summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/macros/latex/contrib/hyperref/doc/hyperref-doc.tex
blob: f4b06157c36f69eba399e9d715810640af66e103 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
% This is the manual for the LaTeX hyperref package.
%
% Copyright (C) 1998-2003 Sebastian Rahtz.
% Copyright (C) 2003 Steve Peter and Karl Berry
% Copyright (C) 2006-2012 Heiko Oberdiek.
% Copyright (C) 2017-2019 David Carlisle Ulrike Fischer
% Copyright (C) 2019-2020 The LaTeX3 Project
%
% Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
% under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
% any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
% Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
% Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
% ``GNU Free Documentation License.''
%

\def\mydate{January 2020}

\RequirePackage{iftex}

\documentclass{article}


\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage{calc}

\usepackage{hologo}

\newcommand*{\cs}[1]{%
  \texttt{\textbackslash #1}%
}
\newcommand*{\xpackage}[1]{\textsf{#1}}
\newcommand*{\xoption}[1]{\textsf{#1}}

% from doc.sty
\makeatletter
\ifx\l@nohyphenation\@undefined
\newlanguage\l@nohyphenation
\fi
\ifx\l@nohyphenation\@undefined
  \newlanguage\l@nohyphenation
\fi
\DeclareRobustCommand\meta[1]{%
  \ensuremath\langle
  \ifmmode \expandafter \nfss@text \fi
  {%
    \meta@font@select
    \edef\meta@hyphen@restore
      {\hyphenchar\the\font\the\hyphenchar\font}%
    \hyphenchar\font\m@ne
    \language\l@nohyphenation
    #1\/%
    \meta@hyphen@restore
  }%
  \ensuremath\rangle
}
\def\meta@font@select{\ttfamily\itshape}
\makeatother

% Page layout.
\advance\textwidth by 1.1in
\advance\oddsidemargin by -.55in
\advance\evensidemargin by -.55in
%
\advance\textheight by 1in
\advance\topmargin by -.5in
\advance\footskip by -.5in
%
\pagestyle{headings}
%
% Avoid some overfull boxes.
\emergencystretch=.1\hsize
\hbadness = 3000

% these are from lshort.sty, but lshort.sty pulls in so many other
% packages it seems cleaner to just include them here.
%
\newcommand{\bs}{\symbol{'134}}%Print backslash
\newcommand{\ci}[1]{\texttt{\bs#1}}

\makeatletter
\@ifpackageloaded{tex4ht}{%
  % separate definition for HTML case to avoid
  % nasty borders with double horizontal lines with
  % large gaps.
  \newsavebox{\cmdsyntaxbox}%
  \newenvironment{cmdsyntax}{%
    \par
    % \small
    \addvspace{3.2ex plus 0.8ex minus 0.2ex}%
    \vskip -\parskip
    \noindent
    \begin{lrbox}{\cmdsyntaxbox}%
      \begin{tabular}{l}%
        \rule{0pt}{1em}%
        \ignorespaces
  }{%
      \end{tabular}%
    \end{lrbox}%
    \fbox{\usebox{\cmdsyntaxbox}}%
    \par
    \nopagebreak
    \addvspace{3.2ex plus 0.8ex minus 0.2ex}%
    \vskip -\parskip
  }%
}{%
  \newenvironment{cmdsyntax}{%
    \par
    \small
    \addvspace{3.2ex plus 0.8ex minus 0.2ex}%
    \vskip -\parskip
    \noindent
    \begin{tabular}{|l|}%
      \hline
      \rule{0pt}{1em}%
      \ignorespaces
  }{%
      \\%
      \hline
    \end{tabular}%
    \par
    \nopagebreak
    \addvspace{3.2ex plus 0.8ex minus 0.2ex}%
    \vskip -\parskip
  }%
}
\makeatother

\usepackage{array,longtable}
\ifTUTeX%
  \usepackage{fontspec}%
  \renewcommand*{\ttdefault}{lmvtt}%
\else % not \XeTeX* nor \LuaTeX*
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}%
  \usepackage{lmodern}%
  \renewcommand*{\ttdefault}{lmvtt}%
\fi

\newcommand*{\Quote}[1]{\textquotedblleft#1\textquotedblright}

\ifpdf
  \usepackage[%
%    pdftex,% might be luatex, just allow automatic default
    colorlinks,%
    hyperindex,%
    plainpages=false,%
    bookmarksopen,%
    bookmarksnumbered,
    pdfusetitle,%
  ]{hyperref}
  %%?? \def\pdfBorderAttrs{/Border [0 0 0] } % No border arround Links
\else
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\fi

\makeatletter
\@ifpackageloaded{tex4ht}{%
\author{Sebastian Rahtz (deceased)\and
       Heiko Oberdiek (inactive)\and
       The \LaTeX3 Project (\url{https://github.com/latex3/hyperref/issues})}
}{%
  \usepackage{bmhydoc}%
\author{Sebastian Rahtz\thanks{deceased}\and
       Heiko Oberdiek\thanks{inactive}\and
       The \LaTeX3 Project\thanks{\url{https://github.com/latex3/hyperref/issues}}}
}
\makeatother
\title{Hypertext marks in \hologo{LaTeX}: a manual for \xpackage{hyperref}}
\date{2021-06-07 v7.00m}

\begin{document}

% comes out too close to the toc, and we know it's page one anyway.
\thispagestyle{empty}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\setcounter{tocdepth}{2}% for bookmark levels

\section{Introduction}

The package derives from, and builds on, the work of the Hyper\hologo{TeX}
project, described at \nolinkurl{http://xxx.lanl.gov/hypertex/}\footnote{Now: \url{https://ctan.org/tex-archive/support/hypertex/hypertex}}. It extends
the functionality of all the \hologo{LaTeX} cross-referencing commands
(including the table of contents, bibliographies etc) to produce
\cs{special} commands which a driver can turn into hypertext links;
it also provides new commands to allow the user to write \emph{ad hoc}
hypertext links, including those to external documents and URLs.

The package is currently maintained at \url{https://github.com/latex3/hyperref/} and issues should
be reported there.

This manual provides a brief overview of the \xpackage{hyperref}
package. For more details, you should read the additional documentation
distributed with the package, as well as the complete documentation by
processing \texttt{hyperref.dtx}. You should also read the chapter on
\xpackage{hyperref} in \textit{The \hologo{LaTeX} Web Companion}, where you will
find additional examples.

The Hyper\hologo{TeX} specification\footnote{This is borrowed from an article
by Arthur Smith.} says that conformant viewers/translators must
recognize the following set of \cs{special} constructs:

\begin{description}
\item[href:] \verb|html:<a href = "href_string">|
\item[name:] \verb|html:<a name = "name_string">|
\item[end:] \verb|html:</a>|
\item[image:] \verb|html:<img src = "href_string">|
\item[base\_name:] \verb|html:<base href = "href_string">|
\end{description}

The \emph{href}, \emph{name} and \emph{end} commands are used to do the
basic hypertext operations of establishing links between sections of
documents. The \emph{image} command is intended (as with current HTML
viewers) to place an image of arbitrary graphical format on the page in
the current location. The \emph{base\_name} command is be used to
communicate to the DVI viewer the full (URL) location of the current
document so that files specified by relative URLs may be retrieved
correctly.

The \emph{href} and \emph{name} commands must be paired with an
\emph{end} command later in the \TeX\ file---the \TeX\ commands between
the two ends of a pair form an \emph{anchor} in the document. In the
case of an \emph{href} command, the \emph{anchor} is to be highlighted
in the \emph{DVI viewer}, and when clicked on will cause the scene to
shift to the destination specified by \emph{href\_string}. The
\emph{anchor} associated with a name command represents a possible
location to which other hypertext links may refer, either as local
references (of the form \verb|href="#name_string"| with the
\emph{name\_string} identical to the one in the name command) or as part
of a URL (of the form \emph{URL\#name\_string}). Here
\emph{href\_string} is a valid URL or local identifier, while
\emph{name\_string} could be any string at all: the only caveat is that
`$\verb|"|$' characters should be escaped with a backslash
($\backslash$), and if it looks like a URL name it may cause problems.

However, the drivers intended to produce \emph{only} PDF use literal
PostScript or PDF \verb|\special| commands. The commands are defined in
configuration files for different drivers, selected by package options;
at present, the following drivers are supported:

\begin{description}
\item[hypertex] DVI processors conforming to the Hyper\TeX\ guidelines (i.e.\ \textsf{xdvi}, \textsf{dvips} (with
the \textsf{-z} option), \textsf{\hologo{OzTeX}}, and \textsf{Textures})
\item[dvips] produces \verb|\special| commands tailored for \textsf{dvips}
\item[dvipsone] produces \verb|\special| commands tailored for \textsf{dvipsone}
\item[ps2pdf] a special case of output suitable for processing by earlier versions of Ghost\-script's
PDF writer; this is basically the same as that for \textsf{dvips}, but a few variations remained before version 5.21
\item[tex4ht] produces \verb|\special| commands for use with \textsf{\TeX4ht}
\item[pdftex] pdf\TeX, \hologo{HanTheThanh}'s \TeX{} variant that writes PDF directly
\item[luatex] lua\TeX, Unicode \TeX{} variant that writes PDF directly
\item[dvipdfm] produces \verb|\special| commands for Mark Wicks' DVI to PDF driver \textsf{dvipdfm}
\item[dvipdfmx] produces \verb|\special| commands for driver
     \textsf{dvipdfmx}, a successor of \textsf{dvipdfm}
\item[dviwindo] produces \verb|\special| commands that Y\&Y's Windows previewer interprets as hypertext jumps within the previewer
\item[vtex] produces \verb|\special| commands that MicroPress' HTML and
     PDF-producing \TeX\ variants interpret as hypertext jumps within the
     previewer
\item[textures] produces \verb|\special| commands that \textsf{Textures} interprets as hypertext jumps within the previewer
\item[xetex] produces \verb|\special| commands for Xe\TeX{}
\end{description}

Output from \textsf{dvips} or \textsf{dvipsone} must be processed using
Acrobat Distiller to obtain a PDF file.\footnote{Make sure you turn off
the partial font downloading supported by \textsf{dvips} and
\textsf{dvipsone} in favor of Distiller's own system.} The result is
generally preferable to that produced by using the \textsf{hypertex}
driver, and then processing with \textsf{dvips -z}, but the DVI file is
not portable. The main advantage of using the Hyper\TeX\ \ci{special}
commands is that you can also use the document in hypertext DVI viewers,
such as \textsf{xdvi}.

\begin{description}
\item[driverfallback]
  If a driver is not given and cannot be autodetected, then use
  the driver option, given as value to this option \textsf{driverfallback}.
  Example:
  \begin{quote}
    \texttt{driverfallback=dvipdfm}
  \end{quote}
  Autodetected drivers (\textsf{pdftex}, \textsf{xetex}, \textsf{vtex},
  \textsf{vtexpdfmark}) are recognized from within \TeX\ and
  therefore cannot be given as value to option \textsf{driverfallback}.
  However a DVI driver program is run after the \TeX\ run is finished.
  Thus it cannot be detected at \TeX\ macro level. Then package
  \xpackage{hyperref}
  uses the driver, given by \textsf{driverfallback}. If the driver
  is already specified or can be autodetected, then option
  \textsf{driverfallback} is ignored.
\end{description}

\section{Implicit behavior}

This package can be used with more or less any normal \LaTeX\ document
by specifying in the document preamble

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

Make sure it comes \emph{last} of your loaded packages, to give it a
fighting chance of not being over-written, since its job is to redefine
many \LaTeX\ commands. Hopefully you will find that all cross-references
work correctly as hypertext. For example, \ci{section} commands will
produce a bookmark and a link, whereas \ci{section*} commands will only
show links when paired with a corresponding \ci{addcontentsline}
command.

In addition, the \texttt{hyperindex} option (see below) attempts to make
items in the index by hyperlinked back to the text, and the option
\texttt{backref} inserts extra `back' links into the bibliography for
each entry. Other options control the appearance of links, and give
extra control over PDF output. For example, \texttt{colorlinks}, as its
name well implies, colors the links instead of using boxes; this is the
option used in this document.


\section{Package options}

All user-configurable aspects of \xpackage{hyperref} are set using a
single `key=value' scheme (using the \xpackage{keyval} package) with the
key \texttt{Hyp}. The options can be set either in the optional argument
to the \cs{usepackage} command, or using the \cs{hypersetup}
macro. When the package is loaded, a file \texttt{hyperref.cfg} is read
if it can be found, and this is a convenient place to set options on a
site-wide basis.

Note however that some options (for example \texttt{unicode}) can only be used as
package options, and not in \verb|\hypersetup| as the option settings are processed
as the package is read.

As an example, the behavior of a particular file could be controlled by:
\begin{itemize}

\item	a site-wide \texttt{hyperref.cfg} setting up the look of links,
adding backreferencing, and setting a PDF display default:

\begin{verbatim}
\hypersetup{backref,
pdfpagemode=FullScreen,
colorlinks=true}
\end{verbatim}

\item	A global option in the file, which is passed down to
\textsf{hyperref}:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[dvips]{article}
\end{verbatim}

\item	File-specific options in the \cs{usepackage} commands, which
override the ones set in \texttt{hyperref.cfg}:

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[colorlinks=false]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdftitle={A Perfect Day}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}

As seen in the previous example, information entries
(pdftitle, pdfauthor, \dots) should be set after the package is loaded.
Otherwise \LaTeX\ expands the values of these options prematurely.
Also \LaTeX\ strips spaces in options. Especially option `pdfborder'
requires some care. Curly braces protect the value, if given
as package option. They are not necessary in \verb|\hypersetup|.

\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[pdfborder={0 0 0}]{hyperref}
\hypersetup{pdfborder=0 0 0}
\end{verbatim}

Some options can be given at any time, but many are restricted: before
\verb|\begin{document}|, only in \verb|\usepackage[...]{hyperref}|,
before first use, etc.

In the key descriptions that follow, many options do not need a value,
as they default to the value true if used. These are the ones classed as
`boolean'. The values true and false can always be specified, however.

\subsection{General options}

Firstly, the options to specify general behavior and page size.

\medskip
\begin{longtable}{>{\ttfamily}ll>{\itshape}ll}
draft          & boolean & false & all hypertext options are turned off \\
final          & boolean & true  & all hypertext options are turned on \\
debug          & boolean & false & extra diagnostic messages are printed in \\
               &         &       & the log file \\
verbose        & boolean & false & same as debug \\
implicit       & boolean & true  & redefines \LaTeX\ internals \\
setpagesize    & boolean & true  & sets page size by special driver commands
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Options for destination names}

Destinations names (also anchor, target or link names) are internal
names that identify a position on a page in the document. They
are used in link targets for inner document links or the bookmarks,
for example.

Usually anchor are set, if \cs{refstepcounter} is called.
Thus there is a counter name and value. Both are used to
construct the destination name. By default the counter value
follows the counter name separated by a dot. Example for
the fourth chapter:
\begin{quote}
  \verb|chapter.4|
\end{quote}
This scheme is used by:
\begin{description}
\item[\cs{autoref}] displays the description label for the
  reference depending on the counter name.
\item[\cs{hyperpage}] is used by the index to get
page links. Page anchor setting (\verb|pageanchor|) must not
be turned off.
\end{description}

It is very important that the destination names are unique,
because two destinations must not share the same name.
The counter value \cs{the<counter>} is not always unique
for the counter. For example, table and figures can be numbered
inside the chapter without having the chapter number in their
number. Therefore \xpackage{hyperref} has introduced \cs{theH<counter>}
that allows a unique counter value without messing up with
the appearance of the counter number. For example, the number
of the second table in the third chapter might be printed
as \texttt{2}, the result of \cs{thetable}. But the
destination name \texttt{table.2.4} is unique because it
has used \cs{theHtable} that gives \verb|2.4| in this case.

