summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/info/latex.hlp
blob: 1a5605fee6ca9ef86418a8a81e4aa864ca25cea0 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
!!! ======================================================================
!!!  @Digital-HELP-Text-file{
!!!     filename        = "latex.hlp",
!!!     version         = "1.0a",
!!!     date            = "6 January 1993",
!!!     ISO-date        = "1993.01.06",
!!!     time            = "13:14:51.77 CST",
!!!     author          = "George D. Greenwade",
!!!     address         = "Department of Economics and Business Analysis
!!!                        College of Business Administration
!!!                        P. O. Box 2118
!!!                        Sam Houston State University
!!!                        Huntsville, Texas, USA 77341-2118",
!!!     email           = "bed_gdg@SHSU.edu (Internet)
!!!                        BED_GDG@SHSU     (BITNET)
!!!                        SHSU::BED_GDG    (THENET)",
!!!     telephone       = "(409) 294-1266",
!!!     FAX             = "(409) 294-3712",
!!!     supported       = "yes",
!!!     archived        = "*Niord.SHSU,edu:[FILESERV.VMS-LATEX-HELP]",
!!!     keywords        = "VMS, help, librarian, LaTeX",
!!!     codetable       = "ISO/ASCII",
!!!     checksum        = "20125 3918 18451 123110",
!!!     docstring       = "This is a replacement for LATEX.HLP in the VMS
!!!                        Help Library.  It is a modification of the DECUS
!!!                        LATEX.HLP file with the LaTeX command strings
!!!                        copied into a higher level so that the command
!!!                         HELP LATEX COMMAND topic
!!!                        is immediately accessible.  SEE ALSO strings are
!!!                        included to point the user back to the original
!!!                        entry area of broader related topics.
!!!
!!!                        This version differs from 1.0 in that it
!!!                        corrects some prior oversights by the author.
!!!                        
!!!                        The checksum field above contains a CRC-16
!!!                        checksum as the first value, followed by the
!!!                        equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word 
!!!                        count) utility output of lines, words, and
!!!                        characters.  This is produced by Robert 
!!!                        Solovay's checksum utility."
!!! }
!!! ======================================================================
1 LaTeX

 The LaTeX command  typesets  a file of text using the TeX program  and
 the LaTeX Macro package for TeX.  To be more specific, it processes an
 input  file  containing  the  text  of  a document  with  interspersed
 commands that describe how the text should be formatted.   It produces
 two files as output,  a Device  Independent  (DVI)  file that contains
 commands that can be translated  into commands for a variety of output
 devices,  and  a `transcript'  or `log  file'  that  contains  summary
 information  and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered  in the
 input file.

 For a description  of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult  The
 TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9,  published jointly  by
 the  American  Mathematical  Society  and  Addison-Wesley   Publishing
 Company.  Some documentation can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC...].

 For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation
 System:  LaTeX"  by  Leslie  Lamport,  ISBN  0-201-15790-X,  published
 jointly  by  the  American  Mathematical  Society  and  Addison-Wesley
 Publishing   Company.    Some   documentation    can   be   found   in
 TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC...].

 Format:

    LATEX input-file
2 Commands

 A LaTeX command  begins with the command  name, which consists  of a \
 followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. 
 Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments
 contained in braces {} are required.

 NOTE:  LaTeX  is case sensitive.   Enter  all commands  in lower  case
 unless explicitly directed to do otherwise.
3 Counters

 Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
 name  of the counter  is the same  as the name  of the environment  or
 command that produces  the number,  except with no \.  Below is a list
 of the counters  used  LaTeX's  standard  document  styles  to control
 numbering.

 part            part            figure          enumi
 chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
 section         page            footnote        enumiii
 subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
 subsubsection

4 \addtocounter

 \addtocounter{counter}{value}

 The  \addtocounter  command  increments  the  counter  by  the  amount
 specified by the value argument.  The value argument can be negative.
4 \alph

 \alph{counter}

 This  command  causes  the  value  of the  counter  to be  printed  in
 alphabetic characters.  The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic
 alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes
 upper case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C...
4 \arabic

 \arabic{counter}

 The \arabic command causes the value of the counter  to be printed  in
 arabic numbers, i.e., 3.
4 \fnsymbol

 \fnsymbol{counter}

 The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
 a specific  sequence  of nine symbols  that can be used  for numbering
 footnotes.
4 \newcounter

