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|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.20b.dev: https://docutils.sourceforge.io/" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="dcterms.rights" content="© 1997 Apostolos Syropoulos, Claudio Beccari, Johannes Brahms, © 2013 – 2023 Günter Milde." />
<title>babel-greek</title>
<link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"/>
<style type="text/css">
/* Minimal style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils. */
/* */
/* :Author: Günter Milde, based on html4css1.css by David Goodger */
/* :Id: $Id$ */
/* :Copyright: © 2015, 2021 Günter Milde. */
/* :License: Released under the terms of the `2-Clause BSD license`_, */
/* in short: */
/* */
/* Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, */
/* are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright */
/* notice and this notice are preserved. */
/* */
/* This file is offered as-is, without any warranty. */
/* */
/* .. _2-Clause BSD license: http://www.spdx.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause */
/* This CSS3 stylesheet defines rules for Docutils elements without */
/* HTML equivalent. It is required to make the document semantics visible. */
/* */
/* .. _validates: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/validator$link */
/* titles */
p.topic-title,
p.admonition-title,
p.system-message-title {
font-weight: bold;
}
p.sidebar-title,
p.rubric {
font-weight: bold;
font-size: larger;
}
p.rubric {
color: maroon;
}
p.subtitle,
p.section-subtitle,
p.sidebar-subtitle {
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: -0.5em;
}
h1 + p.subtitle {
font-size: 1.6em;
}
a.toc-backref {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: none;
}
/* Warnings, Errors */
.system-messages h2,
.system-message-title,
span.problematic {
color: red;
}
/* Inline Literals */
.docutils.literal {
font-family: monospace;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
/* do not wrap at hyphens and similar: */
.literal > span.pre { white-space: nowrap; }
/* Lists */
/* compact and simple lists: no margin between items */
.simple li, .simple ul, .simple ol,
.compact li, .compact ul, .compact ol,
.simple > li p, dl.simple > dd,
.compact > li p, dl.compact > dd {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
/* Nested Paragraphs */
p:first-child { margin-top: 0; }
p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
details > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 1em; }
/* Table of Contents */
.contents ul.auto-toc { /* section numbers present */
list-style-type: none;
}
/* Enumerated Lists */
ol.arabic { list-style: decimal }
ol.loweralpha { list-style: lower-alpha }
ol.upperalpha { list-style: upper-alpha }
ol.lowerroman { list-style: lower-roman }
ol.upperroman { list-style: upper-roman }
/* Definition Lists and Derivatives */
dt .classifier { font-style: italic }
dt .classifier:before {
font-style: normal;
margin: 0.5em;
content: ":";
}
/* Field Lists and similar */
/* bold field name, content starts on the same line */
dl.field-list,
dl.option-list,
dl.docinfo {
display: flow-root;
}
dl.field-list > dt,
dl.option-list > dt,
dl.docinfo > dt {
font-weight: bold;
clear: left;
float: left;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
padding-right: 0.2em;
}
/* Offset for field content (corresponds to the --field-name-limit option) */
dl.field-list > dd,
dl.option-list > dd,
dl.docinfo > dd {
margin-left: 9em; /* ca. 14 chars in the test examples, fit all Docinfo fields */
}
/* start nested lists on new line */
dd > dl:first-child,
dd > ul:first-child,
dd > ol:first-child {
clear: left;
}
/* start field-body on a new line after long field names */
dl.field-list > dd > *:first-child,
dl.option-list > dd > *:first-child
{
display: inline-block;
width: 100%;
margin: 0;
}
/* Bibliographic Fields (docinfo) */
dl.docinfo pre.address {
font: inherit;
margin: 0.5em 0;
}
dl.docinfo > dd.authors > p { margin: 0; }
/* Option Lists */
dl.option-list > dt { font-weight: normal; }
span.option { white-space: nowrap; }
/* Footnotes and Citations */
.footnote, .citation { margin: 1em 0; } /* default paragraph skip (Firefox) */
/* hanging indent */
.citation { padding-left: 2em; }
.footnote { padding-left: 1.7em; }
.footnote.superscript { padding-left: 1.0em; }
.citation > .label { margin-left: -2em; }
.footnote > .label { margin-left: -1.7em; }
.footnote.superscript > .label { margin-left: -1.0em; }
.footnote > .label + *,
.citation > .label + * {
display: inline-block;
margin-top: 0;
vertical-align: top;
}
.footnote > .backrefs + *,
.citation > .backrefs + * {
margin-top: 0;
}
.footnote > .label + p, .footnote > .backrefs + p,
.citation > .label + p, .citation > .backrefs + p {
display: inline;
vertical-align: inherit;
}
.backrefs { user-select: none; }
.backrefs > a { font-style: italic; }
/* superscript footnotes */
a[role="doc-noteref"].superscript,
.footnote.superscript > .label,
.footnote.superscript > .backrefs {
vertical-align: super;
font-size: smaller;
line-height: 1;
}
a[role="doc-noteref"].superscript > .fn-bracket,
.footnote.superscript > .label > .fn-bracket {
/* hide brackets in display but leave for copy/paste */
display: inline-block;
width: 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
[role="doc-noteref"].superscript + [role="doc-noteref"].superscript {
