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|
% \iffalse meta-comment
%
%% File: l3quark.dtx
%
% Copyright (C) 1990-2020 The LaTeX3 Project
%
% It may be distributed and/or modified under the conditions of the
% LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL), either version 1.3c of this
% license or (at your option) any later version. The latest version
% of this license is in the file
%
% https://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%
% This file is part of the "l3kernel bundle" (The Work in LPPL)
% and all files in that bundle must be distributed together.
%
% -----------------------------------------------------------------------
%
% The development version of the bundle can be found at
%
% https://github.com/latex3/latex3
%
% for those people who are interested.
%
%<*driver>
\documentclass[full,kernel]{l3doc}
\begin{document}
\DocInput{\jobname.dtx}
\end{document}
%</driver>
% \fi
%
% \title{^^A
% The \pkg{l3quark} package\\ Quarks^^A
% }
%
% \author{^^A
% The \LaTeX3 Project\thanks
% {^^A
% E-mail:
% \href{mailto:latex-team@latex-project.org}
% {latex-team@latex-project.org}^^A
% }^^A
% }
%
% \date{Released 2020-01-22}
%
% \maketitle
%
% \begin{documentation}
%
% Two special types of constants in \LaTeX3 are \enquote{quarks} and
% \enquote{scan marks}. By convention all constants of type quark
% start out with |\q_|, and scan marks start with |\s_|.
%
% \section{Quarks}
%
% Quarks are control sequences that expand to themselves and should
% therefore \emph{never} be executed directly in the code.
% This would result in an endless loop!
%
% They are meant to be used as delimiter in weird functions, the most
% common use case being the `stop token' (\emph{i.e.}~\cs{q_stop}).
% For example, when writing a macro to parse a user-defined date
% \begin{verbatim}
% \date_parse:n {19/June/1981}
% \end{verbatim}
% one might write a command such as
% \begin{verbatim}
% \cs_new:Npn \date_parse:n #1 { \date_parse_aux:w #1 \q_stop }
% \cs_new:Npn \date_parse_aux:w #1 / #2 / #3 \q_stop
% { <do something with the date> }
% \end{verbatim}
%
% Quarks are sometimes also used as error return values for functions
% that receive erroneous input.
% For example, in the function \cs{prop_get:NnN} to retrieve a value stored
% in some key of a property list, if the key does not exist then the return value
% is the quark \cs{q_no_value}.
% As mentioned above, such quarks are extremely fragile and it is imperative
% when using such functions that code is carefully written to check for
% pathological cases to avoid leakage of a quark into an uncontrolled
% environment.
%
% Quarks also permit the
% following ingenious trick when parsing tokens:
% when you pick up a token in a temporary variable
% and you want to know whether you have picked up a particular quark,
% all you have to do is compare the temporary variable to the quark using
% \cs{tl_if_eq:NNTF}. A set of special quark testing functions is set up
% below. All the quark testing functions are expandable although the
% ones testing only single tokens are much faster.
% An example of the quark testing functions and their use in recursion
% can be seen in the implementation of \cs{clist_map_function:NN}.
%
% \section{Defining quarks}
%
% \begin{function}{\quark_new:N}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_new:N} \meta{quark}
% \end{syntax}
% Creates a new \meta{quark} which expands only to \meta{quark}.
% The \meta{quark} is defined globally, and an error message
% is raised if the name was already taken.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_stop}
% Used as a marker for delimited arguments, such as
% \begin{verbatim}
% \cs_set:Npn \tmp:w #1#2 \q_stop {#1}
% \end{verbatim}
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_mark}
% Used as a marker for delimited arguments when \cs{q_stop} is
% already in use.
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_nil}
% Quark to mark a null value in structured variables or functions. Used
% as an end delimiter when this may itself need to be tested
% (in contrast to \cs{q_stop}, which is only ever used as a delimiter).
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_no_value}
% A canonical value for a missing value, when one is requested from
% a data structure. This is therefore used as a \enquote{return} value
% by functions such as \cs{prop_get:NnN} if there is no data to
% return.
% \end{variable}
%
% \section{Quark tests}
%
% The method used to define quarks means that the single token (\texttt{N})
% tests are faster than the multi-token (\texttt{n}) tests. The latter
% should therefore only be used when the argument can definitely take
% more than a single token.