 \newcounter{foo}[counter]

 The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo.  The optional
 argument  [counter]  causes the counter  foo to be reset whenever  the
 counter named in the optional argument is incremented.
4 \roman

 \roman{counter}

 This command  causes the value of the counter  to be printed  in roman
 numerals.   The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e.,
 i, ii, iii...,  while  the \Roman  command  causes  upper  case  roman
 numerals, i.e., I, II, III...
4 \setcounter

 \setcounter{counter}{value}

 The  \setcounter  command  sets  the  value  of the  counter  to  that
 specified by the value argument.
4 \usecounter

 \usecounter{counter}

 The \usecounter  command  is used in the second  argument  of the list
 environment  to allow the counter  specified  to be used to number the
 list items.
4 \value

 \value{counter}

 The \value  command  produces  the value of the counter  named  in the
 mandatory argument.   It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
 number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter  or \addtocounter
 command, or in
      \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}

 It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
3 Cross_References

 One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
 the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
4 \label

 \label{key}

 A \label command  appearing  in ordinary  text assigns  to the key the
 number of the current sectional unit; one appearing  inside a numbered
 environment assigns that number to the key.

 A key can consist of any sequence  of letters,  digits, or punctuation
 characters.  Upper- and lowercase letters are different.
4 \pageref

 \pageref{key}

 The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text
 where the corresponding \label command appears.
4 \ref

 \ref{key}

 The \ref command produces  the number of the sectional  unit, equation
 number, ... of the corresponding \label command.
3 Definitions

4 \newcommand

 \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
 \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}

 These commands define (or redefine) a command.

  -  cmd:  A command name beginning with a \.  For \newcommand it must
     not  be  already  defined  and  must  not  begin  with  \end; for
     \renewcommand it must already be defined.

  -  args:  An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
     the  command  being  defined.   The default is for the command to
     have no arguments.

  -  def:  The text to be substituted for every occurrence of  cmd;  a
     parameter  of  the  form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the
     nth argument when this substitution takes place.

4 \newenvironment

 \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
 \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}

 These commands define or redefine an environment.

  -  nam:  The name of the  environment.   For  \newenvironment  there
     must  be  no  currently defined environment by that name, and the
     command  \nam  must  be  undefined.   For  \renewenvironment  the
     environment must already be defined.

  -  args:  An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
     the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

  -  begdef:   The  text   substituted   for   every   occurrence   of
     \begin{name};  a  parameter  of the form #n in cmd is replaced by
     the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.

  -  enddef:  The text substituted for every occurrence of  \end{nam}.
     It may not contain any argument parameters.

4 \newtheorem

 \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
 \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}

 This command defines a theorem-like environment.

  -  env_name:  The name of the environment -- a  string  of  letters.
     Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.

  -  caption:  The text printed at the beginning of  the  environment,
     right before the number.

  -  within:  The name of an already defined  counter,  usually  of  a
     sectional  unit.   Provides  a means of resetting the new theorem
     counter within the sectional unit.

  -  numbered_like:  The  name  of  an  already  defined  theorem-like
     environment.


 The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
4 \newfont

 \newfont{cmd}{font_name}

 Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently  defined, to
 be a declaration  that  selects  the font  named  font_name  to be the
 current font.
3 Document_Styles

 Valid LaTeX document styles include:

  o  article

  o  report

  o  letter

  o  book


 Other document styles are described under the Help Topic LaTeX_Styles.

 They are selected with the following command:

 \documentstyle [options] {style}

 The options for the different styles are:

 1.  article:  11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn,  draft,  fleqn,  leqno,
     acm

 2.  report:  11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm

 3.  letter:  11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm

 4.  book:  11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno


 If you specify  more than  one option,  they  must  be separated  by a
 comma.
4 \flushbottom

 The \flushbottom  declaration  makes  all text pages  the same height,
 adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
4 \onecolumn

 The  \onecolumn   declaration   starts   a  new  page   and   produces
 single-column output.
4 \raggedbottom

 The \raggedbottom  declaration  makes all pages the height of the text
 on that page.  No extra vertical space is added.
4 \twocolumn

 The \twocolumn  declaration  starts a new page and produces two-column
 output.
3 Environments
 LaTeX provides  a number of different  paragraph-making  environments.
 Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.

        \begin{environment-name}
        .
        .
        .
        \end{environment-name}
4 array

 \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{array}

 Math arrays are produced with the array environment.   It has a single
 mandatory argument describing  the number of columns and the alignment
 within them.  Each column, coln, is specified  by a single letter that
 tells how items in that row should be formatted.