padding-left: 0.15em; /* separate consecutive footnote references */
/* TODO: unfortunately, "+" also selects with text between the references. */
}
/* Alignment */
.align-left {
text-align: left;
margin-right: auto;
}
.align-center {
text-align: center;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
.align-right {
text-align: right;
margin-left: auto;
}
.align-top { vertical-align: top; }
.align-middle { vertical-align: middle; }
.align-bottom { vertical-align: bottom; }
/* reset inner alignment in figures and tables */
figure.align-left, figure.align-right,
table.align-left, table.align-center, table.align-right {
text-align: inherit;
}
/* Text Blocks */
.topic { margin: 1em 2em; }
.sidebar,
.admonition,
.system-message {
margin: 1em 2em;
border: thin solid;
padding: 0.5em 1em;
}
div.line-block { display: block; }
div.line-block div.line-block, pre { margin-left: 2em; }
/* Code line numbers: dropped when copying text from the page */
pre.code .ln { display: none; }
pre.code code:before {
content: attr(data-lineno); /* …, none) fallback not supported by any browser */
color: gray;
}
/* Tables */
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
td, th {
border: thin solid silver;
padding: 0 1ex;
}
.borderless td, .borderless th {
border: 0;
padding: 0;
padding-right: 0.5em /* separate table cells */
}
table > caption {
text-align: left;
margin-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
table.captionbelow {
caption-side: bottom;
}
/* Document Header and Footer */
header { border-bottom: 1px solid black; }
footer { border-top: 1px solid black; }
/* Images are block-level by default in Docutils */
/* New HTML5 block elements: set display for older browsers */
img, header, footer, main, aside, nav, section, figure, video, details {
display: block;
}
/* inline images */
p img, p video, figure img, figure video {
display: inline;
}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
/* CSS3_ style sheet for the output of Docutils HTML5 writer. */
/* Generic responsive design for all screen sizes. */
/* */
/* :Author: Günter Milde */
/* */
/* :Id: $Id$ */
/* :Copyright: © 2021 Günter Milde. */
/* :License: Released under the terms of the `2-Clause BSD license`_, */
/* in short: */
/* */
/* Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, */
/* are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright */
/* notice and this notice are preserved. */
/* */
/* This file is offered as-is, without any warranty. */
/* */
/* .. _2-Clause BSD license: http://www.spdx.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause */
/* .. _CSS3: https://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/ */
/* Note: */
/* This style sheet is provisional: */
/* the API is not settled and may change with any minor Docutils version. */
/* General Settings */
/* ================ */
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
body {
background-color: #fafaf6;
margin: auto;
--field-indent: 6.6em; /* indent of fields in field lists */
--sidebar-margin-right: 0; /* adapted in media queries below */
}
main {
counter-reset: figure table;
}
body > * {
background-color: white;
line-height: 1.6;
padding: 0.5rem calc(29% - 7.2rem); /* go from 5% to 15% (8.15em/54em) */
margin: auto;
max-width: 100rem;
}
sup, sub { /* avoid additional inter-line space for lines with sup/sub */
line-height: 1;
}
/* Vertical Space (Parskip) */
p, ol, ul, dl, li,
div.line-block,
.topic,
.footnote, .citation,
div > math,
table {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
dl > dd, details > p:last-child {
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
/* Indented Blocks */
blockquote, figure, .topic {
margin: 1em 2%;
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<body class="with-toc">
<main id="babel-greek">
<h1 class="title">babel-greek</h1>
<p class="subtitle" id="babel-support-for-the-greek-language-and-script">Babel support for the Greek language and script</p>
<dl class="docinfo">
<dt class="version">Version<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="version">1.13.1 (<a class="reference internal" href="#changelog">changelog</a>)</dd>
<dt class="copyright">Copyright<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="copyright">© 1997 Apostolos Syropoulos, Claudio Beccari, Johannes Brahms,
© 2013 – 2023 Günter Milde.</dd>
<dt class="licence">Licence<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="licence"><p>This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
conditions of the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt">LaTeX Project Public License</a>, either
version 1.3 of this license or any later version.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="home">Home<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="home"><p><a class="reference external" href="https://codeberg.org/milde/greek-tex">https://codeberg.org/milde/greek-tex</a></p>
</dd>
<dt class="latest-release">Latest Release<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="latest-release"><p><a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel-greek">https://ctan.org/pkg/babel-greek</a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="topic abstract" role="doc-abstract">
<p class="topic-title">Abstract</p>
<p><cite>babel-greek</cite> is a contributed package providing comprehensive
support for the Greek language and script via the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a> system.
