDFTEXCONFIG</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>pk</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002epk"></span>
<span id="index-PKFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXPKS"></span>
<span id="index-GLYPHFONTS-1"></span>
<span id="index-TEXFONTS-1"></span>
<p>(packed bitmap fonts, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code><var>PROGRAM</var>FONTS</code> (<var>program</var> being ‘<samp>XDVI</samp>’, etc.),
<code>PKFONTS</code>, <code>TEXPKS</code>, <code>GLYPHFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>pk</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktexpk</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>PostScript header</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002epro"></span>
<span id="index-TEXPSHEADERS"></span>
<span id="index-PSHEADERS"></span>
<p>(downloadable PostScript, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Header-files">Header files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TEXPSHEADERS</code>, <code>PSHEADERS</code>;
additional suffix ‘<samp>.pro</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ris</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eris"></span>
<span id="index-RISINPUTS"></span>
<p>(RIS bibliography files, primarily for Biber, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/biber">http://ctan.org/pkg/biber</a>)
<code>RISINPUTS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.ris</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>subfont definition files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002esfd"></span>
<span id="index-SFDFONTS"></span>
<p>(subfont definition files)
<code>SFDFONTS</code>
suffix ‘<samp>.sfd</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>tex</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002etex"></span>
<span id="index-TEXINPUTS-1"></span>
<p>(TeX source, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#tex-invocation">tex invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TEXINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.tex</samp>’;
additional suffixes: none, because such a list cannot be complete;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktextex</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>TeX system documentation</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-doc-files"></span>
<span id="index-TEXDOCS"></span>
<p>(Documentation files for the TeX system)
<code>TEXDOCS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>TeX system sources</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-source-files"></span>
<span id="index-TEXSOURCES"></span>
<p>(Source files for the TeX system)
<code>TEXSOURCES</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>texmfscripts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-TEXMFSCRIPTS"></span>
<p>(Architecture-independent executables distributed in the texmf trees)
<code>TEXMFSCRIPTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>texpool</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002epool-2"></span>
<span id="index-TEXPOOL"></span>
<p>(TeX program strings, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#pooltype-invocation">pooltype invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TEXPOOL</code>, <code>TEXMFINI</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.pool</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>tfm</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002etfm"></span>
<span id="index-TFMFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXFONTS-2"></span>
<p>(TeX font metrics, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Metric-files">Metric files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>TFMFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’;
dynamic creation program: <code>mktextfm</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Troff fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-TRFONTS"></span>
<p>(Troff fonts, used by DMP; see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#DMP-invocation">DMP invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>)
<code>TRFONTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>truetype fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002ettf"></span>
<span id="index-_002ettc"></span>
<span id="index-TTFONTS"></span>
<p>(TrueType outline fonts) <code>TTFONTS</code>; suffixes ‘<samp>.ttf</samp>’ and
‘<samp>.TTF</samp>’, ‘<samp>.ttc</samp>’ and ‘<samp>.TTC</samp>’, ‘<samp>.dfont</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>type1 fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002epfa"></span>
<span id="index-_002epfb"></span>
<span id="index-T1FONTS"></span>
<span id="index-T1INPUTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXPSHEADERS-1"></span>
<span id="index-DVIPSHEADERS"></span>
<p>(Type 1 PostScript outline fonts, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Glyph-files">Glyph files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>T1FONTS</code>, <code>T1INPUTS</code>, <code>TEXPSHEADERS</code>, <code>DVIPSHEADERS</code>;
suffixes ‘<samp>.pfa</samp>’, ‘<samp>.pfb</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>type42 fonts</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-T42FONTS"></span>
<p>(Type 42 PostScript outline fonts) <code>T42FONTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>vf</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002evf"></span>
<span id="index-VFFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-TEXFONTS-3"></span>
<p>(virtual fonts, see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Virtual-fonts">Virtual fonts</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>)
<code>VFFONTS</code>, <code>TEXFONTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.vf</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>web</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002eweb-1"></span>
<span id="index-WEBINPUTS"></span>
<p>(WEB input files)
<code>WEBINPUTS</code>;
suffix ‘<samp>.web</samp>’;
additional suffix ‘<samp>.ch</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>web2c files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-WEB2C"></span>
<p>(files specific to the web2c implementation)
<code>WEB2C</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>There are two special cases, because the paths and environment variables
always depend on the name of the program: the variable name is
constructed by converting the program name to upper case, and then
appending ‘<samp>INPUTS</samp>’. Assuming the program is called ‘<samp>foo</samp>’,
this gives us the following table.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>other text files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-FOOINPUTS"></span>
<p>(text files used by ‘<samp>foo</samp>’)
<code>FOOINPUTS</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>other binary files</samp>’</dt>
<dd><span id="index-FOOINPUTS-1"></span>
<p>(binary files used by ‘<samp>foo</samp>’)
<code>FOOINPUTS</code>.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>If an environment variable by these names are set, the corresponding
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> definition won’t be looked at (unless, as usual, the
environment variable value has an extra ‘<samp>:</samp>’). See <a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a>.
</p>
<p>For the font variables, the intent is that:
</p><ul>
<li> <code>TEXFONTS</code> is the default for everything.
</li><li> <code>GLYPHFONTS</code> is the default for bitmap (or, more precisely,
non-metric) files.
</li><li> Each font format has a variable of its own.
</li><li> <span id="index-XDVIFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-DVIPSFONTS"></span>
Each program has its own font override path as well; e.g.,
<code>DVIPSFONTS</code> for Dvipsk. Again, this is for bitmaps, not metrics.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<span id="File-lookup"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glyph lookup</a>, Previous: <a href="#Supported-file-formats" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Supported file formats</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="File-lookup-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 File lookup</h3>
<span id="index-file-lookup"></span>
<span id="index-searching-for-files"></span>
<span id="index-TeX-file-lookup"></span>
<p>This section describes how Kpathsea searches for most files (bitmap font
searches are the exception, as described in the next section).
</p>
<p>Here is the search strategy for a file <var>name</var>:
</p>
<ol>
<li> If the file format defines default suffixes, and the suffix of
<var>name</var> name is not already a known suffix for that format, try the
name with each default appended, and use alternative names found in
the fontmaps if necessary. Example: given ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’, look for
‘<samp>foo.bar.tex</samp>’.
</li><li> Search for <var>name</var>, and if necessary for alternative names found in
the fontmaps. Example: given ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’, we also look for
‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’.
</li><li> If the file format defines a program to invoke to create missing files,
run it (see <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>).
</li></ol>
<span id="index-extensions_002c-filename"></span>
<span id="index-suffixes_002c-filename"></span>
<span id="index-try_005fstd_005fextension_005ffirst"></span>
<p>The order in which we search for “suffixed” name (item 1) or
the “as-is” name (item 2) is controlled by the
<samp>try_std_extension_first</samp> configuration value. The default set
in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> is true, since common suffixes are already
recognized: ‘<samp>babel.sty</samp>’ will only look for ‘<samp>babel.sty</samp>’, not
‘<samp>babel.sty.tex</samp>’, regardless of this setting.
</p>
<p>When the suffix is unknown (e.g., ‘<samp>foo.bar</samp>’), both names are
always tried; the difference is the order in which they are tried.
</p>
<p><samp>try_std_extension_first</samp> only affects names being looked up
which *already* have an extension. A name without an extension (e.g.,
‘<samp>tex story</samp>’) will always have an extension added first.
</p>
<span id="index-tex_002dfile_002ec"></span>
<span id="index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile"></span>
<p>This algorithm is implemented in the function
<code>kpathsea_find_file</code> in the source file
<samp>kpathsea/tex-file.c</samp>. You can watch it in action with the
debugging options (see <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Glyph-lookup"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Suppressing warnings</a>, Previous: <a href="#File-lookup" accesskey="p" rel="prev">File lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Glyph-lookup-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 Glyph lookup</h3>
<span id="index-glyph-lookup"></span>
<span id="index-searching-for-glyphs"></span>
<span id="index-TeX-glyph-lookup"></span>
<p>This section describes how Kpathsea searches for a bitmap font in GF or
PK format (or either) given a font name (e.g., ‘<samp>cmr10</samp>’) and a
resolution (e.g., 600).
</p>
<p>Here is an outline of the search strategy (details in the sections
below) for a file <var>name</var> at resolution <var>dpi</var>. The search stops
at the first successful lookup.
</p>
<ol>
<li> Look for an existing file <var>name</var>.<var>dpi</var><var>format</var> in the
specified format(s).
</li><li> If <var>name</var> is an alias for a file <var>f</var> in the fontmap
file <samp>texfonts.map</samp>, look for <var>f</var>.<var>dpi</var>.
</li><li> Run an external program (typically named ‘<samp>mktexpk</samp>’) to
generate the font (see <a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a>)
</li><li> Look for <var>fallback</var>.<var>dpi</var>, where <var>fallback</var> is some
last-resort font (typically ‘<samp>cmr10</samp>’).
</li></ol>
<span id="index-tex_002dglyph_002ec"></span>
<span id="index-kpathsea_005ffind_005fglyph"></span>
<p>This is implemented in <code>kpathsea_find_glyph</code> in
<samp>kpathsea/tex-glyph.c</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup" accesskey="1">Basic glyph lookup</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Features common to all glyph lookups.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fontmap" accesskey="2">Fontmap</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Aliases for fonts.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Fallback-font" accesskey="3">Fallback font</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Resolutions and fonts of last resort.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Basic-glyph-lookup"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fontmap" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fontmap</a>, Up: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glyph lookup</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Basic-glyph-lookup-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.3.1 Basic glyph lookup</h4>
<span id="index-basic-glyph-lookup"></span>
<span id="index-common-features-in-glyph-lookup"></span>
<p>When Kpathsea looks for a bitmap font <var>name</var> at resolution <var>dpi</var>
in a format <var>format</var>, it first checks each directory in the search
path for a file ‘<samp><var>name</var>.<var>dpi</var><var>format</var></samp>’; for example,
‘<samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>’. Kpathsea looks for a PK file first, then a GF file.
</p>
<p>If that fails, Kpathsea looks for
‘<samp>dpi<var>dpi</var>/<var>name</var>.<var>format</var></samp>’; for example,
‘<samp>dpi600/cmr10.pk</samp>’. This is how fonts are typically stored on
filesystems (such as DOS) that permit only three-character extensions.
</p>
<span id="index-tolerance-for-glyph-lookup"></span>
<span id="index-glyph-lookup-bitmap-tolerance"></span>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fBITMAP_005fTOLERANCE"></span>
<p>If that fails, Kpathsea looks for a font with a close-enough <var>dpi</var>.
“Close enough” is defined by the macro <code>KPSE_BITMAP_TOLERANCE</code> in
<samp>kpathsea/tex-glyph.h</samp> to be <code><var>dpi</var> / 500 + 1</code>. This is
slightly more than the 0.2% minimum allowed by the DVI standard
(<a href="CTAN:/dviware/driv-standard/level-0">CTAN:/dviware/driv-standard/level-0</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Fontmap"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fallback-font" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fallback font</a>, Previous: <a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Basic glyph lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glyph lookup</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Fontmap-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.3.2 Fontmap</h4>
<span id="index-fontmap-files"></span>
<span id="index-font-alias-files"></span>
<span id="index-aliases-for-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-texfonts_002emap"></span>
<p>If a bitmap font or metric file is not found with the original name (see
the previous section), Kpathsea looks through any <em>fontmap</em> files
for an <em>alias</em> for the original font name. These files are named
<samp>texfonts.map</samp> and searched for along the <code>TEXFONTMAPS</code>
environment/config file variable. All <samp>texfonts.map</samp> files that
are found are read; earlier definitions override later ones.
</p>
<p>This feature is intended to help in two respects:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <span id="index-fontnames_002c-arbitrary-length"></span>
An alias name is limited in length only by available memory, not by your
filesystem. Therefore, if you want to ask for ‘<samp>Times-Roman</samp>’
instead of <samp>ptmr</samp>, you can (you get ‘<samp>ptmr8r</samp>’).
</li><li> <span id="index-circle-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-lcircle10"></span>
A few fonts have historically had multiple names: specifically,
LaTeX’s “circle font” has variously been known as <samp>circle10</samp>,
<samp>lcircle10</samp>, and <samp>lcirc10</samp>. Aliases can make all the names
equivalent, so that it no longer matters what the name of the installed
file is; TeX documents will find their favorite name.
</li></ol>
<p>The format of fontmap files is straightforward:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-comments_002c-in-fontmap-files"></span>
Comments start with the last ‘<samp>%</samp>’ on a line and continue to
the end of the line. (This provides for names that include a %,
ill-advised as that may be.)
