summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/macros/physe/physe.doc
blob: 4709e695c6abf425b91c7c7dc8862fc718d8256b (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
%Changes by lde
%  changed .texindex extension to .index
%  set IBMfalse
%
%FORMAT physe   % use PHYSE format
%***  this is file PMANUAL as of 07.03.86  ***
% \input themac
%***  this is file THEMAC as of 11.02.86  ***
% \input mppmac  % get MPP macros
%***  this is file MPPMAC as of 17.03.86  ***
\input physupdt  % get updates and corrections to PHYS-TeX
\def\wlog#1{} % suppress allocation messages
\catcode`\@=11

%\def\jobname{pmanual}
%***  additional macros for MPP  ***
%***  (Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik und Astrophysik)  ***
%***  (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut fuer Physik)  ***

\def\mppaddresstext{Postfach 40 12 12, D-8000 M\"unchen 40\else
  P.O.Box 40 12 12, Munich (Fed.~Rep.~Germany)}

\def\mppaddress{\address
  {Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik und Astrophysik%
  \\-- Werner-Heisenberg-Institut f\"ur Physik --%
  \\\case@language\mppaddresstext}}

\def\mppnum#1{\topright{MPI--PAE/#1}}

%***  mpp letterhead  ***

\font\fourtenbf=\font@sel ssbx10 scaled \magstep2 % for letterhead
\font\sixtenbf=\font@sel ssbx10 at 16.587 pt % for letterhead
                                             %   (LasergrafiX)
\font\seventenbf=\font@sel ssbx10 scaled \magstep3 % for letterhead
                                                   %   (Canon)

\def\mppae@text{MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT F\"UR PHYSIK UND ASTROPHYSIK}

\def\letterC{\endpage \vglue-19mm\centerline{\seventenbf
    \mppae@text}\l@tt@r}          % for output on canon
\def\letterL{\endpage \vglue-26mm\centerline{\sixtenbf
    \mppae@text}\l@tt@r}          % for output on lasergrafix
\let\letter=\letterL              % default is lasergrafix

\def\l@tt@r#1#2#3{\centerline{\fourtenbf
    WERNER-HEISENBERG-INSTITUT F\"UR PHYSIK}%
  \skippagenum T\skipheadline T\skipfootline T%
  \centerline{\strut#1}\vskip.5cm%
  \line{\vtop to5cm{\lftline{\strut}\vfil
    \let\\\cr \halign{\strut##\hfil\cr#3\cr}\vfil}%
  \hss\vtop to5cm{\def\lftline##1{\hbox to 5cm{##1\hfil}}%
    \lftline{\strut}\eightrm  \setbaselineskip=12pt \vfil
    \lftline{F\"OHRINGER RING 6}\lftline{\tenrm D-8000 M\"UNCHEN 40}%
    \lftline{\case@language{TELEFON\else PHONE}: (089) 31 893
      \if!#2!\else - #2 \case@language{oder\else or} \fi-1}%
    \lftline{TELEGRAMM:}\lftline{PHYSASTROPLANCK M\"UNCHEN}%
    \lftline{TELEX: 52 15 61 9 mppa d}%
    \lftline{POSTFACH 40 12 12}\vfil}}%
  \vskip1cm\rtline{\thedate}\vskip 1cm plus 1cm minus.5cm}

\def\wlog{\immediate\write\m@ne} % restore PLAIN's definition
\catcode`\@=12 % @ signs are no longer letters
%***  end of file MPPMAC  ***
\def\wlog#1{} % suppress allocation messages
\catcode`\@=11

\outer\def\pthnum#1{\mppnum{PTh #1}}
\let\pthdate=\pubdate

\def\wlog{\immediate\write\m@ne} % restore PLAIN's definition
\catcode`\@=12 % @ signs are no longer letters

%***  additional physics journals  ***

\def\AP{\journal{Ann.\ \Phys}}
\def\CMP{\journal{Commun.\ \Math\Phys}}
\def\JMP{\journal{J.\ \Math\Phys}}
\def\PRep{\journal{\Phys Rep.\ }}
\def\RMP{\journal{\Rev Mod.\ \Phys}}
\def\TMF{\journal{Teor.\ Mat.\ Fiz.\ }}

%***  end of file THEMAC  ***
% \input pmanmac
%***  this is file PMANMAC as of 06.03.86  ***
\catcode`\@=11

\newif\ifIBM
%\IBMtrue  % print the character ^ as `neg' (as on IBM terminals)
\IBMfalse % print the character ^ as `hat' (as in the TeXbook)

\hyphenchar\twelvett=-1 \hyphenchar\tentt=-1
\hyphenchar\eighttt=-1  % prevent hyphenation inside verbatim

\newinsert\margin
\dimen\margin=\maxdimen % no limit on the number of marginal notes
\count\margin=0 \skip\margin=0pt % marginal notes take up no space

\def\skip@userexit{\setbox\z@\box\@cclv \setbox\z@\box\margin}
\def\ship@userexit{\ifvbox\margin \nointerlineskip
  \rlap{\hskip\hsize \hskip6pt\vbox to\z@{\kern4\p@ \box\margin \vss
      }}\fi \unvbox\@cclv}
\let\skipuserexit=\skip@userexit
\let\shipuserexit=\ship@userexit

\newif\ifmultic@lumn  \newcount\numc@lumn  \newdimen\c@lumnwidth
\newbox\partialp@ge  \newdimen\p@gewidth  \newdimen\p@geheight

\let\multicolumn=\relax
\outer\def\singlecolumn{\ifmultic@lumn \singlec@lumn \bigskip \fi}
\outer\def\doublecolumn{\multicolumn\tw@}
\outer\def\triplecolumn{\multicolumn\thr@@}
\outer\def\multicolumn{\ifmultic@lumn \singlec@lumn \fi \multic@lumn}
\def\singlec@lumn{\output{\balancec@lumns}\eject
  \endgroup \pagegoal\vsize}
\def\multic@lumn{\begingroup \multic@lumntrue
  \afterassignment\multic@l@mn \numc@lumn=}
\def\multic@l@mn{\output{\global\setbox\partialp@ge
    \vbox{\unvbox\@cclv\bigskip}}\eject
  \p@gewidth\hsize \p@geheight\vsize \advance\hsize12\p@
  \divide\hsize\numc@lumn \advance\hsize-12\p@ \c@lumnwidth\hsize
  \multiply\vsize\numc@lumn \advance\vsize12\p@
  \let\skipuserexit\skipsofar \let\shipuserexit\shipsofar
  \output{\multic@lumnout}}
\def\multic@lumnout{\splittopskip\topskip \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth
  \dimen@\p@geheight \advance\dimen@-\ht\partialp@ge
  \setbox\tw@\hbox{\count@\@ne \loop \setbox\z@\vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@
    \wd\z@\c@lumnwidth \box\z@ \hfil \advance\count@\@ne
    \ifnum\count@<\numc@lumn \repeat}%
  \setbox\f@ur\vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@
  \bgroup \hsize\p@gewidth \vsize\p@geheight \physoutput \egroup
  \unvbox\@cclv \penalty\outputpenalty}
\def\skipsofar{\setbox\z@\box\partialp@ge}
\def\shipsofar{\unvbox\partialp@ge
  \hbox to\p@gewidth{\unhbox\tw@ \wd\f@ur\c@lumnwidth \box\f@ur}}
\def\balancec@lumns{\setbox\z@\vbox{\unvbox\@cclv}\splittopskip\topskip
  \dimen@-\topskip \advance\dimen@\baselineskip
  \advance\dimen@-\numc@lumn\dimen@
  \advance\dimen@\ht\z@ \divide\dimen@\numc@lumn
  {\vbadness\@M \loop \global\setbox\thr@@\copy\z@
    \global\setbox\@ne\hbox{\count@\@ne \loop
      \setbox\z@\vsplit\thr@@ to\dimen@
      \setbox\z@\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox\z@}\wd\z@\c@lumnwidth \box\z@
      \hfil \advance\count@\@ne \ifnum\count@<\numc@lumn \repeat}%
    \ifdim\ht\thr@@>\dimen@ \global\advance\dimen@\p@ \repeat}%
  \setbox\tw@\box\@ne \setbox\f@ur\vbox to\dimen@{\unvbox\thr@@}%
  \shipsofar}

\def\AmSTeX{$\cal A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\cal M$}\kern-.125em
  S$-\TeX}
\def\bull{\vrule height .9ex width.8ex depth -.1ex } % square bullet
\def\dn{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char'14}} % downward arrow
\def\up{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char'13}} % upward arrow
\def\|{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\|}} % vertical line
\def\vspace{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\ }} % visible space

\def\pt{\,{\rm pt}} % units of points
\def\<#1>{\leavevmode\hbox{$\langle$#1\/$\rangle$}} % syntactic quantity
\def\oct#1{\hbox{\rm\'{}\kern-.2em\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % octal constant
\def\hex#1{\hbox{\rm\H{}\tt#1}} % hexadecimal constant
\def\cstok#1{\leavevmode\thinspace\hbox{\vrule\vtop{\vbox{\hrule\kern1pt
        \hbox{\vphantom{\tt/}\thinspace{\tt#1}\thinspace}}%
      \kern1pt\hrule}\vrule}\thinspace} % control sequence token

\outer\def\begindisplay{\obeylines\startdisplay}
{\obeylines\gdef\startdisplay#1
  {\catcode`\^^M=5$$#1\halign\bgroup\indent##\hfil&&\qquad##\hfil\cr}}
\outer\def\enddisplay{\crcr\egroup$$}

{\catcode`\^=\active
  \gdef\ttverbatim{\begingroup \catcode`\\\@ther \catcode`\{\@ther
    \catcode`\}\@ther \catcode`\$\@ther \catcode`\&\@ther
    \catcode`\#\@ther \catcode`\%\@ther \catcode`\~\@ther
    \catcode`\_\@ther \catcode`\`\active
    \ifIBM \catcode`\^\active \let^\tt@neg \else \catcode`\^\@ther \fi
    \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt}}
{\catcode`\`=\active \gdef`{\relax\lq}}
\def\tt@neg{\hbox to.5em{\hss\the\scriptfont2:\hss}}
{\obeyspaces\gdef {\ }} % \obeyspaces now gives \ , not \space

\outer\def\begintt{\strut \begingroup
  \abovedisplayskip\parskip \abovedisplayshortskip\abovedisplayskip
  \belowdisplayskip\parskip \belowdisplayshortskip\belowdisplayskip
  $$\let\par=\endgraf \ttverbatim \parskip0pt
  \catcode`\|=0 \rightskip=-5pc \tt@finish}

\outer\def\beginttlines{\begingroup\tenpoint
  \let\par=\cr \ttverbatim \catcode`\|=0
  \ifhmode \strut \expandafter\vadjust\fi \bgroup \ttlines@finish}

{\catcode`\|=0 |catcode`|\=\@ther % | is temporary escape character
  |obeylines % end of line is active
  |gdef|tt@finish#1^^M#2\endtt{#1|vbox{|strut#2}|endgroup %
    $$|endgroup |ignorespaces} %
  |gdef|ttlines@finish#1^^M#2\endttlines{#1|halign %
    {|hbox{|strut|quad *|quad##|hfil}|crcr#2|crcr}|egroup %
    |ifhmode |lb |fi |endgroup |endgroup |ignorespaces}}

\catcode`\|=\active
{\obeylines
  \gdef|{\ttverbatim\ttglue\let^^M=\ \let|=\endgroup}
  \gdef\utt|{\setbox\z@\hbox\bgroup|\aftergroup\utt@end}
}
\def\utt@end{\egroup$\underline{\box\z@}$}

\def\ttglue{\spaceskip=.5em plus.25em minus.15em}

\def\beginlines{\par\begingroup\nobreak\medskip\parindent\z@
  \parskip\z@ \hrule\kern1pt\nobreak \obeylines \everypar{\strut}}
\def\endlines{\kern1pt\hrule\endgroup\medbreak\noindent}

\newwrite\inx
\immediate\openout\inx=\jobname.index % file for index remainders
\def\marginstyle{\eightrm % marginal notes are in 8pt
  \vrule height9pt depth3pt width0pt } % a strut for \insert\margin

\newif\ifsilent
\def\specialhat{\ifmmode \expandafter^\else \expandafter\beginxref\fi}
\def\beginxref{\futurelet\n@xt\beginxrefswitch}
\def\beginxrefswitch{\ifx\n@xt\specialhat \expandafter\silentxref\else
  \silentfalse \expandafter\xref\fi}
\catcode`\^=\active \let ^=\specialhat
\def\silentxref^{\silenttrue\xref}

\begingroup \lccode`\*=`\\ \lowercase{\gdef\bslash{*}} \endgroup
\def\xref{\futurelet\n@xt\xrefswitch} % branch on the next character
\def\xrefswitch{\begingroup\ifx\n@xt|\aftergroup\vxref
  \else \begingroup \ifx\n@xt\<\aftergroup\anglexref
    \else\aftergroup\normalxref \fi\fi \endgroup}
\def\vxref|{\ttverbatim \futurelet\n@xt\vxrefswitch}
\def\vxrefswitch#1|{\vxref@switch#1@@\@}
{\lccode`\~=`\` \lccode`\?=`\^ \lccode`\+=`\\ \lowercase{
  \gdef\vxref@switch#1#2@#3\@{\if\bslash\noexpand\n@xt
      \def\xreftype{2}\def\text{\bslash#2}% code 2, |\arg|
    \else\def\xreftype{1}\def\text{#1#2}\fi % code 1, |arg|
    \bgroup \def^{?}\def~{`}\let\bslash\empty  % for write
    \makexref}
  \gdef\normalxref#1{\def\xreftype{0}\def\text{#1}%
    \bgroup \def\tt{+tt}\def\^{+?}% for write
    \makexref}
}}
\def\anglexref\<#1>{\def\xreftype{3}\def\text{\<#1>}% code 3, \<arg>
  \bgroup \def\text{#1}% for write
  \makexref}

\newif\ifproofmode
\proofmodefalse  % for camera-ready copy
%\proofmodetrue % this should be false when making camera-ready copy
\def\makexref{\ifproofmode \insert\margin{\hbox{\marginstyle\text}}%
    \xdef\writeit{\write\inx{\text\space!\xreftype\space
      \noexpand\number\pageno.}}\writeit
    \else\ifhmode\kern0pt \fi\fi
  \ifsilent \egroup \endgroup \ignorespaces \else
    \egroup \text \endgroup \fi}

\outer\def\startindex{\superendpage
  \he@d{\strut\case@language\indextext}%
  \toc{\case@language\indextext}{\unskip}}
\def\indextext{Stichwortverzeichnis\else Index}
\outer\def\makeindex{\openin\test@read=pmanual.index
  \ifeof\test@read \message{* file pmanual.index missing *}\else
  \closein\test@read \expandafter\make@index\fi}
\def\make@index{\beginindex \input pmanual.index \endindex }