Document authors can select between the <em>monotonic</em>
(single-diacritic), <em>polytonic</em> (multiple-diacritic), and
<em>ancient</em> orthography of the Greek language.</p>
</div>
<nav class="contents" id="contents" role="doc-toc">
<p class="topic-title">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#files" id="toc-entry-1">Files</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#requirements" id="toc-entry-2">Requirements</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#download-and-installation" id="toc-entry-3">Download and Installation</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#usage" id="toc-entry-4">Usage</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#greek-text-fonts" id="toc-entry-5">Greek text fonts</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#lgr-latin-transliteration" id="toc-entry-6">LGR Latin Transliteration</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#greek-numerals" id="toc-entry-7">Greek Numerals</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#changelog" id="toc-entry-8">Changelog</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#references" id="toc-entry-9">References</a></p></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<section id="files">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-1" role="doc-backlink">Files</a></h2>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.dtx">babel-greek.dtx</a></dt>
<dd><p>Source of the language definition file <span class="docutils literal">greek.ldf</span> for use with <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a>.
[<a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.pdf">babel-greek.pdf</a>]</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="athnum.dtx">athnum.dtx</a></dt>
<dd><p>Athenian (Attic, Herodianic, or acrophonic) Numerals. [<a class="reference external" href="athnum.pdf">athnum.pdf</a>]</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="grmath.dtx">grmath.dtx</a></dt>
<dd><p>Greek log-like Operators. [<a class="reference external" href="grmath.pdf">grmath.pdf</a>]</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.ins">babel-greek.ins</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/docstrip">DocStrip</a> batch file.</p>
</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="usage.tex">usage.tex</a></dt>
<dd><p>Description of the <a class="reference internal" href="#lgr-latin-transliteration">LGR Latin transliteration</a> and the <a class="reference internal" href="#greek-numerals">Greek numerals</a>.
[<a class="reference external" href="usage.pdf">usage.pdf</a>]</p>
</dd>
<dt>test-*.tex</dt>
<dd><p>Documented test samples.
[<a class="reference external" href="test-greek.pdf">test-greek.pdf</a>, <a class="reference external" href="test-greeknum.pdf">test-greeknum.pdf</a>, <a class="reference external" href="test-athnum.pdf">test-athnum.pdf</a>]</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="requirements">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-2" role="doc-backlink">Requirements</a></h2>
<p>The <cite>babel-greek</cite> package requires the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a> package and font
definition files from the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a> package. The <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-inputenc">greek-inputenc</a>
package is recommended when using 8-bit TeX engines.</p>
<p>Typesetting Greek texts requires <a class="reference internal" href="#greek-text-fonts">Greek text fonts</a>.</p>
<p>Plain TeX is currently not supported. Patches are welcome.</p>
</section>
<section id="download-and-installation">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-3" role="doc-backlink">Download and Installation</a></h2>
<p>The simplest way is to get and install this package from your
distribution using its installation manager.</p>
<p>Alternatively:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Download the latest <a class="reference external" href="https://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/babel-contrib/greek.zip">release</a> from the package’s <a class="reference external" href="https://www.ctan.org/pkg/babel-greek">CTAN page</a> or a
<a class="reference external" href="https://codeberg.org/milde/greek-tex/archive/master.zip">snapshot</a> of the <a class="reference external" href="https://codeberg.org/milde/greek-tex/">greek-tex</a> repository.</p></li>
<li><p>Unpack the source archive to a temporary location.</p></li>
<li><p>From the <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">babel-greek</span></span> directory,
run <span class="docutils literal">tex</span> or <span class="docutils literal">latex</span> on the batch file <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">babel-greek.ins</span></span>.</p>
<p>This will generate the files <span class="docutils literal">greek.ldf</span>, <span class="docutils literal">athnum.sty</span>, and
<span class="docutils literal">grmath.sty</span> in the current directory.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Move all files ending in <span class="docutils literal">.ldf</span> or <span class="docutils literal">.sty</span> into a directory
in the TeX search path.</p></li>
<li><p>To produce the documentation, run the file <span class="docutils literal">usage.tex</span> and all files
ending in <span class="docutils literal">.dtx</span> through LaTeX.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>The last steps can be automated using the Unix <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)">make</a> tool.