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,pTF]{\quark_if_nil:N}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_nil_p:N} \meta{token}
% \cs{quark_if_nil:NTF} \meta{token} \Arg{true code} \Arg{false code}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if the \meta{token} is equal to \cs{q_nil}.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,pTF]{\quark_if_nil:n, \quark_if_nil:o, \quark_if_nil:V}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_nil_p:n} \Arg{token list} \\
% \cs{quark_if_nil:nTF} \Arg{token list} \Arg{true code} \Arg{false code}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if the \meta{token list} contains only \cs{q_nil} (distinct
% from \meta{token list} being empty or containing \cs{q_nil} plus one
% or more other tokens).
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,pTF]{\quark_if_no_value:N, \quark_if_no_value:c}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_no_value_p:N} \meta{token} \\
% \cs{quark_if_no_value:NTF} \meta{token} \Arg{true code} \Arg{false code}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if the \meta{token} is equal to \cs{q_no_value}.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,pTF]{\quark_if_no_value:n}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_no_value_p:n} \Arg{token list} \\
% \cs{quark_if_no_value:nTF} \Arg{token list} \Arg{true code} \Arg{false code}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if the \meta{token list} contains only \cs{q_no_value}
% (distinct from \meta{token list} being empty or containing
% \cs{q_no_value} plus one or more other tokens).
% \end{function}
%
% \section{Recursion}
%
% This module provides a uniform interface to intercepting and
% terminating loops as when one is doing tail recursion. The building
% blocks follow below and an example is shown in
% Section~\ref{sec:l3quark:quark-example}.
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_recursion_tail}
% This quark is appended to the data structure in question and
% appears as a real element there. This means it gets any list
% separators around it.
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_recursion_stop}
% This quark is added \emph{after} the data structure. Its purpose
% is to make it possible to terminate the recursion at any point
% easily.
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP]{\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:N}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:N} \meta{token}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if \meta{token} contains only the marker
% \cs{q_recursion_tail}, and if so uses
% \cs{use_none_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:w} to terminate the
% recursion that this belongs to. The
% recursion input must include the marker tokens \cs{q_recursion_tail}
% and \cs{q_recursion_stop} as the last two items.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,updated = 2011-09-06]
% {\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n, \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:o}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n} \Arg{token list}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if the \meta{token list} contains only
% \cs{q_recursion_tail}, and if so uses
% \cs{use_none_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:w} to terminate the
% recursion that this belongs to. The
% recursion input must include the marker tokens \cs{q_recursion_tail}
% and \cs{q_recursion_stop} as the last two items.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP]{\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:Nn}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:Nn} \meta{token} \Arg{insertion}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if \meta{token} contains only the marker
% \cs{q_recursion_tail}, and if so uses
% \cs{use_i_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:w} to terminate the
% recursion that this belongs to. The
% recursion input must include the marker tokens \cs{q_recursion_tail}
% and \cs{q_recursion_stop} as the last two items. The \meta{insertion}
% code is then added to the input stream after the recursion has
% ended.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,updated = 2011-09-06]
% {\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:nn, \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:on}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:nn} \Arg{token list} \Arg{insertion}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if the \meta{token list} contains only
% \cs{q_recursion_tail}, and if so uses
% \cs{use_i_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:w} to terminate the
% recursion that this belongs to. The
% recursion input must include the marker tokens \cs{q_recursion_tail}
% and \cs{q_recursion_stop} as the last two items. The \meta{insertion}
% code is then added to the input stream after the recursion has
% ended.
% \end{function}
%
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,added = 2018-04-10]
% {
% \quark_if_recursion_tail_break:NN,
% \quark_if_recursion_tail_break:nN
% }
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{quark_if_recursion_tail_break:nN} \Arg{token list} \cs[no-index]{\meta{type}_map_break:}
% \end{syntax}
% Tests if \meta{token list} contains only \cs{q_recursion_tail}, and
% if so terminates the recursion using \cs[no-index]{\meta{type}_map_break:}.
% The recursion end should be marked by \cs{prg_break_point:Nn}
% \cs[no-index]{\meta{type}_map_break:}.
% \end{function}
%
% \section{An example of recursion with quarks}
% \label{sec:l3quark:quark-example}
%
% Quarks are mainly used internally in the \pkg{expl3} code to define
% recursion functions such as \cs{tl_map_inline:nn} and so on.