Often the user do not need to set \cs{theH<counter>}. Defaults
for standard cases (chapter, \dots) are provided. And after \xpackage{hyperref}
is loaded, new counters with parent counters also define
\cs{theH<counter>} automatically, if \cs{newcounter}, \cs{@addtoreset}
or \cs{numberwithin} of package \xpackage{amsmath} are used.

Usually problems with duplicate destination names can be solved
by an appropriate definition of \cs{theH<counter>}. If option
\texttt{hypertexnames} is disabled, then a unique artificial
number is used instead of the counter value. In case of page
anchors the absolute page anchor is used. With option \texttt{plainpages}
the page anchors use the arabic form. In both latter cases \cs{hyperpage}
for index links is affected and might not work properly.

If an unnumbered entity gets an anchor (starred forms of
chapters, sections, \dots) or \cs{phantomsection} is used,
then the dummy counter name \texttt{section*} and an artificial
unique number is used.

If the final PDF file is going to be merged with another file, than
the destination names might clash, because both documents might
contain \texttt{chapter.1} or \texttt{page.1}. Also \xpackage{hyperref}
sets anchor with name \texttt{Doc-Start} at the begin of the document.
This can be resolved by redefining \cs{HyperDestNameFilter}.
Package \xpackage{hyperref} calls this macro each time, it uses a
destination name.
The macro must be expandable and expects the destination name
as only argument. As example, the macro is redefined to add
a prefix to all destination names:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand*{\HyperDestNameFilter}[1]{\jobname-#1}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
In document \texttt{docA} the destination name \texttt{chapter.2}
becomes \texttt{docA-chapter.2}.

Destination names can also be used from the outside in URIs(, if the
driver has not removed or changed them), for example:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
http://somewhere/path/file.pdf#nameddest=chapter.4
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
However using a number seems unhappy. If another chapter is added
before, the number changes. But it is very difficult to pass
a new name for the destination to the anchor setting process that
is usually deep hidden in the internals. The first name of
\cs{label} after the anchor setting seems a good approximation:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
  \section{Introduction}
  \label{intro}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
Option \texttt{destlabel} checks for each \cs{label}, if there is
a new destination name active and replaces the destination
name by the label name. Because the destination name is already in use
because of the anchor setting, the new name is recorded in the \texttt{.aux}
file and used in the subsequent \hologo{LaTeX} run. The renaming is done by
a redefinition of \cs{HyperDestNameFilter}. That leaves the old
destination names intact (e.g., they are needed for \cs{autoref}).
This redefinition is also available as \cs{HyperDestLabelReplace},
thus that an own redefinition can use it.
The following example also adds a prefix for \emph{all} destination names:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand*{\HyperDestNameFilter}[1]{%
  \jobname-\HyperDestLabelReplace{#1}%
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
The other case that only files prefixed that do not have a corresponding
\cs{label} is more complicate, because \cs{HyperDestLabelReplace} needs
the unmodified destination name as argument. This is solved by an
expandable string test (\cs{pdfstrcmp} of \hologo{pdfTeX}
or \cs{strcmp} of \hologo{XeTeX}, package \xpackage{pdftexcmds} also supports
\hologo{LuaTeX}):
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage{pdftexcmds}
\makeatletter
\renewcommand*{\HyperDestNameFilter}[1]{%
  \ifcase\pdf@strcmp{#1}{\HyperDestLabelReplace{#1}} %
    \jobname-#1%
  \else
    \HyperDestLabelReplace{#1}%
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

With option \texttt{destlabel} destinations can also named manually,
if the destination is not yet renamed:
\begin{quote}
\verb|\HyperDestRename{|\meta{destination}\verb|}{|\meta{newname}\verb|}|
\end{quote}

Hint: Anchors can also be named and set by \cs{hypertarget}.

\medskip
\begin{longtable}{>{\ttfamily}ll>{\itshape}ll}
destlabel      & boolean & false & destinations are named by first \cs{label}\\
               &         &       & after anchor creation\\
hypertexnames  & boolean & true  & use guessable names for links \\
naturalnames   & boolean & false & use \LaTeX-computed names for links \\
plainpages     & boolean & false & Forces page anchors to be named by the Arabic form \\
               &         &       & of the page number, rather than the formatted form. \\
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Configuration options}

\begin{longtable}{>{\ttfamily}ll>{\itshape}lp{9cm}}
raiselinks & boolean & true  & In the hypertex driver, the height of links is normally calculated by the driver as
                               simply the base line of contained text; this options forces \verb|\special| commands to
                               reflect the real height of the link (which could contain a graphic) \\
breaklinks & boolean & both & This option is in hyperref only used in the dviwindo driver, in all other cases it doesn't do anything sensible---it neither allows nor prevents links to be broken. The ocgx2 package
checks the state of the boolean.\\
pageanchor & boolean & true  & Determines whether every page is given an implicit anchor at the top left corner. If this
                               is turned off, \verb|\printindex| will not contain
                               valid hyperlinks. \\
nesting    & boolean & false & Allows links to be nested; no drivers currently support this.
\end{longtable}

Note for option \verb|breaklinks|:
The correct value is automatically set according to the driver features.
It can be overwritten for drivers that do not support broken links.
However, at any case, the link area will be wrong and displaced.

\subsection{Backend drivers}

If no driver is specified, the package tries to find a driver in
the following order:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Autodetection, some \TeX\ processors can be detected at \TeX\ macro
  level (pdf\TeX, Xe\TeX, V\TeX).
\item Option \textsf{driverfallback}. If this option is set, its value
  is taken as driver option.
\item Macro \cs{Hy@defaultdriver}. The macro takes a driver file
  name (without file extension).
\item Package default is \textsf{hypertex}.
\end{enumerate}
Many distributions are using a driver file \texttt{hypertex.cfg} that
define \cs{Hy@defaultdriver} with \texttt{hdvips}. This is recommended
because driver \textsf{dvips} provides much more features than
\textsf{hypertex} for PDF generation.

\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}lp{.8\hsize}@{}}
driverfallback & Its value is used as driver option\\
            & if the driver is not given or autodetected.\\
dvipdfm     & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the \textsf{dvipdfm} driver.\\
dvipdfmx    & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the \textsf{dvipdfmx} driver.\\
dvips       & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the \textsf{dvips} driver. \\
dvipsone    & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the \textsf{dvipsone} driver. \\
dviwindo    & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the \textsf{dviwindo} Windows previewer. \\
hypertex    & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the Hyper\TeX-compliant drivers. \\
latex2html  & Redefines a few macros for compatibility with \textsf{latex2html}. \\
nativepdf   & An alias for \textsf{dvips} \\
pdfmark     & An alias for \textsf{dvips} \\
pdftex      & Sets up \textsf{hyperref} for use with the \textsf{pdftex} program.\\
ps2pdf      & Redefines a few macros for compatibility with
              Ghostscript's PDF writer, otherwise identical to
              \textsf{dvips}. \\
tex4ht      & For use with \textsf{\TeX4ht} \\
textures    & For use with \textsf{Textures} \\
vtex        & For use with MicroPress' \textsf{VTeX}; the PDF
                       and HTML backends are detected automatically. \\
vtexpdfmark & For use with \textsf{VTeX}'s PostScript backend. \\
xetex       & For use with Xe\TeX\ (using backend for dvipdfm).
\end{longtable}
\smallskip

If you use \textsf{dviwindo}, you may need to redefine the macro
\ci{wwwbrowser} (the default is \verb|C:\netscape\netscape|) to tell
\textsf{dviwindo} what program to launch. Thus, users of Internet
Explorer might add something like this to hyperref.cfg:

\begin{verbatim}
\renewcommand{\wwwbrowser}{C:\string\Program\space
  Files\string\Plus!\string\Microsoft\space
  Internet\string\iexplore.exe}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Extension options}
\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}ll>{\itshape}lp{8cm}@{}}
extension      & text    &         & Set the file extension (e.g.\ \textsf{dvi}) which will be appended to file links
                                     created if you use the \xpackage{xr} package. \\
hyperfigures   & boolean &         & \\
backref        & text    & false   & Adds `backlink' text to the end of each item in the bibliography, as a list of
                                     section numbers. This can only work properly \emph{if} there is a blank line after
                                     each \verb|\bibitem|. Supported values are \verb|section|, \verb|slide|, \verb|page|,
                                     \verb|none|, or \verb|false|. If no value is given, \verb|section| is taken as default.\\
pagebackref    & boolean & false   & Adds `backlink' text to the end of each item in the bibliography, as a list of page
                                     numbers. \\
hyperindex     & boolean & true    & Makes the page numbers of index entries into hyperlinks. Relays on unique
                                     page anchors (\verb|pageanchor|, \ldots)
                                     \verb|pageanchors| and \verb|plainpages=false|. \\
hyperfootnotes & boolean & true    & Makes the footnote marks into hyperlinks to the footnote text.
                                     Easily broken \ldots\\
encap          &         &         & Sets encap character for hyperindex \\
linktoc        & text    & section & make text (\verb|section|), page number (\verb|page|), both (\verb|all|) or nothing (\verb|none|) be link on TOC, LOF and LOT \\
linktocpage    & boolean & false   & make page number, not text, be link on TOC, LOF and LOT \\
breaklinks     & boolean & false   & allow links to break over lines by making links over multiple lines into PDF links to
                                     the same target \\
colorlinks     & boolean & false   & Colors the text of links and anchors. The colors chosen depend on the the type of
                                     link. At present the only types of link distinguished are citations, page references,
                                     URLs, local file references, and other links.
                                     Unlike colored boxes, the colored
                                     text remains when printing.\\
linkcolor      & color   & red     & Color for normal internal links. \\
anchorcolor    & color   & black   & Color for anchor text. Ignored by most drivers. \\
citecolor      & color   & green   & Color for bibliographical citations in text. \\
filecolor      & color   & cyan    & Color for URLs which open local files. \\
menucolor      & color   & red     & Color for Acrobat menu items. \\
runcolor       & color   & filecolor & Color for run links (launch annotations). \\
urlcolor       & color   & magenta & Color for linked URLs. \\
allcolors      & color   &         & Set all color options (without border and field options).\\
frenchlinks    & boolean & false   & Use small caps instead of color for links.\\
hidelinks      &         &         & Hide links (removing color and border). \\
\end{longtable} \smallskip

Note that all color names must be defined before use, following the
normal system of the standard \LaTeX\ \xpackage{color} package.

\subsection{PDF-specific display options}
\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}ll>{\itshape}lp{7.6cm}@{}}
bookmarks          & boolean   & true   & A set of Acrobat bookmarks are written, in a manner similar to the
                                           table of contents, requiring two passes of \LaTeX. Some postprocessing
                                           of the bookmark file (file extension \texttt{.out}) may be needed to
                                           translate \LaTeX\ codes, since bookmarks must be written in  PDFEncoding.
                                           To aid this  process, the \texttt{.out} file is not rewritten by \LaTeX\
                                           if it is edited to contain a line \verb|\let\WriteBookmarks\relax| \\
bookmarksopen      & boolean   & false   & If Acrobat bookmarks are requested, show them with all the subtrees
                                           expanded. \\
bookmarksopenlevel & parameter &         & level (\ci{maxdimen}) to which bookmarks are open \\
bookmarksnumbered  & boolean   & false   & If Acrobat bookmarks are requested, include section numbers. \\
bookmarkstype      & text      & toc     & to specify which `toc' file to mimic \\
CJKbookmarks       & boolean   & false   &
    This option should be used to produce CJK bookmarks.
    Package \verb|hyperref|
    supports both normal and preprocessed mode of the \xpackage{CJK} package;
    during the creation of bookmarks, it simply replaces CJK's macros
    with special versions which expand to the corresponding character
    codes.  Note that without the `unicode' option of hyperref you get
    PDF files which actually violate the PDF specification because
    non-Unicode character codes are used -- some PDF readers localized
    for CJK languages (most notably Acroread itself) support this.
    Also note that option `CJKbookmarks' cannot be used together
    with option `unicode'.

    No mechanism is provided to translate non-Unicode bookmarks to
    Unicode; for portable PDF documents only Unicode encoding should
    be used.\\
pdfhighlight       & name      & /I      & How link buttons behave when selected; /I is for inverse (the default);
                                           the other possibilities are /N (no effect), /O (outline), and /P (inset
                                           highlighting). \\
citebordercolor    & RGB color & 0 1 0   & The color of the box around citations \\
filebordercolor    & RGB color & 0 .5 .5 & The color of the box around links to files \\
linkbordercolor    & RGB color & 1 0 0   & The color of the box around normal links \\
menubordercolor    & RGB color & 1 0 0   & The color of the box around Acrobat menu links \\
urlbordercolor     & RGB color & 0 1 1   & The color of the box around links to URLs \\
runbordercolor     & RGB color & 0 .7 .7 & Color of border around `run' links \\
allbordercolors    &           &         & Set all border color options \\
pdfborder          &           & 0 0 1   & The style of box around links; defaults to a box with lines of 1pt thickness,
                                           but the colorlinks option resets it to produce no border.
\end{longtable}

The color of link borders used to be specified \emph{only} as 3
numbers in the range 0..1, giving an RGB color. Since version 6.76a, the usual
color specifications of package \xpackage{(x)color} can be used if \xpackage{xcolor}
has been loaded.
For further information see description of package \xpackage{hycolor}.