The repository sources include a <a class="reference external" href="https://codeberg.org/milde/greek-tex/src/branch/master/babel-greek/Makefile">Makefile</a> defining the targets</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt><span class="docutils literal">all</span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>(re)build packages, documentation, and tests,</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="docutils literal">packages</span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>(re)build the packages,</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="docutils literal">doc</span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>(re)generate HTML and PDF documentation files,</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="docutils literal">test</span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>run LaTeX on the test documents,</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="docutils literal">update</span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>copy packages into a local TeX tree,<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#update" id="footnote-reference-1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">update-package</span></span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>copy documentation and sources into a local
TeX tree,<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#update" id="footnote-reference-2" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="docutils literal">clean</span><span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd><p>delete auxiliary files.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<aside class="footnote-list superscript">
<aside class="footnote superscript" id="update" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<span class="backrefs">(<a role="doc-backlink" href="#footnote-reference-1">1</a>,<a role="doc-backlink" href="#footnote-reference-2">2</a>)</span>
<p>This is a simple <span class="docutils literal">cp <span class="pre">--update</span></span> to a pre-set path.
The destination directory must exist. Files no longer present in the
package are not removed.</p>
</aside>
</aside>
</section>
<section id="usage">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-4" role="doc-backlink">Usage</a></h2>
<p>To <strong>load Greek language support</strong> with Babel, use the <span class="docutils literal">greek</span>
document option or pass the <span class="docutils literal">greek</span> option to Babel. For example,</p>
<pre class="code latex literal-block"><code><span class="keyword">\usepackage</span><span class="name attribute">[greek,english]</span><span class="name builtin">{</span>babel<span class="name builtin">}</span></code></pre>
<p>activates support for Greek text parts in an English document.<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#footnote-1" id="footnote-reference-3" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>2<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p>
<p>For ancient Greek, set the language attribute “ancient”, either
after loading Babel</p>
<pre class="code latex literal-block"><code><span class="keyword">\usepackage</span><span class="name attribute">[greek,english]</span><span class="name builtin">{</span>babel<span class="name builtin">}</span>
<span class="keyword">\languageattribute</span><span class="name builtin">{</span>greek<span class="name builtin">}{</span>ancient<span class="name builtin">}</span></code></pre>
<p>or as modifier</p>
<pre class="code latex literal-block"><code><span class="keyword">\usepackage</span><span class="name attribute">[greek.ancient,english]</span><span class="name builtin">{</span>babel<span class="name builtin">}</span></code></pre>
<p>Similarly, the attribute “polutoniko” selects the modern polytonic Greek
language variant,</p>
<pre class="code latex literal-block"><code><span class="keyword">\usepackage</span><span class="name attribute">[greek.polutoniko,english]</span><span class="name builtin">{</span>babel<span class="name builtin">}</span></code></pre>
<p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a> core provides two commands to <strong>select the active language</strong>:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>The declaration <span class="docutils literal">\selectlanguage{greek}</span> switches to the Greek
language,</p></li>
<li><p>the function <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">\foreignlanguage{greek}{<some</span> text>}</span> sets
its second argument in Greek.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Both ensure support for the Greek script and select Greek
case-changing and hyphenation rules.
For details see the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a> documentation and <a class="reference external" href="babel-greek.pdf">babel-greek.pdf</a>.</p>
<p>Input of Greek characters is possible</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>as literal characters (α … Ω)<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#footnote-2" id="footnote-reference-4" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>3<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>,</p></li>
<li><p>as LICR macro (<span class="docutils literal">\textalpha{} ... \textOmega</span>),</p></li>
<li><p>or via the <a class="reference internal" href="#lgr-latin-transliteration">LGR Latin transliteration</a> (a … W)<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#footnote-3" id="footnote-reference-5" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>4<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>For details and caveats, see <a class="reference external" href="test-greek.pdf">test-greek.pdf</a> and the example files
provided with <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>.</p>
<aside class="footnote-list superscript">
<aside class="footnote superscript" id="footnote-1" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#footnote-reference-3">2</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>The <em>last</em> language option sets the document’s main language.</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote superscript" id="footnote-2" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#footnote-reference-4">3</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>with the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-inputenc">greek-inputenc</a> package or XeTeX/LuaTeX</p>
</aside>
<aside class="footnote superscript" id="footnote-3" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#footnote-reference-5">4</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>only with 8-bit <a class="reference external" href="http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/greek/greek-fontenc/greek-fontenc-doc.html#lgr">LGR</a> fonts</p>
</aside>
</aside>
</section>
<section id="greek-text-fonts">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-5" role="doc-backlink">Greek text fonts</a></h2>
<p>A list of <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/topic/font-greek">Greek text fonts for use with LaTeX</a> is available at CTAN.</p>
<p>The non-standard <strong>LGR</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/base/encguide.pdf">font encoding</a> is used for typesetting Greek with
“traditional” <strong>8-bit TeX</strong> engines (pdfTeX). Fonts in this encoding include
the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cbgreek-complete">CB fonts</a> (matching CM), <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/grtimes">grtimes</a> (Greek Times), <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/kerkis">Kerkis</a> (matching
URW Bookman), and the <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/gfs">GFS font collection</a>.