  -  c for centered

  -  l for flushleft

  -  r for flushright


 Column entries must be separated  by an &.  Column entries may include
 other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array must be terminated with
 the string \\.
4 center

 \begin{center}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{center}

 The center environment  allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
 lines  that are centered  within  the left  and right  margins  on the
 current page.  Each line must be terminated with the string \\.
5 \centering

 This  declaration  corresponds   to  the  center  environment.   This
 declaration  can be used inside an environment  such as quote or in a
 parbox.  The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page by
 putting a \centering  command at the beginning of the figure or table
 environment.

 Unlike the center environment,  the \centering command does not start
 a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.
 To affect  a paragraph  unit's  format,  the scope of the declaration
 must contain the blank line or \end command  (of an environment  like
 quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
4 description

 \begin{description}
 \item [label] First item
 \item [label] Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{description}

 The description environment  is used to make labeled lists.  The label
 is bold face and flushed right.
4 enumerate

 \begin{enumerate}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{enumerate}

 The enumerate environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations  can
 be nested within one another,  up to four levels deep.   They can also
 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.

 Each item of an enumerated  list begins with an \item command.   There
 must be at least one \item command within the environment.
4 eqnarray

 \begin{eqnarray}
 math formula 1 \\
 math formula 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{eqnarray}

 The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
 inequalities.   It is very much like a three-column array environment,
 with consecutive  rows separated by \\ and consecutive  items within a
 row separated  by an &.  An equation  number  is placed  on every line
 unless that line has a \nonumber command.
4 equation

 \begin{equation}
  math formula
 \end{equation}

 The equation environment  centers your equation on the page and places
 the equation number in the right margin.
4 figure

 \begin{figure}[placement]

  body of the figure

 \caption{figure title}
 \end{figure}

 Figures  are objects  that are not part  of the normal  text,  and are
 usually  "floated"  to a convenient  place,  like  the top  of a page.
 Figures will not be split between two pages.

 The optional argument [placement]  determines  where LaTeX will try to
 place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
 a float:

  -  h:  Here  -  at  the  position  in  the  text  where  the  figure
     environment appears.

  -  t:  Top - at the top of a text page.

  -  b:  Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.

  -  p:  Page of floats - on a separate float page, which  is  a  page
     containing no text, only floats.


 The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.


 The body of the figure  is made up of whatever  text, LaTeX  commands,
 etc. you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your figure.
4 flushleft

 \begin{flushleft}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{flushleft}

 The flushleft environment  allows you to create a paragraph consisting
 of lines  that are flushed  left to the left-hand  margin.   Each line
 must be terminated with the string \\.
5 \raggedright

 This  declaration  corresponds  to the  flushleft  environment.  This
 declaration  can be used inside an environment  such as quote or in a
 parbox.

 Unlike the flushleft environment,  the \raggedright  command does not
 start a new paragraph;  it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
 units.   To affect  a paragraph  unit's  format,  the  scope  of  the
 declaration  must  contain  the blank  line  or \end  command  (of an
 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
4 flushright

 \begin{flushright}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{flushright}

 The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
 of lines that are flushed  right to the right-hand  margin.  Each line
 must be terminated with the string \\.
5 \raggedleft

 This  declaration  corresponds  to the flushright  environment.  This
 declaration  can be used inside an environment  such as quote or in a
 parbox.

 Unlike the flushright environment,  the \raggedleft  command does not
 start a new paragraph;  it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
 units.   To affect  a paragraph  unit's  format,  the  scope  of  the
 declaration  must  contain  the blank  line  or \end  command  (of an
 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
4 itemize

 \begin{itemize}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{itemize}

 The itemize environment produces a bulleted list.  Itemizations can be
 nested within one another,  up to four levels deep.   They can also be
 nested within other paragraph-making environments.

 Each item of an itemized  list begins  with an \item  command.   There
 must be at least one \item command within the environment.
4 list

 \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{list}

 The {label}  argument  specifies  how items should  be labeled.   This
 argument  is a piece  of text that  is inserted  in a box to form  the
 label.   This  argument  can and  usually  does  contain  other  LaTeX
 commands.