\let\endindex=\endgroup \let\sub=\indent

\def\beginindex{\begingroup \maxdepth\maxdimen
  \def\par{\endgraf \futurelet\n@xt\inxentry}\obeylines
  \everypar{\hangindent\tw@\parindent}\exhyphenpenalty\@M
  \parindent1em\raggedright}
\def\inxentry{\ifx\n@xt\endindex \else \noindent \fi}

\catcode`\@=12 % @ signs are no longer letters
%***  end of file PMANMAC  ***


%\IBMtrue  % print the character ^ as `neg' (as on IBM terminals)
 \IBMfalse % print the character ^ as `hat' (as in the TeXbook)

\tolerance=1000

\def\chapuserexit{\wlog{\expandafter\empty\the\toks0
  \space\the\toks2}}
\def\secsssuserexit{\expandafter\myuserexit\the\toks0 }
\def\myuserexit#1.{\wlog{#1: \the\toks2}\toks0{#1}}

%\pagesel{39}{99}   % print selected pages only

\english
\chapters \chappage
\pageall \toppagenum
\althead
\lheadtext={The PHYS-{\TeX} Manual}
\rheadtext={P. Breitenlohner, A. Kabelschacht and R.J. Drofnats}
\centfoot
\lfoottext={\thetime}   \rfoottext={\thedate}
\equleft \equsect \equshort
\figchap
\tabchap
\refsqb
\tocsect
\footpar \footbot \let\footstyle=\tenpoint

% \input pmantitp   % title page
%***  this is file PMANTITP as of 07.03.86  ***
\submit{Journal ???}
\mppnum{PTh xx/86}
\topright{Version 1.0}
\pubdate{March 1986}

\title{The PHYS-{\TeX} Manual}
\titcon{How to use the {\TeX} formats PHYSE and PHYS
\rm\footnote
*{This output is produced from the file PMANUAL TEX.
Here you could add things like the phrase: Talk given at {\dots} or
similar.}}

\author{P. Breitenlohner\\A. Kabelschacht}
\mppaddress
\autcon{R.J. Drofnats}
\address{Dept.~of Farm Ecology, The University of St.~Anford\\%
P.O.Box 1009, Haga Alto, CA 94321 (USA)}

\abstract{This manual describes how to use the {\TeX} formats PHYSE
and PHYS to write physics papers.
These formats contain MACROS which will automatically number
chapters, sections, \dots, appendices, pages, footnotes, equations,
figures, references and tables.
In addition lists of all figure captions, table captions, references
as well as a table of contents can be generated.}
\endpage
\startpage-2
\null\vskip3in
\centerline{\it This page intentionally left blank}
\vskip3in
\endpage
%***  end of file PMANTITP  ***
\startpage1       % leave room for toc on pages iii and iv
% \input pmanintr   % introduction
%***  this is file PMANINTR as of 08.03.86  ***
\chap{Introduction}
The {\TeX} formats PHYSE and PHYS are extensions of the PLAIN format
and should simplify the writing of physics papers.
They differ from eachother by the use of english
or german hyphenation patterns ^^{hyphenation, german and english}
and by having ^|\english| or ^|\german| as default.
Practically all features of PLAIN-{\TeX} as described in the
\TeX book \RF{\texbook}{{\it The \TeX book}, Donald E.~Knuth,
Addison-Wesley, 1984.}\quref{\texbook} can be used without any change.
The only exception is that PLAIN's ^|\item| has been renamed
to ^|\plainitem|.
The PHYSE and PHYS formats have been developed at the
Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik, M\"unchen, and are derived from
the macros for physics papers used at SLAC\null.

These formats exist as dump files which can be
invoked in the same way as PLAINE or PLAIN\null.
Your input should start with the command |\input|~^|physupdt|
(compare appendix B for details).

\ifIBM  % print this paragraph if ^ is represented as `neg'
The character for superscripts (^{{\tt\char`\^}} in the
{\TeX}book) is printed as ^|^| in this manual, in the same way as it
appears on IBM terminals.\fi

%***  end of file PMANINTR  ***
% \input pmanfont   % fonts, text sizes, styles and headings
%***  this is file PMANFONT as of 06.03.86  ***
\chap{Fonts, Text Sizes, Styles and Headings}
\sect{Text Sizes and Spacing}
You can produce text in various ^{sizes}.
If you use the command ^|\twelvepoint| (which is the default) at the
begin of your input file, everything will be \LARGE{\bf large}
i.e.\ normal text and equations will be in 12\pt, subscripts
and superscripts in 10{\pt} and sub-subscripts etc.\ in 8{\pt} size.
If you use ^|\tenpoint| you get \MEDIUM{\bf medium} size
(10\pt, 8{\pt} and 6\pt) and if you use ^|\eightpoint| you get
\SMALL{\bf small} size (8\pt, 6{\pt} and 5\pt).
Independently you can specify ^^{spacing} ^|\singlespace|,
^|\doublespace| (the default) or ^|\triplespace| to obtain narrow,
medium or wide space between consecutive lines of text
(^|\baselineskip|); other spacing parameters are set accordingly.
Each time you select a size or spacing the ^|\strut| is suitably
redefind.
The combination |\twelvepoint\triplespace| should about satisfy
{\it Phys.~Rev.}'s requirements.

You can use |\medium{text}| or |\MEDIUM{text}| to get `text' in
{\bf medium} size.
The difference is that ^|\medium| puts `text' into
one or several separate paragraphs whereas ^|\MEDIUM| puts `text'
into the middle of the current paragraph.
The commands ^|\large|, ^|\LARGE|, ^|\small| and ^|\SMALL|
can be used in exactly the same way.
Finally we add a displayed equation:
$$\smallint_0^\infty e^{-x^2} dx = {\sqrt{\pi}\over 2}\qquad\qquad
\smallprod_{i=1}^n e^{x_i}=e^{\smallsum_{i=1}^n x_i}\eqn$$
to see the size of superscripts and super-superscripts.
\medium{\singlespace This paragraph in {\bf medium} size starts with
|\medium{\singlespace This|\dots\space
and uses |\LARGE| and |\SMALL| to get a \LARGE{large} and a
\SMALL{small} word in the middle.
Now we add a very long sentence so that we can see the effect of
the large word on the interline spacing (if any).
Again we add a displayed equation:
$$\smallint_0^\infty e^{-x^2} dx = {\sqrt{\pi}\over 2}\qquad\qquad
\smallprod_{i=1}^n e^{x_i}=e^{\smallsum_{i=1}^n x_i}\eqn$$
to see the size of superscripts and super-superscripts.}
\small{\singlespace This paragraph in {\bf small} size starts with
|\small{\singlespace This|\dots\space
and, after the first line which is entirely in small type,
uses |\LARGE| and |\MEDIUM| to get a \LARGE{large} and a
\MEDIUM{medium} word in the middle.
Again we add a very long sentence in order to see the effect
of the large and the medium word on the interline spacing.
Again we add a displayed equation:
$$\smallint_0^\infty e^{-x^2} dx = {\sqrt{\pi}\over 2}\qquad\qquad
\smallprod_{i=1}^n e^{x_i}=e^{\smallsum_{i=1}^n x_i}\eqn$$
to see the size of superscripts and super-superscripts.}
\sect{Fonts}
For each size there are several `^{fonts}' available, i.e.\ sets of
characters of different shape.
Normally text is typed in `roman' and equations are typed in
`math italic'.
You can choose among:\lb
^|\rm| for {\rm roman}\lb
|$|\dots|$| (or |\mit| inside equations) for $math\; italic$\lb
^|\cal| for $\cal CALIGRAPHIC$ (inside equations and for capitals
only)\lb
^|\it| for {\it text italic}\lb
^|\sl| for {\sl slanted}\lb
^|\bf| for {\bf bold}\lb
^|\tt| for {\tt typewriter}\lb
^|\caps| for {\caps Large and Small Capitals}\lb
but not all fonts are available in all sizes.
\sect{Styles} ^^{styles}
There are macros which determine how various things are printed
(e.g.\ page numbers, headings, titles and so on).
The are listed below and can be changed as necessary.
%***  the following lines are copied from PHYSTEXT  ***
\beginttlines
\let\headlinestyle=\twelverm
\let\footlinestyle=\twelverm
\let\pagestyle=\twelverm       % page numbers
\let\titlestyle=\bf            % title of paper, chapters, appendices
\let\authorstyle=\caps
\let\addressstyle=\sl
\let\sectstyle=\caps           % section titles
\def\secsstyle{\sectstyle}
\def\secssstyle{\secsstyle}
\def\secsssstyle{\secssstyle}
\def\subsecstyle#1{\hbox{$\underline{\hbox{#1}}$\enskip}\ignorespaces}
\let\headstyle=\UPPERCASE      % headlines for list of figure capts. etc
\let\captionstyle=\it          % figure and table captions
\let\journalstyle=\sl
\let\volumestyle=\bf
\let\figstyle=\empty           % list of figure captions
\def\figindent{to4em}
\def\figbreak{\goodbreak \vskip\refbetweenskip}
\let\tabstyle=\empty           % list of table captions
\let\tabindent=\figindent
\let\tabbreak=\figbreak
\let\refstyle=\empty           % list of references
\let\refindent=\figindent
\def\namrefindent{2em}
\def\refbreak{\filbreak \vskip\refbetweenskip}
\let\tocstyle=\empty           % table of contents
\let\tocindent=\empty
\let\tocbreak=\refbreak
\let\footstyle=\empty          % (list of) footnotes
\let\footindent=\figindent
\let\footbreak=\figbreak
\let\stmttitlestyle=\bf        % mathematical statements
\let\stmtstyle=\sl
\let\prftitlestyle=\caps
\let\prfstyle=\sl
\endttlines
The command |\UPPERCASE| translates it's argument to uppercase
(as does |\uppercase|) but all macros in the argument are
expanded before the translation.
The definition is
\beginttlines
\def\UPPERCASE#1{\edef\next{#1}\uppercase\expandafter{\next}}
\endttlines
\sect{Headings}
^^{headings}The text of most headings is defined by macros which
are listed below (\<german text>|\else|\<english text>),
and which can be easily changed.
%***  the following lines are copied from PHYSTEXT  ***
\beginttlines
\def\submittextone{Zur Ver\"offentlichung in\else Submitted to}
\def\submittexttwo{ eingereicht\else}
\def\abstracthead{Zusammenfassung\else Abstract}
\def\ackhead{Danksagung\else Acknowledgements}
\def\appendixhead{Anhang\else Appendix}
\def\eqabbr{Gl\else eq}
\def\eqsabbr{Gln\else eqs}
\def\figpref{Abb\else Fig}
\def\fighead{Abbildungen\else Figure captions}
\def\figabbr{Bild\nodot\else Fig}
\def\tabpref{Tab\else Tab}
\def\tabhead{Tabellen\else Table captions}
\let\tababbr=\tabpref
\def\refpref{Lit\else Ref}
\def\refhead{Literaturverzeichnis\else References}
\def\refabbr{???\else Ref}
\def\refsabbr{????\else Refs}
\def\tocpref{Inh\else Toc}
\def\tochead{Inhaltsverzeichnis\else Table of contents}
\def\footpref{Anm\else Foot}
\def\foothead{Anmerkungen\else Footnotes}
\def\prfhead{Beweis\else Proof}
\endttlines

%***  end of file PMANFONT  ***
% \input pmanpage   % page numbers
%***  this is file PMANPAGE as of 07.03.86  ***
\chap{Page Numbers, Head- and Footlines}
\sect{Page Numbers}
^^{page numbers}
If you use ^|\pageall| (default) the pages are numbered throughout
the paper, starting with `1' for the ^{title page}.
If you use ^|\pagechap| the title page is page~0 and the pages are
numbered separately for each chapter, appendix, the figure captions,
the table captions, the list of references, the table of contents
and (if applicable) the footnotes, with the number of the chapter or
similar as prefix.
The page number of the title page will never be printed and with
|\pagechap| the same is true for the first page of figure captions,
table captions etc.

You can use\lb
^|\toppagenum| to get page numbers on top of each page,\lb
^|\botpagenum| (default) to get page numbers at the bottom of each page
or\lb
^|\nopagenum| to supress the printing of page numbers.
\sect{Head- and Footlines}
^^{headlines}^^{footlines}
Independently from the page numbers there may be running head- and
footlines.
You can specify specify a left head line text with
^|\lheadtext||={|\dots|}| and similarly a right head line text
(^|\rheadtext|) and a ^|\cheadtext| as well as foot line texts
(^|\lfoottext|, ^|\rfoottext| and ^|\cfoottext|).
All these texts are initially empty.

If you choose the option ^|\centhead| (default) the headline
will contain the |\lheadtext| in the left corner, the |\rheadtext|
in the right corner and a page number or blank in the center.
With the option ^|\righthead| the |\rheadtext| is centered,
the ^|\cheadtext| in the left corner and a page number will be in
the right corner; with the option ^|\lefthead| you get the same
with left and right exchanged.
With the option ^|\althead| you get alternatingly the result from
|\righthead| on the odd numbered (right) pages and from |\lefthead|
on the even numbered (left) pages.

The options ^|\centfoot| (default), ^|\rightfoot|, ^|\leftfoot| and
^|\altfoot| will do the same for the footlines.

You can use the command ^|\skippagenum||=T| to suppress the printing
of a page number on the current page.
Similarly ^|\skipheadline||=T| and ^|\skipfootline||=T| will suppress
the printing of the entire headline and footline.
All three commands are used automatically on the title page and all
three switches are automatically reset to `|F|' when a new page is
started.
You should, however, be careful where to put these commands because
{\TeX} may have different ideas about what is the current page than
you do (see chapter~15: How {\TeX} Makes Lines into Pages in the
{\TeX}book for details).
\sect{Portrait and Landscape Format}
{\TeX} usually produces output in `portrait' format (|\vsize| is larger
than |\hsize|).
Some times you may want to use `landscape' format, i.e.\ for large
tables.
You can use the commands ^|\portrait| (default) and ^|\landscape| to
switch between portrait and landscape format.
If such a switch occurs any partial page accumulated so far will be
terminated and then the values for |\hsize| and |\vsize| will be
interchanged and adjusted for the presence of head- and footlines.
It is, therefore, \underbar{not} possible to use a |\pageinsert| in
landscape format while processing a page in portrait format.
\subsec{Warning:}Some output devices may not be able to handle
landscape format properly or they may not be able to handle a
mixture of both formats.

%***  end of file PMANPAGE  ***
% \input pmantitl   % the title page
%***  this is file PMANTITL as of 07.03.86  ***
\chap{The Title Page}
There are several macros to facilitate the production of a ^{title
page}.
These macros provide vertical spacing which should normally give a
reasonable layout.

You should use ^|\titlepage| (default) or ^|\notitlepage| if the title
of the paper, the name(s) and address(es) of author(s) and possibly
the abstract do or don't appear on a separate page which is
terminated with |\endpage|.