The bookmark commands are stored in a file called
\textit{jobname}\texttt{.out}. The files is not processed by \LaTeX\ so
any markup is passed through. You can postprocess this file as needed;
as an aid for this, the \texttt{.out} file is not overwritten on the
next \TeX\ run if it is edited to contain the line
\begin{verbatim}
\let\WriteBookmarks\relax
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{PDF display and information options}
\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}l>{\raggedright}p{\widthof{key value}}>{\itshape}lp{7cm}@{}}
baseurl            & URL     &       & Sets the base URL of the PDF document \\
pdfpagemode        & name    & empty & Determines how the file is opening in Acrobat; the possibilities are
                                       \verb|UseNone|, \verb|UseThumbs| (show thumbnails), \verb|UseOutlines|
                                       (show bookmarks), \verb|FullScreen|, \verb|UseOC| (PDF 1.5),
                                       and \verb|UseAttachments| (PDF 1.6). If no mode if explicitly chosen, but the
                                       bookmarks option is set, \verb|UseOutlines| is used. \\
pdftitle           & text    &       & Sets the document information Title field \\
pdfauthor          & text    &       & Sets the document information Author field \\
pdfsubject         & text    &       & Sets the document information Subject field \\
pdfcreator         & text    &       & Sets the document information Creator field \\
addtopdfcreator    & text    &       & Adds additional text to the document information Creator field \\
pdfkeywords        & text    &       & Sets the document information Keywords field \\
pdftrapped         & name    & empty & Sets the document information Trapped entry. Possible values are \verb|True|, \verb|False| and \verb|Unknown|.
                                       An empty value means, the entry is not set.\\
%
pdfinfo            & key value list  & empty & Alternative interface for setting the
                                       document information.\\
pdfview            & name    & XYZ   & Sets the default PDF `view' for each link \\
pdfstartpage       & integer & 1     & Determines on which page the PDF file is opened. An empty value means, the entry is not set.\\
pdfstartview       & name    & Fit   & Set the startup page view \\
pdfremotestartview & name    & Fit   & Set the startup page view of remote PDF files \\
pdfpagescrop       & n n n n &       & Sets the default PDF crop box for pages. This should be a set of four numbers \\
pdfcenterwindow    & boolean & false & position the document window in the center of the screen \\
pdfdirection       & name    & empty & direction setting. Possible values:  \verb|L2R| (left to right) and
                                       \verb|R2L| (right to left)\\
pdfdisplaydoctitle & boolean & false & display document title instead of file name in title bar\\
pdfduplex          & name    & empty & paper handling option for print dialog. Possible vatues are:
                                       \verb|Simplex| (print single-sided),
                                       \verb|DuplexFlipShortEdge| (duplex and flip on the short edge of the sheet),
                                       \verb|DuplexFlipLongEdge| (duplex and flip on the long edge of the sheet)\\

pdffitwindow       & boolean & false & resize document window to fit document size \\
pdflang            & name    & relax & PDF language identifier (RFC 3066)\\
pdfmenubar         & boolean & true  & make PDF viewer's menu bar visible \\
pdfnewwindow       & boolean & false & make links that open another PDF file start a new window \\
pdfnonfullscreenpagemode
                   & name    & empty & page mode setting on exiting full-screen mode. Possible values are
                                       \verb|UseNone|, \verb|UseOutlines|, \verb|UseThumbs|, and \verb|UseOC|\\
pdfnumcopies       & integer & empty & number of printed copies \\
pdfpagelayout      & name    & empty & set layout of PDF pages.  Possible values:
                                       \verb|SinglePage|, \verb|OneColumn|,
                                       \verb|TwoColumnLeft|, \verb|TwoColumnRight|,
                                       \verb|TwoPageLeft|, and \verb|TwoPageRight| \\
pdfpagelabels      & boolean & true  & set PDF page labels \\
pdfpagetransition  & name    & empty & set PDF page transition style. Possible values are
                                       \verb|Split|, \verb|Blinds|, \verb|Box|, \verb|Wipe|,
                                       \verb|Dissolve|, \verb|Glitter|, \verb|R|,
                                       \verb|Fly|, \verb|Push|,
                                       \verb|Cover|, \verb|Uncover|,
                                       \verb|Fade|.
                                       The default according to the PDF~Reference is \verb|R|,
                                       which simply replaces the old page with the new one. \\
pdfpicktraybypdfsize
                   & boolean & false & specify whether PDF page size is used to select input paper tray in print dialog \\
pdfprintarea       & name    & empty & set /PrintArea of viewer preferences.  Possible values are
                                       \verb|MediaBox|, \verb|CropBox|,
                                       \verb|BleedBox|, \verb|TrimBox|, and \verb|ArtBox|.
                                       The dafault according to the PDF~Refence is \verb|CropBox| \\
pdfprintclip       & name    & empty & set /PrintClip of viewer preferences.  Possible values are
                                       \verb|MediaBox|, \verb|CropBox|,
                                       \verb|BleedBox|, \verb|TrimBox|, and \verb|ArtBox|.
                                       The dafault according to the PDF~Refence is \verb|CropBox| \\
pdfprintpagerange  & n n (n n)*
                             & empty & set /PrintPageRange of viewer preferences\\
pdfprintscaling    & name    & empty & page scaling option for print dialog
                                       (option /PrintScaling of viewer
                                       preferences, PDF 1.6);
                                       valid values are \verb|None| and
                                       \verb|AppDefault| \\
pdftoolbar         & boolean & true  & make PDF toolbar visible \\
pdfviewarea        & name    & empty & set /ViewArea of viewer preferences. Possible values are
                                       \verb|MediaBox|, \verb|CropBox|,
                                       \verb|BleedBox|, \verb|TrimBox|, and \verb|ArtBox|.
                                       The dafault according to the PDF~Refence is \verb|CropBox| \\
pdfviewclip        & name    & empty & set /ViewClip of viewer preferences Possible values are
                                       \verb|MediaBox|, \verb|CropBox|,
                                       \verb|BleedBox|, \verb|TrimBox|, and \verb|ArtBox|.
                                       The dafault according to the PDF~Refence is \verb|CropBox| \\
pdfwindowui        & boolean & true  & make PDF user interface elements visible \\
unicode            & boolean & true & Unicode encoded PDF strings
\end{longtable}

Each link in Acrobat carries its own magnification level, which is set
using PDF coordinate space, which is not the same as \TeX's. The unit
is bp and the origin is in the lower left corner. See also
\verb|\hypercalcbp| that is explained on page \pageref{hypercalcbp}.
pdf\TeX\
works by supplying default values for \texttt{XYZ} (horizontal $\times$
vertical $\times$ zoom) and \texttt{FitBH}. However, drivers using
\texttt{pdfmark} do not supply defaults, so \textsf{hyperref} passes in
a value of -32768, which causes Acrobat to set (usually) sensible
defaults. The following are possible values for the \texttt{pdfview},
\texttt{pdfstartview} and \texttt{pdfremotestartview} parameters.

\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}l>{\itshape}lp{7cm}@{}}
XYZ   & left top zoom         & Sets a coordinate and a zoom factor. If any one is null, the source link value is used.
                                \textit{null null null} will give the same values as the current page. \\
Fit   &                       & Fits the page to the window. \\
FitH  & top                   & Fits the width of the page to the window. \\
FitV  & left                  & Fits the height of the page to the window. \\
FitR  & left bottom right top & Fits the rectangle specified by the four coordinates to the window. \\
FitB  &                       & Fits the page bounding box to the window. \\
FitBH & top                   & Fits the width of the page bounding box to the window. \\
FitBV & left                  & Fits the height of the page bounding box to the window. \\
\end{longtable}

The \texttt{pdfpagelayout} can be one of the following values.

\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}lp{10cm}@{}}
SinglePage     & Displays a single page; advancing flips the page \\
OneColumn      & Displays the document in one column; continuous scrolling. \\
TwoColumnLeft  & Displays the document in two columns, odd-numbered pages to the left. \\
TwoColumnRight & Displays the document in two columns, odd-numbered pages to the right.\\
TwoPageLeft    & Displays two pages, odd-numbered pages to the left (since PDF 1.5).\\
TwoPageRight   & Displays two pages, odd-numbered pages to the right (since PDF 1.5).
\end{longtable}

Finally, the \texttt{pdfpagetransition} can be one of the following
values, where \textit{/Di} stands for direction of motion in degrees,
generally in 90$^{\circ}$\ steps, \textit{/Dm} is a horizontal
(\texttt{/H}) or vertical (\texttt{/V}) dimension (e.g.\ \texttt{Blinds
/Dm /V}), and \textit{/M} is for motion, either in (\texttt{/I}) or out
(\texttt{/O}).

\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}llp{8.5cm}@{}}
Blinds   & /Dm    & Multiple lines distributed evenly across the screen sweep in the same direction to reveal the new
                    page. \\
Box      & /M     & A box sweeps in or out. \\
Dissolve &        & The page image dissolves in a piecemeal fashion to reveal the new page. \\
Glitter  & /Di    & Similar to Dissolve, except the effect sweeps across the screen. \\
Split    & /Dm /M & Two lines sweep across the screen to reveal the new page. \\
Wipe     & /Di    & A single line sweeps across the screen to reveal the new page. \\
R        &        & Simply replaces the old page with the new one. \\
Fly      & /Di /M & Changes are flown out or in (as specified by /M), in the direction
                    specified by /Di, to or from a location that is
                    offscreen except when /Di is None. \\
Push     & /Di    & The old page slides off the screen while the new page slides in,
                    pushing the old page out in the direction
                    specified by /Di. \\
Cover    & /Di    & The new page slides on to the screen in the direction specified
                    by /Di, covering the old page. \\
Uncover  & /Di    & The old page slides off the screen in the direction specified by
                    /Di, uncovering the new page in the direction
                    specified by /Di. \\
Fade     &        & The new page gradually becomes visible through the old one.

\end{longtable}

\subsection{Option \texttt{pdfinfo}}

The information entries can be set using \texttt{pdftitle},
\texttt{pdfsubject}, \dots. Option \texttt{pdfinfo} provides an alternative
interface. It takes a key value list. The key names are the names that
appear in the PDF information dictionary directly. Known keys such as
\texttt{Title}, \texttt{Subject}, \texttt{Trapped} and other are mapped to
options \texttt{pdftitle}, \texttt{subject}, \texttt{trapped}, \dots
Unknown keys are added to the information dictionary. Their values are text
strings (see PDF specification).
Example:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\hypersetup{
  pdfinfo={
    Title={My Title},
    Subject={My Subject},
    NewKey={Foobar},
    % ...
  }
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\subsection{Big alphabetical list}

The following is a complete listing of available options for
\textsf{hyperref}, arranged alphabetically.

\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}llp{7cm}@{}}
allbordercolors    &                        & Set all border color options\\
allcolors          &                        & Set all color options (without border and field options)\\
anchorcolor        & \textit{black}         & set color of anchors, ignored by most drivers. \\
backref            & \textit{false}         & do bibliographical back references \\
baseurl            & \textit{empty}         & set base URL for document \\
bookmarks          & \textit{true}          & make bookmarks \\
bookmarksnumbered  & \textit{false}         & put section numbers in bookmarks \\
bookmarksopen      & \textit{false}         & open up bookmark tree \\
bookmarksopenlevel & \ttfamily\ci{maxdimen} & level to which bookmarks are open \\
bookmarkstype      & \textit{toc}           & to specify which `toc' file to mimic \\
breaklinks         & \textit{false}         & allow links to break over lines \\
CJKbookmarks       & \textit{false}         & to produce CJK bookmarks\\
citebordercolor    & \textit{0 1 0}         & color of border around cites \\
citecolor          & \textit{green}         & color of citation links \\
colorlinks         & \textit{false}         & color links \\
                   & \textit{true}          & (\textsf{tex4ht}, \textsf{dviwindo}) \\
debug              & \textit{false}         & provide details of anchors defined; same as verbose \\
destlabel          & \textit{false}         & destinations are named by the first \verb|\label| after the anchor creation \\
draft              & \textit{false}         & do not do any hyperlinking \\
driverfallback     &                        & default if no driver specified or detected\\
dvipdfm            &                        & use \textsf{dvipdfm} backend \\
dvipdfmx           &                        & use \textsf{dvipdfmx} backend \\
dvips              &                        & use \textsf{dvips} backend \\
dvipsone           &                        & use \textsf{dvipsone} backend \\
dviwindo           &                        & use \textsf{dviwindo} backend \\
encap              &                        & to set encap character for hyperindex \\
extension          & \textit{dvi}           & suffix of linked files \\
filebordercolor    & \textit{0 .5 .5}       & color of border around file links \\
filecolor          & \textit{cyan}          & color of file links \\
final              & \textit{true}          & opposite of option draft \\
frenchlinks        & \textit{false}         & use small caps instead of color for links \\
hidelinks          &                        & Hide links (removing color and border) \\
hyperfigures       & \textit{false}         & make figures hyper links \\
hyperfootnotes     & \textit{true}          & set up hyperlinked footnotes \\
hyperindex         & \textit{true}          & set up hyperlinked indices \\
hypertex           &                        & use \textsf{Hyper\TeX} backend \\
hypertexnames      & \textit{true}          & use guessable names for links \\
implicit           & \textit{true}          & redefine \LaTeX\ internals \\
latex2html         &                        & use \textsf{\LaTeX2HTML} backend \\
linkbordercolor    & \textit{1 0 0}         & color of border around links \\
linkcolor          & \textit{red}           & color of links \\
linktoc            & \textit{section}       & make text be link on TOC, LOF and LOT \\
linktocpage        & \textit{false}         & make page number, not text, be link on TOC, LOF and LOT \\
menubordercolor    & \textit{1 0 0}         & color of border around menu links \\
menucolor          & \textit{red}           & color for menu links \\
nativepdf          & \textit{false}         & an alias for \textsf{dvips} \\
naturalnames       & \textit{false}         & use \LaTeX-computed names for links \\
nesting            & \textit{false}         & allow nesting of links \\
pageanchor         & \textit{true}          & put an anchor on every page \\
pagebackref        & \textit{false}         & backreference by page number \\
pdfauthor          & \textit{empty}         & text for PDF Author field \\
pdfborder          & \textit{0 0 1}         & width of PDF link border \\
                   & \textit{0 0 0}         & (\texttt{colorlinks)} \\
pdfborderstyle     &                        & border style for links \\
pdfcenterwindow    & \textit{false}         & position the document window in the center of the screen \\
pdfcreator         & \textit{LaTeX with}    & text for PDF Creator field \\
                   & \textit{hyperref}      & \\
pdfdirection       & \textit{empty}         & direction setting \\
pdfdisplaydoctitle & \textit{false}         & display document title instead
                                              of file name in title bar\\
pdfduplex          & \textit{empty}         & paper handling option for
                                              print dialog\\
pdffitwindow       & \textit{false}         & resize document window to fit document size \\
pdfhighlight       & \textit{/I}            & set highlighting of PDF links \\
pdfinfo            & \textit{empty}         & alternative interface for setting document information\\
pdfkeywords        & \textit{empty}         & text for PDF Keywords field \\
pdflang            & \textit{relax}         & PDF language identifier (RFC 3066) \\
pdfmark            & \textit{false}         & an alias for \textsf{dvips} \\
pdfmenubar         & \textit{true}          & make PDF viewer's menu bar visible \\
pdfnewwindow       & \textit{false}         & make links that open another PDF \\
                   &                        & file start a new window \\
pdfnonfullscreenpagemode
                   & \textit{empty}         & page mode setting on exiting
                                              full-screen mode\\
pdfnumcopies       & \textit{empty}         & number of printed copies\\
pdfpagelabels      & \textit{true}          & set PDF page labels \\
pdfpagelayout      & \textit{empty}         & set layout of PDF pages \\
pdfpagemode        & \textit{empty}         & set default mode of PDF display \\
pdfpagescrop       & \textit{empty}         & set crop size of PDF document \\
pdfpagetransition  & \textit{empty}         & set PDF page transition style \\
pdfpicktraybypdfsize
                   & \textit{empty}         & set option for print dialog \\
pdfprintarea       & \textit{empty}         & set /PrintArea of viewer preferences \\
pdfprintclip       & \textit{empty}         & set /PrintClip of viewer preferences \\
pdfprintpagerange  & \textit{empty}         & set /PrintPageRange of viewer preferences \\
pdfprintscaling    & \textit{empty}         & page scaling option for print dialog \\
pdfproducer        & \textit{empty}         & text for PDF Producer field \\
pdfremotestartview & \textit{Fit}           & starting view of remote PDF documents \\
pdfstartpage       & \textit{1}             & page at which PDF document opens \\
pdfstartview       & \textit{Fit}           & starting view of PDF document \\
pdfsubject         & \textit{empty}         & text for PDF Subject field \\
pdftex             &                        & use \textsf{pdf\TeX} backend \\
pdftitle           & \textit{empty}         & text for PDF Title field \\
pdftoolbar         & \textit{true}          & make PDF toolbar visible \\
pdftrapped         & \textit{empty} & Sets the document information Trapped entry.
  Possible values are \texttt{True}, \texttt{False} and \texttt{Unknown}.
  An empty value means, the entry is not set.\\
pdfview            & \textit{XYZ}           & PDF `view' when on link traversal \\
pdfviewarea        & \textit{empty}         & set /ViewArea of viewer preferences \\
pdfviewclip        & \textit{empty}         & set /ViewClip of viewer preferences \\
pdfwindowui        & \textit{true}          & make PDF user interface elements visible \\
plainpages         & \textit{false}         & do page number anchors as plain Arabic \\
ps2pdf             &                        & use \textsf{ps2pdf} backend \\
psdextra           & \textit{false}         & define more short names for PDF string commands \\
raiselinks         & \textit{false}         & raise up links (for \textsf{Hyper\TeX} backend) \\
runbordercolor     & \textit{0 .7 .7}       & color of border around `run' links \\
runcolor           & \textit{filecolor}     & color of `run' links\\
setpagesize        & \textit{true}          & set page size by special driver commands \\
tex4ht             &                        & use \textsf{\TeX4ht} backend \\
textures           &                        & use \textsf{Textures} backend \\
unicode            & \textit{true}          & Unicode encoded pdf strings, starting with version v7.00g set by default to true for all engines. It will load a number of definitions in puenc.def. It can be set to false for pdflatex, but this is not recommended.\\
urlbordercolor     & \textit{0 1 1}         & color of border around URL links \\
urlcolor           & \textit{magenta}       & color of URL links \\
verbose            & \textit{false}         & be chatty \\
vtex               &                        & use \textsf{VTeX} backend\\
xetex              &                        & use \textsf{Xe\TeX} backend\\
\end{longtable}

\section{Additional user macros}

If you need to make references to URLs, or write explicit links, the
following low-level user macros are provided:

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{href}\verb|[|\emph{options}\verb|]|\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent The \emph{text} is made a hyperlink to the \emph{URL}; this
must be a full URL (relative to the base URL, if that is defined). The
special characters \# and \~{} do \emph{not} need to be escaped in any
way (unless the command is used in the argument of another command).