</li><li> <span id="index-whitespace_002c-in-fontmap-files"></span>
Blank lines are ignored.
</li><li> Each nonblank line is broken up into a series of <em>words</em>:
a sequence of non-whitespace characters.
</li><li> <span id="index-include-fontmap-directive"></span>
If the first word is ‘<samp>include</samp>’, the second word is used as
a filename, and it is searched for and read.
</li><li> Otherwise, the first word on each line is the true filename;
</li><li> the second word is the alias;
</li><li> subsequent words are ignored.
</li></ul>
<p>If an alias has an extension, it matches only those files with that
extension; otherwise, it matches anything with the same root, regardless
of extension. For example, an alias ‘<samp>foo.tfm</samp>’ matches only when
<samp>foo.tfm</samp> is being searched for; but an alias ‘<samp>foo</samp>’ matches
<samp>foo.vf</samp>, <samp>foo.600pk</samp>, etc.
</p>
<p>As an example, here is an excerpt from the <samp>texfonts.map</samp> in the
Web2c distribution. It makes the old and new names of the LaTeX
circle fonts equivalent.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">circle10 lcircle10
circle10 lcirc10
lcircle10 circle10
lcircle10 lcirc10
lcirc10 circle10
lcirc10 lcircle10
…
</pre></div>
<p>Fontmaps are implemented in the file <samp>kpathsea/fontmap.c</samp>.
The Fontname distribution has much more information on font naming
(see <cite><a href="fontname.html#Top">Filenames for TeX fonts</a></cite>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Fallback-font"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Fontmap" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fontmap</a>, Up: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glyph lookup</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Fallback-font-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.3.3 Fallback font</h4>
<span id="index-fallback-font"></span>
<span id="index-fallback-resolutions"></span>
<span id="index-font-of-last-resort"></span>
<span id="index-resolutions_002c-last_002dresort"></span>
<span id="index-last_002dresort-font"></span>
<span id="index-DVIPSSIZES"></span>
<span id="index-XDVISIZES"></span>
<span id="index-DVILJSIZES"></span>
<span id="index-TEXSIZES"></span>
<span id="index-default_005ftexsizes"></span>
<p>If a bitmap font cannot be found or created at the requested size,
Kpathsea looks for the font at a set of <em>fallback resolutions</em>. You
specify these resolutions as a colon-separated list (like search paths).
Kpathsea looks first for a program-specific environment variable (e.g.,
<code>DVIPSSIZES</code> for Dvipsk), then the environment variable
<code>TEXSIZES</code>, then a default specified at compilation time (the Make
variable <code>default_texsizes</code>). You can set this list to be empty if
you prefer to find fonts at their stated size or not at all.
</p>
<span id="index-cmr10_002c-as-fallback-font"></span>
<span id="index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog"></span>
<p>Finally, if the font cannot be found even at the fallback resolutions,
Kpathsea looks for a fallback font, typically <samp>cmr10</samp>. Programs
must enable this feature by calling <code>kpathsea_init_prog</code>
(see <a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a>); the default is no fallback font.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Suppressing-warnings"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="n" rel="next">mktex scripts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Glyph-lookup" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Glyph lookup</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Suppressing-warnings-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 Suppressing warnings</h3>
<span id="index-warnings_002c-suppressing"></span>
<span id="index-suppressing-warnings"></span>
<span id="index-TEX_005fHUSH-1"></span>
<p>Kpathsea provides a way to suppress selected usually-harmless warnings;
this is useful at large sites where most users are not administrators,
and thus the warnings are merely a source of confusion, not a help. To
do this, you set the environment variable or configuration file value
<code>TEX_HUSH</code> to a colon-separated list of values. Here are the
possibilities:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>all</samp>’
<span id="index-all"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Suppress everything possible.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>checksum</samp>’
<span id="index-checksum"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-mismatched-checksum-warnings"></span>
<p>Suppress mismatched font checksum warnings.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>lostchar</samp>’
<span id="index-lostchar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-missing-character-warnings"></span>
<p>Suppress warnings when a character is missing from a font that a DVI or
VF file tries to typeset.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>none</samp>’
<span id="index-none"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Don’t suppress any warnings.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>readable</samp>’
<span id="index-readable"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-unreadable-file-warnings"></span>
<p>Suppress warnings about attempts to access a file whose permissions
render it unreadable.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>special</samp>’
<span id="index-special"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-unknown-special-warnings"></span>
<span id="index-_005cspecial_002c-suppressing-warnings-about"></span>
<p>Suppresses warnings about an unimplemented or unparsable
‘<samp>\special</samp>’ command.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><samp>tex-hush.c</samp> defines the function that checks the
variable value. Each driver implements its own checks where
appropriate.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="mktex-scripts"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Suppressing-warnings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Suppressing warnings</a>, Up: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="u" rel="up">TeX support</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="mktex-scripts-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</h3>
<span id="index-mktex-scripts"></span>
<span id="index-scripts-for-file-creation"></span>
<span id="index-font-set_002c-infinite"></span>
<span id="index-dynamic-creation-of-files"></span>
<span id="index-Sauter-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation"></span>
<span id="index-EC-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation"></span>
<p>If Kpathsea cannot otherwise find a file, for some file types it is
configured by default to invoke an external program to create it
dynamically (see <a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a>). These are collectively
known as <em><code>mktex</code> scripts</em>, since most of them are named
<code>mktex...</code>.
</p>
<p>For example, this is useful for fonts (bitmaps, TFM’s, and
arbitrarily-sizable Metafont sources such as the Sauter and EC fonts),
since any given document can use fonts never before referenced.
Building all fonts in advance is therefore impractical, if not
impossible.
</p>
<p>It is also useful for the TeX ‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’ (and Metafont
‘<samp>.base</samp>’ and Metapost ‘<samp>.mem</samp>’ files, see <a href="Web2c.html#Memory-dumps">Memory
dumps</a> in <cite>web2c</cite>), where pre-generating every format consumes a
lot of both time and space.
</p>
<p>The script is passed the name of the file to create and possibly other
arguments, as explained below. It must echo the full pathname of the
file it created (and nothing else) to standard output; it can write
diagnostics to standard error.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-configuration" accesskey="1">config</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-script-names" accesskey="2">names</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#mktex-script-arguments" accesskey="3">args</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="mktex-configuration"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mktex-script-names" accesskey="n" rel="next">mktex script names</a>, Up: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="u" rel="up">mktex scripts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="mktex-configuration-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.5.1 <samp>mktex</samp> configuration</h4>
<span id="index-mktex-script-configuration"></span>
<span id="index-configuration-of-mktex-scripts"></span>
<span id="index-enabling-mktex-scripts"></span>
<span id="index-disabling-mktex-scripts"></span>
<p>The list of file types and program names that can run an external
program to create missing files is listed in the next section. In the
absence of <code>configure</code> options specifying otherwise, everything
but <samp>mktextex</samp> will be enabled by default. The <code>configure</code>
options to change the defaults are:
</p>
<span id="index-configure-options-for-mktex-scripts"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexfmt_002ddefault"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexmf_002ddefault"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexocp_002ddefault"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexofm_002ddefault"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexpk_002ddefault"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktextfm_002ddefault"></span>
<span id="index-_002d_002dwith_002dmktextex_002ddefault"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">--without-mktexfmt-default
--without-mktexmf-default
--without-mktexocp-default
--without-mktexofm-default
--without-mktexpk-default
--without-mktextfm-default
--with-mktextex-default
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>configure</code> setting is overridden if the environment variable
or configuration file value named for the script is set; e.g.,
<samp>MKTEXPK</samp> (see <a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a>).
</p>
<span id="index-fmtutils_002ecnf"></span>
<p><code>mktexfmt</code> reads a file <samp>fmtutil.cnf</samp>, typically located in
<samp>texmf/web2c/</samp> to glean its configuration information. The rest
of the files and features in this section are primarily intended for
the font generation scripts.
</p>
<span id="index-mktex_002ecnf-1"></span>
<span id="index-mktex_002eopt"></span>
<span id="index-site-overrides-for-mktex_2026"></span>
<p>As distributed, all the scripts source a file
<samp>texmf/web2c/mktex.cnf</samp> if it exists, so you can override various
defaults.
See <samp>mktex.opt</samp>, for instance, which defines the default mode,
resolution, some special directory names, etc. If you prefer not to
change the distributed scripts, you can simply create <samp>mktex.cnf</samp>
with the appropriate definitions (you do not need to create it if you
have nothing to put in it). <samp>mktex.cnf</samp> has no special syntax;
it’s an arbitrary Bourne shell script. The distribution contains a
sample <samp>mktex.cnf</samp> for you to copy and modify as you please (it
is not installed anywhere).
</p>
<span id="index-mktex_002eopt-1"></span>
<span id="index-MT_005fFEATURES"></span>
<p>In addition, you can configure a number of features with the
<code>MT_FEATURES</code> variable, which you can define:
</p>
<ul>
<li> in <samp>mktex.opt</samp>, as just mentioned;
</li><li> by editing the file <samp>mktex.opt</samp>, either before ‘<samp>make
install</samp>’ (in the source hierarchy) or after (in the installed
hierarchy);
</li><li> or in the environment.
</li></ul>
<p>If none of the options below are enabled, <code>mktexpk</code>,
<code>mktextfm</code>, and <code>mktexmf</code> follow the following procedure to
decide where fonts should be installed. Find the tree where the font’s
sources are, and test the permissions of the ‘<samp>fonts</samp>’ directory of
that tree to determine whether it is writable. If it is, put the files
in the tree in appropriate locations. If it isn’t writable, see whether
the tree is a system tree (named in <code>SYSTEXMF</code>). If so, the
<code>VARTEXFONTS</code> tree is used. In all other cases the working
directory is used.
</p>
<p>The ‘<samp>appendonlydir</samp>’ option is enabled by default.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>appendonlydir</samp>’
<span id="index-appendonlydir"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-directories_002c-making-append_002donly"></span>
<span id="index-mktexdir"></span>
<p>Tell <code>mktexdir</code> to create directories append-only, i.e., set
their sticky bit (see <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils#Mode-Structure">Mode Structure</a> in <cite>GNU Core
Utilities</cite>). This feature is silently ignored on non-Unix platforms
(e.g. Windows/NT and MS-DOS) which don’t support similar functionality.
This feature is enabled by default.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’
<span id="index-dosnames"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-8_002e3-filenames_002c-using"></span>
<span id="index-DOS-compatible-names"></span>
<span id="index-dpinnn-directories"></span>
<p>Use 8.3 names; e.g., <samp>dpi600/cmr10.pk</samp> instead of
<samp>cmr10.600pk</samp>. Note that this feature only affects filenames that
would otherwise clash with other TeX-related filenames; <samp>mktex</samp>
scripts do nothing about filenames which exceed the 8+3 MS-DOS limits
but remain unique when truncated (by the OS) to these limits, and nether
do the scripts care about possible clashes with files which aren’t
related with TeX. For example, <samp>cmr10.600pk</samp> would clash with
<samp>cmr10.600gf</samp> and is therefore changed when ‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’ is in
effect, but <samp>mf.pool</samp> and <samp>mp.base</samp> don’t clash with any
TeX-related files and are therefore unchanged.
</p>
<p>This feature is turned on by default on MS-DOS. If you do not wish
‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’ to be set on an MS-DOS platform, you need to set the
<code>MT_FEATURES</code> environment variable to a value that doesn’t include
‘<samp>dosnames</samp>’. You can also change the default setting by editing
<samp>mktex.opt</samp>, but only if you use the <samp>mktex</samp> shell scripts;
the emulation programs don’t consult <samp>mktex.opt</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>fontmaps</samp>’
<span id="index-fontmaps-1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-fontmaps"></span>
<span id="index-fontname"></span>
<p>Instead of deriving the location of a font in the destination tree from
the location of the sources, the aliases and directory names from the
Fontname distribution are used. (see <a href="fontname.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>Fontname</cite>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>nomfdrivers</samp>’
<span id="index-nomfdrivers"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-metafont-driver-files"></span>
<p>Let mktexpk and mktextfm create metafont driver files in a temporary
directory. These will be used for just one metafont run and not
installed permanently.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>nomode</samp>’
<span id="index-nomode"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-mode-directory_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Omit the directory level for the mode name; this is fine as long as
you generate fonts for only one mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>stripsupplier</samp>’
<span id="index-stripsupplier"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Omit the font supplier name directory level.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>striptypeface</samp>’
<span id="index-striptypeface"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Omit the font typeface name directory level.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>strip</samp>’
<span id="index-strip"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-1"></span>
<span id="index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-1"></span>
<p>Omit the font supplier and typeface name directory levels. This feature
is deprecated in favour of ‘<samp>stripsupplier</samp>’ and ‘<samp>striptypeface</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>varfonts</samp>’
<span id="index-varfonts"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-_002fvar_002ftmp_002ftexfonts"></span>
<span id="index-VARTEXFONTS"></span>
<span id="index-Linux-File-System-Standard"></span>
<p>When this option is enabled, fonts that would otherwise be written in
system texmf tree go to the <code>VARTEXFONTS</code> tree instead. The
default value in <samp>kpathsea/Makefile.in</samp> is
<samp>/var/tmp/texfonts</samp>. The <cite>Linux File System Standard</cite>
recommends <samp>/var/tex/fonts</samp>.