You can use ^|\topleft| and ^|\topright| as often as needed to
collect information to appear on the top left and top right corners
of the title page.
This information is stored in boxes and is printed with the (first)
use of ^|\title|.

The command ^|\submit||{...}| uses topleft to produce the two
lines `Submitted~to' and `\dots' in the top left corner,\lb
^|\mppnum||{...}| is equivalent to |\topright{MPI--PAE/...}|,
\lb and ^|\pubdate| is a synonym for |\topright|.

You can use ^|\title||{...}| to print (the first line of) the title
of the paper and ^|\titcon||{...}| for continuation lines.

The command ^|\author||{...}| will print one or more lines with
authors, ^|\\| indicates the start of a new line,
^|\autcon||{...}| will print `and' or `und' and more authors.
You can use the commands |\author|, |\autcon| and
|\address| as often as required.

Any of the above macros may use ^|\foot| or ^|\footnote|,
but you should surround the footnote with
|{|^|\rm|~|...}|, otherwise the footnote will be printed in the
current font.

The command ^|\address||{...}| prints the address of the
institution with one or more lines which are again separated by ^|\\|.

The command ^|\mppaddress| prints the address of the
Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Physik.

The command ^|\abstract||{...}| prints the english heading
`^{Abstract}' or the german one `^{Zusammenfassung}' and the text of
the abstract which may consist of several paragraphs.

Finally we want to mention one command which does not belong to the
title page: ^|\ack| prints the heading `^{Acknowledgements}' or
`^{Danksagung}'.

The title page of this manual is produced by the following
sequence of commands:
%***  the following lines are copied from PMANTITP  ***
\beginttlines
\submit{Journal ???}
\mppnum{PTh xx/86}
\topright{Version 1.0}
\pubdate{March 1986}

\title{The PHYS-{\TeX} Manual}
\titcon{How to use the {\TeX} formats PHYSE and PHYS
\rm\footnote
*{This output is produced from the file PMANUAL TEX.
Here you could add things like the phrase: Talk given at {\dots} or
similar.}}

\author{P. Breitenlohner\\A. Kabelschacht}
\mppaddress
\autcon{R.J. Drofnats}
\address{Dept.~of Farm Ecology, The University of St.~Anford\\%
P.O.Box 1009, Haga Alto, CA 94321 (USA)}

\abstract{This manual describes ...
....
.... can be generated.}
\endpage
\endttlines

%***  end of file PMANTITL  ***

% \input pmanchap   % structuring the text

%***  this is file PMANCHAP as of 10.03.86  ***
\chap{Structuring the Text}
\sect{Chapters and Sections}
You can use ^|\chap| to start a new ^{chapter} and ^|\appendix|
to start a new ^{appendix}.
Chapters and appendices will be numbered automatically, starting with
`1' resp.\ `A'\null.
Chapters and appendices can appear in any order but this may be of
little use unless you choose the option ^|\pagechap|.
The text before the first chapter or appendix is treated as chapter~0.

At the begin of your input you should use the command ^|\chapters|
(default) or ^|\nochapters| if your paper does or does not contain
chapters.
If you choose |\chapters| the chapter number will appear as
prefix in section numbers and possibly (depending on other options)
in page numbers, equation numbers, etc.
If you choose |\nochapters| this prefix will be omitted.
In this case you can not use |\chap| to start a new chapter.

You can use ^|\arabicchapnum| (default) or ^|\romanchapnum| to get
arabic chapter numbers or (uppercase) roman numerals resp., both in
the chapter titles and in the prefix of e.g.\ ^{equation numbers}.

Whithin a chapter, but not within an appendix, you may use
^|\sect| to start a ^{section}.
They will again be numbered, starting with `1', and the text before
the first section within a chapter will be treated as section~0.

You can use ^|\chappage| or ^|\nochappage| (default) to indicate that
each chapter and appendix should or should not start on a new page.

{\TeX} will try not to begin a chapter or section to low at a page,
it will rather leave blank space and start with the chapter or
section title on a new page.
This mechanism is governed by the parameters\lb
^|\chapstretch| (default `2.5 cm'),\lb
^|\chappenalty| (default `-800'),\lb
^|\sectstretch| (default `2 cm') and\lb
^|\sectpenalty| (default `-400')\lb
and has the additional advantage that a minor change in the
text will quite often lead to identical page breaks after a few
pages which have changed.

Depending on the choice of other options ^|\chap|, ^|\sect| and
^|\appendix| may influence the numbering of pages, equations,
figures and tables.

Within a section or an appendix you can use ^|\secs| to start a
numbered subsection and so on down to ^^|\secss| ^|\secsss| for
sub-sub-subsections.
All four commands used to generate numbered (sub-)sections will
generate the (sub-)section numbers automatically.
You can, however, specify your own numbers by using e.g.\lb
|\sect|^\<number>|{|\<title>|}|

In addition you can use ^|\subsec| to generate an unnumbered
subsection.
You can use |\subsec| everywhere in your text, in appendices as well
as in chapters.
\subsec{Examples:}The present chapter was started with the commands\lb
|\chap{Structuring the Text}|\lb
|\sect{Chapters and sections}|\lb
If you need a continuation line for the chapter title use\lb
|\titcon{continuation of the title}|\lb
as often as needed.
The titles for (sub-)sections will automatically occupy as many
lines as needed.
The unnumbered subsection with these examples starts with\lb
|\subsec{Examples:}The|\dots\foot{The lack of space between `|}|'
and `|The|' in this and similar constructions is significant!}\lb
If you want to start an appendix
you can either use |\appendix| for an appendix without a title
or |\appendix{Title}| for an appendix with a title.
In the former case the text of the appendix must not start with
an explicit or implicit
`|{|' (you could e.g.\ start the text of the appendix with |\relax|
which instructs {\TeX} to `do nothing').

You can use ^|\app||{|\dots|}| to start an unnumbered appendix.
This command will just print the heading `Appendix \dots' (using
^|\headstyle|) but will not influence the numbering of equations
or similar.

\sect{Items and Points} ^^{item}^^{point}
There is another quite different way to structure the text.
You may want to list several important points and either number them
or mark them by a symbol.
There are three levels to do that: ^|\item|s are indented 2.5 em,
^|\sitem|s (subitems) are indented 4.5 em and
^|\ssitems|s (sub-subitems) are indented 6.5 em (an `em' is the width
of a `quad' in the current font).
Each item, sitem or ssitem ends with the end of
the paragraph (^|\par| or a ^{blank line}).
\item{x}This item was started with |\item{x}This|\dots\lb
You could also use\lb
^|\bullitem|~|This|\dots or ^|\staritem|~|This|\dots or
^|\dashitem|~|This|\dots\lb
to get an item marked by `$\bullet$', `$\ast$' or `---' instead of the
`x'.\lb
Similarly there are ^|\sbullitem|, ^|\sstaritem| and ^|\sdashitem| for
sitems as well as ^|\ssbullitem|, ^|\ssstaritem| and ^|\ssdashitem|
for ssitems.
\sitem{y}This sitem was started with |\sitem{y}This|\dots\lb
and this works just the same way for ssitems:
\ssitem{z}This is a sub-subitem.
\itemcon We now want to continue the item with a new paragraph and in
order to do so we had to start the present paragraph with
^|\itemcon|~|We|\dots\lb
For sitem use the analogous command ^|\sitemcon| and for
ssitem you can use ^|\ssitemcon|.

\noindent
A ^{point} is an item which is numbered automatically and similarly
for an spoint and an sspoint.
\pointbegin This is the first point of a list and was therefore
started with\lb
^|\pointbegin|~|This|\dots\lb
in order to initialize the numbering.
\point This is the next point which was started with the command\lb
^|\point|~|This|\dots\lb
You can add another paragraph to a point by using either
^|\pointcon| or ^|\itemcon|.

The commands ^|\spointbegin|, ^|\spoint| and ^|\spointcon|
are used to generate spoint,
the commands ^|\sspointbegin|, ^|\sspoint| and ^|\sspointcon|
are used to generate sspoints,
they work in exactly the same way but differ in the numbering
and in the amount of indentation.
\spointbegin The first spoint of a list
\spoint The second spoint of the list
\sspointbegin The first sspoint of a list
\sspoint The second sspoint of the list

\noindent An spoint may but need not appear within a point.
In order to have no paragraph indentation, this paragraph was started
with ^|\noindent| which is a good idea after a list of
items or points.

In fact ((sub-)sub)items, ((sub-)sub)points etc.\ are just special
cases of a more general construction ^|\varitem| with the syntax\lb
|\varitem|\<box~specification>|{|\<item~label>|}|\lb
where the optional \<box~specification> can be either\lb
^|to|~\<dimension> or ^|spread|~\<dimension>\lb
 just as for any |\hbox|.
The \<item~label> will be put into an |\hbox| using the
\<box~specification> (if any) and the rest of
the paragraph will be indented by the width of this |\hbox|.
An |\item| (or |\point|) is a |\varitem| with the \<box~specification>
|to|~|2.5em|, |\sitem| uses |to|~|4.5em| and |\ssitem| uses
|to|~|6.5em|.
You can start a new paragraph but keep the indentation with
either one of the commands ^|\hvskip|\<glue> or ^|\parvskip|\<glue>,
e.g.\ with |\hvskip\parskip| if you want the normal spacing between
paragraphs.
These two commands are almost identical, the difference will
matter to {\TeX}perts only.

If you use the command ^|\bpargroup| inside a paragraph or item all
subsequent local definitions (e.g.\ changes of fonts or spacing)
will be effective only until the next ^|\par| or ^{blank line}.
\sect{Code Names}
Very often you will use numbers for equations, figures, tables,
references, chapters, sections and so on which are generated
automatically by {\TeX}.
If you want to refer later on to these numbers you can choose a
^{code name} for e.g.\ an equation number and refer to this code
name.
This has the advantage that the value assigned to such a code name
changes automatically if the equation number changes due to some
modifications of your manuscript.
These code names are ordinary {\TeX} control sequence names and
you should be careful not to use any code name which is the name
of a {\TeX} command (either a primitive command such as |\input| or a
command defined in the PLAIN format such as |\line| or a
command defined in PHYS such as |\eqtag|).
Contrary to the usual {\TeX} rules such code names may contain
not only (upper and lower case) letters but digits and apostrophes
as well.
If you use this possibility such code names must not occur except
as argument to an appropriate command (e.g.\ ^|\quote| or ^|\queq| or
^|\quref|).

Most of the commands which define code names will be discussed in
subsequent chapters of this manual.
At this point we just want to mention two of them.

The command ^|\label|\<code~name> will, in most cases, define the code
name such that its value is the (full) number of the most recent
chapter, appendix, (sub-)section or (sub-)point.
If we use, at this point, the command |\label\here| \label\here
then `|\quote{\here}|' will yield `\quote{\here}' because this is
\def\next#1.#2.{section~#2 in chapter~#1}%
\expandafter\next\here. and no subsection or (sub-)point was used
in this section.

The command ^|\pagelabel|\<code~name> will define the code name such
that it yields the page number of the current page.
This is, however, a somewhat delayed action.
The code name will not be properly defined until after {\TeX} has
decided where to finish the current page.
Any use of the code name before that point must be considered as a
^{forward reference}.

%***  end of file PMANCHAP  ***
% \input pmanequ    % equations
%***  this is file PMANEQU as of 10.03.86  ***
\chap{Equations}
\sect{Equation Numbers}
You should use ^|\eqtag| instead of PLAIN's ^|\eqno| or ^|\leqno| to
generate ^{equation numbers}.
Similarly you should use ^|\eqaligntag| instead of PLAIN's
^|\eqalignno| or ^|\leqalignno|.
The commands ^|\equleft| or ^|\equright| (default) will then
automatically put all equation numbers to the left or right of the
equations.
There is a third option ^|\equnone| which inhibits the printing of
all equation numbers.
This may be useful to prepare slides with equations.

You may choose to have your equations numbered automatically
by {\TeX}; to do so use the following equation number macros.
You can use ^|\equall|, ^|\equchap| (default) or
^|\equsect| to indicate that the equations should be
numbered throughout the paper, separately for each
chapter and appendix or separately for each section and appendix.
In case you choose |\equchap| or |\equsect| the numbers
will have an appropriate prefix.

Whenever you want to generate an equation number you can use
^|\eq|, e.g.\ in |\eqaligntag{|\dots|&\eq\cr|\dots|}| or
|$$|\dots|\eqtag\eq$$|.

Sometimes you may want to generate equation numbers e.g.\ \queq{5},
\queq{5a}, \queq{5b}, \dots, \queq{6}.
To do so you may use |\eq|, ^|\subeqbegin|, ^|\subeq|, \dots, |\eq|.
If you want to generate instead the equation numbers \queq{5},
\queq{6a}, \queq{6b}, \dots, \queq{7} you should use |\eq|, ^|\eqadv|
(\underbar{adv}ance the \underbar{eq}uation number by 1),
|\subeqbegin|, |\subeq|, \dots, |\eq|.

If you want to refer to the number of an equation in the text
you should use\lb
^|\EQ|\<code~name> instead of |\eq|,\lb
^|\EQADV|\<code~name> instead of |\eqadv|,\lb
^|\SUBEQBEGIN|\<code~name> instead of |\subeqbegin| and\lb
^|\SUBEQ|\<code~name> instead of |\subeq|.\lb
The \<code~name> will then be defined to
represent the equation number (|\EQ| and |\EQADV|)
or the suffix, e.g.\ $a$ or $b$ (|\SUBEQBEGIN| and |\SUBEQ|).\lb

Assuming you have chosen the option |\eqsect|, the $5^{\rm th}$
equation of section~2 in chapter~3 will get the tag
`\queq{3.2.5}'.
The \<code~name> will then evaluate to `5' in section~2
of chapter~3, to `2.5' in all other sections of chapter~3,
and to `3.2.5' outside of chapter~3.
You may always enforce the short form `5' by using
^|\shorttag|\<code~name> or the long form `3.2.5' by using
^|\fulltag|\<code~name>.

You may refer to one or more equations by using ^|\queq|
(\underbar{qu}ote \underbar{eq}uation), e.g.\lb
|\queq{|\<code~name>|}| might evaluate to `\queq{3.2.5}',\lb
|\queq{|\<code~name>|,\fulltag|\<code~name>|}| to
`\queq{3.2.5,4.1.7}' and\lb
|\queq{|\<code~name>|-\shorttag|\<code~name>|}| to `\queq{3.2.5-7}'.\lb
The command |\queq| puts the equation numbers into an
|\hbox|, therefore there will never be a line break between them.

There are in fact two options available:
If you specify |\equshort| (default) then |\queq{|\dots|}|
will give you abbreviated equation numbers as described above and
demonstrated in the examples below.
If you specify |\equfull| then |\queq{|\dots|}| will give
you the full equation numbers.
In either case an explicit |\fulltag| or |\shorttag| in the
argument of |\queq| takes precedence over these options.