The optional argument \emph{options} recognizes the hyperref options
\texttt{pdfremotestartview}, \texttt{pdfnewwindow} and the following
key value options:
\begin{description}
\item[\texttt{page}:] Specifies the start page number of remote
PDF documents. First page is \verb|1|.
\item[\texttt{ismap}:] Boolean key, if set to \verb|true|, the
URL should appended by the coordinates as query parameters by
the PDF viewer.
\item[\texttt{nextactionraw}:] The value of key \verb|/Next| of
action dictionaries, see PDF specification.
\end{description}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{url}\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent Similar to
\ci{href}\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}{|\ci{nolinkurl}\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}}|.
Depending on the driver \verb|\href| also tries to detect the link type.
Thus the result can be a url link, file link, \dots

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{nolinkurl}\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent Write \emph{URL} in the same way as \verb|\url|,
  without creating a hyperlink.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hyperbaseurl}\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent A base \emph{URL} is established, which is prepended to other
specified URLs, to make it easier to write portable documents.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hyperimage}\verb|{|\emph{imageURL}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent The link to the image referenced by the URL is inserted, using
\emph{text} as the anchor.

  For drivers that produce HTML, the image itself is inserted by the
browser, with the \emph{text} being ignored completely.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hyperdef}\verb|{|\emph{category}\verb|}{|\emph{name}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent A target area of the document (the \emph{text}) is marked, and
given the name \emph{category.name}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hyperref}\verb|{|\emph{URL}\verb|}{|\emph{category}\verb|}{|\emph{name}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent \emph{text} is made into a link to \emph{URL\#category.name}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hyperref}\verb|[|\emph{label}\verb|]{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent
\emph{text} is made into a link to the same place as
\verb|\ref{|\emph{label}\verb|}| would be linked.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hyperlink}\verb|{|\emph{name}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hypertarget}\verb|{|\emph{name}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent A simple internal link is created with \verb|\hypertarget|,
with two parameters of an anchor \emph{name}, and anchor
\emph{text}. \verb|\hyperlink| has two arguments, the name of a
hypertext object defined somewhere by \verb|\hypertarget|, and the
\emph{text} which be used as the link on the page.

Note that in HTML parlance, the \verb|\hyperlink| command inserts a
notional \# in front of each link, making it relative to the current
testdocument; \verb|\href| expects a full URL.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{phantomsection}
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent
This sets an anchor at this location. It works similar to
\verb|\hypertarget{}{}| with an automatically chosen anchor name.
Often it is used in conjunction
with \verb|\addcontentsline| for sectionlike things (index, bibliography,
preface). \verb|\addcontentsline| refers to the latest previous location
where an anchor is set. Example:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\cleardoublepage
\phantomsection
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\indexname}
\printindex
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
Now the entry in the table of contents (and bookmarks) for the
index points to the start of the index page, not to a location
before this page.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{autoref}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent
This is a replacement for the usual \verb|\ref| command that places a
contextual label in front of the reference. This gives your users a
bigger target to click for hyperlinks (e.g.\ `section 2' instead of
merely the number `2').

The label is worked out from the context of the original \verb|\label|
command by \textsf{hyperref} by using the macros listed below (shown
with their default values). The macros can be (re)defined in documents
using \verb|\(re)newcommand|; note that some of these macros are already
defined in the standard document classes. The mixture of lowercase and
uppercase initial letters is deliberate and corresponds to the author's
practice.

For each macro below, \textsf{hyperref} checks \ci{*autorefname} before
\ci{*name}.  For instance, it looks for \ci{figureautorefname} before
\ci{figurename}.

\begin{longtable}{@{}lp{10cm}@{}}
\textit{Macro}         & \textit{Default} \\
\ci{figurename}        & Figure \\
\ci{tablename}         & Table \\
\ci{partname}          & Part \\
\ci{appendixname}      & Appendix \\
\ci{equationname}      & Equation \\
\ci{Itemname}          & item \\
\ci{chaptername}       & chapter \\
\ci{sectionname}       & section \\
\ci{subsectionname}    & subsection \\
\ci{subsubsectionname} & subsubsection \\
\ci{paragraphname}     & paragraph \\
\ci{Hfootnotename}     & footnote \\
\ci{AMSname}           & Equation \\
\ci{theoremname}       & Theorem\\
\ci{page}              & page\\
\end{longtable}

Example for a redefinition if \textsf{babel} is used:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\addto\extrasngerman{%
  \def\subsectionautorefname{Unterkapitel}%
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

Hint: \cs{autoref} works via the counter name that the reference
is based on. Sometimes \cs{autoref} chooses the wrong name, if
the counter is used for different things. For example, it happens
with \cs{newtheorem} if a lemma shares a counter with theorems.
Then package \xpackage{aliascnt} provides a method to generate a
simulated second counter that allows the differentiation between
theorems and lemmas:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{aliascnt}
\usepackage{hyperref}

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}

\newaliascnt{lemma}{theorem}
\newtheorem{lemma}[lemma]{Lemma}
\aliascntresetthe{lemma}

\providecommand*{\lemmaautorefname}{Lemma}

\begin{document}

We will use \autoref{a} to prove \autoref{b}.

\begin{lemma}\label{a}
  Nobody knows.
\end{lemma}

\begin{theorem}\label{b}
  Nobody is right.
\end{theorem}.

\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{autopageref}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent
It replaces \verb|\pageref| and adds the name for page in front of
the page reference. First \ci{pageautorefname} is checked before
\ci{pagename}.

For instances where you want a reference to use the correct counter, but
not to create a link, there are starred forms (these starred forms exist even if
hyperref has been loaded with \verb|implicit=false|):

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{ref*}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{pageref*}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{autoref*}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{autopageref*}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

A typical use would be to write
\begin{verbatim}
\hyperref[other]{that nice section (\ref*{other}) we read before}
\end{verbatim}

We want \verb|\ref*{other}| to generate the correct number, but not to
form a link, since we do this ourselves with \ci{hyperref}.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{pdfstringdef}\verb|{|\emph{macroname}\verb|}{|\emph{\TeX string}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\ci{pdfstringdef} returns a macro containing the PDF string. (Currently
this is done globally, but do not rely on it.) All the following tasks,
definitions and redefinitions are made in a group to keep them local:

\begin{itemize}
\item Switching to PD1 or PU encoding
\item Defining the \Quote{octal sequence commands} (\verb|\345|): \verb|\edef\3{\string\3}|
\item Special glyphs of \TeX: \verb|\{|, \verb|\%|, \verb|\&|, \verb|\space|, \verb|\dots|, etc.
\item National glyphs (\textsf{german.sty}, \textsf{french.sty}, etc.)
\item Logos: \verb|\TeX|, \verb|\eTeX|, \verb|\MF|, etc.
\item Disabling commands that do not provide useful functionality in bookmarks:
\verb|\label|, \verb|\index|, \verb|\glossary|, \verb|\discretionary|, \verb|\def|, \verb|\let|, etc.
\item \LaTeX's font commands like \verb|\textbf|, etc.
\item Support for \verb|\xspace| provided by the \xpackage{xspace} package
\end{itemize}

In addition, parentheses are protected to avoid the danger of unsafe
unbalanced parentheses in the PDF string. For further details, see Heiko
Oberdiek's Euro\TeX\ paper distributed with \textsf{hyperref}.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{begin}\verb|{NoHyper}|\ldots\ci{end}\verb|{NoHyper}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
 Sometimes we just don't want the wretched package interfering
 with us. Define an environment we can put in manually, or include
 in a style file, which stops the hypertext functions doing anything.
 This is used, for instance, in the Elsevier classes, to stop
 \verb|hyperref| playing havoc in the front matter.

\subsection{Bookmark macros}

\subsubsection{Setting bookmarks}

Usually \textsf{hyperref} automatically adds bookmarks for
\verb|\section| and similar macros. But they can also set manually.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{pdfbookmark}\verb|[|\emph{level}\verb|]{|text\verb|}{|\emph{name}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
creates a bookmark with the specified text and at the given level (default is
0). As name for the internal anchor name is used (in conjunction with
level). Therefore the name must be unique (similar to \verb|\label|).

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{currentpdfbookmark}\verb|{|\emph{text}\verb|}{|\emph{name}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
creates a bookmark at the current level.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{subpdfbookmark}\verb|{|\emph{text}\verb|}{|\emph{name}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
creates a bookmark one step down in the bookmark hierarchy.
Internally the current level is increased by one.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{belowpdfbookmark}\verb|{|\emph{text}\verb|}{|\emph{name}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
creates a bookmark below the current bookmark level. However after the
command the current bookmark level has not changed.

\noindent \textbf{Hint:} Package \textsf{bookmark} replaces
\textsf{hyperref}'s bookmark organization by a new algorithm:
\begin{itemize}
\item Usually only one \LaTeX\ run is needed.
\item More control over the bookmark appearance (color, font).
\item Different bookmark actions are supported (external file links,
  URLs, \dots).
\end{itemize}
Therefore I recommend using this package.

\subsubsection{Replacement macros}

\textsf{hyperref} takes the text for bookmarks from the arguments of
commands like \ci{section}, which can contain things like math, colors,
or font changes, none of which will display in bookmarks as is.

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{texorpdfstring}\verb|{|\emph{\TeX string}\verb|}{|\emph{PDFstring}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

For example,
\begin{verbatim}
\section{Pythagoras:
  \texorpdfstring{$ a^2 + b^2 = c^2 $}{%
    a\texttwosuperior\ + b\texttwosuperior\ =
    c\texttwosuperior
  }%
}
\section{\texorpdfstring{\textcolor{red}}{}{Red} Mars}
\end{verbatim}

\ci{pdfstringdef} executes the hook \pdfstringdefPreHook before it
expands the string. Therefore, you can use this hook to perform
additional tasks or to disable additional commands.

\begin{verbatim}
\expandafter\def\expandafter\pdfstringdefPreHook
\expandafter{%
  \pdfstringdefPreHook
  \renewcommand{\mycommand}[1]{}%
}
\end{verbatim}

However, for disabling commands, an easier way is via
\ci{pdfstringdefDisableCommands}, which adds its argument to the
definition of \ci{pdfstringdefPreHook} (`@' can here be used as letter in
command names):

\begin{verbatim}
\pdfstringdefDisableCommands{%
  \let~\textasciitilde
  \def\url{\pdfstringdefWarn\url}%
  \let\textcolor\@gobble
}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Pagelabels}
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{thispdfpagelabel}\verb|{|\emph{page number format}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

This allows to change format of the page number shown in the tool bar of
a PDF viewer for a specific page, for example

\verb+\thispdfpagelabel{Empty Page-\roman{page}}+

The command affects the page on which it is executed, so asynchronous page breaking
should be taken into account. It should be used in places where for example \verb+\thispagestyle+ can be use too.

\subsection{Utility macros}

\label{hypercalcbp}
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{hypercalcbp}\verb|{|\emph{dimen specification}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
\noindent
\verb|\hypercalcbp| takes a \TeX\ dimen specification and
converts it to bp and returns the number without the unit.
This is useful for options \verb|pdfview|, \verb|pdfstartview|
and \verb|pdfremotestartview|.
Example:
\begin{quote}
\begin{verbatim}
\hypersetup{
  pdfstartview={FitBH \hypercalcbp{\paperheight-\topmargin-1in
    -\headheight-\headsep}
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{quote}
The origin of the PDF coordinate system is the lower left corner.

Note, for calculations you need either package \xpackage{calc} or
\hologo{eTeX}. Nowadays the latter should automatically be enabled
for \hologo{LaTeX} formats. Users without \hologo{eTeX}, please, look
in the source documentation \verb|hyperref.dtx| for further
limitations.

Also \cs{hypercalcbp} cannot be used in option specifications
of \cs{documentclass} and \cs{usepackage}, because
\hologo{LaTeX} expands the option lists of these commands. However
package \xpackage{hyperref} is not yet loaded and an undefined control
sequence error would arise.

\section[New Features]{New Features%
\footnote{This section moved from the README file, needs more integration into the manual}}


\subsection{Option `pdflinkmargin'}

 Option `pdflinkmargin' is an experimental option for specifying
  a link margin, if the driver supports this. Default is 1 pt for
  supporting drivers.


\begin{description}
\item[pdfTeX]
\begin{itemize}
 \item The link area also depends on the surrounding box.
 \item Settings have local effect.
 \item When a page is shipped out, pdfTeX uses the current setting
    of the link margin for all links on the page.
\end{itemize}

\item[pdfmark]
\begin{itemize}
 \item Settings have global effect.
\end{itemize}

\item[xetex]
\begin{itemize}
 \item Settings must be done in the preamble or the first page and then have global effect.
       The key inserts the new (x)dvipdfmx special \verb|\special{dvipdfmx:config g #1}| (with the unit removed).
\end{itemize}

\item[Other drivers]
 Unsupported.
\end{description}


\subsection{Field option `calculatesortkey'}

 Fields with calculated values are calculated in document order
  by default. If calculated field values depend on other calculated
  fields that appear later in the document, then the correct calculation
  order can be specified with option `calculatesortkey'. Its value is
  used as key to lexicographically sort the calculated fields.
  The sort key do not need to be unique. Fields that share the same
  key are sorted in document order.



 Currently the field option `calculatesortkey' is only supported by
  the driver for pdfTeX.


\subsection{Option `localanchorname'}

 When an anchor is set (e.g. via \verb|\refstepcounter|, then the
  anchor name is globally set to the current anchor name.


 For example:
\begin{verbatim}
    \section{Foobar}
    \begin{equation}\end{equation}
    \label{sec:foobar}
\end{verbatim}
  With the default global setting (localanchorname=false)
  a reference to `sec:foobar' jumps to the equation before.
  With option `localanchorname' the anchor of the equation
  is forgotten after the environment and the reference
  `sec:foobar' jumps to the section title.


 Option `localanchorname' is an experimental option, there
  might be situations, where the anchor name is not available
  as expected.


\subsection{Option `customdriver'}

 The value of option `customdriver' is the name of an external
  driver file without extension `.def'. The file must have
  \verb|\ProvidesFile| with a version date and number that match the
  date and number of `hyperref', otherwise a warning is given.

 Because the interface, what needs to be defined in the driver,
  is not well defined and quite messy, the option is mainly intended
  to ease developing, testing, debugging the driver part.