</p>
<span id="index-USE_005fVARTEXFONTS"></span>
<p>The ‘<samp>varfonts</samp>’ setting in <code>MT_FEATURES</code> is overridden by the
<code>USE_VARTEXFONTS</code> environment variable: if set to ‘<samp>1</samp>’, the
feature is enabled, and if set to ‘<samp>0</samp>’, the feature is disabled.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>texmfvar</samp>’
<span id="index-texmfvar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-TEXMFVAR"></span>
<p>Force generated files that would go into a system tree (as defined by
<code>SYSTEXMF</code>) into <code>TEXMFVAR</code>. Starting with teTeX-3.0, the
variable <code>TEXMFVAR</code> is always set. The ‘<samp>varfonts</samp>’ feature takes
precedence if also set.
</p>
<span id="index-USE_005fTEXMFVAR"></span>
<p>The ‘<samp>texmfvar</samp>’ setting in <code>MT_FEATURES</code> is overridden by the
<code>USE_TEXMFVAR</code> environment variable: if set to ‘<samp>1</samp>’, the
feature is enabled, and if set to ‘<samp>0</samp>’, the feature is disabled.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="mktex-script-names"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#mktex-script-arguments" accesskey="n" rel="next">mktex script arguments</a>, Previous: <a href="#mktex-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mktex configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="u" rel="up">mktex scripts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="mktex-script-names-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.5.2 <samp>mktex</samp> script names</h4>
<span id="index-mktex-script-names"></span>
<span id="index-names-for-mktex-scripts"></span>
<p>The following table shows the default name of the script for each
of the file types which support runtime generation.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><samp>mktexfmt</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mktexfmt"></span>
<span id="index-fmtutil"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>.fmt</samp>’, ‘<samp>.base</samp>’, ‘<samp>.mem</samp>’) TeX/Metafont/MetaPost
formats. This script is also named <code>fmtutil</code>, and reads
<samp>fmtutil.cnf</samp> for configuration information.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktexmf</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mktexmf"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>.mf</samp>’) Metafont input files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mkocp</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mkocp"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>.ocp</samp>’) Omega compiled process files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mkofm</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mkofm"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>.ofm</samp>’) Omega font metric files.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktexpk</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mktexpk"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>pk</samp>’) Glyph fonts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktextex</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mktextex"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>.tex</samp>’) TeX input files (disabled by default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><samp>mktextfm</samp></dt>
<dd><span id="index-mktextfm"></span>
<p>(‘<samp>.tfm</samp>’) TFM files.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="index-DVIPSMAKEPK"></span>
<span id="index-XDVIMAKEPK"></span>
<span id="index-DVILJMAKEPK"></span>
<p>These names can be overridden by an environment variable specific
to the program—for example, <code>DVIPSMAKEPK</code> for Dvipsk.
</p>
<span id="index-missfont_002elog"></span>
<span id="index-failed-mktex_2026-script-invocation"></span>
<p>If a <code>mktex…</code> script fails, the invocation is appended to a
file <samp>missfont.log</samp> (by default) in the current directory. You can
then execute the log file to create the missing files after fixing the
problem.
</p>
<span id="index-TEXMFOUTPUT"></span>
<span id="index-MISSFONT_005fLOG"></span>
<p>If the current directory is not writable and the environment variable or
configuration file value <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code> is set, its value is
used. Otherwise, nothing is written. The name ‘<samp>missfont.log</samp>’ is
overridden by the <code>MISSFONT_LOG</code> environment variable or
configuration file value.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="mktex-script-arguments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#mktex-script-names" accesskey="p" rel="prev">mktex script names</a>, Up: <a href="#mktex-scripts" accesskey="u" rel="up">mktex scripts</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="mktex-script-arguments-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">6.5.3 <samp>mktex</samp> script arguments</h4>
<span id="index-arguments-to-mktex"></span>
<p>The first argument to a <samp>mktex</samp> script is always the name
of the file to be created.
</p>
<p>In the default <samp>mktexpk</samp> implementation, additional arguments may
also be passed:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>--dpi <var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the resolution of the generated font to <var>num</var>.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mfmode <var>name</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the Metafont mode to <var>name</var>.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--bdpi <var>num</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the “base dpi” for the font. This must match the mode being
used.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--mag <var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>A “magstep” string suitable for the Metafont <code>mag</code> variable.
This must match the combination of <var>bdpi</var> and <var>dpi</var> being used.
</p></dd>
<dt>‘<samp>--destdir <var>string</var></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>A directory name. If the directory is absolute, it is used as-is.
Otherwise, it is appended to the root destination directory set in the
script.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<span id="Programming"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Reporting bugs</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-support" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX support</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Programming-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Programming</h2>
<p>This chapter is for programmers who wish to use Kpathsea.
See <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>, for the conditions under which you may do so (in
short, it is released under LGPLv2.1 or later).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming-overview" accesskey="1">Overview</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Introduction.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Calling-sequence" accesskey="2">Calling sequence</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Specifics of what to call.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Program_002dspecific-files" accesskey="3">Program-specific files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle these.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Programming-with-config-files" accesskey="4">Config</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Getting info from texmf.cnf.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Programming-overview"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Calling-sequence" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calling sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Programming-overview-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 Programming overview</h3>
<span id="index-programming-overview"></span>
<span id="index-overview-of-programming-with-Kpathsea"></span>
<p>Aside from this manual, your best source of information is the source
to the programs that use Kpathsea (see <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>). First,
Kpsewhich is a small utility program whose sole purpose is to exercise
the main path-searching functionality. Of the drivers, Dviljk is
probably the simplest full application program. Xdvik adds VF support
and the complication of X resources. Dvipsk adds the complication of
its own config files. Web2c is source code I also maintain, so it
uses Kpathsea rather straightforwardly, but is of course complicated
by the Web to C translation.
</p>
<span id="index-re_002dentrant-API"></span>
<span id="index-API_002c-re_002dentrant"></span>
<p>When looking at these program sources, you should know that previous
versions of the library had a different programming interface; the
current interface supports re-entrancy. Historically, the library
function names were prefixed with <code>kpse_</code> instead of
<code>kpathsea_</code>, and they did not need an instance variable as first
argument. This change was made in 2009. The old functions will never
disappear, and can reliably continue to be used when they suffice, as
they do for the programs above. The main application using the
re-entrant API is the MetaPost library used by MetaPost and LuaTeX.
</p>
<span id="index-pathsearch_002eh"></span>
<span id="index-tex_002dfile_002eh"></span>
<span id="index-tex_002dglyph_002eh"></span>
<span id="index-kpathsea_002eh"></span>
<p>Beyond these examples, the <samp>.h</samp> files in the Kpathsea source
describe the interfaces and functionality (and of course the <samp>.c</samp>
files define the actual routines, which are the ultimate documentation).
<samp>pathsearch.h</samp> declares the basic searching routine.
<samp>tex-file.h</samp> and <samp>tex-glyph.h</samp> define the interfaces for
looking up particular kinds of files. In view of the way the headers
depend on each other, it is recommended to use <code>#include
<kpathsea/kpathsea.h></code>, which includes every Kpathsea header.
</p>
<span id="index-config_002eh"></span>
<span id="index-c_002dauto_002eh"></span>
<p>If you want to include only specific headers, you should still consider
including <samp>kpathsea/config.h</samp> before including any other Kpathsea
header, as it provides symbols used in the other headers. Note that
<samp>kpathsea/config.h</samp> includes <samp>kpathsea/c-auto.h</samp>, which is
generated by Autoconf.
</p>
<span id="index-file-types_002c-registering-new"></span>
<p>The library provides no way for an external program to register new file
types: <samp>tex-file.[ch]</samp> must be modified to do this. For example,
Kpathsea has support for looking up Dvips config files, even though no
program other than Dvips will likely ever want to do so. I felt this
was acceptable, since along with new file types should also come new
defaults in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (and its descendant <samp>paths.h</samp>), since
it’s simplest for users if they can modify one configuration file for
all kinds of paths.
</p>
<p>Kpathsea does not parse any formats itself; it barely opens any files.
Its primary purpose is to return filenames. The GNU font utilities does
contain libraries to read TFM, GF, and PK files, as do the programs
above, of course.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Calling-sequence"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Program_002dspecific-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Program-specific files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programming-overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programming overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Calling-sequence-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 Calling sequence</h3>
<span id="index-programming-with-Kpathsea"></span>
<span id="index-calling-sequence"></span>
<p>The typical way to use Kpathsea in your program goes something like this:
</p>
<ol>
<li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005fnew"></span>
Call <code>kpathsea_new</code> to create a new library instance. This variable
must be passed as the first argument to all the following library functions.
The rest of this manual will be using <code>kpse</code> as a placeholder for
the name of this variable.
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"></span>
<span id="index-argv_005b0_005d"></span>
Call <code>kpathsea_set_program_name</code> with <code>argv[0]</code> as the second
argument; the third argument is a string or <code>NULL</code>. The third
argument is used by Kpathsea as the program name for the
<code>.<var>program</var></code> feature of config files (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>).
If the third argument is <code>NULL</code>, the value of the second argument
is used. This function must be called before any other use of the
Kpathsea library.
<span id="index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fname"></span>
<span id="index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fshort_005fname"></span>
<span id="index-kpse_002d_003eprogram_005fname"></span>
<span id="index-error-message-macros"></span>
<p><code>kpathsea_set_program_name</code> always sets the variables
<code>kpse->invocation_name</code> and <code>kpse->invocation_short_name</code>.
These variables are used in the error message macros defined in
<samp>kpathsea/lib.h</samp>. It sets the variable
<code>kpse->program_name</code> to the program name it uses.
</p>
<span id="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"></span>
<p>It also initializes debugging options based on the environment
variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code> (if that is set).
</p>
<span id="index-SELFAUTOLOC"></span>
<span id="index-SELFAUTODIR"></span>
<span id="index-SELFAUTOPARENT"></span>
<span id="index-symlinks_002c-resolving"></span>
<span id="index-expanding-symlinks"></span>
<p>Finally, it sets the environment variables <code>SELFAUTOLOC</code>, <code>SELFAUTODIR</code>
and <code>SELFAUTOPARENT</code> to the location, parent and grandparent
directory of the executable, removing <samp>.</samp> and <samp>..</samp> path
elements and resolving symbolic links. These are used in the default
configuration file to allow people to invoke TeX from anywhere. You
can use ‘<samp>kpsewhich --expand-var=\$SELFAUTOLOC</samp>’, etc., to see the
values.
</p>
</li><li> <span id="index-kpse_002d_003edebug-variable"></span>
<span id="index-debugging-options_002c-in-Kpathsea_002dusing-program"></span>
Set debugging options. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>. If your program doesn’t have a
debugging option already, you can define one and set
<code>kpse->debug</code> to the number that the user supplies (as in Dviljk
and Web2c), or you can just omit this altogether (people can always set
<code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>). If you do have runtime debugging already, you
need to merge Kpathsea’s options with yours (as in Dvipsk and Xdvik).
</li><li> <span id="index-client_005fpath-in-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"></span>
<span id="index-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"></span>
<span id="index-resident_002ec"></span>
<span id="index-config-files_002c-for-Kpathsea_002dusing-programs"></span>
If your program has its own configuration files that can define search
paths, you should assign those paths to the <code>client_path</code> member in
the appropriate element of the <code>kpse->format_info</code> array. (This
array is indexed by file type; see <samp>tex-file.h</samp>.) See
<samp>resident.c</samp> in Dvipsk for an example.
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog-1"></span>
<span id="index-proginit_002eh"></span>
Call <code>kpathsea_init_prog</code> (see <samp>proginit.c</samp>). It’s useful for the
DVI drivers, at least, but for other programs it may be simpler to
extract the parts of it that actually apply. This does not initialize
any paths, it just looks for (and sets) certain environment variables
and other random information. (A search path is always initialized at
the first call to find a file of that type; this eliminates much useless
work, e.g., initializing the BibTeX search paths in a DVI driver.)