Sometimes you will want to not only quote the equation
number(s) but to have `eq.\vspace' or `eqs.\vspace' or the
german equivalent in front of the equation number(s).
The commands ^|\qeq||{|\dots|}| and ^|\qeqs||{|\dots|}| will just do
that for you.

Assume you have used the command \dots|\EQ\eqname|\dots
to generate the equation number `\queq{3.2.5}'.
Somewhat later in the text you might want to use the number
`\queq{3.2.5'}' for a modified version of that equation.
For this purpose you can use the command |\eqapp\eqname '|
(\underbar{app}end to \underbar{eq}uation number).

You can use the abbreviations\lb
^|\eqn| instead of |\eqtag\eq|,\lb
^|\EQN| instead of |\eqtag\EQ|,\lb
^|\subeqnbegin| instead of |\eqtag\subeqbegin|,\lb
^|\SUBEQNBEGIN| instead of |\eqtag\SUBEQBEGIN|,\lb
^|\subeqn| instead of |\eqtag\subeq|,\lb
^|\SUBEQN| instead of|\eqtag\SUBEQ| and\lb
^|\eqnapp| instead of |\eqtag\eqapp|.

\subsec{Examples:}We will now use
\begintt
$$a=b+c-d\qquad\hbox{this is equation `Eq1'}\EQN\Eq1$$
\endtt
to produce:
$$a=b+c-d\qquad\hbox{this is equation `Eq1'}\EQN\Eq1$$
and use `|\qeq{\Eq1}|' to refer to equation `|\Eq1|' as
`\qeq{\Eq1}'.
\sect{More Examples:}
Being in a new section we can again use `|\qeq{\Eq1}|' to refer
to equation `|\Eq1|' as `\qeq{\Eq1}', but the result is
different.

The input
\beginlines
\dots|$${\cal A}=7\EQN\eqa$$|
\dots|$$\eqaligntag{A_1&=5&\SUBEQBEGIN\eqaa\cr|
|A_2&=12&\SUBEQ\eqab\cr}$$|
\dots|$$C_1=3\EQADV\eqb\SUBEQNBEGIN\eqba$$|
\dots|$$C_2=-21\SUBEQN\eqbb$$|
\dots|$${\cal A}=-7\eqnapp\eqa '$$|\dots
|Eqs.~\queq{\fulltag\eqa-\shorttag\eqb}|\dots
|\qeqs{\eqb\eqba,\eqa '}|\dots
\endlines
yields:\lb
\dots$${\cal A}=7\EQN\eqa$$
\dots$$\eqaligntag{A_1&=5&\SUBEQBEGIN\eqaa\cr
A_2&=12&\SUBEQ\eqab\cr}$$
\dots$$C_1=3\EQADV\eqb\SUBEQNBEGIN\eqba$$
\dots$$C_2=-21\SUBEQN\eqbb$$
\dots$${\cal A}=-7\eqnapp\eqa '$$\dots
Eqs.~\queq{\fulltag\eqa-\shorttag\eqb} \dots
\qeqs{\eqb\eqba,\eqa '} \dots
%***  end of file PMANEQU  ***
% \input pmanfgtb   % figures and tables
%***  this is file PMANFGTB as of 10.03.86  ***
\chap{Figures and Tables}
\sect{Storage Management} ^^{storage management}
The text of ^{figure captions}, ^{table captions}, ^{references},
the ^{table of contents} and (possibly) ^{footnotes} are collected
during the execution and stored for later printing.
If you specify the command ^|\storebox|, ^|\storelist| (default)
or ^|\storefile| these texts will be stored in boxes,
as lists of macro definitions or on external files (sysut1--sysut7).
Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages.
\pointbegin |\storebox|: This is the fastest method but it also uses
the largest amount of storage because all macros are expanded before
the text is stored.
Moreover the command |\save| will not be able to write these texts
to an external file for later |\restore|.
\point |\storelist|: This method is slightly slower but needs less
storage (macros are not expanded until the texts are finally printed).
\point |\storefile|: This is the slowest method but it avoids all
storage problem because the texts are stored on external files and are
reread only when they are printed.
\sect{Figure Captions}
The following figure caption macros allow you to automatically
number the figures, collect a list of ^{figure captions}
and print this list.

If you use ^|\figall| (default) the figures are numbered
throughout the paper,
if you use ^|\figchap| they are numbered separately for
each chapter and appendix, with the number of the chapter or
the letter of the appendix as prefix,
if you use ^|\figsect| they are numbered separately for
each section and appendix, with the the chapter and section number or
the letter of the appendix as prefix.

If you use ^|\figpage| (default) the list of figure captions
(if any) will be printed on one or several separate pages.
If you use ^|\nofigpage| the list will appear on separate
pages only if you choose ^|\pagechap|.

If you use ^|\fig||{|\<caption>|}| a number will be assigned to the
figure and the \<caption> will be saved for the list of figure
captions.
If you want to assign your own label to a figure, i.e.\ just
want to save the figure caption for later printing, use
|\fig|^\<label>|{|\<caption>|}|.
The label must not contain any explicit braces (|{| or |}|).
It must contain the entire number for the figure (including
any chapter number as prefix) and could e.g.\ be a figure
number defined previously (with |\FIG|) with a suffix (a, b, \dots).

You can save a figure caption for the list of captions and at the
same time generate the description of the figure in the text.
Just use ^|\ffig| instead of |\fig|.

If you want to refer to a figure in the text you should use\lb
^|\FIG|\<code~name> instead of |\fig| or\lb
^|\FFIG|\<code~name> instead of |\ffig|.\lb
You can then refer to figures e.g.\ by
^|\qufig||{|\<code~name>|}|,\lb
|\qufig{|\<code~name>|,|\<code~name>|}|
or |\qufig{|\<code~name>|-|\<code~name>|}|\lb
which might evaluate to
\begingroup % for local def's
  \def\name{5}
  `\qufig{\name}',
  \def\name{3.1} \def\namea{4.2} \german
  `\qufig{\name,\namea}' or
  \def\name{9} \def\namea{11} \english
  `\qufig{\name-\namea}'.
\endgroup % for local def's

The command ^|\figadd||{...}| can be used to add an ordinary
paragraph of text to the list of figure captions.
Such paragraphs can occur before the first caption, between captions
or after the last caption.

You can use ^|\figout| to print a list of all
figure captions collected so far (if any).
This will at the same time empty the list.
If you want a separate list of figure captions for each chapter
just use the command |\figout| at the end of each chapter.

The command ^|\figkill| discards all figure captions collected so far;
this may be helpful to avoid storage problems.
\sect{Figures and Plots} ^^{figures}
The command ^|\frame||{|\<width>|}{|\<heigth>|}{|\<depth>|}| produces
an |\hbox| containing a box of the given dimensions which is empty
except for rules just inside the box boundaries.
Both \<width> and \<height>+\<depth> must be positive but either
\<height>
or \<depth> could be negative.
Note, however, that the surrounding box (as any |\hbox|) will have
nonnegative height and depth!

In the following we will illustrate how such a frame box or any other
box (e.g.\ a |\table|), possibly together with a description, can be
placed in the text or as an insertion.
First we want to demonstrate how frame boxes will appear in
the middle of a line:
e.g.\ |\frame{1cm}{1cm}{-.5cm}| \frame{1cm}{1cm}{-.5cm} or
|\frame{2cm}{-1mm}{6mm}| \frame{2cm}{-1mm}{6mm} or
|\frame{1cm}{5mm}{5mm}| \frame{1cm}{5mm}{5mm} and so on.

\def\marginbox#1{\par\begingroup \count255=#1\relax
  \dimen0=\ht\count255 \advance\dimen0\dp\count255
  \dimen2\dimen0 \advance\dimen2\parskip
  \skip0=0pt plus\dimen2 \vskip\skip0 \penalty-110 \vskip-\skip0
  \strut \vadjust{\kern-\dp\strutbox \vtop to\dp\strutbox
    {\kern-\ht\strutbox \baselineskip\dp\strutbox
    \rtline{\copy\count255}\vss\null}}%
  \dimen2.5em\advance\dimen2\wd\count255
  \count255=0 \loop \ifdim\dimen0>0pt\advance\count255-1
  \advance\dimen0-\baselineskip \repeat
  \edef\next{\endgroup \hangafter\the\count255
    \hangindent-\the\dimen2}\next}
\setbox0\frame{3cm}{3cm}{0cm}  ^^|\marginbox|
\marginbox{0}At the begin of a paragraph you can leave room
for a box on the right side by using ^|\hangindent| and ^|\hangafter|.
In the present example the values for these commands have been
computed from the dimensions of the box.
In addition we made sure that there will be no page break
between the first lines of the paragraph with the hanging
indentation.
This paragraph was started with the commands
\begintt
\setbox0\frame{3cm}{3cm}{0cm}
\marginbox{0}At the begin ...
\endtt
and the macro definition
\beginttlines
\def\marginbox#1{\par\begingroup \count255=#1\relax
  \dimen0=\ht\count255 \advance\dimen0\dp\count255
  \dimen2\dimen0 \advance\dimen2\parskip
  \skip0=0pt plus\dimen2 \vskip\skip0 \penalty-110 \vskip-\skip0
  \strut \vadjust{\kern-\dp\strutbox \vtop to\dp\strutbox
    {\kern-\ht\strutbox \baselineskip\dp\strutbox
    \rtline{\copy\count255}\vss\null}}%
  \dimen2.5em\advance\dimen2\wd\count255
  \count255=0 \loop \ifdim\dimen0>0pt\advance\count255-1
  \advance\dimen0-\baselineskip \repeat
  \edef\next{\endgroup \hangafter\the\count255
    \hangindent-\the\dimen2}\next}
\endttlines
\noindent With slight modifications in the definition of
|\marginbox| the paragraph could start without the usual paragraph
indentation (|\noindent|) or the hanging indentation could be on the
left side (|\hangindent>0|).

\def\stepbox#1{\begingroup\count255=#1\relax
  \dimen0\ht\count255 \advance\dimen0-\ht\strutbox
  \lower\dimen0\copy\count255
  \dimen0\ht\count255 \advance\dimen0\dp\count255
  \advance\dimen0\lineskip
  \vadjust{\nobreak \vskip-\dimen0}\allowbreak
  \dimen0\hsize \advance\dimen0-\leftskip
  \advance\dimen0-\rightskip \advance\dimen0-\wd\count255
  \dimen4\ht\count255 \dimen6\dp\count255 \dimen8\wd\count255
  \setbox0\null \ht0\dimen4 \dp0\dimen6 \wd0\dimen8
  \advance\dimen6-\dp\strutbox
  \count255=0 \dimen2=0pt \loop \advance\count255 1
    \ifdim\dimen2<\dimen0
    \advance\dimen2 .25em\repeat \divide\dimen0\count255
  \loop\ifnum\count255>0 \advance\count255-1 \vadjust{}\kern\dimen0
    \allowbreak \repeat
  \raise\dimen6\box0 \endgroup}
\setbox0\hbox{$\mat{a&b\cr c&d\cr}$}
\setbox2\frame{2cm}{15mm}{0pt} ^^|\stepbox|
Finally, as the most complicated example to place boxes in a paragraph,
we have a matrix \stepbox{0} and a framebox \stepbox{2} placed such
that their top matches the text to their left and their bottom
matches the text to their right.

\edef\next{\the\prevgraf}The method used to achieve this effect is
somewhat devious and not entirely satisfactory, but it is the best we
could think of.
The previous paragraph actually consists of {\next} lines and there is
a slight chance that there is an undesirable page break.
We have used the commands
\begintt
\setbox0\hbox{$\mat{a&b\cr c&d\cr}$}
\setbox2\frame{2cm}{15mm}{0pt}
.... matrix \stepbox{0} and a framebox \stepbox{2} placed ...
\endtt
together with the macro definition
\beginttlines
\def\stepbox#1{\begingroup\count255=#1\relax
  \dimen0\ht\count255 \advance\dimen0-\ht\strutbox
  \lower\dimen0\copy\count255
  \dimen0\ht\count255 \advance\dimen0\dp\count255
  \advance\dimen0\lineskip
  \vadjust{\nobreak \vskip-\dimen0}\allowbreak
  \dimen0\hsize \advance\dimen0-\leftskip
  \advance\dimen0-\rightskip \advance\dimen0-\wd\count255
  \dimen4\ht\count255 \dimen6\dp\count255 \dimen8\wd\count255
  \setbox0\null \ht0\dimen4 \dp0\dimen6 \wd0\dimen8
  \advance\dimen6-\dp\strutbox
  \count255=0 \dimen2=0pt \loop \advance\count255 1
    \ifdim\dimen2<\dimen0
    \advance\dimen2 .25em\repeat \divide\dimen0\count255
  \loop\ifnum\count255>0 \advance\count255-1 \vadjust{}\kern\dimen0
    \allowbreak \repeat
  \raise\dimen6\box0 \endgroup}
\endttlines

On our installation there exists the possibility to combine {\TeX}
output
with ^{plots}.
If you specify the option ^|\graphics| the command\lb
^|\graphic||{|\<plot
specification>|}{|\<width>|}{|\<heigth>|}{|\<depth>|}|\lb
produces an invisible plot box and uses ^|\special| commands in order to
transfer the \<plot specification> together with the coordinates to the
DVI-file.
Lateron when the DVI-file is prepared for printing on a suitable device
a plot from a (GKS) plot metafile will be inserted.
If you specify the option ^|\nographics| (default) the command
|\graphic|
will produce a frame box of exactly the same dimensions as the plot box
and write a note to the LOG-file.
\midinsert \advance\leftskip by 2.5 cm
\advance\rightskip by 2.5 cm
\ctrline{\frame{10cm}{5cm}{0cm}}
\FFIG\figr1{Demonstration of how to leave 5 cm of blank space for
a figure and to generate a figure caption} \endinsert
\subsec{Example:}Immediately before this unnumbered subsection
we have used the commands
\begintt
\midinsert \advance\leftskip by 2.5 cm
\advance\rightskip by 2.5 cm
\ctrline{\frame{10cm}{5cm}{0cm}}
\FFIG\figr1{Demonstration of how to leave 5 cm of blank space for
a figure and to generate a figure caption} \endinsert
\endtt
to leave blank space for a figure and generate the caption.
We can now refer to this figure as `\qufig{\figr1}' by using
the command `|\qufig{\figr1}|'.

Another set of commands reserves blank space for pictures
and allows for a more elaborate description below them, but
will not produce entries for the list of figure captions.
If you want such entries you have to combine these commands
with |\fig| or |\FIG|.
The command\lb
|\pict{|\<dimension>|}| or ^|\pict|^\<label>|{|\<dimension>|}|\lb
will reserve a blank space of vertical dimension
\<dimension> for a picture, followed by a description
(actually a ^|\varitem|).
If the \<label> is omitted {\TeX} will assign a figure number,
otherwise the \<label> will be used.
You can use ^|\PICT|\<code~name> instead of |\pict| if you want
to refer to the figure number lateron.
The description may start with a part relevant for the whole
picture.
This may be followed by one or several commands
^|\spict||{|^\<slabel>|}| and the description of some part of
the picture labelled \<slabel>.
The entire description will terminate with the next ^|\par|
or ^{blank line}.
You may, however, use ^|\parvskip||\parskip| to divide the description
itself into several paragraphs.