\subsection{Option `psdextra'}

 LaTeX's NFSS is used to assist the conversion of arbitrary
  TeX strings to PDF strings (bookmarks, PDF information entries).
  Many math command names (\verb|\geq|, \verb|\notin|, ...) are not in control
  of NFSS, therefore they are defined with prefix `text'
  (\verb|\textgeq|, \verb|\textnotin|, ...). They can be mapped to short names
  during the processing to PDF strings. The disadvantage is that
  they are many hundreds macros that need to be redefined for
  each PDF string conversion. Therefore this can be enabled or
  disabled as option `psdextra'. On default the option is turned
  off (set to `false'). Turning the option on means
  that the short names are available. Then \verb|\geq| can directly
  be used instead of \verb|\textgeq|.


\subsection{\textbackslash XeTeXLinkBox}

 When XeTeX generates a link annotation, it does not look
  at the boxes (as the other drivers), but only at the character
  glyphs. If there are no glyphs (images, rules, ...), then
  it does not generate a link annotation. Macro \verb|\XeTeXLinkBox|
  puts its argument in a box and adds spaces at the lower left
  and upper right corners. An additional margin can be specified
  by setting it to the dimen register \verb|\XeTeXLinkMargin|. The default
  is 2pt.

 Example:


\begin{verbatim}
    % xelatex
    \documentclass{article}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    \setlength{\XeTeXLinkMargin}{1pt}
    \begin{document}
    \section{Hello World}
    \newpage
    \label{sec:hello}
    \hyperref[sec:hello]{%
      \XeTeXLinkBox{\rule{10mm}{10mm}}%
    }
    \end{document}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{\textbackslash IfHyperBooleanExists and \textbackslash IfHyperBoolean}
\begin{verbatim}
 \IfHyperBooleanExists{OPTION}{YES}{NO}
\end{verbatim}
  If a hyperref OPTION is a boolean, that means it takes values
  `true' or `false', then \verb|\IfHyperBooleanExists| calls YES, otherwise NO.


\begin{verbatim}
 \IfHyperBoolean{OPTION}{YES}{NO}
\end{verbatim}
  Macro \verb|\IfHyperBoolean| calls YES, if OPTION exists as boolean and is
  enabled. Otherwise NO is executed.



 Both macros are expandable. Additionally option `stoppedearly' is
  available. It is enabled if \verb|\MaybeStopEarly| or \verb|\MaybeStopNow|
  end hyperref prematurely.


\subsection{\textbackslash unichar}

 If a Unicode character is not supported by puenc.def, it can
  be given by using \verb|\unichar|. Its name and syntax is inherited
  from package `ucs'. However it is defined independently for
  use in hyperref's \verb|\pdfstringdef| (that converts arbitrary
  TeX code to PDF strings or tries to do this).



 Macro \verb|\unichar| takes a TeX number as argument,
  examples for U+263A (WHITE SMILING FACE):
\begin{verbatim}
    \unichar{"263A}% hexadecimal notation
    \unichar{9786}% decimal notation
\end{verbatim}
  `"' must not be a babel shorthand character or otherwise
  active. Otherwise prefix it with \verb|\string|:
\begin{verbatim}
    \unichar{\string"263A}% converts `"' to `"' with catcode 12 (other)
\end{verbatim}
  Users of (n)german packages or babel options may use \verb|\dq| instead:
\begin{verbatim}
    \unichar{\dq 263A}% \dq is double quote with catcode 12 (other)
\end{verbatim}


\subsection{\textbackslash ifpdfstringunicode}

 Some features of the PDF specification needs PDF strings.
  Examples are bookmarks or the entries in the information dictionary.
  The PDF specification allows two encodings `PDFDocEncoding'
  (8-bit encoding) and `Unicode' (UTF-16). The user can help
  using \verb|\texorpdfstring| to replace complicate TeX constructs
  by a representation for the PDF string. However \verb|\texorpdfstring|
  does not distinguish the two encodings. This gap closes
  \verb|\ifpdfstringunicode|. It is only allowed in the second argument
  of \verb|\texorpdfstring| and takes two arguments, the first allows
  the full range of Unicode. The second is limited to the
  characters available in PDFDocEncoding.



 As example we take a macro definition for the Vietnamese
  name of \hologo{HanTheThanh}. Correctly written it needs some
  accented characters, one character even with a double accent.
  Class `tugboat.cls' defines a macro for the typesetted name:
\begin{verbatim}
    \def\Thanh{%
      H\`an~%
      Th\^e\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{}}}%
      ~Th\`anh%
    }
\end{verbatim}
  It's not entirely correct, the second accent over the `e' is not
  an acute, but a hook. However standard LaTeX does not provide
  such an accent.

    Now we can extend the definition to support hyperref.
  The first and the last word are already supported automatically.
  Characters with two or more accents are a difficult business in
  LaTeX, because the NFSS2 macros of the LaTeX kernel do not support
  more than one accent. Therefore also puenc.def misses support for
  them. But we can provide it using \verb|\unichar|. The character
  in question is:
\begin{verbatim}
    % U+1EC3 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE
\end{verbatim}
  Thus we can put this together:
\begin{verbatim}
    \def\Thanh{%
      H\`an~%
      \texorpdfstring{Th\^e\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{}}}}%
      {\ifpdfstringunicode{Th\unichar{"1EC3}}{Th\^e}}%
      ~Th\`anh%
    }
\end{verbatim}
  For PDFDocEncoding (PD1) the variant above has dropped the
  second accent. Alternatively we could provide a representation
  without accents instead of wrong accents:
\begin{verbatim}
    \def\Thanh{%
      \texorpdfstring{%
        H\`an~%
        Th\^e\llap{\raise 0.5ex\hbox{\'{}}}}%
        ~Th\`anh%
      }{%
        \ifpdfstringunicode{%
          H\`an Th\unichar{"1EC3} Th\`anh%
        }{%
          Han The Thanh%
        }%
      }%
    }
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Customizing index style file with \textbackslash nohyperpage}

 Since version 2008/08/14~v6.78f.



 For hyperlink support in the index, hyperref inserts \verb|\hyperpage|
  into the index macros. After processing with Makeindex, \verb|\hyperpage|
  analyzes its argument to detect page ranges and page comma lists.
  However, only the standard settings are supported directly:
\begin{verbatim}
    delim_r "--"
    delim_n ", "
\end{verbatim}
  (See manual page/documentation of Makeindex that explains
  the keys that can be used in style files for Makeindex.)
  Customized versions of
    \verb|delim_r, delim_n, suffix_2p, suffix_3p, suffix_mp|
  needs markup that \verb|\hyperpage| can detect and knows that
  this stuff does not belong to a page number. Makro
  \verb|\nohyperpage| serves as this markup. Put the customized
  code for these keys inside \verb|\nohyperpage|, e.g.:
\begin{verbatim}
    suffix_2p "\\nohyperpage{f.}"
    suffix_3p "\\nohyperpage{ff.}"
\end{verbatim}
  (Depending on the typesetting tradition some space ``\verb|\\|,'' or ``\verb|~|''
  should be put before the first f inside \verb|\nohyperpage|.)


\subsection{Experimental option `ocgcolorlinks'}

 The idea are colored links, when viewed, but printed without colors.
  This new experimental option `ocgcolorlinks' uses Optional Content
  Groups, a feature introduced in PDF 1.5.

  A better implementation which hasn't the disadvantage to prevent line breaks is
  in the ocgx2 package. Check its documentation for details how to use it.
\begin{itemize}
 \item The option must be given for package loading:
      \verb|\usepackage[ocgcolorlinks]{hyperref}|
 \item Main disadvantage: Links cannot be broken across lines.
    PDF reference 1.7: 4.10.2 ``Making Graphical Content Optional'':
      Graphics state operations, such as setting the color, ...,
      are still applied.
    Therefore the link text is put in a box and set twice, with and
    without color.
 \item The feature can be switched of by \verb|\hypersetup{ocgcolorlinks=false}|
    inside the document.
 \item Supported drivers: pdftex, dvipdfm
 \item The PDF version should be at least 1.5. It is automatically
    set for pdfTeX, LuaTeX and dvipdfmx.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Option `pdfa'}

 The new option `pdfa' tries to avoid violations of PDF/A in code
  generated by hyperref. However, the result is usually not in PDF/A,
  because many features aren't controlled by hyperref (XMP metadata,
  fonts, colors, driver dependend low level stuff, ...).



 Currently, option `pdfa' sets and disables the following items:
\begin{itemize}
 \item Enabled annotation flags: Print, NoZoom, NoRotate [PDF/A 6.5.3].
 \item Disabled annotation flags: Hidden, Invisible, NoView [PDF/A 6.5.3].
 \item Disabled: Launch action (\href{run:...} [PDF/A 6.6.1].
 \item Restricted: Named actions (\Acrobatmenu: NextPage, PrevPage,
    FirstPage, LastPage) [PDF/A 6.6.1].
 \item Many things are disabled in PDF formulars:
  \begin{itemize}
   \item JavaScript actions [PDF/A 6.6.1]
   \item Trigger events (additional actions) [PDF/A 6.6.2]
   \item Push button (because of JavaScript)
   \item Interactive Forms: Flag NeedAppearances is the default `false'
      (Because of this, hyperref's implementation of Forms looks ugly).
      [PDF/A 6.9]
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}



 The default value of the new option `pdfa' is `false'. It influences
  the loading of the package and cannot be changed after hyperref is
  loaded (\verb|\usepackage{hyperref}|).



\subsection{Option `linktoc' added}

 The new option `linktoc' allows more control which part
  of an entry in the table of contents is made into a link:
\begin{itemize}
 \item `linktoc=none'    (no links)
 \item `linktoc=section' (default behaviour, same as `linktocpage=false')
 \item `linktoc=page'    (same as `linktocpage=true')
 \item `linktoc=all'     (both the section and page part are links)
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Option `pdfnewwindow' changed}

 Before 6.77b:
\begin{itemize}
 \item pdfnewwindow=true $\rightarrow$ /NewWindow true
 \item pdfnewwindow=false $\rightarrow$ (absent)
 \item unused pdfnewwindow $\rightarrow$ (absent)
\end{itemize}
  Since 6.77b:
\begin{itemize}
 \item pdfnewwindow=true $\rightarrow$ /NewWindow true
 \item pdfnewwindow=false $\rightarrow$ /NewWindow false
 \item pdfnewwindow={} $\rightarrow$ (absent)
 \item unused pdfnewwindow $\rightarrow$ (absent)
\end{itemize}



 Rationale: There is a difference between setting to `false'
  and an absent entry. In the former case the new document
  replaces the old one, in the latter case the PDF viewer
  application should respect the user preference.


\subsection{Flag options for PDF forms}

 PDF form field macros (\verb|\TextField|, \verb|\CheckBox|, ...) support
  boolean flag options. The option name is the lowercase
  version of the names in the PDF specification (1.7):

    \url{http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html}

    \url{http://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference.pdf}

  Options (convert to lowercase) except flags in square brackets:

\begin{itemize}
 \item Table 8.16 Annotation flags (page 608):

{\obeylines
    1 Invisible
    2 Hidden (PDF 1.2)
    3 Print (PDF 1.2)
    4 NoZoom (PDF 1.3)
    5 NoRotate (PDF 1.3)
    6 NoView (PDF 1.3)
    [7 ReadOnly (PDF 1.3)] ignored for widget annotations, see table 8.70
    8 Locked (PDF 1.4)
    9 ToggleNoView (PDF 1.5)
    10 LockedContents (PDF 1.7)
}
 \item Table 8.70 Field flags common to all field types (page 676):

{\obeylines
    1 ReadOnly
    2 Required
    3 NoExport
}
 \item Table 8.75 Field flags specific to button fields (page 686):

{\obeylines
    15 NoToggleToOff (Radio buttons only)
    16 Radio (set: radio buttons, clear: check box, pushbutton: clear)
    17 Pushbutton
    26 RadiosInUniso (PDF 1.5)
}
 \item Table 8.77 Field flags specific to text fields (page 691):

{\obeylines
    13 Multiline
    14 Password
    21 FileSelect (PDF 1.4)
    23 DoNotSpellCheck (PDF 1.4)
    24 DoNotScroll (PDF 1.4)
    25 Comb (PDF 1.5)
    26 RichText (PDF 1.5)
}
 \item Table 8.79 Field flags specific to choice fields (page 693):

{\obeylines
    18 Combo (set: combo box, clear: list box)
    19 Edit (only useful if Combo is set)
    20 (Sort) for authoring tools, not PDF viewers
    22 MultiSelect (PDF 1.4)
    23 DoNotSpellCheck (PDF 1.4) (only useful if Combo and Edit are set)
    27 CommitOnSelChange (PDF 1.5)
}
 \item Table 8.86 Flags for submit-form actions (page 704):

{\obeylines
    [1 Include/Exclude] unsupported, use `noexport' (table 8.70) instead
    2 IncludeNoValueFields
    [3 ExportFormat] handled by option `export'
    4 GetMethod
    5 SubmitCoordinates
    [6 XFDF (PDF 1.4)] handled by option `export'
    7 IncludeAppendSaves (PDF 1.4)
    8 IncludeAnnotations (PDF 1.4)
    [9 SubmitPDF (PDF 1.4)] handled by option `export'
    10 CanonicalFormat (PDF 1.4)
    11 ExclNonUserAnnots (PDF 1.4)
    12 ExclFKey (PDF 1.4)
    14 EmbedForm (PDF 1.5)
}
\end{itemize}

 New option `export' sets the export format of a submit action.
  Valid values are (upper- or lowercase):
\begin{itemize}
 \item FDF
 \item HTML
 \item XFDF
 \item PDF (not supported by Acrobat Reader)
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Option `pdfversion'}

 This is an experimental option. It notifies `hyperref' about
  the intended PDF version. Currently this is used in code for
  PDF forms (implementation notes 116 and 122 of PDF spec 1.7).



 Values: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7. Values below 1.2 are not
  supported, because most drivers expect higher PDF versions.



 The option must be used early, not after \verb|\usepackage{hyperref}|.


 In theory this option should also set the PDF version,
  but this is not generally supported.
\begin{itemize}
 \item pdfTeX below 1.10a: unsupported.
    pdfTeX $\ge$ 1.10a and < 1.30: \verb|\pdfoptionpdfminorversion|
    pdfTeX $\ge$ 1.30: \verb|\pdfminorversion|
 \item dvipdfm: configuration file, example:
    TeX Live 2007, texmf/dvipdfm/config/config, entry `V 2'.
 \item dvipdfmx: configuration file, example:
    TeX Live 2007, texmf/dvipdfm/dvipdfmx.cfg, entry `V 4'.
 \item Ghostscript: option -dCompatibilityLevel (this is set in
    `ps2pdf12', `ps2pdf13', `ps2pdf14').
\end{itemize}


 The current PDF version is used as default if this version
  can be detected (only pdfTeX $\ge$ 1.10a). Otherwise the lowest
  version 1.2 is assumed. Thus `hyperref' tries to avoid PDF code
  that breaks this version, but is free to use ignorable higher PDF
  features.


\subsection{Field option `name'}

 Many form objects uses the label argument
  for several purposes:
\begin{itemize}
 \item Layouted label.
 \item As name in HTML structures.
\end{itemize}
  Code that is suitable for layouting with TeX can
  break in the structures of the output format.
  If option `name' is given, then its value is used
  as name in the different output structures. Thus
  the value should consist of letters only.