 The  {spacing}  argument  contains  commands  to  change  the  spacing
 parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be null, i.e.,
 {}.  This will select all default  spacing  which should  suffice  for
 most cases.
4 minipage

 \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
  text
 \end{minipage}

 The minipage  environment  is similar to a \parbox command.   It takes
 the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument.  You
 may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.

 Footnotes  in a minipage  environment  are handled  in a way  that  is
 particularly  useful for putting footnotes  in figures  or tables.   A
 \footnote or \footnotetext  command puts the footnote at the bottom of
 the minipage  instead  of at the bottom  of the page,  and it uses the
 mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.

 NOTE:  Don't  put  one  minipage  inside  another  if  you  are  using
 footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
4 picture

 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
 .
  picture commands
 .
 \end{picture}

 The picture  environment  allows you to create  just about any kind of
 picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You tell
 LaTeX  where  to  put  things  in  the  picture  by  specifying  their
 coordinates.   A coordinate  is a number that may have a decimal point
 and a minus  sign  - a number  like  5, 2.3 or -3.1416.   A coordinate
 specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength,  so if
 \unitlength  has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
 length of 2.54 centimeters.   You can change  the value of \unitlength
 anywhere  you want, using the \setlength  command,  but strange things
 will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.

 A position is a pair of coordinates,  such as (2.4,-5), specifying the
 point  with x-coordinate  2.4 and y-coordinate  -5.   Coordinates  are
 specified  in the  usual  way  with  respect  to an origin,  which  is
 normally  at the lower-left  corner of the picture.   Note that when a
 position  appears as an argument,  it is not enclosed  in braces;  the
 parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

 The  picture  environment  has  one  mandatory  argument,  which  is a
 position.   It specifies  the size  of the picture.   The  environment
 produces  a rectangular  box with width and height determined  by this
 argument's x- and y-coordinates.

 The  picture  environment  also  has  an optional  position  argument,
 following  the size argument,  that  can change  the origin.   (Unlike
 ordinary optional arguments,  this argument is not contained in square
 brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
 the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). 
 For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command

 \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)

 produces   a  picture   of  width  100  millimeters   and  height  200
 millimeters,  whose lower-left  corner is the point (10,20)  and whose
 upper-right  corner is therefore the point (110,220).   When you first
 draw a picture,  you will  omit  the optional  argument,  leaving  the
 origin  at the lower-left  corner.   If you then want  to modify  your
 picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate  optional
 argument.

 The environment's  mandatory  argument determines  the nominal size of
 the picture.   This need  bear  no relation  to how large  the picture
 really  is; LaTeX will happily  allow  you to put things  outside  the
 picture, or even off the page.  The picture's  nominal size is used by
 TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.

 Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The
 command

 \put (11.3,-.3){...}

 puts the object specified  by "..." in the picture, with its reference
 point at coordinates  (11.3,-.3).   The reference  points  for various
 objects will be described below.

 The \put command creates an LR box.  You can put anything  in the text
 argument  of the \put command  that you'd put into the argument  of an
 \mbox and related  commands.   When you do this,  the reference  point
 will be the lower left corner of the box.
5 \circle

 \circle[*]{diameter}

 The \circle command produces a circle of the specified  diameter.  If
 the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
5 \dashbox

 \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){...}

 The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies  the width of each
 dash.   A dashed  box looks  best  when  the  width  and  height  are
 multiples of the dash length.
5 \frame

 \frame{...}

 The  \frame  command  puts  a rectangular  frame  around  the  object
 specified  in the argument.   The reference  point is the bottom left
 corner of the frame.  No extra space is put between the frame and the
 object.
5 \framebox

 \framebox(width,height)[position]{...}

 The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.
5 \line

 \line(x slope,y slope){length}

 The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.
5 \linethickness

 \linethickness{dimension}

 Declares the thickness of horizontal  and vertical lines in a picture
 environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does
 not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
 circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
5 \makebox

 \makebox(width,height)[position]{...}

 The \makebox  command for the picture environment  is similar  to the
 normal  \makebox  command  except  that you must specify  a width and
 height in multiples of \unitlength.

 The optional argument, [position],  specifies  the quadrant that your
 text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

  -  t:  Moves the item to the top of the rectangle

  -  b:  Moves the item to the bottom

  -  l:  Moves the item to the left

  -  r:  Moves the item to the right

5 \multiput

 \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}

 The \multiput  command  can be used  when  you are putting  the  same
 object in a regular pattern across a picture.
5 \oval

 \oval(width,height)[portion]

 The \oval command  produces  a rectangle  with rounded  corners.  The
 optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.