\pageinsert\singlespace\centerline{An inserted page\strut}\hrule
\strut First we give an example where |\PICT| is used without
a \<label> (automatic numbering).
The sequence of commands
\beginttlines
\PICT\figr2{1cm} First we have a description for the whole
picture. The descriptions for its parts could, of course, be
omitted.
\spict{(a)} This is the description for part (a) if the picture.
It is indented somewhat more to leave room for the sub-label.
\spict{(b)} Here is the description for another part.

\endttlines
yields
\PICT\figr2{1cm} First we have a description for the whole
picture. The descriptions for its parts could, of course, be
omitted.
\spict{(a)} This is the description for part (a) if the picture.
It is indented somewhat more to leave room for the sub-label.
\spict{(b)} Here is the description for another part.

\noindent Note that we have not produced an entry in the list of
figure captions for the \qufig{\figr2} above.
In the next example we use |\FIG| to produce such an entry and then
|\pict| with a \<label> to generate the description.
Moreover we use |\parvskip\parskip| to start a new paragraph
inside the description.
\beginttlines
\FIG\figr3{A picture with description for its two
parts (a) and (b)}
\pict\figr3{12mm}\spict{(a)} Here the description for the first
part starts without any description common to all parts.
\parvskip\parskip We can start a new paragraph without
\parvskip\parskip\indent or with indentation.
\spict{(b)} Description for the second part.\par
\noindent We can now refer to the whole figure as \qufig{\figr3}
or just to the second part as \qufig{\figr3}b and so on.
\endttlines
\FIG\figr3{A picture with description for its two
parts (a) and (b)}
\pict\figr3{12mm}\spict{(a)} Here the description for the first
part starts without any description common to all parts.
\parvskip\parskip We can start a new paragraph without
\parvskip\parskip\indent or with indentation.
\spict{(b)} Description for the second part.\par
\noindent We can now refer to the whole figure as \qufig{\figr3}
or just to the second part as \qufig{\figr3}b and so on\strut.
\par\hrule\endpage\endinsert
Here we have used the commands
\begintt
\pageinsert\singlespace\centerline{An inserted page\strut}\hrule
\strut First we give ...
....
.... and so on\strut.
\par\hrule\endpage\endinsert
\endtt
to demonstrate, on a separate page, how these commands work and how
they can be combined with the other figure caption macros.
\sect{Table Captions and Tables} ^^{table captions}
The table options ^|\taball|, ^|\tabchap|, ^|\tabsect|,
^|\tabpage|, ^|\notabpage| and the table caption macros
^|\tab|, ^|\ttab|, ^|\TAB|, ^|\TTAB|,
^|\qutab|, ^|\tabadd|, ^|\tabout| and ^|\tabkill|
are the exact analogue of those for figures.

The {\TeX}book \quref{\texbook} explains in detail the use of
^|\halign| to align table entries.
This is in fact rather simple as long as you do not want vertical
rules.
For tables with vertical rules you may consult the examples on pages
247 (Chapter 22: Alignment) and 392 (Appendix D: Dirty Tricks).

Based on the example on page 247 there is a macro ^|\table|
for ^{tables} with vertical rules.
The syntax for |\table| is identical to that for |\halign|:\lb
|\table|^\<box specification>|{|^\<alignment material>|}|.\lb
There are, however, a few restrictions.
\pointbegin The ^\<preamble> must terminate with ^|\cr|,
not with ^|\crcr|.
Immediately after the |{| which precedes the preamble, after an |&|
which terminates a template in the preamble (but not after a second
|&| which indicates that the remainder of the preamble shall be
repeated if necessary) and immediately after the |\cr| which
terminates the preamble you can specify ^|\vrule| to indicate a vertical
rule at this point.
\point Immediately after the preamble (after the |\cr| or |\vrule|)
you may specify ^|\hrule| or ^|\noalign||{...}|.
If you use |\noalign| the vertical rules will, in general, be
interrupted.
\point The preamble may contain ^|\span| (expand) as usual but this
macro expansion must not produce any |&|, |\vrule| or |\cr|.
\point The rest of the ^\<alignment material> may contain
^|\omit|, ^|\span| and ^|\multispan| as usual but all |&|'s
and |\cr|'s must be explicit.
\point |\table| uses the \<glue> parameter ^|\htabskip| and the
\<dimension> parameter ^|\vtabskip| for extra space between the
aligned material and the position where rules are or could be.
The default values are `1em plus 2em minus .5 em' (for 12pt roman)
and `2.5pt' respectively.
\point Inside a table you can use
|\ml{...\nl...}| to produce table entries which consist
of several lines.
The ^|\ml| (multi line mode) could be part of the preamble,
each ^|\nl| (new line) starts a new line.
\midinsert \hbox{\hskip1cm\vtop{\hrule height0pt\table to5.5cm{
  \vrule\hfil#&\vrule#\hfil\cr \vrule \hrule
  This is a&\ml{simple\nl table}\cr \hrule
  A normal&row\cr \hrule \noalign{\vskip1pt}\hrule
  \multispan2\hfil Three rows which span\hfil\cr
  \multispan2\hfil two columns and are\hfil\cr
  \multispan2\hfil centered\hfil\cr \hrule}}\hskip.5cm%
  \vtop{\hsize7cm\hrule height0pt\raggedright
  \TTAB\tabl1{Example of a rather simple table which
    is extended to 5.5 cm. The description appears as
    a 7 cm wide paragraph to the right of the table.}}}
\endinsert
\midinsert \advance\leftskip by 2 cm
\advance\rightskip by 2 cm
\TTAB\tabl2\tabl1 a{E. Cartan's list of classical and
exceptional simple Lie algebras.}
\bigskip
\centerline{\table to 11cm{
  $#$\hfil&\vrule&\hfil$#$\hfil&\vrule
  \hfil$#$\hfil&\vrule$#$\hfil\cr\hrule
  $Lie Algebra$&\rm Rank&\rm Dimension&%
    \ml{corresponding\nl classical group
    \nl(compact real form)}\cr\hrule
  A_n\quad(n\ge1)&n&n(n+2)&SU(n+1)\cr
  B_n\quad(n\ge2)&n&n(2n+1)&SO(2n+1)\cr
  C_n\quad(n\ge3)&n&n(2n+1)&USp(2n)\cr
  D_n\quad(n\ge4)&n&n(2n-1)&SO(2n)\cr \hrule
  G_2&2&14\cr F_4&4&52\cr E_6&6&78\cr
  E_7&7&133\cr E_8&8&248\cr }}\endinsert
\subsec{Examples:}The two tables \qutab{\tabl1} and \qutab{\tabl2}
are produced with the following sequence of commands:
\beginlines
|\midinsert \hbox{\hskip1cm\vtop{\hrule height0pt\table to5.5cm{|
|  \vrule\hfil#&\vrule#\hfil\cr \vrule \hrule|
|  This is a&\ml{simple\nl table}\cr \hrule|
|  A normal&row\cr \hrule \noalign{\vskip1pt}\hrule|
|  \multispan2\hfil Three rows which span\hfil\cr|
|  \multispan2\hfil two columns and are\hfil\cr|
|  \multispan2\hfil centered\hfil\cr \hrule}}\hskip.5cm%|
|  \vtop{\hsize7cm\hrule height0pt\raggedright|
|  \TTAB\tabl1{Example of a rather simple table which|
|    is extended to 5.5 cm. The description appears as|
|    a 7 cm wide paragraph to the right of the table.}}}|
|\endinsert|
\endlines
and
\beginlines
|\midinsert \advance\leftskip by 2 cm|
|\advance\rightskip by 2 cm|
|\TTAB\tabl2\tabl1 a{E. Cartan's list of classical and|
|exceptional simple Lie algebras.}|
|\bigskip|
|\centerline{\table to 11cm{|
|  $#$\hfil&\vrule&\hfil$#$\hfil&\vrule|
|  \hfil$#$\hfil&\vrule$#$\hfil\cr\hrule|
|  $Lie Algebra$&\rm Rank&\rm Dimension&%|
|    \ml{corresponding\nl classical group|
|    \nl(compact real form)}\cr\hrule|
|  A_n\quad(n\ge1)&n&n(n+2)&SU(n+1)\cr|
|  B_n\quad(n\ge2)&n&n(2n+1)&SO(2n+1)\cr|
|  C_n\quad(n\ge3)&n&n(2n+1)&USp(2n)\cr|
|  D_n\quad(n\ge4)&n&n(2n-1)&SO(2n)\cr \hrule|
|  G_2&2&14\cr F_4&4&52\cr E_6&6&78\cr|
|  E_7&7&133\cr E_8&8&248\cr }}\endinsert|
\endlines

%***  end of file PMANFGTB  ***
% \input pmanref    % references
%***  this is file PMANREF as of 11.03.86  ***
\chap{References}
There are two basic way to quote ^{references} in an article or book.
One possibility is to assign a number to each reference when it
is used for the first time and to list them all, ordered by numbers,
in the list of references.
The other possibility is to quote references by the name of the
author(s) and possibly a date and list them all in alphabetic order.
Most of this chapter deals with the first of these
possibilities (numeric references). ^^{references, numeric}
Only one section later on will describe how to use references by name.
^^{references, by name}

The reference macros have to serve several purposes: they must
\pointbegin save the reference text,
\point assign numbers to the references,
\point put quotations to references in the text and
\point print a list of all references.
\par\noindent There is a variety of reference macros which perform
one or several of these tasks.
\sect{Form of References}
The command ^|\quref| is very similar to the command ^|\queq|
for equations, it quotes all the references in its argument.

You may specify ^|\refsup| (default) if quotations to references
should normally appear as superscripts
(\qurefsup like this \quref{\texbook})
or ^|\refsqb| if they or should be enclosed in square brackets
(\qurefsqb like this \quref{\texbook}).
These options will also affect the form of the list of references
and they cannot be changed once the first reference is used.
You can however specify ^|\qurefsup| (default with |\refsup|),
^|\qurefsqb| (default with |\refsqb|) or ^|\qurefnum|
if at some place you want to deviate from your usual style of
quotation.
Unlike most other specifications described in this manual they are
local to the group (e.g.\ |{...}|) within which they occur.
The input:\lb
|the conjecture by {\qurefsup M\"uller \quref{a}} and {\qurefsqb|\lb
|Schulz \quref{b}} was proven in {\qurefnum Ref.~\quref{I}}.|\lb
yields:\lb
the conjecture by {\qurefsup M\"uller \quref{a}} and {\qurefsqb
Schulz \quref{b}} was proven in {\qurefnum Ref.~\quref{I}}.

The commands ^|\qref| and ^|\qrefs| are similar to ^|\qeq| and ^|\qeqs|,
i.e. |\qref{...}| is a shorthand for\lb
|{\qurefnum Ref.~\quref{...}}| (or its german equivalent).

The commands ^|\refpage|, ^|\norefpage|, ^|\refadd|, ^|\refout| and
^|\refkill| have exactly the same function
as the corresponding ones for figures and tables.
\sect{Predefined References} ^^{references, predefined}
You may wish to define some or all references at the begin of your
input.
The command ^|\RF|\<code~name>|{|\<text>|}| will save \<text>
but will not assign a number to the reference.
A number will be assigned when the first quotation of this reference
appears in the text.
References defined with |\RF| can therefore appear in any order.
Those never quoted will not appear in the list of references.

If you use the commnand ^|\RFlist| (default) predefined references will
be stored as macro definitions,
if you use ^|\RFfile| they will be stored on an external file.

You can use the command ^|\RFext|~\<filename>{\vspace} to indicate that
all your |\RF|'s are contained in an external file.
This method is somewhat more efficient than |\RFfile| because there
is no need to copy all |\RF|'s to an auxiliary file.
\subsec{Note:}Clearly |\RFlist| is faster than |\RFfile| and |\RFext|
but also needs more storage to keep the text of all references.
|\RFfile| or |\RFext| should only be used if necessary, because the
method is not very efficient.
It may happen that the (auxiliary or external) file containing the
|\RF|'s has to be read several times in order to retrieve the text
of all references.
The maximal number of predefined references kept in storage is given
by the counter ^|\RFmax| with the default value 50.
If the reference texts are very long it may be necessary to reduce this
value, if the texts are rather short and there are more than 50
predefined references the value of |\RFmax| could be increased.
\subsec{Warning:}Alternating definition and (first) use of predefined
references should be avoided under all circumstances, if |\RFfile| has
been specified.
\subsec{Examples:}We may use the commands
\lb|\RF\AUThor{A.U. Thor, \dots}|
\lb|\RF\Drof{R.J. Drofnats, \dots;\lb|
\lb|         A. Kabelschacht, \dots}|\lb
\RF\AUThor{A.U. Thor, \dots}
\RF\Drof{R.J. Drofnats, \dots;\lb
         A. Kabelschacht, \dots}
to predefine two references, the second one with two articles.
Lateron we use the input\lb
|\dots\space this hypothesis \quref{\Drof} has recently been|\lb
|proven \quref{\AUThor} \dots|\lb
to obtain:\lb
\dots\space this hypothesis \quref{\Drof} has recently been
proven \quref{\AUThor} \dots