The package <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cbfonts-fd">cbfonts-fd</a> registers the CB fonts as Greek substitute for
the Computer Modern and Latin Modern font families. For other font
families, declaring Greek fonts as supplement for matching Latin font
families can be done with the <code class="latex">\DeclareFontFamilySubstitution</code>
macro (see section <cite>Providing font family substitutions</cite> in <a class="citation-reference" href="#fntguide" id="citation-reference-1" role="doc-biblioref">[fntguide]</a>).</p>
<p><strong>Unicode fonts</strong> used with <strong>XeTeX</strong> or <strong>LuaTeX</strong> provide slots for all
Unicode characters in one font but commonly only a subset of the actual
glyphs.</p>
<aside class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>The default <strong>Latin Modern</strong> Unicode font
<strong>contains only a few Greek letters!</strong>
Unsupported characters are silently dropped from the output.
Warnings about missing glyphs are written to the log file
but not to the console.</p>
</aside>
<p>Select a suitable font with <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/babel">Babel</a>’s font selecting framework or <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec">fontspec</a>.
Examples for suitable fonts are <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/cm-unicode">CM-unicode</a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/libertine">Linux Libertine</a> as well
as any system-wide installed OTF font that supports Greek (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="http://dejavu-fonts.org">Deja Vu</a>).
See, e.g., the list of free <a class="reference external" href="https://fontinfo.opensuse.org/scripts/script-Greek.html">fonts supporting Greek script</a> by
openSUSE’s fontinfo.</p>
</section>
<section id="lgr-latin-transliteration">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-6" role="doc-backlink">LGR Latin Transliteration</a></h2>
<p>The LGR font encoding allows input of Greek characters via a Latin
transliteration. This enables simple input with a Latin keyboard. Characters
with diacritics may be selected with accent macros (cf. <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>) or
via the ligature definitions in the font (see <a class="reference external" href="usage.pdf">usage.pdf</a>).</p>
<p>The following ASCII characters are converted to Greek symbols:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>A</p></td>
<td><p>B</p></td>
<td><p>G</p></td>
<td><p>D</p></td>
<td><p>E</p></td>
<td><p>Z</p></td>
<td><p>H</p></td>
<td><p>J</p></td>
<td><p>I</p></td>
<td><p>K</p></td>
<td><p>L</p></td>
<td><p>M</p></td>
<td><p>N</p></td>
<td><p>X</p></td>
<td><p>O</p></td>
<td><p>P</p></td>
<td><p>R</p></td>
<td><p>S</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>T</p></td>
<td><p>U</p></td>
<td><p>F</p></td>
<td><p>Q</p></td>
<td><p>Y</p></td>
<td><p>W</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>Α</p></td>
<td><p>Β</p></td>
<td><p>Γ</p></td>
<td><p>Δ</p></td>
<td><p>Ε</p></td>
<td><p>Ζ</p></td>
<td><p>Η</p></td>
<td><p>Θ</p></td>
<td><p>Ι</p></td>
<td><p>Κ</p></td>
<td><p>Λ</p></td>
<td><p>Μ</p></td>
<td><p>Ν</p></td>
<td><p>Ξ</p></td>
<td><p>Ο</p></td>
<td><p>Π</p></td>
<td><p>Ρ</p></td>
<td><p>Σ</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Τ</p></td>
<td><p>Υ</p></td>
<td><p>Φ</p></td>
<td><p>Χ</p></td>
<td><p>Ψ</p></td>
<td><p>Ω</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>a</p></td>
<td><p>b</p></td>
<td><p>g</p></td>
<td><p>d</p></td>
<td><p>e</p></td>
<td><p>z</p></td>
<td><p>h</p></td>
<td><p>j</p></td>
<td><p>i</p></td>
<td><p>k</p></td>
<td><p>l</p></td>
<td><p>m</p></td>
<td><p>n</p></td>
<td><p>x</p></td>
<td><p>o</p></td>
<td><p>p</p></td>
<td><p>r</p></td>
<td><p>s</p></td>
<td><p>c</p></td>
<td><p>t</p></td>
<td><p>u</p></td>
<td><p>f</p></td>
<td><p>q</p></td>
<td><p>y</p></td>
<td><p>w</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>α</p></td>
<td><p>β</p></td>
<td><p>γ</p></td>
<td><p>δ</p></td>
<td><p>ε</p></td>
<td><p>ζ</p></td>
<td><p>η</p></td>
<td><p>θ</p></td>
<td><p>ι</p></td>
<td><p>κ</p></td>
<td><p>λ</p></td>
<td><p>μ</p></td>
<td><p>ν</p></td>
<td><p>ξ</p></td>
<td><p>ο</p></td>
<td><p>π</p></td>
<td><p>ρ</p></td>
<td><p>σ</p></td>
<td><p>ς</p></td>
<td><p>τ</p></td>
<td><p>υ</p></td>
<td><p>φ</p></td>
<td><p>χ</p></td>
<td><p>ψ</p></td>
<td><p>ω</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Accent symbols and punctuation:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr><td><p>tonos/oxia</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">'a</span></p></td>
<td><p>ά</p></td>
<td><p>right apostrophe</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">''</span></p></td>
<td><p>’</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>varia</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">`a</span></p></td>
<td><p>ὰ</p></td>