\subsection{Option `pdfencoding'}

 The PDF format allows two encodings for bookmarks and entries
  in the information dictionary: PDFDocEncoding and Unicode
  as UTF-16BE. Option \xoption{pdfencoding} selects between these encodings:
\begin{itemize}
 \item \xoption{pdfdoc} uses PDFDocEncoding. It uses just one byte per character,
     but the supported characters are limited (244 in PDF-1.7).
 \item \xoption{unicode} sets Unicode. It is encoded as UTF-16BE. Two bytes
    are used for most characters, surrogates need four bytes.
 \item \xoption{auto} PDFDocEncoding if the string does not contain characters
    outside the encoding (outside ascii if an unicode engine is used)
    and Unicode otherwise. This option is not intended for the unicode engines.
\end{itemize}

 All drivers use \xoption{unicode} by default now. If another encoding should be forced,
 it should be done in \verb|hypersetup|.

\subsection{Color options/package hycolor}

 See documentation of package `hycolor'.


\subsection{Option pdfusetitle}

 If option pdfusetitle is set then hyperref tries to
  derive the values for pdftitle and pdfauthor from
  \verb|\title| and \verb|\author|. An optional argument for \verb|\title| and
  \verb|\author| is supported (class amsart).


\subsection{Starred form of \textbackslash autoref}

 \verb|\autoref*| generates a reference without link as \verb|\ref*| or \verb|\pageref*|.


\subsection{Link border style}

 Links can be underlined instead of the default rectangle or
  options \xoption{colorlinks}, \xoption{frenchlinks}. This is done by option
      \verb|pdfborderstyle={/S/U/W 1}|

  Some remarks:

\begin{itemize}
 \item AR7/Linux seems to have a bug, that don't use the default
    value \verb"1" for the width, but zero, thus that the underline
    is not visible without \verb"/W 1". The same applies for
    dashed boxes, eg.:
      pdfborderstyle={/S/D/D[3 2]/W 1}

 \item The syntax is described in the PDF specification, look for
    ``border style'', eg.
    Table 8.13 ``Entries in a border style dictionary''
    (specification for version 1.6)

 \item The border style is removed by
      pdfborderstyle={}
    This is automatically done if option colorlinks is enabled.

 \item Be aware that not all PDF viewers support this feature, not
    even Acrobat Reader itself:

    Some support:
   \begin{itemize}
   \item AR7/Linux: \xoption{underline} and \xoption{dashed}, but the border width
      must be given.
   \item xpdf 3.00: \xoption{underline} and \xoption{dashed}
   \end{itemize}

    Unsupported:
   \begin{itemize}
   \item AR5/Linux
   \item ghostscript 8.50
   \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Option \xoption{bookmarksdepth}}

 The depth of the bookmarks can be controlled by the new
  option \xoption{bookmarksdepth}.  The option acts globally and
  distinguishes three cases:
\begin{itemize}
 \item \xoption{bookmarksdepth} without value
     Then hyperref uses the current value of counter \xoption{tocdepth}.
     This is the compatible behaviour and the default.
 \item \verb"bookmarksdepth=<number>", the value is number (also negative):
    The depth for the bookmarks are set to this number.
 \item \verb"bookmarksdepth=<name>"
    The <name> is a document division name (part, chapter, ...).
    It must not start with a digit or minus to avoid mixing up
    with the number case. Internally hyperref uses the value
    of macro \verb|\toclevel@<name>|.
  Examples:
\begin{verbatim}
    \hypersetup{bookmarksdepth=paragraph}
    \hypersetup{bookmarksdepth=4} % same as before
    \hypersetup{bookmarksdepth} % counter "tocdepth" is used
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Option \xoption{pdfescapeform}}

 There are many places where arbitrary strings end up as
  PS or PDF strings. The PS/PDF strings in parentheses form
  require the protection of some characters, e.g. unmatched
  left or right parentheses need escaping or the escape
  character itself (backslash).
    Since 2006/02/12~v6.75a the PS/PDF driver should do
  this automatically. However I assume a problem with
  compatibility, especially regarding the form part where
  larger amounts of JavaScript code can be present.
  It would be a pain to remove all the escaping, because
  an additional escaping layer can falsify the code.

  Therefore a new option pdfescapeform was introduced:
\begin{itemize}
 \item pdfescapeform=false
    Escaping for the formulars are disabled, this is
    the compatibility behaviour, therefore this is the default.
 \item pdfescapeform=true
    Then the PS/PDF drivers do all the necessary escaping.
    This is the logical choice and the recommended setting.
    For example, the user writes JavaScript as JavaScript
    and do not care about escaping characters for PS/PDF
    output.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Default driver setting}

 (hyperref $\ge$ 6.72s)
  If no driver is given, hyperref tries its best to guess the
  most suitable driver. Thus it loads \xoption{hpdftex}, if pdfTeX is
  detected running in PDF mode. Or it loads the corresponding
  VTeX driver for VTeX's working modes.
    Unhappily many driver programs run after the TeX compiler,
  so hyperref does not have a chance (dvips, dvipdfm, ...).
  In this case driver \xoption{hypertex} is loaded that supports the
  HyperTeX features that are recognized by xdvi for example.
  This behaviour, however, can easily be changed in the configuration
  file \verb"hyperref.cfg":
\begin{verbatim}
    \providecommand*{\Hy@defaultdriver}{hdvips}
\end{verbatim}
  for dvips, or
\begin{verbatim}
    \providecommand*{\Hy@defaultdriver}{hypertex}
\end{verbatim}
  for the default behaviour of hyperref.

 See also the new option `driverfallback'.

\subsection{Backref entries}

 Alternative interface for formatting of backref entries, example:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[12pt,UKenglish]{article}

\usepackage{babel}
\usepackage[pagebackref]{hyperref}

% Some language options are detected by package backref.
% This affects the following macros:
%   \backrefpagesname
%   \backrefsectionsname
%   \backrefsep
%   \backreftwosep
%   \backreflastsep

\renewcommand*{\backref}[1]{
  % default interface
  % #1: backref list
  %
  % We want to use the alternative interface,
  % therefore the definition is empty here.
}
\renewcommand*{\backrefalt}[4]{%
  % alternative interface
  % #1: number of distinct back references
  % #2: backref list with distinct entries
  % #3: number of back references including duplicates
  % #4: backref list including duplicates
  \par
  #3 citation(s) on #1 page(s): #2,\par
  \ifnum#1=1 %
    \ifnum#3=1 %
      1 citation on page %
    \else
      #3 citations on page %
    \fi
  \else
    #3 citations on #1 pages %
  \fi
  #2,\par
  \ifnum#3=1 %
    1 citation located at page %
  \else
    #3 citations located at pages %
  \fi
  #4.\par
}

% The list of distinct entries can be further refined:
\renewcommand*{\backrefentrycount}[2]{%
  % #1: the original backref entry
  % #2: the count of citations of this entry,
  %     in case of duplicates greater than one
  #1%
  \ifnum#2>1 %
    ~(#2)%
  \fi
}

\begin{document}

  \section{Hello}
    \cite{ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4}
  \section{World}
    \cite{ref1, ref3}
  \newpage

  \section{Next section}
    \cite{ref1}
  \newpage

  \section{Last section}
    \cite{ref1, ref2}
  \newpage

  \pdfbookmark[1]{Bibliography}{bib}
  \begin{thebibliography}{99}
    \bibitem{ref1} Dummy entry one.

    \bibitem{ref2} Dummy entry two.

    \bibitem{ref3} Dummy entry three.

    \bibitem{ref4} Dummy entry four.

  \end{thebibliography}

\end{document}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{\textbackslash phantomsection}

Set an anchor at this location.  It is often used in conjunction
with \verb|\addcontentsline| for sectionlike things (index, bibliography,
preface). \verb|\addcontentsline| refers to the latest previous location
where an anchor is set.

\begin{verbatim}
  \cleardoublepage
  \phantomsection
  \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\indexname}
  \printindex
\end{verbatim}

Now the entry in the table of contents (and bookmarks) for the
index points to the start of the index page, not to a location
before this page.

\subsection{puenc encoding, puenc-greek.def and puenc-extra.def}

The \texttt{unicode} option loads for the bookmarks \texttt{puenc.def} which contains
quite a lot definitions of commands for the bookmarks.
As \texttt{unicode} is now true for all engines, this file is now also loaded
with pdflatex. Some of the definitions in \texttt{puenc.def} clash with other uses.
To reduce the impact \xpackage{hyperref} uses two strategies.

\begin{itemize}
\item A number of command are only defined conditionally:
The commands for the cyrillic block  if \cs{CYRDZE} is defined,
greek if \cs{textBeta} is defined, and hebrew if \cs{hebdalet} is defined.

The greek block is in an extra file, \texttt{puenc-greek.def}, which can
be loaded manually if needed.

\item Other commands are moved to an extra file \texttt{puenc-extra.def}
which is not loaded automatically, but can be loaded in the preamble if needed.
Currently this file contains all definitions for the accent \cs{G}.
\end{itemize}



\section{Acrobat-specific behavior}
If you want to access the menu options of Acrobat Reader or Exchange, the following
macro is provided in the appropriate drivers:

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{Acrobatmenu}\verb|{|\emph{menuoption}\verb|}{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\noindent The \emph{text} is used to create a button which activates the appropriate \emph{menuoption}. The following table lists the option names you can use---comparison of this with the menus in Acrobat Reader or Exchange will show what they do. Obviously some are only appropriate to Exchange.

\medskip
\begin{longtable}{@{}l>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{9cm}@{}}
File                          & Open, Close, Scan, Save, SaveAs, Optimizer:SaveAsOpt, Print, PageSetup, Quit \\
File$\rightarrow$Import       & ImportImage, ImportNotes, AcroForm:ImportFDF \\
File$\rightarrow$Export       & ExportNotes, AcroForm:ExportFDF \\
File$\rightarrow$DocumentInfo & GeneralInfo, OpenInfo, FontsInfo, SecurityInfo, Weblink:Base, AutoIndex:DocInfo \\
File$\rightarrow$Preferences  & GeneralPrefs, NotePrefs, FullScreenPrefs, Weblink:Prefs, AcroSearch:Preferences(Windows)
                                or, AcroSearch:Prefs(Mac), Cpt:Capture \\
Edit                          & Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Clear, SelectAll, Ole:CopyFile, TouchUp:TextAttributes,
                                TouchUp:FitTextToSelection, TouchUp:ShowLineMarkers, TouchUp:ShowCaptureSuspects,
                                TouchUp:FindSuspect, \\
                              & Properties \\
Edit$\rightarrow$Fields       & AcroForm:Duplicate, AcroForm:TabOrder \\
Document                      & Cpt:CapturePages, AcroForm:Actions, CropPages, RotatePages, InsertPages, ExtractPages,
                                ReplacePages, DeletePages, NewBookmark, SetBookmarkDest, CreateAllThumbs,
                                DeleteAllThumbs \\
View                          & ActualSize, FitVisible, FitWidth, FitPage, ZoomTo, FullScreen, FirstPage, PrevPage,
                                NextPage, LastPage, GoToPage, GoBack, GoForward, SinglePage, OneColumn, TwoColumns,
                                ArticleThreads, PageOnly, ShowBookmarks, ShowThumbs \\
Tools                         & Hand, ZoomIn, ZoomOut, SelectText, SelectGraphics, Note, Link, Thread, AcroForm:Tool,
                                Acro\_Movie:MoviePlayer, TouchUp:TextTool, Find, FindAgain, FindNextNote,
                                CreateNotesFile \\
Tools$\rightarrow$Search      & AcroSrch:Query, AcroSrch:Indexes, AcroSrch:Results, AcroSrch:Assist, AcroSrch:PrevDoc,
                                AcroSrch:PrevHit, AcroSrch:NextHit, AcroSrch:NextDoc \\
Window                        & ShowHideToolBar, ShowHideMenuBar, ShowHideClipboard, Cascade, TileHorizontal,
                                TileVertical, CloseAll \\
Help                          & HelpUserGuide, HelpTutorial, HelpExchange, HelpScan, HelpCapture, HelpPDFWriter,
                                HelpDistiller, HelpSearch, HelpCatalog, HelpReader, Weblink:Home \\
Help(Windows)                 & About
\end{longtable}

\section{PDF and HTML forms}
You must put your fields inside a \texttt{Form} environment.
The environment does some general setups, so should be used only once in a document.
Using simply \cs{Form} at the begin of the document is possible too.

There are six macros to prepare fields:

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{TextField}\verb|[|\emph{parameters}\verb|]{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{CheckBox}\verb|[|\emph{parameters}\verb|]{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{ChoiceMenu}\verb|[|\emph{parameters}\verb|]{|\emph{label}\verb|}{|\emph{choices}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{PushButton}\verb|[|\emph{parameters}\verb|]{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{Submit}\verb|[|\emph{parameters}\verb|]{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{Reset}\verb|[|\emph{parameters}\verb|]{|\emph{label}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

The way forms and their labels are laid out is determined by:
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{LayoutTextField}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}{|\emph{field}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{LayoutChoiceField}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}{|\emph{field}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{LayoutCheckField}\verb|{|\emph{label}\verb|}{|\emph{field}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

These macros default to \#1 \#2

What is actually shown in the field is determined by:
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{MakeRadioField}\verb|{|\emph{width}\verb|}{|\emph{height}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{MakeCheckField}\verb|{|\emph{width}\verb|}{|\emph{height}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{MakeTextField}\verb|{|\emph{width}\verb|}{|\emph{height}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}
\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{MakeChoiceField}\verb|{|\emph{width}\verb|}{|\emph{height}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

\begin{cmdsyntax}
\ci{MakeButtonField}\verb|{|\emph{text}\verb|}|
\end{cmdsyntax}

These macros default to \verb|\vbox to #2{\hbox to #1{\hfill}\vfill}|, except the
last, which defaults to \#1; it is used for buttons, and the special \ci{Submit} and \ci{Reset}
macros.