A certain difficulty arises if all references are predefined and you
want (e.g.\ in the introduction) to refer to several of them as
e.g.\ `\quref{1-4}', because you have to use all of them in order to
assign numbers but you do not want all these numbers in your output.
The solution is\lb
|\quref{|\<code~name>|\use{|\<code~name>\<code~name>|}-|\<code~name>|}|.
\lb
The command ^|\use| puts its argument into an hbox and throws this
hbox away, which may be useful for other purposes as well.
\subsec{Examples:}The input
\begintt
\RF\uuu{uuu} \RF\vvv{vvv}
\RF\www{www} \RF\xxx{xxx}
\dots\space \quref{\uuu\use{\vvv\www}-\xxx} \dots
\endtt
yields:\lb
\RF\uuu{uuu} \RF\vvv{vvv}
\RF\www{www} \RF\xxx{xxx}
\dots\space \quref{\uuu\use{\vvv\www}-\xxx} \dots
\sect{Single References}
You can use ^|\ref||{|\<text>|}| to define a reference which is used
just once.
This command saves \<text>, assigns a number and quotes this reference.
\lb You can use ^|\REF|\<code~name>|{|\<text>|}| to define a reference
which is used several times.
This command saves the \<text> and assigns a number.
It will, however, generate no quotation to this reference.
To obtain such a quotation use ^|\refend| (which always refers
to the reference number which was assigned last) or
|\quref{|\<code~name>|}|.
\subsec{Examples:}The input\lb
|\dots\space \ref{aaa} \dots\space \REF\bbb{bbb}\refend\space\dots|\lb
yields:\foot{Observe the effects in the list of references}\lb
\dots\space \ref{aaa} \dots\space \REF\bbb{bbb}\refend\space\dots
\sect{Multiple References} ^^{references, multiple}
In order to generate multiple references you can, of course, use
|\quref| with sufficiently complicated arguments.
If you want, however, to introduce a number of new references and
refer to all of them you can use the sequence of commands:
\lb^|\refs||{|\<text>|}| or ^|\REFS|\<code~name>|{|\<text>|}|
\lb^|\refscon||{|\<text>|}| or ^|\REFSCON|\<code~name>|{|\<text>|}|
\lb|...|
\lb|\refscon{|\<text>|}| or |\REFSCON|\<code~name>|{|\<text>|}|
\lb^|\refsend|.
\lb If you omit the |\refsend| the quotation
to these references will be omitted.
If you wish, you can in fact use |\refsend| several times.
\subsec{Examples:}The input
\begintt
\dots\space \REFS\ccc{ccc} \refscon{This is a ... indented.}
\REFSCON\eee{eee} \refsend\space\dots
\quref{\Drof,\ccc-\eee}
\endtt
yields:\lb
\dots\space \REFS\ccc{ccc} \refscon{This is a very long reference which
will certainly need more than one line; the second line will be
indented.}
\REFSCON\eee{eee} \refsend\space\dots
\quref{\Drof,\ccc-\eee}
\sect{References by Name} ^^{references, by name}
The command ^|\refnam| indicates that you want references by
name.
In this case all references must be predefined (|\RF|) and their order
is important.
All those used at least once will be printed in the list of references
in exactly the same order.
Because it is much harder to standardize quotations for references by
name the command |\quref| will not produce any visible output.
It will just remember which references have been used.
The commands |\qref|, |\qrefs| and all commands for single or multiple
references cannot be used together with |\refnam|.
\sect{Multiple Lists of References}
It is quite possible to have a separate list of references after
each chapter.
You just have to use |\refout| (probably with the option |\norefpage|)
at the end of each chapter.
The command ^|\refout| will not only print a list of references
but will in addition reset the reference counter to zero and forget
all code names used for single and multiple references.
All the code names for predefined references will, however, still be
defined and available for future use in a later chapter.
\sect{Macros for Physics Journals}
In order to facilitate the writing of references and to conserve
storage there are macros for frequently used ^{physics journals}.
You can choose between the options ^|\yearpage| (default) or
^|\pageyear| if references generated by these macros should have
the form `\yearpage \journal{journal}volume(year)page*'
or `\pageyear \journal{journal}volume(year)page*'.\yearpage
The printing of the journal name and volume is determined by
^|\journalstyle| and ^|\volumestyle| with the default definitions
\lb|\def\journalstyle{\sl}| (slanted) and
\lb|\def\volumestyle{\bf}| (boldface);\lb
 other useful possibilities are
\lb|\def\volumestyle{\underbar}| (underlined) or
\lb|\def\volumestyle{}| (roman).

The basic macros are\lb
^|\journal||{|\<journal name>|}|\<volume>|(|\<year>|)|\<page(s)>|*|\lb
for journals with ordinary volume numbers,\lb
^|\journalp||{|\<journal name>|}|\<letter>\<volume>|(|\<year>|)|%
\<page(s)>|*|\lb
for journals where a letter precedes the volume numbers
(e.g.\ \Nucl\Phys) and\lb
^|\journalf||{|\<journal name>|}|\<letter>\<volume>|(|\<year>|)|%
\<page(s)>|*|\lb
for journals where a letter follows the volume numbers
(e.g.\ \Phys\Lett).

The following macros for frequently used physics journals are defined
in terms of these basic macros:
^^|\NPA|^^|\NPB|^^|\PLA|^^|\PLB|^^|\PR|^^|\PRA|^^|\PRB|^^|\PRC|
^^|\PRD|^^|\PRL|
%***  the following lines are copied from PHYSJRNL  ***
\beginttlines
\def\NPA{\journalp{\Nucl\Phys}A}
\def\NPB{\journalp{\Nucl\Phys}B}
\def\PLA{\journalf{\Phys\Lett}A}
\def\PLB{\journalf{\Phys\Lett}B}
\def\PR{\journal{\Phys\Rev}}
\def\PRA{\journalp{\Phys\Rev}A}
\def\PRB{\journalp{\Phys\Rev}B}
\def\PRC{\journalp{\Phys\Rev}C}
\def\PRD{\journalp{\Phys\Rev}D}
\def\PRL{\journal{\Phys\Rev\Lett}}
\endttlines
where macros for frequently used abbreviations
(e.g.\ `|\Phys|' for `\Phys')
are used in order to conserve storage space.
\subsec{Examples:}The following list displays the use of some of these
macros together with the resulting output.

\halign{`#'\qquad\hfill&`#'\hfill\cr
|\pageyear\PRL23(1976)27*|&\pageyear\PRL23(1976)27*\cr
|\yearpage\PRL23(1976)27--29*|&\yearpage\PRL23(1976)27--29*\cr
|\PRL45(1980)*|&\PRL45(1980)*\cr
|\PRL45()*|&\PRL45()*\cr
|\PRL(1984)*, to appear|&\PRL(1984)*, to appear\cr
|\NPB72(1982)13*|&\NPB72(1982)13*\cr
|\NPB()* (to appear)|&\NPB()* (to appear)\cr
|\PLA72(1982)13--27*|&\PLA72(1982)13--27*\cr
}

%***  end of file PMANREF  ***
% \input pmanfoot   % footnotes and insertionss
%***  this is file PMANFOOT as of 11.03.86  ***
\chap{Footnotes and Insertions}
\sect{Footnotes} ^^{footnotes}
You can use the command ^|\footbot| (default) or ^|\footend|
if `footnotes' should appear at the bottom of the page (as footnotes
like this\foot{A footnote at the bottom of the page})
or should be printed separately at the end in the same way as
figure captions, table captions and references (as required
by some journals) like this\footend\foot{A footnote at the end
of the paper}\footbot.
In the later case you can use the commands ^|\footpage|,
^|\nofootpage|, ^|\footadd|, ^|\footout| and ^|\footkill|
which have exactly the same function as the corresponding ones for
figures, tables and references.

To generate footnotes you can use either\lb
^|\footnote||{|\<symbol>|}{|\<text>|}|\foot{The lack of space between
`|}|' and `|{|' in this and similar constructions is significant!}
or ^|\foot||{|\<text>|}|.\lb
The difference is that with |\footnote| you choose your own
symbol, whereas footnotes produced with |\foot| are automatically
numbered and the (superscripted) number is used as symbol.
You can choose between ^|\footsqb| (default) and ^|\footpar|
to get these numbers enclosed in square brackets or followed by
a parenthesis.

The text of footnotes (only those at the bottom of the page) will
start with the command ^|\footstyle| with the default definition\lb
|\let\footstyle\relax|.\lb
If you want your footnotes printed in 10pt you should replace this
by e.g.\lb
|\def\footstyle{\tenpoint}|.
\subsec{Examples:}We will first use \foot{This is a short footnote}\lb
|\foot{This is a short footnote}|\lb
then
\footnote{*}{This is a footnote. In order to see the difference
in spacing within and between footnotes we make it long}\lb
|\footnote{*}{This|\dots\lb
\dots| long}|\lb
and finally \foot{This is another short footnote}\lb
|\foot{This is another short footnote}|\lb
to generate three footnotes.

With the option |\footbot| footnotes are insertions which should
eventually migrate to \TeX's main vertical list (compare the
\TeX book \quref{\texbook}).
They will, however, not do so, i.e.\ are lost, if they are hidden
inside nested boxes, e.g.\ in a table.
In such a case you can split the function of\lb
|\foot{|\<text>|}| resp.\ |\footnote{|\<symbol>|}{|\<text>|}| into\lb
^|\hfoot| resp.\ ^|\hfootnote{|\<symbol>|}| which will produce the
reference to the footnote as well as save the symbol in the (global)
variable ^|\footid| and\lb
^|\vfootnote||\footid{|\<text>|}| somewhat later on the same page which
will produce the footnote insertion, such that the insertion can
migrate to the main vertical list.
\subsec{Examples:}The input ^^|\boxit|
\begintt
\boxit{A lost footnote\foot{A lost footnote}}\quad
\boxit{Two footnotes\hfoot \glet\footxx=\footid \space inside
  a box\hfootnote{$^*$}}
\vfootnote\footxx{First footnote from inside a box}
\vfootnote\footid{Second footnote from inside a box}
\endtt
yields:\lb
\boxit{A lost footnote\foot{A lost footnote}}\quad
\boxit{Two footnotes\hfoot \glet\footxx=\footid \space inside
  a box\hfootnote{$^*$}}
\vfootnote\footxx{First footnote from inside a box}
\vfootnote\footid{Second footnote from inside a box}
\sect{Insertions}
You can use PLAIN's commands ^|\midinsert|, ^|\topinsert| and
^|\pageinsert| together with ^|\endinsert| to produce ^{insertions}
(e.g.\ tables or blank space for figures).

%***  end of file PMANFOOT  ***
% \input pmantoc    % table of contents
%***  this is file PMANTOC as of 06.03.86  ***
\chap{Table of Contents}
During the processing of your manuscript you {\TeX} can collect
information for a ^{table of contents} which can be printed at the end.
It is, however, no problem to manipulate page numbers in such a way
that the table of contents appears e.g.\ on pages 1 and 2 and the
text starts on page 3.

The commands ^|\tocpage|,
^|\notocpage|, ^|\tocadd|, ^|\tocout| and ^|\tockill|
which have exactly the same function as the corresponding ones for
figures, tables and references.

You can specify an entry for the table of contents with the command\lb
^|\toc||{|\<label>|}{|\<text>|}|\lb
and the page number will be automatically appended to the \<text>.

You can also use the possibility to generate entries automatically.
\bullitem If you choose the option ^|\tocnone| (default) there will
be no automatic entries for the table of contents.
\bullitem With the option ^|\tocchap| one entry will be
automatically generated for each chapter (with the chapter
number as \<label> and the chapter title as \<text>) and for each
appendix.
\bullitem With the option ^|\tocsect| there will be in addition
one entry for each section (as in this manual).
\bullitem With the option ^|\tocsecs| there will be in addition
one entry for each subsection.
\bullitem With the option ^|\tocsecss| there will be in addition
one entry for each sub-subsection.
\bullitem With the option ^|\tocsecsss| there will be in addition
one entry for each sub-sub-subsection.

\noindent You can combine these automatic entries with additional ones
specified by ^|\toc| and ^|\tocadd|.
The input
\begintt
\tocadd{Note that most of this table of contents has been produced
        automatically with the option `tocsect'.
        Only this paragraph and the immediately following entry
        have been produced explicitely.}
\toc{Demonstration}{how to generate (explicitely) an entry for the
     table of contents. Very long entries will be split into several
     lines with apropriate indentation on both sides}
\endtt
\tocadd{Note that most of this table of contents has been produced
        automatically with the option `tocsect'.
        Only this paragraph and the immediately following entry
        have been produced explicitely.}
\toc{Demonstration}{how to generate (explicitely) an entry for the
     table of contents. Very long entries will be split into several
     lines with apropriate indentation on both sides}
does not produce any visible output at this point.
The effect can, however, been seen in the table of contents.

%***  end of file PMANTOC  ***
% \input pmantext   % some macros for text
%***  this is file PMANTEXT as of 06.03.86  ***
\chap{Some Macros for Text}
The command ^|\thetime| yields the time in the form `hh:mm'
(e.g.\ \thetime), ^|\themonth| yields the current month in words
(e.g.\ \themonth\ or \german\themonth),
^|\date| yields todays date in the form `dd.mm.yy' (e.g.\ \date) and
^|\thedate| yields todays date in long form such as `\thedate' or
`\english\thedate'.

You can use ^|\ctrline|, ^|\lftline| or ^|\rtline| to produce a
centered, left-justified or right-justified line of text.
These commands are almost identical to PLAIN's ^|\centerline|,
^|\leftline| and ^|\rightline| but they use |\hfil| instead
of |\hss|.
The use of |\hfil| does not allow the line to stick out on one
or both sides but it does allow to cancel the |\hfil| by an
|\hfilneg| or to override it by an |\hfill|.

The definition of ^|\loop| has been modified in order to allow
the construction\lb
|\loop ... \if... ... \else ... \repeat| in addition to\lb
|\loop ... \if... ... \repeat|.

PLAIN's commands `^|\{|', `^|\}|', `^|\,|', `^|\>| and `^|\;|'
have been modified and can be used in horizontal mode
as well as in math mode.
Moreover you can use ^|\Mit||{...}| to produce `math italic' and
^|\Cal||{...}| to produce `caligraphic' text.
Both commands can be used inside and outside math mode and |\Cal|
will automatically translate its argument to upper case.

Any input between ^|\comment| end ^|\endcomment| will be ignored,
i.e.\ treated as comment.
Note, however, that |\endcomment| must appear as the first
(nonblank) token of an input line.

The command ^|\boxit||{...}| puts its argument into a box.

The commands ^|\topsmash| and ^|\botsmash| are similar to ^|\smash|
but only the part above or below the baseline is `smashed'.
\subsec{Examples:}The input
\begintt

\line{\boxit{\boxit{\;$a\over b$\;}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\vphantom{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\hphantom{\;$a\over b$\;}}}}
\line{\boxit{\boxit{\rlap{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\topsmash{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\phantom{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\botsmash{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\smash{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\llap{\;$a\over b$\;}}}}

\endtt
yields:

\line{\boxit{\boxit{\;$a\over b$\;}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\vphantom{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\hphantom{\;$a\over b$\;}}}}
\line{\boxit{\boxit{\rlap{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\topsmash{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\phantom{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\botsmash{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\smash{\;$a\over b$\;}}}\hfill
   \boxit{\boxit{\llap{\;$a\over b$\;}}}}

The command ^|\lb| is equivalent to |\hfil\break| and can be used to
force a line break.\lb
The command ^|\endpage| is equivalent to |\par\vfil\eject| and can be
used to force a page break.\lb
If you use ^|\superendpage| instead of |\endpage| all pending footnotes
and insertions will be printed before the new page is started.

The command ^|\use| has already been mentioned, it puts its argument
into an |\hbox| (with macro expansion as usual) and discards this
box.\lb
The command ^|\eat| equally discards its argument but without any macro
expansion.\lb
The command ^|\glet| is an abbreviation for |\global\let| and is used
primarily to conserve space used for macros.

%***  end of file PMANTEXT  ***
% \input pmanmath   % mathematical expressions
%***  this is file PMANMATH as of 06.03.86  ***
\chap{Mathematical Expressions}
Let us once again use `|\qeq{\Eq1}|' to refer to equation
`|\Eq1|' defined earlier:
this time the result is `\qeq{\Eq1}'.