% Here is a small example to demonstrate how to use quarks in this fashion.
% We shall define a command called |\my_map_dbl:nn| which takes a token list
% and applies an operation to every \emph{pair} of tokens.
% For example, |\my_map_dbl:nn {abcd} {[--#1--#2--]~}| would produce
% \enquote{\ttfamily [--a--b--]~[--c--d--]~}.
% Using quarks to define such functions simplifies their logic and ensures
% robustness in many cases.
%
%
% Here's the definition of |\my_map_dbl:nn|.
% First of all, define the function that does the processing based on the
% inline function argument |#2|.
% Then initiate the recursion using an internal function.
% The token list |#1| is terminated using \cs{q_recursion_tail}, with
% delimiters according to the type of recursion (here a pair of
% \cs{q_recursion_tail}), concluding with \cs{q_recursion_stop}.
% These quarks are used to mark the end of the token list being operated upon.
%\begin{verbatim}
% \cs_new:Npn \my_map_dbl:nn #1#2
% {
% \cs_set:Npn \__my_map_dbl_fn:nn ##1 ##2 {#2}
% \__my_map_dbl:nn #1 \q_recursion_tail \q_recursion_tail
% \q_recursion_stop
% }
%\end{verbatim}
%
% The definition of the internal recursion function follows.
% First check if either of the input tokens are the termination quarks.
% Then, if not, apply the inline function to the two arguments.
%\begin{verbatim}
% \cs_new:Nn \__my_map_dbl:nn
% {
% \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n {#1}
% \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n {#2}
% \__my_map_dbl_fn:nn {#1} {#2}
%\end{verbatim}
% Finally, recurse:
%\begin{verbatim}
% \__my_map_dbl:nn
% }
%\end{verbatim}
% Note that contrarily to \LaTeX3 built-in mapping functions, this
% mapping function cannot be nested, since the second map would overwrite
% the definition of |\__my_map_dbl_fn:nn|.
%
% \section{Scan marks}
%
% Scan marks are control sequences set equal to \cs{scan_stop:},
% hence never expand in an expansion context and are (largely)
% invisible if they are encountered in a typesetting context.
%
% Like quarks, they can be used as delimiters in weird functions
% and are often safer to use for this purpose.
% Since they are harmless when executed by \TeX{} in non-expandable
% contexts, they can be used to mark the end of a set of instructions.
% This allows to skip to that point if the end of the instructions
% should not be performed (see \pkg{l3regex}).
%
% \begin{function}[added = 2018-04-01]{\scan_new:N}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{scan_new:N} \meta{scan mark}
% \end{syntax}
% Creates a new \meta{scan mark} which is set equal to \cs{scan_stop:}.
% The \meta{scan mark} is defined globally, and an error message
% is raised if the name was already taken by another scan mark.
% \end{function}
%
% \begin{variable}[added = 2018-04-01]{\s_stop}
% Used at the end of a set of instructions, as a marker
% that can be jumped to using \cs{use_none_delimit_by_s_stop:w}.
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{function}[EXP,added = 2018-04-01]{\use_none_delimit_by_s_stop:w}
% \begin{syntax}
% \cs{use_none_delimit_by_s_stop:w} \meta{tokens} \cs{s_stop}
% \end{syntax}
% Removes the \meta{tokens} and \cs{s_stop} from the input stream.
% This leads to a low-level \TeX{} error if \cs{s_stop} is absent.
% \end{function}
%
% \end{documentation}
%
% \begin{implementation}
%
% \section{\pkg{l3quark} implementation}
%
% \TestFiles{m3quark001.lvt}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%<*initex|package>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \subsection{Quarks}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%<@@=quark>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{macro}{\quark_new:N}
% \UnitTested
% Allocate a new quark.
% \begin{macrocode}
\cs_new_protected:Npn \quark_new:N #1
{
\__kernel_chk_if_free_cs:N #1
\cs_gset_nopar:Npn #1 {#1}
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_nil, \q_mark, \q_no_value, \q_stop}
% Some \enquote{public} quarks. \cs{q_stop} is an \enquote{end of
% argument} marker, \cs{q_nil} is a empty value and \cs{q_no_value}
% marks an empty argument.