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile-1"></span>
The routine to actually find a file of type <var>format</var> is
<samp>kpathsea_find_file</samp>. You can call
<code>kpathsea_find_file</code> after doing only the first and second of the
initialization steps above—Kpathsea automatically reads the
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> generic config files, looks for environment variables,
and does expansions at the first lookup.
</li><li> To find PK and/or GF bitmap fonts, the routine
is <code>kpathsea_find_glyph</code>, defined in
<samp>tex-glyph.h</samp>. This returns a structure in addition to the
resultant filename, because fonts can be found in so many ways. See the
documentation in the source.
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005fopen_005ffile"></span>
To actually open a file, not just return a filename, call
<code>kpathsea_open_file</code>. This function takes the name to look up and a
Kpathsea file format as arguments, and returns the usual <code>FILE *</code>.
It always assumes the file must exist, and thus will search the disk if
necessary (unless the search path specified ‘<samp>!!</samp>’, etc.). In other
words, if you are looking up a VF or some other file that need not
exist, don’t use this.
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005fout_005fname_005fok"></span>
TeX can write output files, via the <code>\openout</code> primitive; this opens
a security hole vulnerable to Trojan horse attack: an unwitting user could
run a TeX program that overwrites, say, <samp>~/.rhosts</samp>. Analogous
security holes exist for many other programs. To alleviate this, there is a
configuration variable <code>openout_any</code>, which selects one of three levels
of security. When it is set to ‘<samp>a</samp>’ (for “any”), no restrictions are
imposed. When it is set to ‘<samp>r</samp>’ (for “restricted”), filenames
beginning with ‘<samp>.</samp>’ are disallowed (except <samp>.tex</samp> because LaTeX
needs it). When it is set to ‘<samp>p</samp>’ (for “paranoid”) additional
restrictions are imposed: an absolute filename must refer to a file in (a
subdirectory) of <code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code>, and any attempt to go up a directory
level is forbidden (that is, paths may not contain a ‘<samp>..</samp>’ component).
The paranoid setting is the default. (For backwards compatibility, ‘<samp>y</samp>’
and ‘<samp>1</samp>’ are synonyms of ‘<samp>a</samp>’, while ‘<samp>n</samp>’ and ‘<samp>0</samp>’ are
synonyms for ‘<samp>r</samp>’.) The function <code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code>, with a
filename as second argument, returns <code>true</code> if that filename is
acceptable to be opend for output or <code>false</code> otherwise.
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005fin_005fname_005fok"></span>
Similarly, the function <code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code>, with a filename as
second argument, returns <code>true</code> if that filename is acceptable to be
opend for input or <code>false</code> otherwise, depending on the value of the
configuration variable <code>openin_any</code> (with ‘<samp>a</samp>’ as default).
</li><li> <span id="index-kpathsea_005ffinish"></span>
To close the kpathsea library instance you are using, call
<code>kpathsea_finish</code>. This function closes any open log files and
frees the memory used by the instance.
</li></ol>
<span id="index-hash-table-routines"></span>
<span id="index-memory-allocation-routines"></span>
<span id="index-string-routines"></span>
<span id="index-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-lines"></span>
<span id="index-input-lines_002c-reading"></span>
<span id="index-lines_002c-reading-arbitrary_002dlength"></span>
<p>Kpathsea also provides many utility routines. Some are generic: hash
tables, memory allocation, string concatenation and copying, string
lists, reading input lines of arbitrary length, etc. Others are
filename-related: default path, tilde, and variable expansion,
<code>stat</code> calls, etc. (Perhaps someday I’ll move the former to a
separate library.)
</p>
<span id="index-c_002d_002a_002eh"></span>
<span id="index-autoconf_002c-recommended"></span>
<p>The <samp>c-*.h</samp> header files can also help your program adapt to many
different systems. You will almost certainly want to use Autoconf and
probably Automake for configuring and building your software if you use
Kpathsea; I strongly recommend using Autoconf and Automake regardless.
They are available from <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software">http://www.gnu.org/software</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Program_002dspecific-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Programming-with-config-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Programming with config files</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calling-sequence" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calling sequence</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Program_002dspecific-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 Program-specific files</h3>
<p>Many programs will need to find some configuration files. Kpathsea
contains some support to make it easy to place them in their own
directories. The Standard TeX directory structure (see <a href="tds.html#Top">Introduction</a> in <cite>A Directory Structure for TeX files</cite>), specifies
that such files should go into a subdirectory named after the program,
like ‘<samp>texmf/ttf2pk</samp>’.
</p>
<p>Two formats, ‘<samp>kpse_program_text_format</samp>’ and
‘<samp>kpse_program_binary_format</samp>’, use <code>.:$TEXMF/<var>program</var>//</code>
as their compiled-in search path. To override this default, you can
use the variable <code><var>PROGRAM</var>INPUTS</code> in the environment and/or
‘<samp>texmf.cnf</samp>’. That is to say, the name of the variable is
constructed by converting the name of the program to upper case, and
appending <code>INPUTS</code>.
</p>
<p>The only difference between these two formats is whether
<code>kpathsea_open_file</code> will open the files it finds in text or binary
mode.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Programming-with-config-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Program_002dspecific-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Program-specific files</a>, Up: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="u" rel="up">Programming</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Programming-with-config-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 Programming with config files</h3>
<span id="index-programming-with-config-files"></span>
<span id="index-config-files_002c-programming-with"></span>
<p>You can (and probably should) use the same <code>texmf.cnf</code>
configuration file that Kpathsea uses for your program. This helps
installers by keeping all configuration in one place.
</p>
<span id="index-kpathsea_005fvar_005fvalue"></span>
<span id="index-variable_002eh"></span>
<span id="index-shell_005fescape_002c-example-for-code"></span>
<p>To retrieve a value for a configuration variable <var>var</var>, the best
way is to call <code>kpathsea_var_value</code> on the string
<code><var>var</var></code>. This will look first for an environment variable
<var>var</var>, then a config file value. The result will be the value
found or ‘<samp>NULL</samp>’. This function is declared in
<samp>kpathsea/variable.h</samp>. For an example, see the
<code>shell_escape</code> code in <samp>web2c/lib/texmfmp.c</samp>.
</p>
<p>The routine to do full variable and tilde expansion of an arbitrary
string in the context of a search path (as opposed to simply
retrieving a value) is <code>kpathsea_var_expand</code>, also declared in
<samp>kpathsea/variable.h</samp>. However, it’s generally only necessary to
set the search path structure components as explained in the previous
section instead of using this directly. Because of its usage with any
input string, undefined <code>$FOO</code> constructs in the argument to
<code>kpathsea_var_expand</code> are returned literally (<code>"$FOO"</code>),
while undefined <code>${FOO}</code> constructs are expanded to the empty
string.
</p>
<span id="index-kpathsea_005fcnf_005fget"></span>
<span id="index-cnf_002eh"></span>
<p>If for some reason you want to retrieve a value <em>only</em> from a
config file, not automatically looking for a corresponding environment
variable, call <code>kpathsea_cnf_get</code> (declared in <samp>kpathsea/cnf.h</samp>)
with the string <var>var</var>.
</p>
<p>No initialization calls are needed.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Reporting-bugs"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Programming" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Programming</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Reporting-bugs-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Reporting bugs</h2>
<span id="index-reporting-bugs"></span>
<span id="index-bugs_002c-reporting"></span>
<span id="index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg-_0028bug-address_0029"></span>
<span id="index-bug-address"></span>
<p>If you have problems or suggestions, please report them to
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a> using the bug checklist below.
</p>
<p>Please report bugs in the documentation; not only factual errors or
inconsistent behavior, but unclear or incomplete explanations, typos,
wrong fonts, …
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Bug-checklist" accesskey="1">Bug checklist</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">What to include in a good bug report.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Mailing-lists" accesskey="2">Mailing lists</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Joining the bugs or announcements mailing lists.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Debugging" accesskey="3">Debugging</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Analyzing runtime problems.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Logging" accesskey="4">Logging</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Recording searches.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="5">Common problems</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">When things go wrong.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Bug-checklist"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Mailing-lists" accesskey="n" rel="next">Mailing lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Bug-checklist-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 Bug checklist</h3>
<span id="index-checklist-for-bug-reports"></span>
<span id="index-bug-checklist"></span>
<p>Before reporting a bug, please check below to be sure it isn’t already
known (see <a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a>).
</p>
<p>Bug reports should be sent via electronic mail to
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>.
</p>
<p>The general principle is that a good bug report includes all the
information necessary for reproduction. Therefore, to enable
investigation, your report should include the following:
</p>
<ul>
<li> <span id="index-version-numbers_002c-determining"></span>
The version number(s) of the program(s) involved, and of Kpathsea
itself. You can get the former by giving a sole option ‘<samp>--version</samp>’
to the program, and the latter by running ‘<samp>kpsewhich --version</samp>’.
The <samp>NEWS</samp> and <samp>ChangeLog</samp> files also contain the version
number.
</li><li> <span id="index-uname"></span>
The hardware, operating system (including version), compiler, and
<code>make</code> program you are using (the output of <code>uname -a</code> is a
start on the first two, though incomplete).
</li><li> <span id="index-config_002elog"></span>
Any options you gave to <code>configure</code>. This is recorded in the
<samp>config.status</samp> files.
<span id="index-configuration-bugs"></span>
<span id="index-config_002estatus"></span>
<p>If you are reporting a bug in ‘<samp>configure</samp>’ itself, it’s probably
system-dependent, and it will be unlikely the maintainers can do
anything useful if you merely report that thus-and-such is broken.
Therefore, you need to do some additional work: for some bugs, you can
look in the file <samp>config.log</samp> where the test that failed should
appear, along with the compiler invocation and source program in
question. You can then compile it yourself by hand, and discover why
the test failed. Other ‘<samp>configure</samp>’ bugs do not involve the
compiler; in that case, the only recourse is to inspect the
<code>configure</code> shell script itself, or the Autoconf macros that
generated <code>configure</code>.
</p>
</li><li> The log of all debugging output, if the bug is in path searching. You
can get this by setting the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>
to ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ before running the program. Please look at the log
yourself to make sure the behavior is really a bug before reporting it;
perhaps “old” environment variable settings are causing files not to
be found, for example.
</li><li> The contents of any input files necessary to reproduce the bug. For
bugs in DVI-reading programs, for example, this generally means a DVI
file (and any EPS or other files it uses)—TeX source files are
helpful, but the DVI file is required, because that’s the actual
program input.
</li><li> <span id="index-context-diff"></span>
<span id="index-sending-patches"></span>
<span id="index-ChangeLog-entry"></span>
If you are sending a patch (do so if you can!), please do so in the form
of a context diff (‘<samp>diff -c</samp>’) against the original distribution
source. Any other form of diff is either not as complete or harder for
me to understand. Please also include a <samp>ChangeLog</samp> entry.
</li><li> <span id="index-stack-trace"></span>
<span id="index-debugger"></span>
<span id="index-crashes_002c-reporting"></span>
<span id="index-core-dumps_002c-reporting"></span>
<span id="index-null-pointers_002c-dereferencing"></span>
<span id="index-gdb_002c-recommended"></span>
If the bug involved is an actual crash (i.e., core dump), it is easy
and useful to include a stack trace from a debugger (I recommend the
GNU debugger GDB (<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb">http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb</a>). If the
cause is apparent (a <code>NULL</code> value being dereferenced, for
example), please send the details along. If the program involved is
TeX or Metafont, and the crash is happening at apparently-sound
code, however, the bug may well be in the compiler, rather than in the
program or the library (see <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or
Metafont failing</a>).
</li><li> Any additional information that will be helpful in reproducing,
diagnosing, or fixing the bug.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<span id="Mailing-lists"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Debugging" accesskey="n" rel="next">Debugging</a>, Previous: <a href="#Bug-checklist" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Bug checklist</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Mailing-lists-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 Mailing lists</h3>
<span id="index-mailing-lists"></span>
<span id="index-bug-mailing-list"></span>
<span id="index-announcement-mailing-list"></span>
<span id="index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg"></span>
<p>Web2c and Kpathsea in general are discussed on the mailing list
<a href="mailto:tex-k@tug.org">tex-k@tug.org</a>. You can subscribe and peruse the archives on
the web <a href="http://lists.tug.org/tex-k">http://lists.tug.org/tex-k</a>.
</p>
<p>You do not need to join to submit a report, nor will it affect whether
you get a response. Be aware that large data files are sometimes
included in bug reports. If this is a problem for you, do not join
the list.