PLAIN's macros ^|\matrix|, ^|\pmatrix| and ^|\bordermatrix|
have been modified as follows:
If you use the commands ^|\matc| (default), ^|\matl| or ^|\matr|
matrix elements will be centered (as in PLAIN), left justified
or right justified respectively.
Moreover you can use ^|\mat| as an abbreviation for ^|\pmatrix|.
\subsec{Examples:}The sequence of commands
\begintt
$$\mat{\sin\lambda\cr1&\sin\lambda\cr0&1&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\matl
$$\mat{\sin\lambda\cr1&\sin\lambda\cr0&1&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\matr
$$\mat{\sin\lambda\cr1&\sin\lambda\cr0&1&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\matc
$$\mat{\sin\lambda&1&0\cr&\sin\lambda&1\cr&&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\endtt
yields
$$\mat{\sin\lambda\cr1&\sin\lambda\cr0&1&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\matl
$$\mat{\sin\lambda\cr1&\sin\lambda\cr0&1&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\matr
$$\mat{\sin\lambda\cr1&\sin\lambda\cr0&1&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$
\matc
$$\mat{\sin\lambda&1&0\cr&\sin\lambda&1\cr&&\sin\lambda\cr}\eqn$$

The macros ^|\smallsum| and ^|\smallprod| give small summation
and product signs similar to PLAIN's ^|\smallint|.
These symbols are reduced in size if they appear in sub- or
superscripts.

There are additional `^{math accents}' and there are also the
corresponding symbols which can be used as superscripts.
The complete list is:\lb
^|\dot| and ^|\dotsymbol| for one dot,\lb
^|\dotii| (or ^|\ddot|) and ^|\dotiisymbol| for two dots,\lb
^|\dotiii| and ^|\dotiiisymbol| for three dots,\lb
^|\dotiv| and ^|\dotivsymbol| for four dots,\lb
^|\vec| and ^|\vecsymbol| for an arrow,\lb
^|\bar| and ^|\barsymbol| for a bar,\lb
^|\tilde| and ^|\tildesymbol| for a tilde and\lb
^|\hat| and ^|\hatsymbol| for a hat.
\subsec{Examples:}The input:
\begintt
$\dot x=\dotii x=\dotiii x=\dotiv x=
\vec x=\bar x=\tilde x=\hat x$ or
$ABC^\dotsymbol=ABC^\dotiisymbol=
ABC^\dotiiisymbol=ABC^\dotivsymbol$ or
$DEF^\vecsymbol=DEF^\barsymbol=
DEF^\tildesymbol=DEF^\hatsymbol$
\endtt
yields:\lb
$\dot x=\dotii x=\dotiii x=\dotiv x=
\vec x=\bar x=\tilde x=\hat x$ or
$ABC^\dotsymbol=ABC^\dotiisymbol=
ABC^\dotiiisymbol=ABC^\dotivsymbol$ or
$DEF^\vecsymbol=DEF^\barsymbol=
DEF^\tildesymbol=DEF^\hatsymbol$
\sect{Mathematical Statements}
You may want to use macros to typeset ^{mathematical statements}
such as definitions, theorems, propositions, {\dots} and
proofs.
The problem is that different people have different ideas
how to name these statements.
Moreover one author prefers to number each class of
statements independently whereas another one would like them
all to share one sequence of numbers.
Therefore you must use the command ^|\defstmt|
(\underbar{def}ine \underbar{st}ate\underbar{m}en\underbar{t})
to define macros for theorems etc.\ yourself according to
your preferences.
The syntax is\lb
|\defstmt{|\<macro>|}{|\<name>|}{|\<numbering>|} |.\lb
The command |\defstmt{Thm}{Theorem}{|\<numbering>|}| will
define a macro ^|\Thm| which can be used to state `Theorem's.
Any such `Theorem' starts with |\Thm|, followed by optional
text and by `:\vspace', and extends until the next statement or
^|\par| or ^{blank line} is encountered.
You may, however, use ^|\endgraf| to start a new paragraph
within a statement.
While you are inside such a statement the command
^|\label| will define a \<code~name> such that it represents
the number assigned to the statement.

The command ^|\Prf| can be used to generate a proof.
The only difference is that proofs have no numbers and that
they may appear in a different font.

The last argument \<numbering> of |\defstmt| determines how
this class of statements shall be numbered and must be one
of the following:
\bullitem `|aa|', `|ca|', `|cc|', `|sa|', `|sc|' or `|ss|'
where the first letter indicates whether the statements
shall be numbered throughout the whole paper (a),
per chapter (c) or per section (s).
The second letter indicates whether
these numbers shall be unique throughout the whole paper
(a), through each chapter, i.e.\ chapter numbers as prefix are
omitted, (c) or through each section, i.e.\ chapter and
section numbers are omitted, (s).
That means that the numbering options `|aa|', `|cc|' and
`|ss|' will yield numbers which look alike but which are
reset differently.
\bullitem `|=|' immediately followed by \<macro> of another
class of statements with which the new class shall share the
numbers.
\par\noindent Since the names of these statements are
supplied by the user there is no need to provide for
automatic switching between english and german text.
The following example demonstrates some of the possibilities.
The input:
\beginlines
|\defstmt{Def}{Definition}{ca}|
|\defstmt{Thm}{Theorem}{cc}|
|\defstmt{Lem}{Lemma}{=Thm}|
|\Def: \label\Df1 This is definition~\quote{\Df1}.|
|\Thm (very important)\label\Tm1 : Assume $X$ has the properties|
|  \spointbegin $X$ is {\dots} and|
|  \spoint $X$ is \dots|
|\endgraf\noindent Then \dots|
|\par Before we prove Theorem~\quote{\Tm1} we need|
|\Lem: \label\Lm1 This is a Lemma.|
|\Prf: According to Definition \quote{\Df1} all $X$ \dots|
|\Prf \rm of Theorem~\quote{\Tm1}:|
|Using Lemma~\quote{\Lm1} we can \dots|
|\par|
\endlines
yields:
\defstmt{Def}{Definition}{ca}
\defstmt{Thm}{Theorem}{cc}
\defstmt{Lem}{Lemma}{=Thm}
\Def: \label\Df1 This is definition~\quote{\Df1}.
\Thm (very important)\label\Tm1 : Assume $X$ has the properties
  \spointbegin $X$ is {\dots} and
  \spoint $X$ is \dots
\endgraf\noindent Then \dots
\par Before we prove Theorem~\quote{\Tm1} we need
\Lem: \label\Lm1 This is a Lemma.
\Prf: According to Definition \quote{\Df1} all $X$ \dots
\Prf \rm of Theorem~\quote{\Tm1}:
Using Lemma~\quote{\Lm1} we can \dots
\par

%***  end of file PMANMATH  ***
% \input pmansel    % selective printing and start macros
%***  this is file PMANSEL as of 10.03.86  ***
\chap{Selective Printing and Start Macros}
\sect{Selective Printing}
Sometimes you want to print just one or a few pages of a long paper,
e.g.\ because there have been some minor changes.\lb
The command ^|\pagesel||{|\<first>|}{|\<last>|}| will suppress the
printing of all pages with page numbers not in the range `first--last'.
You can use |\pagesel| more than once, but you should consider
that \TeX's page breaking mechanism is somewhat delayed.

Note, however, that |\pagesel| does not save any computing time.
Paragraphs will be broken into lines and lines will be assembled  into
pages as usual.
\sect{Start Macros}
If you prepare a long paper you will usually want to process
smaller parts of it, one at a time.
This is always somewhat difficult but the following `start macros'
should help you:\lb
^|\startpage|\<number> for ^|\pageall| or\lb
^|\startpage|\<prefix>|.|\<number> for ^|\pagechap| sets the number
of the first page (as displayed on the LOG file),\lb
^|\startchap|\<number> sets the number for the next chapter,\lb
^|\startsect|\<number> sets the number for the next section,\lb
^|\startappendix||`|\<character> sets the character for the
next appendix,\lb
^|\startequ|\<number> sets the number for the next equation,\lb
^|\startfig|\<number> sets the number for the next figure,\lb
^|\starttab|\<number> sets the number for the next table,\lb
^|\startref|\<number> sets the number for the next reference and\lb
^|\startfoot|\<number> sets the number for the next footnote.

These start macros initialize various count registers, but you may
still have to initialize other internal variables (e.g.\ the prefix
for equation numbers) which is normally done by ^|\chap|, ^|\sect| or
^|\appendix|.
In order to do so use
\pointbegin ^|\sectinit| if you want to \underbar{continue} a section
within chapter~0,
\point ^|\chapinit| if you want to \underbar{continue} any chapter
except chapter~0, or
\point ^|\appinit| if you want to \underbar{continue} an appendix.
\sect{Save and Restore}
If you want to process only one part of your manuscript but at the
same time want to refer to equations, figures, tables and references
defined in earlier parts you should use ^|\save|~\<filename>\vspace.
{\TeX} maintains a list of all \<code~name>'s defined so far
(except the names of references defined by ^|\RF| which have not yet
been used).
In order to save storage space you can use the commands\lb
^|\kill|\<code~name> or |\kill{|\<code~name>|...|\<code~name>|}|\lb
to delete \<code~name>'s which are no longer needed;
they are removed from the list and the corresponding definitions
are discarded.

The command |\save| writes a sequence of commands to an external file
(with file type ^{TEXSAVE}) which can be used to restore all
definitions.
First there is a sequence of commands specifying options,
followed by start macros with appropriate arguments and macros which
will
restore the definitions of all \<code~name>'s on the list.
Note, however, that the counts for subequations,
((sub-)sub-)subsections and ((sub-)sub)points will
neither be saved nor restored.

To set up a job which starts at the point of the ^|\save|
command you should
\pointbegin respecify all private macro definitions
\point repeat all definitions of references by ^|\RF|
\point use the command ^|\restore|~\<filename>\vspace
\foot{Sometimes it will be necessary to increase the page numer by
one.
The command |\startpage| should be followed by the page number of
that page on which the text immediately following the |\save|
command appears.}
\point start whith the input right after the |\save| command.
\par\noindent Finally if the text immediately after the |\save|
command (e.g.\ a new chapter) doesn't start on a new page
\point either start with the command ^|\vglue| (not |\vskip|)
followed by the right dimension (e.g.\ `5.3cm') or
insert commands to enforce a line and page break at the desired
point:\lb
^|\vadjust||{\endpage}\lb| for a page break in the middle of a paragraph
or\lb
^|\endpage| for a page break between paragraphs.
\sect{Forward References}
Usualy you can refer to a \<code~name> only after it has been defined
and a value is assigned to it (^{backward reference}s).
If you want to refer to something which is defined at a later point in
the manuscript (^{forward reference}) you can use the command
^|\crossrestore|~\<filename>{\vspace} (restore information for cross
references) just before the begin of the actual text of the
manuscript and the commands |\superendpage| and |\save| (with the
same \<filename>)
immediately before the command |\bye|.
If you process your manuscript for the first time you will get
an error message that the file for |\crossrestore| is missing and a
%***  user exits  ***                    % called before
lot of \<code~name>'s will be undefined.
The next time, when the file for |\crossrestore| is present, all these
names will be defined in exactly the same way they were defined at
the end of the previous run.
There should be no more undefined \<code~name>'s unless they are
misspelled or are defined nowhere in the manuscript.
Clearly these definitions may not be accurate if you have meanwhile
modified the manuscript; in this case forward references will not be
accurate in the this run but backward references will allways be
correct.
\sect{User Exits}
There are a few ^{user exits} which can be used for special
applications.
All user exits are named ^|\...userexit| and any argument(s) are
contained in the token list register ^|\toks0|, ^|\toks2|, |...|~.

The following list contains all user exits presently defined together
with their default definition:
%***  the following lines are copied from PHYSTEXT  ***
\beginttlines
%***  user exits  ***                    % called before

\def\skipuserexit{\setbox0\box255 }      % page is not printed
\def\shipuserexit{\unvbox255 }           % page is printed

\def\chapuserexit{\sectuserexit}         % chapter title
\def\appuserexit{\chapuserexit}          % appendix title
\def\sectuserexit{\secsuserexit}         % section title
\def\secsuserexit{\secssuserexit}        % subsection title
\def\secssuserexit{\secsssuserexit}      % subsubsection title
\let\secsssuserexit=\relax               % subsubsubsection title
\endttlines
They are all called immediately before the title of the chapter,
appendix, section, {\dots} is printed.
At this point |\toks0| contains (macros which will expand to) the
number and |\toks2| contains the actual title.
For an appendix |\toks0| will in addition contain the word `Appendix'
or `Anhang' and |\toks2| may contain just `|\unskip|' if the appendix
has no title.
The following two examples show some details.

Assume you want to remove the final dot in the (sub-)section
number.
In order to do that you have to define |\secsssuserexit|
which will automatically be used for all higher exits up to
|\sectuserexit| and you must make sure that this macro is not used
for chapters and sections:
\begintt
\let\chapuserexit=\relax
\def\secsssuserexit{\expandafter\myuserexit\the\toks0 }
\def\myuserexit#1.{\toks0{#1}}
\endtt

Let us now consider a more complicated example.
Suppose you want to start each chapter and appendix on a new
page with two title lines in a huge font with 5mm extra space
between them and 20mm extra space below and above.
The first line shall contain the chapter or appendix number
and the second line the actual title.
Moreover the titles shall appear in the headline and a horizontal rule
should be placed below the headline.
You could, of course, write your own chapter and appendix
macros for this purpose, taking care of things like resetting
section numbers, possibly equation numbers ond so on.
This might, however, cause incompatibilities with future
changes of the PHYS macro package.
It is, therefore, strongly recommended to use the appropriate
user exits |\chapuserexit| and |\appuserexit| for this
purpose.

Below we give a sequence of commands which does all the required
things.
In order to understand them you have to know that immediately after
the user exits the title line is printed with the command\lb
|\ctrline{\titlestyle{\the\toks0\ \the\toks2}}|.\lb
The use of |\mark|'s is not quite necessary in a situation where
each chapter and appendix starts on a new page.
The code around the marks is, however, necessary if there are titles
with footnotes.
\beginttlines
\font\huge=ambx10 scaled\magstep3    % a huge font
\toppagenum\chappage\althead  \chapstretch=5cm
\let\physskipheadline=\skipheadline     % preserve old definition
\def\skipheadline#1{\glet\skipheadrule#1% skip head line rule
  \physskipheadline#1}                  % if headline is skipped
\lheadtext={\firstmark}  \rheadtext={\botmark}
\let\physmakeheadline=\makeheadline  % preserve old definition
\def\makeheadline{\physmakeheadline  % define new headline
  \if F\skipheadrule \vbox to0mm{\vskip-8 mm\hrule
  width \hsize \vss}\fi \nointerlineskip}
\skipheadline=F                      % initialize \skipheadrule
\def\titlestyle{\vadjust{\nobreak \vskip 5mm}\huge}
\def\chapuserexit{\vglue 20mm%
  \expandafter\ifx\expandafter\unskip\the\toks2 \toks4=\toks0
  \else
  \toks4={\unskip\egroup\egroup\ctrline\bgroup\titlestyle\bgroup}%
  \edef\next{\the\toks4 \the\toks2}\toks4=\toks2
  \toks2=\expandafter{\next}\fi
  \bgroup\def\footnote{\expandafter\eat\eat}%
    \let\hfootnote=\footnote          % allow footnotes
    \let\foot=\eat \let\hfoot=\eat    % in title
    \mark\expandafter{\the\toks4}\egroup
  \toks2=\expandafter{\the\toks2\vadjust{\vskip 15mm}}}
\endttlines

\indent\bpargroup The two exits |\skipuserexit| and |\shipuserexit|
are called by the output routine |\physoutput| when a page is skipped
(due to |\pagesel|) or is prepared for printing.
The index of this manual is printed in three columns by using these
two exits without any change in |\physoutput|.