You may also want to redefine the following macros:
\begin{verbatim}
\def\DefaultHeightofSubmit{12pt}
\def\DefaultWidthofSubmit{2cm}
\def\DefaultHeightofReset{12pt}
\def\DefaultWidthofReset{2cm}
\def\DefaultHeightofCheckBox{0.8\baselineskip}
\def\DefaultWidthofCheckBox{0.8\baselineskip}
\def\DefaultHeightofChoiceMenu{0.8\baselineskip}
\def\DefaultWidthofChoiceMenu{0.8\baselineskip}
\def\DefaultHeightofText{\baselineskip}
\def\DefaultHeightofTextMultiline{4\baselineskip}
\def\DefaultWidthofText{3cm}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Forms environment parameters}

\smallskip
\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}l>{\itshape}lp{9cm}@{}}
action   & URL  & The URL that will receive the form data if a \textsf{Submit} button is included in the form \\
encoding & name & The encoding for the string set to the URL; FDF-encoding is usual, and \texttt{html} is the only
                  valid value \\
method   & name & Used only when generating HTML; values can be \texttt{post} or \texttt{get} \\
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Forms optional parameters}
Note that all colors must be expressed as RGB triples, in the range 0..1 (i.e.\ \texttt{color=0 0
0.5})

\smallskip
\begin{longtable}{@{}>{\ttfamily}ll>{\itshape}ll@{}}
accesskey       & key     &       & (as per HTML) \\
align           & number  & 0     & alignment within text field; 0 is left-aligned,\\*
                &         &       & 1 is centered, 2 is right-aligned. \\
altname         & name    &       & alternative name,\\*
                &         &       & the name shown in the user interface\\
backgroundcolor &         &       & color of box \\
bordercolor     &         &       & color of border \\
bordersep       &         &       & box border gap \\
borderwidth     &         & 1     & width of box border, the value is a dimension\\
                &         &       & or a number with default unit bp\\
calculate       &         &       & JavaScript code to calculate the value of the field \\
charsize        & dimen   &       & font size of field text \\
checkboxsymbol  & char    & 4 (\ding{\number`4}) & symbol used for check boxes (ZapfDingbats), \\
&&& the value is a character or \cs{ding}\verb|{|\texttt{\itshape number}\verb|}|, \\
&&& see package \xpackage{pifont} from bundle \xpackage{psnfss} \\
checked         & boolean & false & whether option selected by default \\
color           &         &       & color of text in box \\
combo           & boolean & false & choice list is `combo' style \\
default         &         &       & default value \\
disabled        & boolean & false & field disabled \\
format          &         &       & JavaScript code to format the field \\
height          & dimen   &       & height of field box \\
hidden          & boolean & false & field hidden \\
keystroke       &         &       & JavaScript code to control the keystrokes on entry \\
mappingname     & name    &       & the mapping name to be used when exporting\\*
                &         &       & the field data\\
maxlen          & number  & 0     & number of characters allowed in text field \\
menulength      & number  & 4     & number of elements shown in list \\
multiline       & boolean & false & whether text box is multiline \\
name            & name    &       & name of field (defaults to label) \\
onblur          &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onchange        &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onclick         &         &       & JavaScript code \\
ondblclick      &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onfocus         &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onkeydown       &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onkeypress      &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onkeyup         &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onmousedown     &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onmousemove     &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onmouseout      &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onmouseover     &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onmouseup       &         &       & JavaScript code \\
onselect        &         &       & JavaScript code \\
password        & boolean & false & text field is `password' style \\
popdown         & boolean & false & choice list is `popdown' style \\
radio           & boolean & false & choice list is `radio' style \\
radiosymbol     & char    & H (\ding{\number`H}) & symbol used for radio fields (ZapfDingbats), \\
&&& the value is a character or \cs{ding}\verb|{|\texttt{\itshape number}\verb|}|, \\
&&& see package \xpackage{pifont} from bundle \xpackage{psnfss} \\
readonly        & boolean & false & field is readonly \\
rotation        & number  & 0     & rotation of the widget annotation \\*
                &         &       & (degree, counterclockwise, multiple of 90)\\
tabkey          &         &       & (as per HTML) \\
validate        &         &       & JavaScript code to validate the entry \\
value           &         &       & initial value \\
width           & dimen   &       & width of field box
\end{longtable}

\section{Defining a new driver}
A hyperref driver has to provide definitions for eight macros:

\smallskip
\noindent 1. \verb|\hyper@anchor|

\noindent 2. \verb|\hyper@link|

\noindent 3. \verb|\hyper@linkfile|

\noindent 4. \verb|\hyper@linkurl|

\noindent 5. \verb|\hyper@anchorstart|

\noindent 6. \verb|\hyper@anchorend|

\noindent 7. \verb|\hyper@linkstart|

\noindent 8. \verb|\hyper@linkend|
\smallskip

The draft option defines the macros as follows
\begin{verbatim}
\let\hyper@@anchor\@gobble
\gdef\hyper@link##1##2##3{##3}%
\def\hyper@linkurl##1##2{##1}%
\def\hyper@linkfile##1##2##3{##1}%
\let\hyper@anchorstart\@gobble
\let\hyper@anchorend\@empty
\let\hyper@linkstart\@gobbletwo
\let\hyper@linkend\@empty
\end{verbatim}

\section{Special support for other packages}

Package \xpackage{hyperref} aims to cooperate with other packages, but there are
several possible sources for conflict, such as

\begin{itemize}

\item Packages that manipulate the bibliographic mechanism. Peter
William's \xpackage{harvard} package is supported. However, the
recommended package is Patrick Daly's \xpackage{natbib} package that has
specific \xpackage{hyperref} hooks to allow reliable interaction. This
package covers a very wide variety of layouts and citation styles, all
of which work with \xpackage{hyperref}.

\item Packages that typeset the contents of the \ci{label} and \ci{ref}
macros, such as \xpackage{showkeys}. Since the \xpackage{hyperref} package
redefines these commands, you must set \texttt{implicit=false} for these
packages to work.

\item Packages that do anything serious with the index.
\end{itemize}

The \xpackage{hyperref} package is distributed with variants on two useful
packages designed to work especially well with it. These are \xpackage{xr}
and \xpackage{minitoc}, which support crossdocument links using \hologo{LaTeX}'s
normal \cs{label}/\cs{ref} mechanisms and per-chapter tables of contents,
respectively.


\subsection{Package Compatibility}

Currently only package loading orders are available:



Note: hyperref loads package \xpackage{nameref} at \verb|\begin{document}|.
Sometimes this is too late, thus this package must be loaded
earlier.


\subsubsection{algorithm}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage[chapter]{algorithm}% eg.
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{amsmath}

 The environments equation and eqnarray are not supported too well.
  For example, there might be spacing problems (eqnarray isn't recommended
  anyway, see CTAN:info/l2tabu/, the situation for equation is unclear,
  because nobody is interested in investigating). Consider using the
  environments that package amsmath provide, e.g. gather for equation.
  The environment equation can even redefined to use gather:

\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{amsmath}
  \let\equation\gather
  \let\endequation\endgather
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{amsrefs}

 Package loading order:

\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage{amsrefs}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{arydshln, longtable}

 Package longtable must be put before hyperref and arydshln,
  hyperref after arydshln generates an error, thus the
  resulting package order is then:

\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{longtable}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage{arydshln}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{babel/magyar.ldf}

 The old version 2005/03/30 v1.4j will not work.
  You need at least version 1.5, maintained by P\'eter Szab\'o,
  see CTAN:language/hungarian/babel/.


\subsubsection{babel/spanish.ldf}

 Babel's spanish.ldf redefines `\verb|\.|' to support `\verb|\...|'.
  In bookmarks (\verb|\pdfstringdef|) only `\verb|\.|' is supported.
  If `\verb|\...|' is needed,
    \verb|\texorpdfstring{\...}{\dots}|
  can be used instead.


\subsubsection{bibentry}

 Workaround:

\begin{verbatim}
  \makeatletter
  \let\saved@bibitem\@bibitem
  \makeatother

  \usepackage{bibentry}
  \usepackage{hyperref}

  \begin{document}

  \begingroup
    \makeatletter
    \let\@bibitem\saved@bibitem
    \nobibliography{database}
  \endgroup
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{bigfoot}

 Hyperref does not support package `bigfoot'. And package
  `bigfoot' does not support hyperref's footnotes and disables
  them (hyperfootnotes=false).


\subsubsection{chappg}

 Package `chappg' uses \verb|\@addtoreset| that is redefined by `hyperref'.
  The package order is therefore:

\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage{chappg}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{cite}

 This is from Mike Shell:
 cite.sty cannot currently be used with hyperref.
 However, I can do a workaround via:

\begin{verbatim}
 \makeatletter
 \def\NAT@parse{\typeout{This is a fake Natbib command to fool Hyperref.}}
 \makeatother

 \usepackage[hypertex]{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

 so that hyperref will not redefine any of the biblabel stuff - so cite.sty
 will work as normal - although the citations will not be hyperlinked, of
 course (But this may not be an issue for many people).


\subsubsection{count1to}

 Package `count1to' adds several \verb|\@addtoreset| commands that confuse
  `hyperref'. Therefore \verb|\theH<...>| has to be fixed:

\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{count1to}
  \AtBeginDocument{% *after* \usepackage{count1to}
    \renewcommand*{\theHsection}{\theHchapter.\arabic{section}}%
    \renewcommand*{\theHsubsection}{\theHsection.\arabic{subsection}}%
    \renewcommand*{\theHsubsubsection}{\theHsubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}}%
    \renewcommand*{\theHparagraph}{\theHsubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}%
    \renewcommand*{\theHsubparagraph}{\theHparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}%
  }
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{dblaccnt}

 pd1enc.def or puenc.def should be loaded before:
\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage{dblaccnt}
\end{verbatim}
  or see entry for \xoption{vietnam}.


\subsubsection{easyeqn}
 Not compatible, breaks.


\subsubsection{ellipsis}

 This packages redefines \verb|\textellipsis|
  after package hyperref (pd1enc.def/puenc.def should be loaded before):
\begin{verbatim}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage{ellipsis}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{float}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Several \verb|\caption| commands are not supported inside one float object.
  \item Anchor are set at top of the float object, if its style is controlled
    by float.sty.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{endnotes}
 Unsupported.

\subsubsection{foiltex}
 Update to version 2008/01/28 v2.1.4b:
  Since version 6.77a hyperref does not hack into \verb|\@begindvi|,
  it uses package `atbegshi' instead, that hooks into \verb|\shipout|.
  Thus the patch of `foils.cls' regarding hyperref is now obsolete
  and causes an undefined error message about \verb|\@hyperfixhead|.
  This is fixed in FoilTeX 2.1.4b.


\subsubsection{footnote}

 This package is not supported, you have to disable hyperref's footnote
  support by using option \verb"hyperfootnotes=false".


\subsubsection{geometry}

 Driver `dvipdfm' and program `dvipdfm' might generate a warning:
      Sorry.  Too late to change page size
  Then prefer the program `dvipdfmx' or use one of the following
  workarounds to move the \verb|\special| of geometry to an earlier
  location:

\begin{verbatim}
    \documentclass[dvipdfm]{article}% or other classes
    \usepackage{atbegshi}
    \AtBeginDocument{%
      \let\OrgAtBeginDvi\AtBeginDvi
      \let\AtBeginDvi\AtBeginShipoutFirst
    }
    \usepackage[
      paperwidth=170mm,
      paperheight=240mm
    ]{geometry}
    \AtBeginDocument{%
      \let\AtBeginDvi\OrgAtBeginDvi
    }
    \usepackage{hyperref}

  or

    \documentclass[dvipdfm]{article}% or other classes
    \usepackage{atbegshi}
    \let\AtBeginDvi\AtBeginShipoutFirst
    \usepackage[
      paperwidth=170mm,
      paperheight=240mm
    ]{geometry}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{IEEEtran.cls}

 version $\ge$ V1.6b (because of \verb|\@makecaption|, see ChangeLog)


\subsubsection{index}

 version $\ge$ 1995/09/28 v4.1 (because of \verb|\addcontentsline| redefinition)


\subsubsection{lastpage}

 Compatible.


\subsubsection{linguex}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{hyperref}
  \usepackage{linguex}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{ltabptch}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{longtable}
  \usepackage{ltabptch}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{mathenv}

 Unsupported.



 Both `mathenv' and `hyperref' messes around with
  environment `eqnarray'. You can load `mathenv' after
  `hyperref' to avoid an error message. But \verb|\label|
  will not work inside environment `eqnarray' properly,
  for example.


\subsubsection{minitoc-hyper}

 This package is obsolete, use the up-to-date original
  package minitoc instead.



\subsubsection{multind}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{multind}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{natbib}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{natbib}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{nomencl}
Example for introducing links for the page numbers:
\begin{verbatim}
      \renewcommand*{\pagedeclaration}[1]{\unskip, \hyperpage{#1}}
\end{verbatim}


\subsubsection{ntheorem-hyper}
 This package is obsolete, use the up-to-date original
  package ntheorem instead.


For equations the following might work:
\begin{verbatim}
      \renewcommand*{\eqdeclaration}[1]{%
        \hyperlink{equation.#1}{(Equation~#1)}%
      }
    But the mapping from the equation number to the anchor name
    is not available in general.
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{parskip}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{parskip}
  \usepackage{hyperref}[2012/08/20]
\end{verbatim}


 Both packages want to redefine \verb|\@starttoc|.


\subsubsection{prettyref}
\begin{verbatim}
%%% example for prettyref %%%
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{prettyref}
\usepackage[pdftex]{hyperref}

%\newrefformat{FIG}{Figure~\ref{#1}}% without hyperref
\newrefformat{FIG}{\hyperref[{#1}]{Figure~\ref*{#1}}}

\begin{document}
  This is a reference to \prettyref{FIG:ONE}.
  \newpage
  \begin{figure}
    \caption{This is my figure}
    \label{FIG:ONE}
  \end{figure}
\end{document}
%%% example for prettyref %%%
      \end{verbatim}


\subsubsection{setspace}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{setspace}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{sidecap}
\begin{verbatim}
 Before 2002/05/24 v1.5h:
    \usepackage{nameref}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    \usepackage{sidecap}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{subfigure}
\begin{verbatim}
 1995/03/06 v2.0:
    \usepackage{subfigure}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    % hypertexnames is set to false.
  v2.1:
    \usepackage{nameref}
    \usepackage{subfigure}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    or
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    \usepackage{subfigure}
  v2.1.2:
    please update
  v2.1.3:
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    \usepackage{subfigure}
    or vice versa?
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{titleref}
\begin{verbatim}
 \usepackage{nameref}
  \usepackage{titleref}% without usetoc
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{tabularx}

 Linked footnotes are not supported inside environment `tabularx',
  because they uses the optional argument of \verb|\footnotetext|, see
  section `Limitations'. Before version 2011/09/28 6.82i
  hyperref had disabled footnotes entirely by `hyperfootnotes=false'.


\subsubsection{titlesec}

 \xpackage{nameref} supports titlesec, but hyperref does not
  (unsolved is the anchor setting, missing with unnumbered
  section, perhaps problems with page breaks with numbered ones).


\subsubsection{ucs/utf8x.def}

 The first time a multibyte UTF8 sequence is called, it
  does some calculations and stores the result in a macro
  for speeding up the next calls of that UTF8 sequence.
  However this makes the first call non-expandable and
  will break if used in information entries or bookmarks.
  Package \xpackage{ucs} offers \verb|\PrerenderUnicode| or \verb|\PreloadUnicodePage|
  to solve this:
\begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage{ucs}
    \usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
    \usepackage{hyperref}% or with option unicode
    \PrerenderUnicode{^^c3^^b6}% or \PrerenderUnicodePage{1}
    \hypersetup{pdftitle={Umlaut example: ^^c3^^b6}}
\end{verbatim}
  The notation with two carets avoids trouble with 8-bit bytes
  for the README file, you can use the characters directly.


\subsubsection{varioref}
 There are too many problems with varioref. Nobody has time to
  sort them out. Therefore this package is now unsupported.


 Perhaps you are lucky and some of the features of varioref works
  with the following loading order:
\begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage{nameref}
    \usepackage{varioref}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}


 Also some babel versions can be problematic. For example,
  2005/05/21 v3.8g contains a patch for varioref that breaks
  the hyperref support for varioref.



 Also unsupported:
\begin{itemize}
\item   \verb|\Ref|, \verb|\Vref| do not uppercase the first letter.
\item \verb|\vpageref[]{...}|
    On the same page a previous space is not suppressed.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{verse}

 Version 2005/08/22 v2.22 contains support for hyperref.

  For older versions see example from
  de.comp.text.tex (2005/08/11, slightly modified):

\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{article}

  % package order does not matter
  \usepackage{verse}
  \usepackage{hyperref}

  \makeatletter
  % make unique poemline anchors
  \newcounter{verse@env}
  \setcounter{verse@env}{0}
  \let\org@verse\verse
  \def\verse{%
    \stepcounter{verse@env}%
    \org@verse
  }
  \def\theHpoemline{\arabic{verse@env}.\thepoemline}

  % add anchor for before \addcontentsline in \@vsptitle
  \let\org@vsptitle\@vsptitle
  \def\@vsptitle{%
    \phantomsection
    \org@vsptitle
  }
  \makeatother

  \begin{document}

  \poemtitle{Poem 1}
  \begin{verse}
  An one-liner.
  \end{verse}

  \newpage

  \poemtitle{Poem 2}
  \begin{verse}
  Another one-liner.
  \end{verse}

  \end{document}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{vietnam}
\begin{verbatim}
 % pd1enc.def should be loaded before package dblaccnt:
  \usepackage[PD1,OT1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{vietnam}
  \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{XeTeX}

 Default for the encoding of bookmarks is \verb|pdfencoding=unicode|.
 That means the strings are always treated as unicode strings.
 If \verb|auto| or \verb|pdfdoc| is forced it applies only
 if the string restricts to the printable ASCII set,
 The reason is that the \verb|\special| does not support PDFDocEncoding.