  -  t:  Selects the top portion

  -  b:  Selects the bottom portion

  -  r:  Selects the right portion

  -  l:  Selects the left portion

5 \put

 \put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }

 The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory  argument
 at the given coordinates.
5 \shortstack

 \shortstack[position]{...  \\ ...  \\ ...}

 The \shortstack  command  produces  a stack  of objects.   The  valid
 positions are:

  -  r:  Moves the objects to the right of the stack

  -  l:  Moves the objects to the left of the stack

  -  c:  Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)

5 \vector

 \vector(x slope,y slope){length}

 The \vector  command  draws  a line  with  an arrow  of the specified
 length  and slope.   The x and y values  must lie between  -4 and +4,
 inclusive.
4 quotation

 \begin{quotation}
  text
 \end{quotation}

 The margins of the quotation environment  are indented on the left and
 the right.   The  text  is justified  at both  margins  and  there  is
 paragraph  indentation.   Leaving a blank line between text produces a
 new paragraph.
4 quote

 \begin{quote}
  text
 \end{quote}

 The margins of the quote environment  are indented on the left and the
 right.  The text is justified  at both margins.   Leaving a blank line
 between text produces a new paragraph.
4 tabbing

 \begin{tabbing}
 text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
 second row \>  \> more \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabbing}

 The tabbing environment  provides a way to align text in columns.   It
 works  by setting  tab stops  and tabbing  to them much the way you do
 with an ordinary typewriter.
5 \=

 The \= command sets the tab stops.
5 \>

 The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.
5 \<

 The \< command  allows you to put something  to the left of the local
 margin without changing the margin.
5 \+

 The \+ command  moves  the  left  margin  of the  next  and  all  the
 following commands one tab stop to the right.
5 \-

 The \- command  moves  the  left  margin  of the  next  and  all  the
 following commands one tab stop to the left.
5 \'

 The \' command  moves  everything  that you have typed  so far in the
 current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \',
 \\, or \kill  command,  to the right  of the previous  column,  flush
 against the current column's tab stop.
5 \`

 The \` command allows you to put text flushed  right against  any tab
 stop, including tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right
 of the last column because there's no tab stop there.  The \` command
 moves  all the text  that  follows  it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}
 command  that  ends  the line,  to the right  margin  of the  tabbing
 environment.   There must be no \> or \' command  between  the \` and
 the command that ends the line.
5 \kill

 The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. 
 It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line
 instead  of producing  output for it.  The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
 commands in that line remain in effect.
4 table

 \begin{table}[placement]

  body of the table

 \caption{table title}
 \end{table}

 Tables  are objects  that  are not part  of the normal  text,  and are
 usually  "floated"  to a convenient  place,  like  the top  of a page.
 Tables will not be split between two pages.

 The optional argument [placement]  determines  where LaTeX will try to
 place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly  put
 a float:

  -  h:   Here  -  at  the  position  in  the  text  where  the  table
     environment appears.

  -  t:  Top - at the top of a text page.

  -  b:  Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.

  -  p:  Page of floats - on a separate float page, which  is  a  page
     containing no text, only floats.


 The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.

 The body of the table  is made up of whatever  text,  LaTeX  commands,
 etc., you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your table.
4 tabular

 \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabular}

                or

 \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabular*}

 These environments  produce a box consisting  of a sequence of rows of
 items,  aligned  vertically  in columns.   The mandatory  and optional
 arguments consist of:

  o  width:  Specifies the width of the tabular*  environment.   There
     must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out
     the specified width.

  o  pos:  Specifies the  vertical position;  default is alignment  on
     the center of the environment.

      -  t - align on top row

      -  b - align on bottom row


  o  cols:   Specifies  the  column  formatting.   It  consists  of  a
     sequence  of  the  following  specifiers,  corresponding  to  the
     sequence of columns and intercolumn material.

      -  l - A column of left-aligned items.

      -  r - A column of right-aligned items.

      -  c - A column of centered items.

      -  | - A  vertical  line  the  full  height  and  depth  of  the
         environment.