%***  end of file PMANSEL  ***
% \input pmanack    % acknowledgements
%***  this is file PMANACK as of 06.03.86  ***
\ack
The authors have profited from many discussion with E. Belau,
G. Raffelt and W. Wiedenmann.
The present |\table| macro was originally designed by R. Schilling
and many improvements at various places are due to discussions with him.
Many macros descibed in this paper originate from macros for physics
papers written at SLAC\null,
some of them have been inspired by \AmSTeX.
%***  end of file PMANACK  ***
% \input pmanopts   % list of all options
%***  this is file PMANOPTS as of 06.03.86  ***
\appendix{List of all Options} ^^{options, list of all}
This appendix lists all the options you can use with the
PHYSE or PHYS formats.
The default option is underlined unless otherwise indicated.

The commands |\english| (default for PHYSE) or |\german| (default
for PHYS) indicate that certain headings should be in english or
german language (e.g.\ `Abstract' or `Zusammenfassung').

You should choose \utt|\titlepage| or |\notitlepage| if the title of
the paper etc.\ do or don't appear on a separate page which is
terminated with |\endpage|.
You can choose \utt|\botpagenum|, |\toppagenum| or |\nopagenum|
to get page numbers printed at the bottom of each page,
at the top of each page or to get no page numbers.
In any case there will be no page number on the title page.
You can choose \utt|\pageall| or |\pagechap| to get
pages numbered throughout the paper or numbered separately for each
chapter and appendix.
The commands \utt|\portrait| and |\landscape| will switch between
portrait and landscape format.
In the later case the page numbers will have
the number of the chapter or the letter of the appendix as prefix.
\utt|\figpage| and |\nofigpage| indicate that the
figure captions (if any) should or should not appear on one or
several separate pages.
The use of |\pagechap| forces them on separate pages in any case.
The analogous commands \utt|\tabpage|, |\notabpage|,
\utt|\refpage|, |\norefpage| and \utt|\footpage|, |\nofootpage|
do exactly the same for the table captions, the list of references
and (if applicable) the list of footnotes.

You should use \utt|\chapters| or |\nochapters| if your
paper does or does not contain chapters.
Depending on other options this may influence the numbering of pages,
equations, \dots\ .
You should use \utt|\arabicchapnum| or |\romanchapnum| if you want
the chapter numbers printed as arabic numbers or as (uppercase)
roman numerals.
You should use |\chappage| or \utt|\nochappage| if each chapter
and appendix should or should not start on a new page.

You can choose among |\equall|, \utt|\equchap| and
|\equsect| if the equations should be numbered throughout the
paper, for each chapter and appendix or for each section and appendix.
Use |\equleft|, \utt|\equright|, or |\equnone| if the equation numbers
should appear on the left side of the page, on the right side of
the page, or should not be printed at all.
You can choose |\equfull| or \utt|\equshort|
to indicate that |\queq| should
quote equation numbers in full or in abbreviated form (unless there is
an explicit |\fulltag| or |\shorttag|).

Use |\storebox|, \utt|\storelist| or |\storefile| if the
figure captions, table captions, references and (possibly) footnotes
shall be stored in boxes, as lists of macro definitions or on
external files.

Use \utt|\figall|, |\figchap| or |\figsect| if the figures should
be numbered throughout the paper, for each chapter and appendix or
for each section and appendix.
Use \utt|\taball|, |\tabchap| or |\tabsect| if the tables should
be numbered throughout the paper, for each chapter and appendix or
for each section and appendix.

Use \utt|\refsup| or |\refsqb| if quotations to references
should appear as superscripts or enclosed in square brackets.
Use \utt|\yearpage| or |\pageyear| if references generated
by the macros for physics journals should appear in the form
`journal {\bf volume} (year) page' or
`journal {\bf volume}, page (year)'.

Use \utt|\footbot| or |\footend| if `footnotes' should appear at
the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper.
Use \utt|\footsqb| or |\footpar| if you want footnote
numbers enclosed in square brackets or followed by a parenthesis.
This applies only to footnote numbers generated by |\foot|,
not to the symbols which are given to |\footnote| as argument.

%***  end of file PMANOPTS  ***
% \input pmanupdt   % updates and corrections ...
%***  this is file PMANUPDT as of 06.03.86  ***
\appendix{Updates and Corrections to PHYS/PHYSE}
\titcon{and Macro Libraries}
\secs{Updates and Corrections to PHYS/PHYSE}
The file PHYSUPDT TEX will contain ^{updates and corrections} of
errors which are not yet implemented in the PHYS/PHYSE format.
Therefore your {\TeX} input should start with the command
|\input physupdt| in order to get all known errors corrected.
In most cases you will, however, use a macro library and
it is most convenient to put this command into the macro library.
\secs{Private and Public Macro Libraries}
It is recommended to organize ^{macro libraries} in a hierarchical
fashion:
\dashitem one public macro library which contains macros useful for
all users at a computer or an institute.
This library should start with the command |\input|~^|physupdt|.
\dashitem one semi-public macro library for each larger group
of users which should start with a command that reads the
public macro library.
\dashitem one private macro library for one user (or for several
users working closely together) which should start with an
|\input| command for the appropriate semi-public library.
\secs{Macro Libraries at MPP}
At present we use the following public and semi-public macro
libraries:
\secss{The File MPPMAC} ^^|mppmac|
This library starts with |\input|~|physupdt| and contains macros
which should be useful for everybody at the Max-Plack-Institut f\"ur
Physik.\lb
^|\mppnum| to generate an MPP preprint or report number and\lb
^|\mppaddress| to generate the MPP address on the title page\lb
are described elsewhere in this manual and are needed in order
to produce a copy of this manual from the {\TeX} source.

In addition there is a command\lb
^|\letter||{|\<name>|}{|\<phone>|}{|\<address>|}|\lb
which will produce an MPP letter head with your \<name> and
\<phone> and the \<address> of the recipient.
As usual different lines in this address are separated by |\\|.
There are actually two such commands, |\letterL| for output
on a LasergrafiX and |\letterC| for output on a Canon laser printer,
because none of the large fonts is available for both devices.
|\letter| is just a synonym for |\letterL|.

\secss{The File CELMAC} ^^|celmac|
This library starts with |\input|~|mppmac| and contains additional
macros useful for the CELLO group at MPP\null.
If you use this library the following additional macros are defined:\lb
^|\Znull|, ^|\Wplus|, ^|\Wminus|, ^|\Wpm|, etc..

\secss{The File THEMAC} ^^|themac|
This library starts with |\input|~|mppmac| and contains additional
macros useful for the THEORY group at MPP\null.
If you use this library the following additional macros are defined:\lb
^|\pthnum||{|\dots|}| instead of |\mppnum{PTh |\dots|}| and\lb
^|\pthdate| instead of and |\pubdate|.

The following additional macros for physics journals are defined in
this file:
^^|\AP|^^|\CMP|^^|\JMP|^^|\PRep|^^|\RMP|^^|\TMF|
%***  the following lines are copied from THEMAC  ***
\beginttlines
\def\AP{\journal{Ann.\ \Phys}}
\def\CMP{\journal{Commun.\ \Math\Phys}}
\def\JMP{\journal{J.\ \Math\Phys}}
\def\PRep{\journal{\Phys Rep.\ }}
\def\RMP{\journal{\Rev Mod.\ \Phys}}
\def\TMF{\journal{Teor.\ Mat.\ Fiz.\ }}
\endttlines
%***  end of file PMANUPDT  ***
% \input pmanmacs   % macro expansions, arguments, ...
%***  this is file PMANMAC as of 06.03.86  ***
\appendix{Macro Expansions, Arguments and Category Codes}
In this appendix we have to treat some sublteties which may become
important to someone designing somewhat more complicated macros.
Most users should skip this appendix, at least when reading this
manual for the first time.

It was said earlier that code names may consist of letters,
digits and apostrophes whereas usually {\TeX}'s control word
names consist of letters only.
The way this can be done is by temporarily declaring the
digits and the apostrophe to be letters while the code name
is read.
Since {\TeX} decides which characters are letters when they
are first read from the input file it is important that
e.g.\ the argument `|\Author81|' of |\quref{\Author81}| is
read by the macro |\quref| which temporarily causes the
digits |8| and |1| to behave as letters.
Things will clearly go wrong if you use something like\lb
|\def\xxx#1{#1}|\dots|\xxx{|\dots|\quref{\Author81}|\dots|}|\lb
because then `|\Author81|' is read as part of |\xxx|'s
argument as control word `|\Author|' (probably undefined)
followed by the digits `|81|'.
(Compare Chapter~7: How {\TeX} Reads What You Type,
Chapter~20: Definitions (also called Macros), and
Appendix~D: Dirty Tricks of the {\TeX}book\quref{\texbook}
for more details.)

Consider the macro definition |\def\line{\hbox to\hsize}|.
After expanding and processing the macro |\line|, which has
no argument, {\TeX} continues to read input characters and
expand macros and expects to find a left brace (either an
explicit one (|{|) or an implicit one (|\bgroup|)) which
starts a new level of grouping.
{\TeX} continues to read and expand input until eventually a matching
right brace is found at which point the horizontal list
built so far is put into an |\hbox| of width |\hsize|.
The input commands\lb
|\line{abc}| or |\line\bgroup abc\egroup| or\lb
|\def\xx{{abc}}\line\xx| or even things like\lb
|\line{abc\egroup| or |\def\xxx{\bgroup abc}\line\xxx}|\lb
would all give the same result.
The commands\lb
|\def\zzz{\egroup\line\bgroup}\line{abc\zzz def}|\lb
would even produce two lines.
The input\lb
|\def\yy{abc}\line\yy|\lb
would, however, be wrong and would lead to an error message.

Things are quite different with PLAIN's macro definition\lb
|\def\leftline#1{\line{#1\hss}}|\lb
because (with this definition) |\leftline| has one argument.
After reading the macro |\leftline| {\TeX} reads its
argument (without any macro expansion) and will subsequently
substitute this argument whenever there is a |#1| in the
replacement text.
Braces around a complex argument must be explicit and do not
provide a new level of grouping.
The input commands\lb
|\leftline{abc}| or |\def\yy{abc}\leftline\yy|\lb
would, therefore, give the same result.
The input\lb
|\leftline\bgroup abc\egroup|\lb
would, however, be wrong (the argument would be `|\bgroup|')
and would produce a quite different result.

We are here mostly concerned with code names.
The construction\lb
|\line{|\dots|\quref{\Author81}|\dots|}|\lb
works fine because |\Author81| will be read after expanding
the macro |\quref| as usual.
The construction\lb
|\leftline{|\dots|\quref{\Author81}|\dots|}|\lb
(with PLAIN's definition of |\leftline|) would however fail,
because |\Author81| is read ahead of time as part of the
argument for |\leftline|.
It is exactly for this reason that the macros ^|\leftline|,
^|\rightline|, ^|\centerline|, ^|\rlap| and ^|\llap| have been
redefined in PHYS such that the above construction does what
it is assumed to do.
The original definitions, which are slightly faster, are
still available under the names ^|\plainleftline|,
^|\plainrightline|, ^|\plaincenterline|, ^|\plainrlap| and
^|\plainllap|.
%***  end of file PMANMAC  ***
% \input pmanold    % compatibility with the older version (0.95) ...
%***  this is file PMANOLD as of 06.03.86  ***
\appendix{Compatibility with the older Version (0.95) of PHYS}
The present version 1.0 of the PHYS/PHYSE format is not entirely
compatible with the previous one (0.95).
The main incompatibilities are:
\pointbegin the option ^|\equold| is no longer supported
\point the ^|\table| macro
\par\noindent
You can, however, still use the old (0.8) form of equation numbers
if you use the command |\input|~^|equold| instead of the option
|\equold|.

The new |\table| macro is based on the example on page 247
(Chapter~22: Alignment) of the {\TeX}book \quref{\texbook}
whereas the old macro was based on the example on page 392
(Appendix~D: Dirty Tricks).
The new macro is more flexible but sometimes you may want
to still use the old one.
In order to do so you can use the command |\input|~^|oldtabl|
to read the old macro definition.
Once this is done you can use ^|\oldtable| (default after
|\input|~|oldtabl|) or ^|\newtable| to indicate that |\table| shall
be the old or the new table macro.

The syntax of the old |\table| macro is\lb
|\table|\<box~specification>|{|\<alignment~material>|}|\lb
with the following restrictions:
\pointbegin The alignment preamble must terminate with |\cr|,
not with |\crcr|, and the table must contain at least one row
of aligned items.
\point The last row of the table must contain the maximal number of
columns (you can add empty entries if necessary)
\point Every row of the table should contain a |\strut|
to ensure the correct vertical spacing.
It is in fact advisable to have a strut in each table entry in order
to avoid `underfull hbox'es.
\point The alignment material should not contain |\noalign|.
All horizontal rules should be produced with |\tabrule|
right after the corresponding |\cr|.
\point The vertical rules are put into the middle of the tabskip glue
and the parts of the tabskip glue to the left of the leftmost rule
and to the right of the rightmost rule are cut off.
If the initial tabskip is zero (default) |\table| inserts its own
value (24.4pt plus 24pt minus 12pt, .4pt are for the width of the
vrule).
You can modify the value of tabskip in the alignment preamble,
but you should know exactly what you are doing.
Irrespective of your modifications |\table| will use the same
tabskip value after the last column as before the first column.
\point If you want to omit a vertical rule use |\omitrule| in the
alignment preamble, either immediately after the `|{|' or
immediately before an `|&|' or the `|\cr|'.
%***  end of file PMANOLD  ***

\nofigpage\figout           %  print figure captions on same page
\notabpage\tabout           %  print table captions on same page
\norefpage\refout           %  print references on same page
\nofootpage\footout         %  print footnotes on same page (\footbot)

\startindex       %make the index
\triplecolumn\tenpoint
\makeindex
\singlecolumn

\endpage\startpage-3\singlespace
\tocpage\tocout             %  print table of contents on new page
\bye              %  end of the TEX job
%***  end of file PMANUAL  ***