</p>
<p>If you are looking for general TeX help, such as how to install a
full TeX system or how to use LaTeX, please see
<a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Debugging"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Logging" accesskey="n" rel="next">Logging</a>, Previous: <a href="#Mailing-lists" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Mailing lists</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Debugging-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 Debugging</h3>
<span id="index-debugging"></span>
<span id="index-runtime-debugging"></span>
<span id="index-options-for-debugging"></span>
<span id="index-kpse_002d_003edebug"></span>
<span id="index-debug_002eh"></span>
<p>Kpathsea provides a number of runtime debugging options, detailed below
by their names and corresponding numeric values. When the files you
expect aren’t being found, the thing to do is enable these options and
examine the output.
</p>
<p>You can set these with some runtime argument (e.g., ‘<samp>-d</samp>’) to the
program; in that case, you should use the numeric values described in
the program’s documentation (which, for Dvipsk and Xdvik, are different
than those below). It’s best to give the ‘<samp>-d</samp>’ (or whatever) option
first, for maximal output. Dvipsk and Xdvik have additional
program-specific debugging options as well.
</p>
<span id="index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-1"></span>
<span id="index-kpse_002d_003edebug-1"></span>
<p>You can also set the environment variable <code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code>; in this
case, you should use the numbers below. If you run the program under a
debugger and set the instance variable <code>kpse->debug</code>, also use the numbers
below.
</p>
<span id="index-_002d1-debugging-value"></span>
<p>In any case, by far the simplest value to use is ‘<samp>-1</samp>’, which will
turn on all debugging output. This is usually better than guessing
which particular values will yield the output you need.
</p>
<span id="index-debugging-output"></span>
<span id="index-standard-error-and-debugging-output"></span>
<p>Debugging output always goes to standard error, so you can redirect it
easily. For example, in Bourne-compatible shells:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">dvips -d -1 … 2>/tmp/debug
</pre></div>
<span id="index-Kpsewhich_002c-and-debugging"></span>
<p>It is sometimes helpful to run the standalone Kpsewhich utility
(see <a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a>), instead of the original program.
</p>
<span id="index-numeric-debugging-values"></span>
<p>In any case, you cannot use the names below; you must always use
somebody’s numbers. (Sorry.) To set more than one option, just sum
the corresponding numbers.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_STAT <span class="roman">(1)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSTAT-_00281_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report ‘<samp>stat</samp>’(2) calls. This is useful for verifying that your
directory structure is not forcing Kpathsea to do many additional file
tests (see <a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a>, and see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>). If you are using an up-to-date <samp>ls-R</samp> database
(see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>), this should produce no output unless a
nonexistent file that must exist is searched for.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_HASH <span class="roman">(2)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fHASH-_00282_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report lookups in all hash tables: <samp>ls-R</samp> and <samp>aliases</samp>
(see <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>); font aliases (see <a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a>); and config
file values (see <a href="#Config-files">Config files</a>). Useful when expected values are not
being found, e.g.., file searches are looking at the disk instead of
using <samp>ls-R</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_FOPEN <span class="roman">(4)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fFOPEN-_00284_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-fopen_002c-redefined"></span>
<p>Report file openings and closings. Especially useful when your system’s
file table is full, for seeing which files have been opened but never
closed. In case you want to set breakpoints in a debugger: this works by
redefining ‘<samp>fopen</samp>’ (‘<samp>fclose</samp>’) to be ‘<samp>kpse_fopen_trace</samp>’
(‘<samp>kpse_fclose_trace</samp>’).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_PATHS <span class="roman">(8)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fPATHS-_00288_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><span id="index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo_005ftype"></span>
<p>Report general path information for each file type Kpathsea is asked to
search. This is useful when you are trying to track down how a
particular path got defined—from <samp>texmf.cnf</samp>, <samp>config.ps</samp>,
an environment variable, the compile-time default, etc. This is the
contents of the <code>kpse_format_info_type</code> structure defined in
<samp>tex-file.h</samp>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_EXPAND <span class="roman">(16)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fEXPAND-_002816_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report the directory list corresponding to each path element Kpathsea
searches. This is only relevant when Kpathsea searches the disk, since
<samp>ls-R</samp> searches don’t look through directory lists in this way.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_SEARCH <span class="roman">(32)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSEARCH-_002832_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report on each file search: the name of the file searched for, the path
searched in, whether or not the file must exist (when drivers search for
<samp>cmr10.vf</samp>, it need not exist), and whether or not we are
collecting all occurrences of the file in the path (as with, e.g.,
<samp>texmf.cnf</samp> and <samp>texfonts.map</samp>), or just the first (as with
most lookups). This can help you correlate what Kpathsea is doing with
what is in your input file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>KPSE_DEBUG_VARS <span class="roman">(64)</span></code>
<span id="index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fVARS-_002864_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Report the value of each variable Kpathsea looks up. This is useful for
verifying that variables do indeed obtain their correct values.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>GSFTOPK_DEBUG <span class="roman">(128)</span></code>
<span id="index-GSFTOPK_005fDEBUG-_0028128_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Activates debugging printout specific to <code>gsftopk</code> program.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKETEX_DEBUG <span class="roman">(512)</span></code>
<span id="index-MAKETEX_005fDEBUG-_0028512_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>If you use the optional <code>mktex</code> programs instead of the
traditional shell scripts, this will report the name of the site file
(<samp>mktex.cnf</samp> by default) which is read, directories created by
<code>mktexdir</code>, the full path of the <samp>ls-R</samp> database built by
<code>mktexlsr</code>, font map searches, <code>MT_FEATURES</code> in effect,
parameters from <code>mktexnam</code>, filenames added by
<code>mktexupd</code>, and some subsidiary commands run by the programs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>MAKETEX_FINE_DEBUG <span class="roman">(1024)</span></code>
<span id="index-MAKETEX_005fFINE_005fDEBUG-_00281024_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>When the optional <code>mktex</code> programs are used, this will print
additional debugging info from functions internal to these programs.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<span id="index-kdebug_003a"></span>
<span id="index-hash_005fsummary_005fonly-variable-for-debugging"></span>
<span id="index-hash-table-buckets_002c-printing"></span>
<p>Debugging output from Kpathsea is always written to standard error, and
begins with the string ‘<samp>kdebug:</samp>’. (Except for hash table buckets,
which just start with the number, but you can only get that output
running under a debugger. See comments at the <code>hash_summary_only</code>
variable in <samp>kpathsea/db.c</samp>.)
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Logging"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="n" rel="next">Common problems</a>, Previous: <a href="#Debugging" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Debugging</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Logging-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 Logging</h3>
<span id="index-log-file"></span>
<span id="index-logging-successful-searches"></span>
<span id="index-recording-successful-searches"></span>
<span id="index-usage-patterns_002c-finding"></span>
<span id="index-disk-usage_002c-reducing"></span>
<p>Kpathsea can record the time and filename found for each successful
search. This may be useful in finding good candidates for deletion when
your filesystem is full, or in discovering usage patterns
at your site.
</p>
<span id="index-TEXMFLOG"></span>
<p>To do this, define the environment or config file variable
<code>TEXMFLOG</code>. The value is the name of the file to append the
information to. The file is created if it doesn’t exist, and appended
to if it does.
</p>
<span id="index-epoch_002c-seconds-since"></span>
<span id="index-time-system-call"></span>
<p>Each successful search turns into one line in the log file: two words
separated by a space. The first word is the time of the search, as the
integer number of seconds since “the epoch”, i.e., UTC midnight 1
January 1970 (more precisely, the result of the <code>time</code> system
call). The second word is the filename.
</p>
<p>For example, after <code>setenv TEXMFLOG /tmp/log</code>, running Dvips on
<samp>story.dvi</samp> appends the following lines:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">774455887 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/config.ps
774455887 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/psfonts.map
774455888 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/texc.pro
774455888 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmbx10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmsl10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
774455889 /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/texc.pro
</pre></div>
<span id="index-privacy_002c-semblance-of"></span>
<p>Only filenames that are absolute are recorded, to preserve
some semblance of privacy.
</p>
<p>In addition to this Kpathsea-specific logging, <code>pdftex</code>
provides an option <samp>-recorder</samp> to write the names of all files
accessed during a run to the file <samp><var>basefile</var>.fls</samp>.
</p>
<p>Finally, most systems provide a general tool to output each system
call, thus including opening and closing files. It might be named
<code>strace</code>, <code>truss</code>, <code>struss</code>, or something
else.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Common-problems"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Logging" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Logging</a>, Up: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Reporting bugs</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Common-problems-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.5 Common problems</h3>
<span id="index-common-problems"></span>
<span id="index-problems_002c-common"></span>
<span id="index-FAQ_002c-Kpathsea"></span>
<p>Here are some common problems with configuration, compilation, linking,
execution, …
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Unable-to-find-files" accesskey="1">Unable to find files</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">If your program can’t find fonts (or whatever).
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Slow-path-searching" accesskey="2">Slow path searching</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">If it takes forever to find anything.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts" accesskey="3">Unable to generate fonts</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">If mktexpk fails.
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing" accesskey="4">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Likely compiler bugs.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
<span id="Unable-to-find-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Slow-path-searching" accesskey="n" rel="next">Slow path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Unable-to-find-files-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.5.1 Unable to find files</h4>
<span id="index-unable-to-find-files"></span>
<span id="index-files_002c-unable-to-find"></span>
<p>If a program complains it cannot find fonts (or other input files), any
of several things might be wrong. In any case, you may find the
debugging options helpful. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
</p>
<ul>
<li> Perhaps you simply haven’t installed all the necessary files; the basic
fonts and input files are distributed separately from the programs.
See <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>.
</li><li> <span id="index-_002fetc_002fprofile"></span>
<span id="index-environment-variables_002c-old"></span>
You have (perhaps unknowingly) told Kpathsea to use search paths that
don’t reflect where the files actually are. One common cause is having
environment variables set from a previous installation, thus overriding
what you carefully set in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp> (see <a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a>). System <samp>/etc/profile</samp> or other files such may be the
culprit.
</li><li> <span id="index-symbolic-links-not-found"></span>
<span id="index-leaf-directories-wrongly-guessed"></span>
Your files reside in a directory that is only pointed to via a symbolic
link, in a leaf directory and is not listed in <samp>ls-R</samp>.
<p>Unfortunately, Kpathsea’s subdirectory searching has an irremediable
deficiency: If a directory <var>d</var> being searched for subdirectories
contains plain files and symbolic links to other directories, but no
true subdirectories, <var>d</var> will be considered a leaf directory, i.e.,
the symbolic links will not be followed. See <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>.
</p>
<p>You can work around this problem by creating an empty dummy subdirectory
in <var>d</var>. Then <var>d</var> will no longer be a leaf, and the symlinks will
be followed.
</p>
<p>The directory immediately followed by the ‘<samp>//</samp>’ in the path
specification, however, is always searched for subdirectories, even if
it is a leaf. Presumably you would not have asked for the directory to
be searched for subdirectories if you didn’t want it to be.
</p>
</li><li> If the fonts (or whatever) don’t already exist, <code>mktexpk</code> (or
<code>mktexmf</code> or <code>mktextfm</code>) will try to create them. If
these rather complicated shell scripts fail, you’ll eventually get an
error message saying something like ‘<samp>Can't find font
<var>fontname</var></samp>’. The best solution is to fix (or at least report) the
bug in <code>mktexpk</code>; the workaround is to generate the necessary
fonts by hand with Metafont, or to grab them from a CTAN site
(see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
</li><li> There is a bug in the library. See <a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a>.
</li></ul>
<hr>
<span id="Slow-path-searching"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Unable to generate fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Unable-to-find-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Unable to find files</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Slow-path-searching-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.5.2 Slow path searching</h4>
<span id="index-excessive-startup-time"></span>
<span id="index-slow-startup-time"></span>
<span id="index-startup-time_002c-excessive"></span>
<p>If your program takes an excessively long time to find fonts or other
input files, but does eventually succeed, here are some possible culprits:
</p>
<ul>
<li> Most likely, you just have a lot of directories to search, and that
takes a noticeable time. The solution is to create and maintain a
separate <samp>ls-R</samp> file that lists all the files in your main TeX
hierarchy. See <a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a>. Kpathsea always uses <samp>ls-R</samp>
if it’s present; there’s no need to recompile or reconfigure any of the
programs.
</li><li> Your recursively-searched directories (e.g.,
<samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/fonts//</samp>), contain a mixture of files and
directories. This prevents Kpathsea from using a useful optimization
(see <a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a>).
<p>It is best to have only directories (and perhaps a <samp>README</samp>) in the
upper levels of the directory structure, and it’s very important to have
<em>only</em> files, and no subdirectories, in the leaf directories where
the dozens of TFM, PK, or whatever files reside.