% \begin{macrocode}
\quark_new:N \q_nil
\quark_new:N \q_mark
\quark_new:N \q_no_value
\quark_new:N \q_stop
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{variable}{\q_recursion_tail, \q_recursion_stop}
% Quarks for ending recursions. Only ever used there!
% \cs{q_recursion_tail} is appended to whatever list structure we are
% doing recursion on, meaning it is added as a proper list item with
% whatever list separator is in use. \cs{q_recursion_stop} is placed
% directly after the list.
% \begin{macrocode}
\quark_new:N \q_recursion_tail
\quark_new:N \q_recursion_stop
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{macro}{\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:N}
% \UnitTested
% \begin{macro}{\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:Nn}
% \UnitTested
% When doing recursions, it is easy to spend a lot of time testing if the
% end marker has been found. To avoid this, a dedicated end marker is used
% each time a recursion is set up. Thus if the marker is found everything
% can be wrapper up and finished off. The simple case is when the test
% can guarantee that only a single token is being tested. In this case,
% there is just a dedicated copy of the standard quark test. Both a gobbling
% version and one inserting end code are provided.
% \begin{macrocode}
\cs_new:Npn \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:N #1
{
\if_meaning:w \q_recursion_tail #1
\exp_after:wN \use_none_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:w
\fi:
}
\cs_new:Npn \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:Nn #1
{
\if_meaning:w \q_recursion_tail #1
\exp_after:wN \use_i_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:nw
\else:
\exp_after:wN \use_none:n
\fi:
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}
% {\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n, \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:o}
% \UnitTested
% \begin{macro}
% {\quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:nn, \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:on}
% \UnitTested
% \begin{macro}{\@@_if_recursion_tail:w}
% See \cs{quark_if_nil:nTF} for the details. Expanding
% \cs{@@_if_recursion_tail:w} once in front of the tokens chosen here
% gives an empty result if and only if |#1|~is exactly
% \cs{q_recursion_tail}.
% \begin{macrocode}
\cs_new:Npn \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n #1
{
\tl_if_empty:oTF
{ \@@_if_recursion_tail:w {} #1 {} ?! \q_recursion_tail ??! }
{ \use_none_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:w }
{ }
}
\cs_new:Npn \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:nn #1
{
\tl_if_empty:oTF
{ \@@_if_recursion_tail:w {} #1 {} ?! \q_recursion_tail ??! }
{ \use_i_delimit_by_q_recursion_stop:nw }
{ \use_none:n }
}
\cs_new:Npn \@@_if_recursion_tail:w
#1 \q_recursion_tail #2 ? #3 ?! { #1 #2 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n { o }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \quark_if_recursion_tail_stop_do:nn { o }
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}{\quark_if_recursion_tail_break:NN}
% \begin{macro}{\quark_if_recursion_tail_break:nN}
% Analogues of the \cs[index=quark_if_recursion_tail_stop:n]
% {quark_if_recursion_tail_stop\ldots{}} functions.
% Break the mapping using |#2|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\cs_new:Npn \quark_if_recursion_tail_break:NN #1#2
{
\if_meaning:w \q_recursion_tail #1
\exp_after:wN #2
\fi:
}
\cs_new:Npn \quark_if_recursion_tail_break:nN #1#2
{
\tl_if_empty:oT
{ \@@_if_recursion_tail:w {} #1 {} ?! \q_recursion_tail ??! }
{#2}
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}[pTF]{\quark_if_nil:N}
% \UnitTested
% \begin{macro}[pTF]{\quark_if_no_value:N, \quark_if_no_value:c}
% \UnitTested
% Here we test if we found a special quark as the first argument.