      -  @{text} - This inserts text in every  row.   An  @-expression
         suppresses  the  intercolumn  space normally inserted between
         columns; any desired space between the inserted text and  the
         adjacent items must be included in text.  An \extracolsep{wd}
         command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width  wd
         to  appear  to  the  left  of  all  subsequent columns, until
         countermanded  by  another  \extracolsep   command.    Unlike
         ordinary   intercolumn   space,   this  extra  space  is  not
         suppressed by an @-expression.  An \extracolsep  command  can
         be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.

      -  p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a  parbox
         of  width  wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}
         command.  However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in
         the  following  situations:   (i)  inside an environment like
         minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,
         or  (iii)  in  the  scope  of  a \centering, \raggedright, or
         \raggedleft declaration.  The latter declarations must appear
         inside  braces  or  an  environment  when  used in a p-column
         element.

      -  *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is
         any    positive   integer   and   cols   is   any   list   of
         column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.


5 \cline

 \cline{i-j}

 The  \cline  command  draws  horizontal   lines  across  the  columns
 specified,  beginning  in column i and ending in column  j, which are
 identified in the mandatory argument.
5 \hline

 The \hline  command  will draw  a horizontal  line  the width  of the
 table.   It's most commonly  used to draw a line at the top,  bottom,
 and between the rows of the table.
5 \multicolumn

 \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}

 The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. 
 The first mandatory argument,  cols, specifies  the number of columns
 to  span.   The  second  mandatory  argument,   pos,  specifies   the
 formatting  of the entry;  c for  centered,  l for  flushleft,  r for
 flushright.   The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text
 is to make up the entry.
5 \vline

 The \vline  command  will draw  a vertical  line  extending  the full
 height and depth of its row.  An \hfill  command  can be used to move
 the line  to the edge  of the  column.   It can  also  be used  in an
 @-expression.
4 thebibliography

 \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
 \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
 .
 .
 .
 \end{thebibliography}

 The thebibliography  environment produces a bibliography  or reference
 list.   In  the  article   style,  this  reference   list  is  labeled
 "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".

  o  widest-label:  Text that, when printed, is approximately as  wide
     as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.

5 \bibitem

 \bibitem[label]{cite_key}

 The \bibitem  command generates  an entry labeled  by label.   If the
 label argument is missing, a number is generated  as the label, using
 the enumi counter.  The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers,
 and punctuation  symbols not containing a comma.  This command writes
 an entry on the aux file containing  cite_key  and the item's label. 
 When  this  aux file  is read  by the \begin{document}  command,  the
 item's label is associated  with cite_key,  causing the reference  to
 cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.
5 \cite

 \cite[text]{key_list}

 The key_list  argument  is a list  of citation  keys.   This  command
 generates an in-text citation to the references  associated  with the
 keys  in  key_list   by  entries   on  the  aux  file  read   by  the
 \begin{document} command.
5 \nocite

 \nocite{key_list}

 The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a
 list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.
4 theorem

 \begin{theorem}
  theorem text
 \end{theorem}

 The theorem environment  produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed  by
 your theorem text.
4 titlepage

 \begin{titlepage}
  text
 \end{titlepage}

 The titlepage  environment  creates a title page, i.e.  a page with no
 printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following  page to
 be numbered page one.  Formatting  the title page is left to you.  The
 \today command comes in handy for title pages.
4 verbatim

 \begin{verbatim}
  text
 \end{verbatim}

 The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making  environment  that gets
 LaTeX  to print  exactly  what you type in.   It turns  LaTeX  into  a
 typewriter  with carriage  returns  and blanks having  the same effect
 that they would on a typewriter.
5 \verb

 \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char

 Typesets literal_text  exactly as typed, including special characters
 and spaces,  using a typewriter  (\tt)  type style.  There  may be no
 space between  \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for
 clarity).  The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.
4 verse

 \begin{verse}
  text
 \end{verse}

 The verse  environment  is designed  for poetry,  though  you may find
 other uses for it.
3 Footnotes

 Footnotes  can be produced  in one of two ways.   They can be produced
 with one command,  the \footnote  command.   They can also be produced
 with two commands, the \footnotemark  and the \footnotetext  commands.
 See the specific command for information on why you would use one over
 the other.
4 \footnote

 \footnote[number]{text}

 The \footnote  command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom
 of the current page.  The optional argument, number, is used to change
 the default footnote  number.   This command can only be used in outer
 paragraph mode.
4 \footnotemark

 The \footnotemark  command puts the footnote number in the text.  This
 command can be used in inner paragraph mode.  The text of the footnote
 is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
4 \footnotetext

 \footnotetext[number]{text}

 The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom
 of the page.  This command  can come anywhere  after the \footnotemark
 command.   The \footnotetext  command  must appear  in outer paragraph
 mode.