</p></li></ul>
<p>In any case, you may find the debugging options helpful in determining
precisely when the disk or network is being pounded. See <a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Unable-to-generate-fonts"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX or Metafont failing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Slow-path-searching" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Slow path searching</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Unable-to-generate-fonts-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.5.3 Unable to generate fonts</h4>
<span id="index-unable-to-generate-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-font-generation-failures"></span>
<p>Metafont outputs fonts in bitmap format, tuned for a particular
device at a particular resolution, in order to allow for the
highest-possible quality of output. Some DVI-to-whatever programs,
such as Dvips, try to generate these on the fly when they are needed,
but this generation may fail in several cases.
</p>
<span id="index-mktexpk-can_0027t-guess-mode"></span>
<p>If <code>mktexpk</code> runs, but fails with this error:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">mktexpk: Can't guess mode for <var>nnn</var> dpi devices.
mktexpk: Use a config file to specify the mode, or update me.
</pre></div>
<p>you need to ensure the resolution and mode match; just
specifying the resolution, as in <code>-D 360</code>, is not enough.
</p>
<p>You can specify the mode name with the <code>-mode</code> option on the
Dvips command line, or in a Dvips configuration file (see <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/dvips.html#Config-files">Config
files</a> in <cite>Dvips</cite>), such as <samp>config.ps</samp> in your document
directory, <samp>~/.dvipsrc</samp> in your home directory, or in a system
directory (again named <samp>config.ps</samp>). (Other drivers use other
files, naturally.)
</p>
<p>For example, if you need 360dpi fonts, you could include this in
a configuration file:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">D 360
M lqmed
</pre></div>
<span id="index-Metafont-using-the-wrong-device"></span>
<span id="index-device_002c-wrong"></span>
<p>If Metafont runs, but generates fonts at the wrong resolution or for
the wrong device, most likely <code>mktexpk</code>’s built-in guess for the
mode is wrong, and you should override it as above.
</p>
<p>See <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/modes">http://ctan.org/pkg/modes</a> for a list of resolutions and mode
names for most devices (additional submissions are welcome).
</p>
<span id="index-_002e2602gf"></span>
<span id="index-2602gf"></span>
<span id="index-Metafont-making-too_002dlarge-fonts"></span>
<span id="index-proof-mode"></span>
<span id="index-online-Metafont-display_002c-spurious"></span>
<p>If Metafont runs but generates fonts at a resolution of 2602dpi
(and prints out the name of each character as well as just a character
number, and maybe tries to display the characters), then your Metafont
base file probably hasn’t been made properly. (It’s using the default
<code>proof</code> mode, instead of an actual device mode.) To make a proper
<samp>plain.base</samp>, assuming the local mode definitions are contained in
a file <samp>modes.mf</samp>, run the following command (assuming Unix):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">inimf "plain; input modes; dump"
</pre></div>
<p><span id="index-plain_002ebase"></span>
Then copy the <samp>plain.base</samp> file from the current directory to where
the base files are stored on your system
(<samp>/usr/local/share/texmf/web2c</samp> by default), and make a link
(either hard or soft) from <samp>plain.base</samp> to <samp>mf.base</samp> in that
directory.
See <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/web2c.html#inimf-invocation">inimf invocation</a> in <cite>Web2c</cite>.
</p>
<span id="index-Metafont-installation"></span>
<p>If <code>mf</code> is a command not found at all by <code>mktexpk</code>, then you
need to install Metafont (see <a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a>).
</p>
<hr>
<span id="TeX-or-Metafont-failing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Unable to generate fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Common-problems" accesskey="u" rel="up">Common problems</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="TeX-or-Metafont-failing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.5.4 TeX or Metafont failing</h4>
<span id="index-TeX-failures"></span>
<span id="index-Metafont-failures"></span>
<span id="index-compiler-bugs"></span>
<p>If TeX or Metafont get a segmentation fault or otherwise fail while
running a normal input file, the problem is usually a compiler bug
(unlikely as that may sound). Even if the trip and trap tests are
passed, problems may lurk. Optimization occasionally causes trouble in
programs other than TeX and Metafont themselves, too.
</p>
<span id="index-optimization-caveat"></span>
<p>For a workaround, if you enabled any optimization flags, it’s best to
omit optimization entirely. In any case, the way to find the facts is
to run the program under the debugger and see where it’s failing.
</p>
<span id="index-GNU-C-compiler-bugs"></span>
<span id="index-system-C-compiler-bugs"></span>
<p>Also, if you have trouble with a system C compiler, I advise trying the
GNU C compiler. And vice versa, unfortunately; but in that case I also
recommend reporting a bug to the GCC mailing list; see <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Bugs.html#Bugs">Bugs</a> in <cite>Using and Porting GNU CC</cite>.
</p>
<span id="index-compiler-bugs_002c-finding"></span>
<p>To report compiler bugs effectively requires perseverance and
perspicacity: you must find the miscompiled line, and that usually
involves delving backwards in time from the point of error, checking
through TeX’s (or whatever program’s) data structures. Good luck.
</p>
<hr>
<span id="Index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Reporting-bugs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reporting bugs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
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<br>
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<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td> </td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">!</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021_0021-and-casefolding"><code>!! <span class="roman">and casefolding</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-examples">Casefolding examples</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021_0021-in-path-specifications"><code>!! <span class="roman">in path specifications</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0021_0021-in-TEXMFDBS"><code>!! <span class="roman">in <code>TEXMFDBS</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-expansion"><code>$ <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dall"><code>--all</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dcasefold_002dsearch"><code>--casefold-search</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dcolor_003dtty"><code>--color=tty</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddebug_003dnum"><code>--debug=<var>num</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddpi_003dnum"><code>--dpi=<var>num</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dengine_003dname"><code>--engine=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dexpand_002dbraces_003dstring"><code>--expand-braces=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dexpand_002dpath_003dstring"><code>--expand-path=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dexpand_002dvar_003dstring"><code>--expand-var=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dformat_003dname"><code>--format=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp"><code>--help</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dhelp_002dformats"><code>--help-formats</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dinteractive"><code>--interactive</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>--mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dmode_003dstring"><code>--mode=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dmust_002dexist"><code>--must-exist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dcasefold_002dsearch"><code>--no-casefold-search</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dno_002dmktex_003dfiletype"><code>--no-mktex=<var>filetype</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dpath_003dstring"><code>--path=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dprogname_003dname"><code>--progname=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dsafe_002din_002dname_003dname"><code>--safe-in-name=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dsafe_002dout_002dname_003dname"><code>--safe-out-name=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshow_002dpath_003dname"><code>--show-path=<var>name</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dsubdir_003dstring"><code>--subdir=<var>string</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dvar_002dbrace_002dvalue_003dvariable"><code>--var-brace-value=<var>variable</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dvar_002dvalue_003dvariable"><code>--var-value=<var>variable</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion"><code>--version</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwith_002dmktextex_002ddefault"><code>--with-mktextex-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexfmt_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexfmt-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexmf_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexmf-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexocp_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexocp-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexofm_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexofm-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktexpk_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktexpk-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dwithout_002dmktextfm_002ddefault"><code>--without-mktextfm-default</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1-debugging-value"><code>-1 <span class="roman">debugging value</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dA-option-to-ls"><code>-A <span class="roman">option to <code>ls</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dD-num"><code>-D <var>num</var></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002diname_002c-find-predicate"><code>-iname<span class="roman">, find predicate</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-examples">Casefolding examples</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002dL-option-to-ls"><code>-L <span class="roman">option to <code>ls</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e-directories_002c-ignored"><code>. <span class="roman">directories, ignored</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e-files"><code>. <span class="roman">files</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002e2602gf"><code>.2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eafm"><code>.afm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebase"><code>.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebib"><code>.bib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebltxml"><code>.bltxml</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ebst"><code>.bst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecid"><code>.cid</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecmap"><code>.cmap</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ecnf"><code>.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edll"><code>.dll</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eenc"><code>.enc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eeps"><code>.eps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eepsi"><code>.epsi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efea"><code>.fea</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt"><code>.fmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eist"><code>.ist</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elig"><code>.lig</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emap"><code>.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emem"><code>.mem</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emf"><code>.mf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emft"><code>.mft</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emlbib"><code>.mlbib</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emlbst"><code>.mlbst</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002emp"><code>.mp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eocp"><code>.ocp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eofm"><code>.ofm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eopl"><code>.opl</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eotp"><code>.otp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eovf"><code>.ovf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eovp"><code>.ovp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epfa"><code>.pfa</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epfb"><code>.pfb</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epk"><code>.pk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epool"><code>.pool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epool-1"><code>.pool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epool-2"><code>.pool</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epro"><code>.pro</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002erhosts_002c-writable-by-TeX"><code>.rhosts<span class="roman">, writable by TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eris"><code>.ris</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002esfd"><code>.sfd</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eso"><code>.so</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex"><code>.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex-file_002c-included-in-ls_002dR"><code>.tex <span class="roman">file, included in <samp>ls-R</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etfm"><code>.tfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ettc"><code>.ttc</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ettf"><code>.ttf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002evf"><code>.vf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002ew"><code>.w</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eweb"><code>.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eweb-1"><code>.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">/</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002f-may-not-be-_002f"><code>/ <span class="roman">may not be /</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002f_002c-trailing-in-home-directory"><code>/<span class="roman">, trailing in home directory</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002f_002f"><code>//</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fetc_002fprofile"><code>/etc/profile</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fetc_002fprofile-and-aliases"><code>/etc/profile <span class="roman">and aliases</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fvar_002ftmp_002ftexfonts"><code>/var/tmp/texfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">2</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-2602gf"><code>2602gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">8</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-8_002e3-filenames_002c-using">8.3 filenames, using</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-may-not-be-_003a"><code>: <span class="roman">may not be :</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a_003a-expansion"><code>:: <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c-line-continuation-in-texmf_002ecnf"><code>\<span class="roman">, line continuation in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspecial_002c-suppressing-warnings-about"><code>\special<span class="roman">, suppressing warnings about</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b-expansion"><code>{ <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e-expansion"><code>~ <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-absolute-filenames">absolute filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-access-system-call"><code>access <span class="roman">system call</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-examples">Casefolding examples</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-access-warnings">access warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-AFMFONTS"><code>AFMFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aliases-for-fonts">aliases for fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aliases_002c-for-filenames">aliases, for filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-all"><code>all</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-all-matches_002c-finding">all matches, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alphabetical-order_002c-not">alphabetical order, not</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-announcement-mailing-list">announcement mailing list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-API_002c-re_002dentrant">API, re-entrant</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-append_002donly-directories-and-mktexpk">append-only directories and <code>mktexpk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendonlydir"><code>appendonlydir</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Apple-filesystem_002c-case_002dinsensitive">Apple filesystem, case-insensitive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arguments-to-mktex">arguments to <samp>mktex</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-arguments">mktex script arguments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-argv_005b0_005d"><code>argv[0]</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-autoconf_002c-recommended"><code>autoconf<span class="roman">, recommended</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-automounter_002c-and-ls_002dR">automounter, and <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-tasks">auxiliary tasks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Auxiliary-tasks">Auxiliary tasks</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Bach_002c-Johann-Sebastian">Bach, Johann Sebastian</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002dnewline">backslash-newline</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basic-glyph-lookup">basic glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Berry_002c-Karl">Berry, Karl</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS"><code>BIBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BIBINPUTS-1"><code>BIBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blank-lines_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf">blank lines, in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BLTXMLINPUTS"><code>BLTXMLINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace-expansion">brace expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Breitenlohner_002c-Peter">Breitenlohner, Peter</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS"><code>BSTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BSTINPUTS-1"><code>BSTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-address">bug address</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-checklist">bug checklist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bug-mailing-list">bug mailing list</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting">bugs, reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-c_002d_002a_002eh"><code>c-*.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-c_002dauto_002eh"><code>c-auto.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cache-of-fonts_002c-local">cache of fonts, local</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calling-sequence">calling sequence</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-casefolding-examples">casefolding examples</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-examples">Casefolding examples</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-casefolding-fallback-rationale">casefolding fallback rationale</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-casefolding-search">casefolding search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ChangeLog-entry"><code>ChangeLog <span class="roman">entry</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-checklist-for-bug-reports">checklist for bug reports</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-checksum"><code>checksum</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-fonts">circle fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-client_005fpath-in-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"><code>client_path <span class="roman">in <code>kpse->format_info</code></span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CLUAINPUTS"><code>CLUAINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CMAPFONTS"><code>CMAPFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmr10_002c-as-fallback-font"><code>cmr10<span class="roman">, as fallback font</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmr10_002evf"><code>cmr10.vf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cnf_002ec"><code>cnf.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cnf_002eh"><code>cnf.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-fontmap-files">comments, in fontmap files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-in-texmf_002ecnf">comments, in <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comments_002c-making">comments, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-common-features-in-glyph-lookup">common features in glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-common-problems">common problems</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compilation-value_002c-source-for-path">compilation value, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compiler-bugs">compiler bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-compiler-bugs_002c-finding">compiler bugs, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-conditions-for-use">conditions for use</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config-files">config files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config-files_002c-for-Kpathsea_002dusing-programs">config files, for Kpathsea-using programs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config-files_002c-programming-with">config files, programming with</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002eh"><code>config.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002elog"><code>config.log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002eps"><code>config.ps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002eps_002c-search-path-for"><code>config.ps<span class="roman">, search path for</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-config_002estatus"><code>config.status</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-bugs">configuration bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-file_002c-source-for-path">configuration file, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-files-as-shell-scripts_002e">configuration files as shell scripts.