<td><p>left apostrophe</p></td>
<td><p>``</p></td>
<td><p>‘</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>dasia</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal"><a</span></p></td>
<td><p>ἁ</p></td>
<td><p>left quotation mark</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">((</span></p></td>
<td><p>«</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>psili</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">>a</span></p></td>
<td><p>ἀ</p></td>
<td><p>right quotation mark</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">))</span></p></td>
<td><p>»</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>perispomeni</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">\~a</span></p></td>
<td><p>ᾶ</p></td>
<td><p>erotimatiko</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">?</span></p></td>
<td><p>;</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>dialytika</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">"i</span></p></td>
<td><p>ϊ</p></td>
<td><p>ano teleia<a class="footnote-reference superscript" href="#footnote-4" id="footnote-reference-6" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>5<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">;</span></p></td>
<td><p>·</p></td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>ypogegrammeni</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">a|</span></p></td>
<td><p>ᾳ</p></td>
<td><p>zero width non-joiner</p></td>
<td><p><span class="docutils literal">av|</span></p></td>
<td><p>αͺ</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The downside is, that you cannot print Latin letters and some symbols if
LGR is the active font encoding. This means that for every Latin-written
word or acronym in a Greek text part, an explicit font encoding switch is
required.</p>
<aside class="footnote-list superscript">
<aside class="footnote superscript" id="footnote-4" role="doc-footnote">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#footnote-reference-6">5</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>The “<span class="target" id="keep-semicolon">keep-semicolon</span>” language attribute prevents the mapping of
a semicolon to a middle dot to allow its use as Greek question mark
(erotimatiko).</p>
</aside>
</aside>
</section>
<section id="greek-numerals">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-7" role="doc-backlink">Greek Numerals</a></h2>
<p><cite>babel-greek</cite> provides the macros <code class="latex">\greeknumeral</code> and
<code class="latex">\Greeknumeral</code> to transform a number into its corresponding
<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_numerals">Greek numeral</a>
(see also section <a class="reference external" href="http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/babel-contrib/greek/babel-greek.pdf#greek-numbering">Greek numbering</a> in the PDF documentation).</p>
<p>The classic <cite>Greek numerals</cite>, also known as Ionic, Ionian, Milesian, or
Alexandrian numerals were introduced to Athens along with the Ionic alphabet
from the city of Miletus in Ionia replacing the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_numerals">Attic numerals</a>.
They are still used in everyday life for ordinal numbers and
more generally by the Orthodox church and certain scholars.</p>
<p>Greek numerals use several now obsolete letters:
<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digamma">digamma</a> ϝ or <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)">stigma</a> ϛ, <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppa_(letter)">koppa</a> ϟ or ϙ, and <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampi">sampi</a> ϡ <a class="citation-reference" href="#nicholas-05" id="citation-reference-2" role="doc-biblioref">[Nicholas-05]</a>.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Standing for 6 is the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digamma">digamma</a> ϝ, the sixth letter of the Ionic
alphabet (just as its Latin equivalent F is the sixth letter of the
Latin alphabet). As Greek script turned to uncial and then lowercase,
the numeral changed its shape and became conflated with another,
similar sign: the ligature for sigma-tau <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(ligature)">stigma</a> ϛ.
The letters στ are frequently used as replacement.</p>
<p>There is no significant tradition of ϝ being used as a numeral in
editions of classical texts, even though the Ancients clearly used
digamma rather than stigma as their numeral.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Three different signs are in use for the number 90: Classicists use the
“archaic <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppa_(letter)">koppa</a>” ϙ, and more rarely its uncial form (resembling the
“<a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppa_(Cyrillic)">Cyrillic letter koppa</a>” ҁ or the “Gothic letter ninety” 𐍁).