 The optional argument,  number, is used to change the default footnote
 number.
3 Lengths

 A length is a measure of distance.   Many LaTeX commands take a length
 as an argument.
4 \newlength

 \newlength{\gnat}

 The \newlength  command defines  the mandatory  argument,  \gnat, as a
 length  command  with  a value  of 0in.   An error  occurs  if a \gnat
 command already exists.
4 \setlength

 \setlength{\gnat}{length}

 The \setlength  command  is used to set the value of a length command.
 The length  argument  can be expressed  in any terms  of length  LaTeX
 understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.
4 \addtolength

 \addtolength{\gnat}{length}

 The \addtolength  command  increments  a length command  by the amount
 specified in the length argument.  It can be a negative amount.
4 \settowidth

 \settowidth{\gnat}{text}

 The \settowidth  command  sets the value of a length command  equal to
 the width of the text argument.
3 Letters

 You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The
 letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once,
 although you can make just one if you so desire.

 Your .TEX  source  file  has the same  minimum  commands  as the other
 document  styles,  i.e.,  you must have  the following  commands  as a
 minimum:

 \documentstyle{letter}
 \begin{document}
  ... letters ...
 \end{document}

 Each letter is a letter  environment,  whose argument  is the name and
 address of the recipient.  For example, you might have

 \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St. 
      \\ Oakland, CA  91123}
   ...
 \end{letter}

 The letter itself begins with the \opening  command.   The text of the
 letter follows.   It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands  that
 make no sense  in a letter,  like \chapter,  don't  work.   The letter
 closes with a \closing command.

 After the closing, you can have additional material.   The \cc command
 produces  the usual "cc: ...".  There's  also a similar  \encl command
 for a list of enclosures.
4 Declarations

 The following commands are declarations which take a single argument.
5 \address

 \address{Return address}

 The  return  address,  as it should  appear  on the  letter  and  the
 envelope.   Separate  lines of the address should be separated  by \\
 commands.   If you do not  make  an \address  declaration,  then  the
 letter  will  be  formatted  for  copying  onto  your  organization's
 standard letterhead.   If you give an \address declaration,  then the
 letter will be formatted as a personal letter.
5 \signature

 \signature{Your name}

 Your name, as it should  appear  at the end of the letter  underneath
 the space for your signature.  Items that should go on separate lines
 should be separated by \\ commands.
5 \location

 \location{address}

 This  modifies  your  organization's  standard  address.   This  only
 appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
5 \telephone

 \telephone{number}

 This is your telephone  number.   This only appears  if the firstpage
 pagestyle is selected.
4 \opening

 \opening{text}

 The letter begins with the \opening command.  The mandatory  argument,
 text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,

 \opening{Dear John,}
4 \closing

 \closing {text}

 The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e.,

 \closing{Best Regards,}
3 Line_and_Page_Breaking

 The first  thing  LaTeX  does  when  processing  ordinary  text  is to
 translate  your input  file into a string  of glyphs  and spaces.   To
 produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and
 these lines must be broken into pages.   In some environments,  you do
 the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does
 it for you.
4 \\

 \\[*][extra-space]

 The \\ command  tells LaTeX to start  a new line.   It has an optional
 argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is
 to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative amount.

 The \\* command is the same as the ordinary  \\ command except that it
 tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
4 \-

 The \- command  tells  LaTeX  that it may hyphenate  the word  at that
 point.   LaTeX is very good at hyphenating,  and it will usually  find
 all correct  hyphenation  points.   The  \- command  is used  for  the
 exceptional cases.
4 \cleardoublepage

 The \cleardoublepage  command  ends the current  page  and causes  all
 figures  and tables  that  have  so far appeared  in the  input  to be
 printed.  In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a
 right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
4 \clearpage

 The \clearpage  command  ends the current  page and causes all figures
 and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
4 \hyphenation

 \hyphenation{words}

 The \hyphenation  command declares  allowed hyphenation  points, where
 words  is  a list  of  words,  separated  by  spaces,  in  which  each
 hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.
4 \linebreak

 \linebreak[number]

 The \linebreak  command  tells LaTeX to break the current  line at the
 point of the command.   With the optional  argument,  number,  you can
 convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number
 must  be a number  from  0 to 4.  The  higher  the  number,  the  more
 insistent the request is.