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration-of-mktex-scripts">configuration of <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configure-options-for-mktex-scripts"><code>configure</code> options for <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-context-diff">context diff</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-continuation-character">continuation character</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-core-dumps_002c-reporting">core dumps, reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-crashes_002c-reporting">crashes, reporting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CWEBINPUTS"><code>CWEBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-database-search">database search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-database_002c-for-filenames">database, for filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-database_002c-format-of">database, format of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Database-format">Database format</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debug_002eh"><code>debug.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugger">debugger</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging">debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-options_002c-in-Kpathsea_002dusing-program">debugging options, in Kpathsea-using program</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-debugging-output">debugging output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default-expansion">default expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-default_005ftexsizes"><code>default_texsizes</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-device_002c-wrong">device, wrong</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directories_002c-making-append_002donly">directories, making append-only</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-permissions">directory permissions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-structure_002c-for-TeX-files">directory structure, for TeX files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disabling-mktex-scripts">disabling <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disk-search">disk search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disk-searching_002c-avoiding">disk searching, avoiding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-disk-usage_002c-reducing">disk usage, reducing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doc-files"><code>doc files</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DOS-compatible-names">DOS compatible names</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dosnames"><code>dosnames</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-files">dot files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doubled-colons">doubled colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dpinnn-directories"><code>dpi<var>nnn</var> directories</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVILJMAKEPK"><code>DVILJMAKEPK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVILJSIZES"><code>DVILJSIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx_002ecfg"><code>dvipdfmx.cfg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSFONTS"><code>DVIPSFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSHEADERS"><code>DVIPSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSMAKEPK"><code>DVIPSMAKEPK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DVIPSSIZES"><code>DVIPSSIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic-creation-of-files">dynamic creation of files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EC-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation">EC fonts, and dynamic source creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elt_002ddirs_002ec"><code>elt-dirs.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-elt_002ddirs_002ec-1"><code>elt-dirs.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enabling-mktex-scripts">enabling <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENCFONTS"><code>ENCFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engine-name">engine name</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variable_002c-source-for-path">environment variable, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variables-for-TeX">environment variables for TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variables-in-paths">environment variables in paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-variables_002c-old">environment variables, old</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-epoch_002c-seconds-since">epoch, seconds since</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-message-macros">error message macros</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-examples_002c-of-casefolding-searches">examples, of casefolding searches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-examples">Casefolding examples</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-excessive-startup-time">excessive startup time</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_002ec"><code>expand.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expanding-symlinks">expanding symlinks</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-default">expansion, default</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-path-element">expansion, path element</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-search-path">expansion, search path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-subdirectory">expansion, subdirectory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-tilde">expansion, tilde</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expansion_002c-variable">expansion, variable</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-explicitly-relative-filenames">explicitly relative filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extensions_002c-filename">extensions, filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-externally_002dbuilt-filename-database">externally-built filename database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extra-colons">extra colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-failed-mktex_2026-script-invocation">failed <code>mktex…</code> script invocation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-font">fallback font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-resolutions">fallback resolutions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FAQ_002c-Kpathsea">FAQ, Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Farwell_002c-Matthew">Farwell, Matthew</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-formats_002c-supported">file formats, supported</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-lookup">file lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-permissions">file permissions</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file-types_002c-registering-new">file types, registering new</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-aliases">filename aliases</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-aliases">Filename aliases</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-database">filename database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Filename-database">Filename database</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filenames_002c-absolute-or-explicitly-relative">filenames, absolute or explicitly relative</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-files_002c-unable-to-find">files, unable to find</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filesystem-search">filesystem search</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filesystem_002c-case_002d_0028in_0029sensitive">filesystem, case-(in)sensitive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Findutils_002c-GNU-package">Findutils, GNU package</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-examples">Casefolding examples</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-floating-directories">floating directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtutil"><code>fmtutil</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtutil_002ecnf"><code>fmtutil.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fmtutils_002ecnf"><code>fmtutils.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-alias-files">font alias files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-generation-failures">font generation failures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-of-last-resort">font of last resort</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-set_002c-infinite">font set, infinite</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FONTCIDMAPS"><code>FONTCIDMAPS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FONTFEATURES"><code>FONTFEATURES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontmap-files">fontmap files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontmaps-1"><code>fontmaps</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontmaps">fontmaps</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontname">fontname</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontnames_002c-arbitrary-length">fontnames, arbitrary length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FOOINPUTS"><code>FOOINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-FOOINPUTS-1"><code>FOOINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fopen_002c-redefined"><code>fopen<span class="roman">, redefined</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-of-external-database">format of external database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Database-format">Database format</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ftp_002ecs_002estanford_002eedu"><code>ftp.cs.stanford.edu</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ftp_002etug_002eorg"><code>ftp.tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fundamental-purpose-of-Kpathsea">fundamental purpose of Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gdb_002c-recommended"><code>gdb<span class="roman">, recommended</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gf"><code>gf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GFFONTS"><code>GFFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-globally-writable-directories">globally writable directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyph-lookup">glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyph-lookup-bitmap-tolerance">glyph lookup bitmap tolerance</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLYPHFONTS"><code>GLYPHFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GLYPHFONTS-1"><code>GLYPHFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glyphlist_002etxt"><code>glyphlist.txt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GNU-C-compiler-bugs">GNU C compiler bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GNU-General-Public-License">GNU General Public License</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002dwritable-directories">group-writable directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-GSFTOPK_005fDEBUG-_0028128_0029"><code>GSFTOPK_DEBUG <span class="roman">(128)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash-table-buckets_002c-printing">hash table buckets, printing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash-table-routines">hash table routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hash_005fsummary_005fonly-variable-for-debugging"><code>hash_summary_only <span class="roman">variable for debugging</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history-of-Kpathsea">history of Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Hoekwater_002c-Taco">Hoekwater, Taco</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-directories-in-paths">home directories in paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOME_002c-as-_007e-expansion"><code>HOME<span class="roman">, as ~ expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-identifiers_002c-characters-valid-in">identifiers, characters valid in</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-include-fontmap-directive"><code>include <span class="roman">fontmap directive</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-INDEXSTYLE"><code>INDEXSTYLE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-lines_002c-reading">input lines, reading</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interactive-query">interactive query</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interface_002c-not-frozen">interface, not frozen</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-introduction">introduction</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kdebug_003a">‘<samp>kdebug:</samp>’</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kdefault_002ec"><code>kdefault.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e_002c-archive-of-programs-by">Knuth, Donald E., archive of programs by</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Kpathsea-config-file_002c-source-for-path">Kpathsea config file, source for path</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_002eh"><code>kpathsea.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fcnf_005fget"><code>kpathsea_cnf_get</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fDEBUG-1"><code>KPATHSEA_DEBUG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile"><code>kpathsea_find_file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffind_005ffile-1"><code>kpathsea_find_file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffind_005fglyph"><code>kpathsea_find_glyph</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005ffinish"><code>kpathsea_finish</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog"><code>kpathsea_init_prog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005finit_005fprog-1"><code>kpathsea_init_prog</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fin_005fname_005fok"><code>kpathsea_in_name_ok</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fnew"><code>kpathsea_new</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fopen_005ffile"><code>kpathsea_open_file</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fout_005fname_005fok"><code>kpathsea_out_name_ok</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"><code>kpathsea_set_program_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpathsea_005fvar_005fvalue"><code>kpathsea_var_value</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPATHSEA_005fWARNING"><code>KPATHSEA_WARNING</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003edebug"><code>kpse->debug</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003edebug-1"><code>kpse->debug</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003edebug-variable"><code>kpse->debug <span class="roman">variable</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003eformat_005finfo"><code>kpse->format_info</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fname"><code>kpse->invocation_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003einvocation_005fshort_005fname"><code>kpse->invocation_short_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_002d_003eprogram_005fname"><code>kpse->program_name</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpsewhich"><code>kpsewhich</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Kpsewhich_002c-and-debugging">Kpsewhich, and debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fBITMAP_005fTOLERANCE"><code>KPSE_BITMAP_TOLERANCE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fEXPAND-_002816_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_EXPAND <span class="roman">(16)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fFOPEN-_00284_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_FOPEN <span class="roman">(4)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fHASH-_00282_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_HASH <span class="roman">(2)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fPATHS-_00288_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_PATHS <span class="roman">(8)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSEARCH-_002832_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_SEARCH <span class="roman">(32)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fSTAT-_00281_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_STAT <span class="roman">(1)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDEBUG_005fVARS-_002864_0029"><code>KPSE_DEBUG_VARS <span class="roman">(64)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-KPSE_005fDOT-expansion"><code>KPSE_DOT <span class="roman">expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#KPSE_005fDOT-expansion">KPSE_DOT expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-kpse_005fformat_005finfo_005ftype"><code>kpse_format_info_type</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-last_002dresort-font">last-resort font</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lcircle10"><code>lcircle10</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leading-colons">leading colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaf-directories-wrongly-guessed">leaf directories wrongly guessed</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaf-directory-trick">leaf directory trick</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-license-for-using-the-library">license for using the library</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LIGFONTS"><code>LIGFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lines_002c-reading-arbitrary_002dlength">lines, reading arbitrary-length</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Linux-File-System-Standard">Linux File System Standard</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-local-cache-of-fonts">local cache of fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logging-successful-searches">logging successful searches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lost_002bfound-directory"><code>lost+found <span class="roman">directory</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lostchar"><code>lostchar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ls_002dR"><code>ls-R</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ls_002dR-database-file"><code>ls-R <span class="roman">database file</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ls_002dR_002c-simplest-build"><code>ls-R<span class="roman">, simplest build</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Mac-filesystem_002c-case_002dinsensitive">Mac filesystem, case-insensitive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MacKenzie_002c-David">MacKenzie, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MacKenzie_002c-David-1">MacKenzie, David</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-magic-characters">magic characters</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mailing-lists">mailing lists</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fDEBUG-_0028512_0029"><code>MAKETEX_DEBUG <span class="roman">(512)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MAKETEX_005fFINE_005fDEBUG-_00281024_0029"><code>MAKETEX_FINE_DEBUG <span class="roman">(1024)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-allocation-routines">memory allocation routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-metafont-driver-files">metafont driver files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-failures">Metafont failures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-installation">Metafont installation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-making-too_002dlarge-fonts">Metafont making too-large fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Metafont-using-the-wrong-device">Metafont using the wrong device</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFBASES"><code>MFBASES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFINPUTS"><code>MFINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFPOOL"><code>MFPOOL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MFTINPUTS"><code>MFTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MISCFONTS"><code>MISCFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mismatched-checksum-warnings">mismatched checksum warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-missfont_002elog"><code>missfont.log</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MISSFONT_005fLOG"><code>MISSFONT_LOG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-missing-character-warnings">missing character warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mkocp"><code>mkocp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mkofm"><code>mkofm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex-script-configuration"><samp>mktex</samp> script configuration</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex-script-names"><samp>mktex</samp> script names</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex-scripts"><samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002ecnf"><code>mktex.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002ecnf-1"><code>mktex.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002eopt"><code>mktex.opt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktex_002eopt-1"><code>mktex.opt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexdir"><code>mktexdir</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexfmt"><code>mktexfmt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexmf"><code>mktexmf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexpk"><code>mktexpk</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktexpk-can_0027t-guess-mode"><code>mktexpk</code> can’t guess mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktextex"><code>mktextex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mktextfm"><code>mktextfm</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MLBIBINPUTS"><code>MLBIBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MLBSTINPUTS"><code>MLBSTINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mode-directory_002c-omitting">mode directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Morgan_002c-Tim">Morgan, Tim</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPINPUTS"><code>MPINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPMEMS"><code>MPMEMS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPPOOL"><code>MPPOOL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MPSUPPORT"><code>MPSUPPORT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MT_005fFEATURES"><code>MT_FEATURES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-TeX-hierarchies">multiple TeX hierarchies</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Brace-expansion">Brace expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-must-exist">must exist</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-names-for-mktex-scripts">names for <samp>mktex</samp> scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Neumann_002c-Gustaf">Neumann, Gustaf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NFS-and-ls_002dR">NFS and <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nomfdrivers"><code>nomfdrivers</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nomode"><code>nomode</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-none"><code>none</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-pointers_002c-dereferencing">null pointers, dereferencing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numeric-debugging-values">numeric debugging values</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obtaining-TeX">obtaining TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OCPINPUTS"><code>OCPINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OFMFONTS"><code>OFMFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-online-Metafont-display_002c-spurious">online Metafont display, spurious</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OPENTYPEFONTS"><code>OPENTYPEFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-optimization-caveat">optimization caveat</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options-for-debugging">options for debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OTPINPUTS"><code>OTPINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-path-searching">overview of path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-programming-with-Kpathsea">overview of programming with Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OVFFONTS"><code>OVFFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OVPFONTS"><code>OVPFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-expansion">path expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-expansion">Path expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching">path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching">Path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching-options">path searching options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching_002c-overview">path searching, overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-searching_002c-standalone">path searching, standalone</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-path-sources">path sources</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pathsearch_002eh"><code>pathsearch.