% We better start with \cs{q_no_value} as the first argument since
% the whole thing may otherwise loop if |#1| is wrongly given
% a string like |aabc| instead of a single token.\footnote{It may
% still loop in special circumstances however!}
% \begin{macrocode}
\prg_new_conditional:Npnn \quark_if_nil:N #1 { p, T , F , TF }
{
\if_meaning:w \q_nil #1
\prg_return_true:
\else:
\prg_return_false:
\fi:
}
\prg_new_conditional:Npnn \quark_if_no_value:N #1 { p, T , F , TF }
{
\if_meaning:w \q_no_value #1
\prg_return_true:
\else:
\prg_return_false:
\fi:
}
\prg_generate_conditional_variant:Nnn \quark_if_no_value:N
{ c } { p , T , F , TF }
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macro}[pTF]{\quark_if_nil:n, \quark_if_nil:V, \quark_if_nil:o}
% \UnitTested
% \begin{macro}[pTF]{\quark_if_no_value:n}
% \UnitTested
% \begin{macro}{\@@_if_nil:w, \@@_if_no_value:w}
% \begin{macro}[EXP]{\@@_if_empty_if:o}
% Let us explain |\quark_if_nil:n(TF)|. Expanding \cs{@@_if_nil:w}
% once is safe thanks to the trailing \cs{q_nil} |??!|. The result of
% expanding once is empty if and only if both delimited arguments |#1|
% and~|#2| are empty and |#3|~is delimited by the last tokens~|?!|.
% Thanks to the leading~|{}|, the argument~|#1| is empty if and only
% if the argument of \cs{quark_if_nil:n} starts with \cs{q_nil}. The
% argument~|#2| is empty if and only if this \cs{q_nil} is followed
% immediately by~|?| or by~|{}?|, coming either from the trailing
% tokens in the definition of \cs{quark_if_nil:n}, or from its
% argument. In the first case, \cs{@@_if_nil:w} is followed by
% |{}\q_nil| |{}?| |!\q_nil|~|??!|, hence |#3|~is delimited by the
% final~|?!|, and the test returns \texttt{true} as wanted. In the
% second case, the result is not empty since the first~|?!| in the
% definition of \cs{quark_if_nil:n} stop~|#3|. The auxiliary here
% is the same as \cs{__tl_if_empty_if:o}, with the same comments
% applying.
% \begin{macrocode}
\prg_new_conditional:Npnn \quark_if_nil:n #1 { p, T , F , TF }
{
\@@_if_empty_if:o
{ \@@_if_nil:w {} #1 {} ? ! \q_nil ? ? ! }
\prg_return_true:
\else:
\prg_return_false:
\fi:
}
\cs_new:Npn \@@_if_nil:w #1 \q_nil #2 ? #3 ? ! { #1 #2 }
\prg_new_conditional:Npnn \quark_if_no_value:n #1 { p, T , F , TF }
{
\@@_if_empty_if:o
{ \@@_if_no_value:w {} #1 {} ? ! \q_no_value ? ? ! }
\prg_return_true:
\else:
\prg_return_false:
\fi:
}
\cs_new:Npn \@@_if_no_value:w #1 \q_no_value #2 ? #3 ? ! { #1 #2 }
\prg_generate_conditional_variant:Nnn \quark_if_nil:n
{ V , o } { p , TF , T , F }
\cs_new:Npn \@@_if_empty_if:o #1
{
\exp_after:wN \if_meaning:w \exp_after:wN \q_nil
\__kernel_tl_to_str:w \exp_after:wN {#1} \q_nil
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
% \subsection{Scan marks}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%<@@=scan>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{variable}{\g_@@_marks_tl}
% \UnitTested
% The list of all scan marks currently declared.
% \begin{macrocode}
\tl_new:N \g_@@_marks_tl
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{macro}{\scan_new:N}
% \UnitTested
% Check whether the variable is already a scan mark,
% then declare it to be equal to \cs{scan_stop:} globally.
% \begin{macrocode}
\cs_new_protected:Npn \scan_new:N #1
{
\tl_if_in:NnTF \g_@@_marks_tl { #1 }
{
\__kernel_msg_error:nnx { kernel } { scanmark-already-defined }
{ \token_to_str:N #1 }
}
{
\tl_gput_right:Nn \g_@@_marks_tl {#1}
\cs_new_eq:NN #1 \scan_stop:
}
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{variable}{\s_stop}
% \UnitTested
% We only declare one scan mark here, more can be defined
% by specific modules.
% \begin{macrocode}
\scan_new:N \s_stop
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{variable}
%
% \begin{macro}{\use_none_delimit_by_s_stop:w}
% \UnitTested
% Similar to \cs{use_none_delimit_by_q_stop:w}.
% \begin{macrocode}
\cs_new:Npn \use_none_delimit_by_s_stop:w #1 \s_stop { }
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
% \begin{macrocode}
%</initex|package>
% \end{macrocode}
%
% \end{implementation}
%
% \PrintIndex
|