 In older versions hyperref contained special conversion code from
 UTF-16BE back to UTF-8 in a number of places for
 xetex to avoid the xdvipdfmx warning

   \verb"Failed to convert input string to UTF16..."

 This is no longer needed with a current xdvipdfmx, so this code has
 been removed. \verb|\csname HyPsd@XeTeXBigCharstrue\endcsname| should no
 longer be used.


\section[Limitations]{Limitations%
\footnote{This section moved from the README file, needs more integration into the manual}}
\subsection{Wrapped/broken link support}

 Only few drivers support automatically wrapped/broken links,
  e.g. pdftex, dvipdfm, hypertex. Other drivers lack this
  feature, e.g. dvips, dvipsone.

  Workarounds:
\begin{itemize}
\item For long section or caption titles in the table of contents
    or list of figures/tables option \xoption{linktocpage} can be used.
    Then the page number will be a link, and the overlong section
    title is not forced into an one line link with overfull \verb|\hbox|
    warning.
\item ``\verb|\url|''s are caught by package \xpackage{breakurl}.
\item  The option \xoption{breaklinks} is intended for internal use. But it
    can be used to force link wrapping, e.g. when printing a
    document. However, when such a document is converted to PDF
    and viewed with a PDF viewer, the active link area will be
    misplaced.

      Another limitation: some penalties are ``optimized'' by TeX,
    thus there are missing break points, especially within
    \verb|\url|. (See thread ``hyperref.sty, breaklinks and url.sty 3.2''
    in comp.text.tex 2005-09).
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Links across pages}

 In general they have problems:
\begin{itemize}
  \item Some driver doesn't support them at all (see above).
  \item The driver allows it, but the link result might include
    the footer and/or header, or an error message can
    occur sometimes.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Footnotes}

 LaTeX allows the separation of the footnote mark and the
  footnote text (\verb|\footnotemark|, \verb|\footnotetext|). This interface
  might be enough for visual typesetting. But the relation between
  \verb|\footnotemark| to \verb|\footnotetext| is not as strong as \verb|\ref| to \verb|\label|.
  Therefore it is not clear in general which \verb|\footnotemark| references
  which \verb|\footnotetext|. But that is necessary to implement hyperlinking.
  Thus the implementation of hyperref does not support the optional
  argument of \verb|\footnotemark| and \verb|\footnotetext|.


\section[Hints]{Hints%
\footnote{This section moved from the README file, needs more integration into the manual}}

\subsection{Spaces in option values}

 Unhappily LaTeX strips spaces from options if they are given
  in \verb|\documentclass| or \verb|\usepackage| (or \verb|\RequirePackage|), e.g.:
\begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage[pdfborder=0 0 1]{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}
  Package hyperref now gets
\begin{verbatim}
    pdfborder=001
\end{verbatim}
  and the result is an invalid PDF file.
  As workaround braces can be used:
\begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage[pdfborder={0 0 1}]{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}
  Some options can also be given in \verb|\hypersetup|
\begin{verbatim}
    \hypersetup{pdfborder=0 0 1}
\end{verbatim}
  In \verb|\hypersetup| the options are directly processed as key value
  options (see package keyval) without space stripping in the value part.



 Alternatively, LaTeX's option handling system can be adapted
  to key value options by one of the packages \xpackage{kvoptions-patch}
  (from project \xpackage{kvoptions}) or \xpackage{xkvltxp} (from project \xpackage{xsetkeys}).


\subsection{Index with makeindex}
\begin{itemize}
 \item Package hyperref adds \verb|\hyperpage| commands by the encap
    mechanism (see documentation of Makeindex),
    if option hyperindex is set (default).
    \verb|\hyperpage| uses the page anchors that are set by
    hyperref at each page (default). However in the
    default case page numbers are used in anchor names
    in arabic form. If the page numbers in other formats
    are used (book class with \verb|\frontmatter|, \verb|\romannumbering|, ...),
    then the page anchors are not unique. Therefore option
    \verb"plainpages=false" is recommended.
 \item The encap mechanism of Makeindex allows to use one command only
    (see documentation of Makeindex).
    If the user sets such a command, hyperref suppresses its
    \verb|\hyperpage| command. With logical markup this situation
    can easily be solved:
\begin{verbatim}
      \usepackage{makeidx}
      \makeindex
      \usepackage[hyperindex]{hyperref}
      \newcommand*{\main}[1]{\textbf{\hyperpage{#1}}}
      ...
      \index{Some example|main}
\end{verbatim}
  \item Scientic Word/Scientific WorkPlace users can use
    package robustindex with hyperindex=false.
  \item Other encap characters can be set by option \xoption{encap}.
    Example for use of ``?'':
\begin{verbatim}
      \usepackage[encap=?]{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}
  \item Another possibility is the insertion of \verb|\hyperpage| by
    a style file for makeindex. For this case, hyperref's
    insertion will be disabled by \verb"hyperindex=false".
    \verb|\hyperpage| will be defined regardless of setting of hyperindex.
\begin{verbatim}
%%% cut %%% hyperindex.ist %%% cut %%%
delim_0 ", \\hyperpage{"
delim_1 ", \\hyperpage{"
delim_2 ", \\hyperpage{"
delim_n "}, \\hyperpage{"
delim_t "}"
encap_prefix "}\\"
encap_infix "{\\hyperpage{"
encap_suffix "}"
%%% cut %%% hyperindex.ist %%% cut %%%
\end{verbatim}
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Warning \texttt{"bookmark level for unknown <foobar> defaults to 0"}}

 Getting rid of it:
\begin{verbatim}
\makeatletter
\providecommand*{\toclevel@<foobar>}{0}
\makeatother
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Link anchors in figures}

 The caption command increments the counter and here is the
  place where hyperref set the corresponding anchor. Unhappily
  the caption is set below the figure, so the figure is not
  visible if a link jumps to a figure.
    In this case, try package \xpackage{hypcap} that implements
  a method to circumvent the problem.


\subsection{Additional unicode characters in bookmarks and pdf information entries:}
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[pdftex]{article}
\usepackage[unicode]{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}

Support for additional unicode characters:

 Example: \verb|\.{a}| and \verb|\d{a}|

 1. Get a list with unicode data, eg:

    http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt

 2. Identify the characters (\verb|\.{a}|, \verb|\d{a}|):
\begin{verbatim}
    0227;LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE;...
    1EA1;LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT BELOW;...
\end{verbatim}

 3. Calculate the octal code:

    The first characters of the line in the file are
    hex values, convert each byte and prepend them
    with a backslash. (This will go into the PDF file.)

\begin{verbatim}
    0227 -> \002\047
    1EA1 -> \036\241
\end{verbatim}

 4. Transform into a form understood by hyperref:

    Hyperref must know where the first byte starts,
    this is marked by \verb"9" (8 and 9 cannot occur in
    octal numbers):

\begin{verbatim}
    \002\047 -> \9002\047
    \036\241 -> \9036\241
\end{verbatim}

    Optional: \verb"8" is used for abbreviations:

\begin{verbatim}
    \900 = \80, \901 = \81, \902 = \82, ...

    \9002\047 -> \82\047
\end{verbatim}

 5. Declare the character with LaTeX:

\begin{verbatim}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\.}{PU}{a}{\82\047}
\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\d}{PU}{a}{\9036\241}

\begin{document}
\section{\={a}, \d{a}, \'{a}, \.{a}}
\end{document}
      \end{verbatim}

\subsection{Footnotes}

 The footnote support is rather limited. It is beyond the scope
  to use \verb|\footnotemark| and \verb|\footnotetext| out of order or reusing
  \verb|\footnotemark|. Here you can either disable hyperref's footnote
  support by \verb"hyperfootnotes=false" or fiddle with internal macros,
  nasty examples:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\begin{document}
Hello%
\footnote{The first footnote}
World%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}%
\addtocounter{Hfootnote}{-1}%
\footnotemark.
\end{document}

  or

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{hyperref}

\begin{document}

\makeatletter

A%
  \footnotemark
  \let\saved@Href@A\Hy@footnote@currentHref
  % remember link name
B%
  \footnotemark
  \let\saved@Href@B\Hy@footnote@currentHref
b%
  \addtocounter{footnote}{-1}%
  \addtocounter{Hfootnote}{-1}% generate the same anchor
  \footnotemark
C%
  \footnotemark
  \let\saved@Href@C\Hy@footnote@currentHref

  \addtocounter{footnote}{-2}%
  \let\Hy@footnote@currentHref\saved@Href@A
\footnotetext{AAAA}%
  \addtocounter{footnote}{1}%
  \let\Hy@footnote@currentHref\saved@Href@B
\footnotetext{BBBBB}%
  \addtocounter{footnote}{1}%
  \let\Hy@footnote@currentHref\saved@Href@C
\footnotetext{CCCC}%

\end{document}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Subordinate counters}

 Some counters do not have unique values and require the value
  of other counters to be unique. For example, sections or figures
  might be numbered within chapters or \verb|\newtheorem| is used with
  an optional counter argument. Internally LaTeX uses \verb|\@addtoreset|
  to reset a counter in dependency to another counter. Package
  hyperref hooks into \verb|\@addtoreset| to catch this situation.
  Also \verb|\numberwithin| of package amsmath is caught by hyperref.



 However, if the definition of subordinate counters take place
  before hyperref is loaded, the old meaning of \verb|\@addtoreset| is
  called without hyperref's additions. Then the companion counter
  macro \verb|\theH<counter>| can be redefined accordingly. Or move the
  definition of subordinate counters after hyperref is loaded.

 Example for \verb|\newtheorem|, problematic case:
\begin{verbatim}
    \newtheorem{corA}{CorollaryA}[section]
    \usepackage{hyperref}
\end{verbatim}
  Solution a)
\begin{verbatim}
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    \newtheorem{corA}{CorollaryA}[section}
\end{verbatim}
  Solution b)
\begin{verbatim}
    \newtheorem{corA}{CorollaryA}[section]
    \usepackage{hyperref}
    \newcommand*{\theHcorA}{\theHsection.\number\value{corA}}
\end{verbatim}

\section{History and acknowledgments}

The original authors of \textsf{hyperbasics.tex} and
\textsf{hypertex.sty}, from which this package descends, are Tanmoy
Bhattacharya and Thorsten Ohl. Package \xpackage{hyperref}
started as a simple port of their work to \hologo{LaTeXe} standards, but
eventually I rewrote nearly everything, because I didn't understand a
lot of the original, and was only interested in getting it to work with
\hologo{LaTeX}. I would like to thank Arthur Smith, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Mark
Doyle, Paul Ginsparg, David Carlisle, T.\ V.\ Raman and Leslie Lamport
for comments, requests, thoughts and code to get the package into its
first useable state. Various other people are mentioned at the point in
the source where I had to change the code in later versions because of
problems they found.

Tanmoy found a great many of the bugs, and (even better) often provided
fixes, which has made the package more robust. The days spent on
Rev\TeX\ are entirely due to him! The investigations of Bill Moss
into the later versions including
native PDF support uncovered a good many bugs, and his testing is
appreciated. Hans Hagen provided a lot of
insight into PDF.

Berthold Horn provided help, encouragement and sponsorship for the
\textsf{dvipsone} and \textsf{dviwindo} drivers. Sergey Lesenko provided
the changes needed for \textsf{dvipdf}, and \Hologo{HanTheThanh} supplied all the
information needed for \textsf{pdftex}. Patrick Daly kindly updated his
\xpackage{natbib} package to allow easy integration with
\xpackage{hyperref}. Michael Mehlich's \xpackage{hyper} package (developed
in parallel with \textsf{hyperref}) showed me solutions for some
problems. Hopefully the two packages will combine one day.

The forms creation section owes a great deal to: T.\ V.\ Raman, for
encouragement, support and ideas; Thomas Merz, whose book \emph{Web
Publishing with Acrobat/PDF} provided crucial insights; D.\ P.\ Story,
whose detailed article about pdfmarks and forms solved many practical
problems; and Hans Hagen, who explained how to do it in \textsf{pdftex}.

Steve Peter recreated the manual source in July 2003 after it had been
lost.

Especial extra thanks to David Carlisle for the \xpackage{backref} module,
the ps2pdf and dviwindo support, frequent general rewrites of my bad
code, and for working on changes to the \xpackage{xr} package to suit
\xpackage{hyperref}.

\begingroup
  \makeatletter
  \let\chapter=\section
  % subsections goes into bookmarks but not toc
  \hypersetup{bookmarksopenlevel=1}
  \addtocontents{toc}{\protect\setcounter{tocdepth}{1}}
  % The \section command acts as \subsection.
  % Additionally the title is converted to lowercase except
  % for the first letter.
  \def\section{%
    \let\section\lc@subsection
    \lc@subsection
  }
  \def\lc@subsection{%
    \@ifstar{\def\mystar{*}\lc@sec}%
            {\let\mystar\@empty\lc@sec}%
  }
  \def\lc@sec#1{%
    \lc@@sec#1\@nil
  }
  \def\lc@@sec#1#2\@nil{%
    \begingroup
      \def\a{#1}%
      \lowercase{%
        \edef\x{\endgroup
          \noexpand\subsection\mystar{\a#2}%
        }%
      }%
    \x
  }
\clearpage


\chapter{GNU Free Documentation License}

Version 1.2, November 2002


 Copyright \copyright\ 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation, Inc.\\
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA\\
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


\section*{PREAMBLE}

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.


\section{APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS}
\label{applicability}

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein.  The ``Document'', below,
refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.

A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.

The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text.  A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, \LaTeX\ input format, SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.

The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.)  To ``Preserve the Title''
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.


\section{VERBATIM COPYING}
\label{verbatim}

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
section~\ref{copying}.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.


\section{COPYING IN QUANTITY}
\label{copying}

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.


\section{MODIFICATIONS}
\label{modifications}

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections~\ref{verbatim} and \ref{copying} above,
provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}.}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
\item List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
   unless they release you from this requirement.
\item State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
   Modified Version, as the publisher.
\item Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
\item Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
   adjacent to the other copyright notices.
\item Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
\item Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
\item Include an unaltered copy of this License.
\item Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
   to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
   there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
   Version as stated in the previous sentence.
\item Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
   it was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
\item For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
   and/or dedications given therein.
\item Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
\item Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''.  Such a section
   may not be included in the Modified Version.
\item Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements''
   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
\item Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

\end{enumerate}

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.


\section{COMBINING DOCUMENTS}
\label{combining}

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section~\ref{modifications}
above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''.  You must delete all sections
Entitled ``Endorsements''.


\section{COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS}
\label{collections}

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.


\section{AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS}
\label{aggregation}

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section~\ref{copying} is applicable to
these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.


\section{TRANSLATION}
\label{translation}

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
section~\ref{modifications}.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement
(section~\ref{modifications}) to Preserve
its Title (section~\ref{applicability}) will typically require
changing the actual title.


\section{TERMINATION}
\label{termination}

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.


\section{FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE}
\label{future}

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.


\section*{ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

\begin{quote}
    Copyright \copyright\ YEAR  YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
    Free Documentation License''.
\end{quote}

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.

\endgroup

\end{document}