Modern Greeks use the “Greek letter koppa” ϟ exclusively and
do not recognise ϙ at all, let alone as a glyph variant of ϟ.</p></li>
<li><p>The sign for the number 900 is the <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampi">sampi</a> ϡ. Its shape, developed
during its use in minuscule handwriting of the Byzantine era. Earlier
variants similar to the “archaic sampi” ͳ and the “Gothic Letter Nine
Hundred” 𐍊 are not used in Greek.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Users can redefine the macros <code class="latex">\greeknumeralsix</code>,
<code class="latex">\greeknumeralSix</code>, <code class="latex">\greeknumeralninety</code>, and
<code class="latex">\greeknumeralNinety</code> to configure the used symbols,
for example</p>
<pre class="code latex literal-block"><code><span class="keyword">\renewcommand</span><span class="name builtin">{</span><span class="keyword">\greeknumeralninety</span><span class="name builtin">}{</span><span class="keyword">\textkoppa</span><span class="name builtin">}</span>
<span class="keyword">\renewcommand</span><span class="name builtin">{</span><span class="keyword">\greeknumeralNinety</span><span class="name builtin">}{</span><span class="keyword">\textKoppa</span><span class="name builtin">}</span>
<span class="keyword">\ifdefined</span> <span class="keyword">\textvarstigma</span>
<span class="keyword">\renewcommand</span><span class="name builtin">{</span><span class="keyword">\greeknumeralSix</span><span class="name builtin">}{</span><span class="keyword">\textvarstigma</span><span class="name builtin">}</span>
<span class="keyword">\fi</span></code></pre>
<p>sets the symbol for 90 to the “modern” koppa ϟ also for ancient Greek
and the “capital” 6 symbol to the variant stigma glyph (only defined in LGR).</p>
</section>
<section id="changelog">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-8" role="doc-backlink">Changelog</a></h2>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>1.4 (2013-05-17)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>New maintainer.</p></li>
<li><p>The encoding definition file <span class="docutils literal">lgrenc.def</span> moved to the
<a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a> package.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.5 (2013-06-21)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Bugfixes and cleanup.</p></li>
<li><p>LICR macros in string definitions.</p></li>
<li><p>LGR font encoding not used with XeTeX/LuaTeX.</p></li>
<li><p>Input “xgreek-fixes.def” from <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/polyglossia">polyglossia</a> with Xe/LuaTeX.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.5a (2013-07-02)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Fix LaTeX bugs babel/3707, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/cgi-bin/ltxbugs2html?pr=babel/4303">babel/4303</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/cgi-bin/ltxbugs2html?pr=babel/4305">babel/4305</a></p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.6 (2013-07-19)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Experimental support for XeTeX/LuaTeX.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.7 (2013-09-09)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>CB-Fonts font definition files moved to CB-Fonts package.</p></li>
<li><p>Do not auto-load euenc.def with XeTeX/LuaTeX.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.7a (2013-09-13)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Fix bug <a class="reference external" href="http://www.latex-project.org/cgi-bin/ltxbugs2html?pr=babel/4360">babel/4360</a>: spurious <span class="docutils literal">\fi</span>.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.7b (2013-10-01)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Fix upcasing of babel strings with Xe/LuaTeX.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.8 (2013-12-02)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Rename <span class="docutils literal">greek.dtx</span> to <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">babel-greek</span></span> so that <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texdoc">texdoc</a>
shows the right documentation.</p></li>
<li><p>Compatibility with Xe/LuaTeX in Unicode and 8-bit mode.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.8a (2013-12-03)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Set <span class="docutils literal">\encodingdefault</span> in <span class="docutils literal">\greekscript</span> to fix Greek
in footnotes etc. with document language Greek.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9 (2014-07-20)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>New attribute for ancient Greek, load correct hyphenation
patterns (patch by Claudio Beccari).</p></li>
<li><p>Bugfix for <span class="docutils literal">\Makeuppercase</span></p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9a (2014-09-12)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Remove duplicate code, documentation review.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9b (2014-09-18)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Remove spurious whitespace from <span class="docutils literal">\extrasgreek</span> definition.</p></li>
<li><p>Use named macros instead of non-standard short macros
for <em>psili</em> and <em>dasia</em> in the string definitions.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9c (2014-10-21)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Fix dummy hyphenation language names (patch by Ulrike Fischer).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9d (2015-09-04)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Remove <cite>grsymb</cite> (macros for Greek symbols).
This package is outdated and obsoleted by <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>
(reported by Claudio Beccari).</p></li>
<li><p>Unicode uc/lc corrections now in <cite>greek-fontenc</cite>.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9e (2015-11-27)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Fix bug in lccode-setting loop (patch by Enrico Gregorio).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9f (2016-02-04)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Support for new standard Unicode text font encoding “TU”.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9g (2016-09-07)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Babel 3.9i deprecated <span class="docutils literal">\textlatin</span> and fixed <span class="docutils literal">\latinencoding</span>.