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc-Pascal-compiler"><code>pc <span class="roman">Pascal compiler</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfglyphlist_002etxt"><code>pdfglyphlist.txt</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftex_002ecfg"><code>pdftex.cfg</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDFTEXCONFIG"><code>PDFTEXCONFIG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdftexconfig_002etex"><code>pdftexconfig.tex</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permission-denied">permission denied</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permissions_002c-directory">permissions, directory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-permissions_002c-file">permissions, file</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PKFONTS"><code>PKFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plain_002ebase"><code>plain.base</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-privacy_002c-semblance-of">privacy, semblance of</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-problems_002c-common">problems, common</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Common-problems">Common problems</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proginit_002eh"><code>proginit.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-program_002dvarying-paths">program-varying paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programming-overview">programming overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programming-with-config-files">programming with config files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programming-with-Kpathsea">programming with Kpathsea</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-programs-using-the-library">programs using the library</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-proof-mode">proof mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSHEADERS"><code>PSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pxp-Pascal-preprocessor"><code>pxp <span class="roman">Pascal preprocessor</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoting-variable-values">quoting variable values</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rationale-for-casefolding-fallback">rationale for casefolding fallback</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-re_002dentrant-API">re-entrant API</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-readable"><code>readable</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reading-arbitrary_002dlength-lines">reading arbitrary-length lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-recording-successful-searches">recording successful searches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-relative-filenames">relative filenames</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resident_002ec"><code>resident.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resolution_002c-setting">resolution, setting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-searching-options">Path searching options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resolutions_002c-last_002dresort">resolutions, last-resort</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-retrieving-TeX">retrieving TeX</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-side-of-variable-assignments">right-hand side of variable assignments</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-RISINPUTS"><code>RISINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Rokicki_002c-Tom">Rokicki, Tom</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-root-user"><tt>root</tt> user</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-configuration-files">runtime configuration files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-runtime-debugging">runtime debugging</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Sauter-fonts_002c-and-dynamic-source-creation">Sauter fonts, and dynamic source creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scripts-for-file-creation">scripts for file creation</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-scripts">mktex scripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-search-path_002c-defined">search path, defined</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-search_002c-case_002dinsensitive">search, case-insensitive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-for-files">searching for files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-for-glyphs">searching for glyphs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-overview">searching overview</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-the-database">searching the database</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-searching-the-disk">searching the disk</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security-considerations">security considerations</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SELFAUTODIR">SELFAUTODIR</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SELFAUTOLOC">SELFAUTOLOC</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SELFAUTOPARENT">SELFAUTOPARENT</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sending-patches">sending patches</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setgid-scripts">setgid scripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SFDFONTS"><code>SFDFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-scripts-as-configuration-files">shell scripts as configuration files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-variables">shell variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell_005fescape_002c-example-for-code"><code>shell_escape<span class="roman">, example for code</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-site-overrides-for-mktex_2026">site overrides for <code>mktex…</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skeleton-TeX-directory">skeleton TeX directory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slow-startup-time">slow startup time</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source-files"><code>source files</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sources-for-search-paths">sources for search paths</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special"><code>special</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stack-trace">stack trace</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-standalone-path-searching">standalone path searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Invoking-kpsewhich">Invoking kpsewhich</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-standard-error-and-debugging-output">standard error and debugging output</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-standard-options">standard options</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Standard-options">Standard options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-startup-time_002c-excessive">startup time, excessive</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Slow-path-searching">Slow path searching</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-string-routines">string routines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strip"><code>strip</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stripsupplier"><code>stripsupplier</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-striptypeface"><code>striptypeface</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-st_005fnlink"><code>st_nlink</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ST_005fNLINK_005fTRICK"><code>ST_NLINK_TRICK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subdirectory-searching">subdirectory searching</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffixes_002c-filename">suffixes, filename</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suggestions_002c-making">suggestions, making</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Sun-2">Sun 2</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting">supplier directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supplier-directory_002c-omitting-1">supplier directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supported-file-formats">supported file formats</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suppressing-warnings">suppressing warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbolic-links-not-found">symbolic links not found</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbolic-links_002c-and-ls_002dR">symbolic links, and <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symlinks_002c-resolving">symlinks, resolving</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calling-sequence">Calling sequence</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-C-compiler-bugs">system C compiler bugs</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system_002ddependent-casefolding-behavior">system-dependent casefolding behavior</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1FONTS"><code>T1FONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1INPUTS"><code>T1INPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T42FONTS"><code>T42FONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tcfmgr_002emap"><code>tcfmgr.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TDS">TDS</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-environment-variables">TeX environment variables</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-failures">TeX failures</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-or-Metafont-failing">TeX or Metafont failing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-file-lookup">TeX file lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-glyph-lookup">TeX glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-support">TeX support</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-support">TeX support</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-Users-Group">TeX Users Group</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dfile_002ec"><code>tex-file.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dfile_002eh"><code>tex-file.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dglyph_002ec"><code>tex-glyph.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glyph-lookup">Glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dglyph_002eh"><code>tex-glyph.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-overview">Programming overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg"><code>tex-k@tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Mailing-lists">Mailing lists</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002dk_0040tug_002eorg-_0028bug-address_0029"><code>tex-k@tug.org <span class="roman">(bug address)</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reporting-bugs">Reporting bugs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tex_002eweb"><code>tex.web</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXBIB"><code>TEXBIB</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXBIB-1"><code>TEXBIB</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXCONFIG"><code>TEXCONFIG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXDOCS"><code>TEXDOCS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTMAPS"><code>TEXFONTMAPS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-1"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-2"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFONTS-3"><code>TEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texfonts_002emap"><code>texfonts.map</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXFORMATS"><code>TEXFORMATS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINDEXSTYLE"><code>TEXINDEXSTYLE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXINPUTS-1"><code>TEXINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMF"><code>TEXMF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-directory-structure">TeX directory structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf"><code>texmf.cnf</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf-missing_002c-warning-about"><samp>texmf.cnf</samp> missing, warning about</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-and-variable-expansion"><code>texmf.cnf<span class="roman">, and variable expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-definition-for"><code>texmf.cnf<span class="roman">, definition for</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_002ecnf_002c-source-for-path"><code>texmf.cnf<span class="roman">, source for path</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Path-sources">Path sources</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFCNF"><code>TEXMFCNF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFCNF-1"><code>TEXMFCNF</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFDBS"><code>TEXMFDBS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFDBS-1"><code>TEXMFDBS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFINI"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFINI-1"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFINI-2"><code>TEXMFINI</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFLOG"><code>TEXMFLOG</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFOUTPUT"><code>TEXMFOUTPUT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFSCRIPTS"><code>TEXMFSCRIPTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmfvar"><code>texmfvar</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXMFVAR"><code>TEXMFVAR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texmf_005fcasefold_005fsearch"><code>texmf_casefold_search</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-search">Casefolding search</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPICTS"><code>TEXPICTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPKS"><code>TEXPKS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPOOL"><code>TEXPOOL</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPSHEADERS"><code>TEXPSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXPSHEADERS-1"><code>TEXPSHEADERS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXSIZES"><code>TEXSIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEXSOURCES"><code>TEXSOURCES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEX_005fHUSH"><code>TEX_HUSH</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TEX_005fHUSH-1"><code>TEX_HUSH</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TFMFONTS"><code>TFMFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-expansion">tilde expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002ec"><code>tilde.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-time-system-call"><code>time <span class="roman">system call</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tolerance-for-glyph-lookup">tolerance for glyph lookup</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Basic-glyph-lookup">Basic glyph lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trailing-_002f-in-home-directory">trailing ‘<samp>/</samp>’ in home directory</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trailing-colons">trailing colons</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Default-expansion">Default expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TRFONTS"><code>TRFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trick-for-detecting-leaf-directories">trick for detecting leaf directories</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subdirectory-expansion">Subdirectory expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trojan-horse-attack">trojan horse attack</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Security">Security</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-try_005fstd_005fextension_005ffirst"><code>try_std_extension_first</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#File-lookup">File lookup</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TTFONTS"><code>TTFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tug_002eorg"><code>tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting">typeface directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typeface-directory_002c-omitting-1">typeface directory, omitting</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unable-to-find-files">unable to find files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-find-files">Unable to find files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unable-to-generate-fonts">unable to generate fonts</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Unable-to-generate-fonts">Unable to generate fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uname"><code>uname</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unixtex_002eftp"><code>unixtex.ftp</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unknown-special-warnings">unknown special warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unreadable-file-warnings">unreadable file warnings</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unreadable-files">unreadable files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unusable-ls_002dR-warning">unusable <samp>ls-R</samp> warning</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usage-patterns_002c-finding">usage patterns, finding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Logging">Logging</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-USERPROFILE_002c-as-_007e-expansion"><code>USERPROFILE<span class="roman">, as ~ expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Tilde-expansion">Tilde expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-USE_005fTEXMFVAR"><code>USE_TEXMFVAR</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-USE_005fVARTEXFONTS"><code>USE_VARTEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-varfonts"><code>varfonts</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable-expansion">variable expansion</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002ec"><code>variable.c</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Variable-expansion">Variable expansion</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variable_002eh"><code>variable.h</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Programming-with-config-files">Programming with config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VARTEXFONTS"><code>VARTEXFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-configuration">mktex configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VAX-11_002f750">VAX 11/750</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-version-numbers_002c-determining">version numbers, determining</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bug-checklist">Bug checklist</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VF-files_002c-not-found">VF files, not found</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-VFFONTS"><code>VFFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Vojta_002c-Paul">Vojta, Paul</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Walsh_002c-Norman">Walsh, Norman</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warning-about-unusable-ls_002dR">warning about unusable <samp>ls-R</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#ls_002dR">ls-R</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warning_002c-about-missing-texmf_002ecnf">warning, about missing <samp>texmf.cnf</samp></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warnings_002c-file-access">warnings, file access</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Searching-overview">Searching overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-warnings_002c-suppressing">warnings, suppressing</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Suppressing-warnings">Suppressing warnings</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEB2C"><code>WEB2C</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Weber_002c-Olaf">Weber, Olaf</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-WEBINPUTS"><code>WEBINPUTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-in-fontmap-files">whitespace, in fontmap files</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fontmap">Fontmap</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whitespace_002c-not-ignored-on-continuation-lines">whitespace, not ignored on continuation lines</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Config-files">Config files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Windows-and-casefolding">Windows and casefolding</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Casefolding-rationale">Casefolding rationale</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-www_002etug_002eorg"><code>www.tug.org</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#unixtex_002eftp">unixtex.ftp</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDvi"><code>XDvi</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Specially_002drecognized-files">Specially-recognized files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDVIFONTS"><code>XDVIFONTS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supported-file-formats">Supported file formats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDVIMAKEPK"><code>XDVIMAKEPK</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#mktex-script-names">mktex script names</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XDVISIZES"><code>XDVISIZES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fallback-font">Fallback font</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Z">Z</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-zuhn_002c-david">zuhn, david</a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#History">History</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>!</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>$</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>/</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>2</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>8</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>\</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>{</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>~</b></a>
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-K"><b>K</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-N"><b>N</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Q"><b>Q</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-Z"><b>Z</b></a>
</td></tr></table>
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