1.9h (2019-07-11)</p></li>
<li><p>Move breathing composite commands to <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">textalpha</a>.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9i (2020-02-28)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Update test for Unicode fonts.</p></li>
<li><p>Fix accent in <span class="docutils literal">\seename</span> and <span class="docutils literal">\alsoname</span>.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.9j (2020-03-17)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Fix ampersand in math mode.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.10 (2020-11-10)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Use <span class="docutils literal">TU</span> as <span class="docutils literal">\greekfontencoding</span> for Xe/LuaTeX (set by LaTeX as
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews26.pdf">default font encoding for Unicode engines</a> since 2017/01/01).</p></li>
<li><p>Use zig-zaggy <span class="docutils literal">\textkoppa</span> for <span class="docutils literal">\greeknumeral{90}</span>.</p></li>
<li><p>PDF-string secure implementation of <span class="docutils literal">\greeknumeral</span> from <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/hyperref">hyperref</a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Load <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">puenc-greek.def</span></span> (from <a class="reference external" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/greek-fontenc">greek-fontenc</a>) if used with hyperref
(polytonic Greek in PDF-strings).</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.11 (2020-11-20)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Configurable <a class="reference internal" href="#greek-numerals">Greek numerals</a> 6 and 90.</p></li>
<li><p>Save/restore previous font encoding instead of switching
to hard-coded <span class="docutils literal">\latinencoding</span> when leaving Greek.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.12 (2023-03-04)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Do not change the uccode values if the LaTeX version is newer than
2022/06. The new <span class="docutils literal">\MakeUppercase</span> definition ignores them and fails
with the “dummy” character 0x9f (cf. <a class="citation-reference" href="#ltnews35" id="citation-reference-3" role="doc-biblioref">[ltnews35]</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/987">LaTeX issue 987</a>).</p></li>
<li><p>New modifiers <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">local-LGR-fixes</span></span> and <span class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">no-LGR-fixes</span></span> to address
indexing problmes with Roman numerals (<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/latex3/babel/issues/170">Babel issue 170</a>). Provisional.</p></li>
<li><p>New TextCommand <span class="docutils literal">\EnsureStandardFontEncoding</span>.</p></li>
<li><p>Rename <span class="docutils literal">\textgreek</span> to <span class="docutils literal">\lgrfont</span> to avoid confusion with a
language changing command.</p></li>
<li><p>Documentation update and refactoring.</p></li>
<li><p>Drop LGR-local re-definition of <span class="docutils literal">\SS</span>.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="athnum.dtx">athnum.dtx</a> 2.0:
Don’t require Babel.
Use LICR macros instead of the Latin transliteration.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.13 (2023-03-15)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>New language attribute “<a class="reference internal" href="#keep-semicolon">keep-semicolon</a>”.</p></li>
<li><p>Rename <span class="docutils literal">\greek@tilde</span> to <span class="docutils literal">\bbl@greek@tilde</span>, simplify definition.</p></li>
<li><p>Fix links, update documentation.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.13.1 (2023-03-17)</dt>
<dd><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Don’t use text command in math mode with “keep-semicolon”.</p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference external" href="athnum.dtx">athnum.dtx</a> 2.0.1: Fix behaviour in math mode.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="references">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#toc-entry-9" role="doc-backlink">References</a></h2>
<div role="list" class="citation-list">
<div class="citation" id="fntguide" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#citation-reference-1">fntguide</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>LaTeX Project Team <cite>LaTeX2e font selection</cite>, December 2021.
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/fntguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/fntguide.pdf</a></p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="ltnews35" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#citation-reference-3">ltnews35</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>LaTeX Project Team <cite>LaTeX News 35</cite>, June 2022.
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews35.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/news/latex2e-news/ltnews35.pdf</a></p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="nicholas-05" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#citation-reference-2">Nicholas-05</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Nick Nicholas <cite>Numerals: Stigma, Koppa, Sampi</cite>, 2005.
<a class="reference external" href="https://opoudjis.net/unicode/numerals.html">https://opoudjis.net/unicode/numerals.html</a></p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="vlachou-22" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Vlachou-22<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Irene Vlachou
<cite>Polytonic Greek: a guide for type designers</cite>, 2022.
<a class="reference external" href="https://irenevl.github.io/Polytonic-tutorial/">https://irenevl.github.io/Polytonic-tutorial/</a></p>
</div>
<div class="citation" id="haralambous-98" role="doc-biblioentry">
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>Haralambous-98<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
<p>Yannis Haralambous
<cite>From Unicode to Typography, a Case Study: the Greek Script</cite>, 1998.
<a class="reference external" href="https://hal.science/hal-02101618">https://hal.science/hal-02101618</a></p>
</div>
</div>
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