 The \linebreak  command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends
 to the right margin.
4 \newline

 The \newline  command breaks the line right where it is.  The \newline
 command can be used only in paragraph mode.
4 \newpage

 The \newpage command ends the current page.
4 \nolinebreak

 \nolinebreak[number]

 The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line
 at the point of the command.  With the optional argument,  number, you
 can convert the \nolinebreak  command from a demand to a request.  The
 number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number,  the more
 insistent the request is.
4 \nopagebreak

 \nopagebreak[number]

 The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page
 at the point of the command.  With the optional argument,  number, you
 can convert the \nopagebreak  command from a demand to a request.  The
 number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number,  the more
 insistent the request is.
4 \pagebreak

 \pagebreak[number]

 The \pagebreak  command  tells LaTeX to break the current  page at the
 point of the command.   With the optional  argument,  number,  you can
 convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number
 must  be a number  from  0 to 4.  The  higher  the  number,  the  more
 insistent the request is.
3 Making_Paragraphs

 A paragraph  is ended by one or more completely  blank lines  -- lines
 not containing  even an %.  A blank line should not appear where a new
 paragraph  cannot be started,  such as in math mode or in the argument
 of a sectioning command.
4 \indent

 This produces  a horizontal  space whose width equals the width of the
 paragraph indentation.   It is used to add paragraph indentation where
 it would otherwise be suppressed.
4 \noindent

 When  used  at the  beginning  of the  paragraph,  it  suppresses  the
 paragraph indentation.   It has no effect when used in the middle of a
 paragraph.
4 \par

 Equivalent  to a blank line; often used to make command or environment
 definitions easier to read.
3 Math_Formulas

 There  are three  environments  that  put LaTeX  in math  mode:  math,
 displaymath,  and equation.  The math environment is for formulas that
 appear right in the text.  The displaymath environment is for formulas
 that appear on their own line.  The equation  environment  is the same
 as the displaymath environment  except that it adds an equation number
 in the right margin.

 The math environment  can be used in both paragraph  and LR mode,  but
 the  displaymath  and  equation  environments  can  be  used  only  in
 paragraph  mode.   The math and displaymath  environments  are used so
 often that they have the following short forms:

     \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}

     \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}

 In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter
 form:

     $ ...  $ instead of \(...\)

4 Subscripts_and_Superscripts

 To get an expression  exp  to appear  as a subscript,  you  just  type
 _{exp}.  To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX
 handles  superscripted  superscripts  and  all  of that  stuff  in the
 natural  way.  It even does the right thing when something  has both a
 subscript and a superscript.
4 Math_Symbols

 TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The
 commands  for generating  them can be used  only  in math  mode.   For
 example,  if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol
 "pi" in your output.
4 Spacing_in_Math_Mode

 In a math environment,  LaTeX ignores  the spaces you type and puts in
 the spacing that it thinks is best.  LaTeX formats mathematics the way
 it's done in mathematics  texts.  If you want different spacing, LaTeX
 provides the following four commands for use in math mode:

 1.  \; - a thick space

 2.  \:  - a medium space

 3.  \, - a thin space

 4.  \!  - a negative thin space

4 Math_Miscellany
5 \cdots

 The \cdots command produces a horizontal  ellipsis where the dots are
 raised to the center of the line.
5 \ddots

 The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.
5 \frac

 \frac{num}{den}

 The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.
5 \ldots

 The \ldots command produces  an ellipsis.   This command works in any
 mode, not just math mode.
5 \overbrace

 \overbrace{text}

 The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.
5 \overline

 \overline{text}

 The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.
5 \sqrt

 \sqrt[root]{arg}

 The \sqrt  command  produces  the square  root  of its argument.  The
 optional argument,  root, determines  what root to produce, i.e., the
 cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
5 \underbrace

 \underbrace{text}

 The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.
5 \underline

 \underline{text}

 The \underline  command  causes  the argument  text to be underlined.
 This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
5 \vdots

 The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.
3 Modes

 When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
 modes:

  o  Paragraph mode

  o  Math mode

  o  Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short

 LaTeX  changes  mode only when  it goes  up or down  a staircase  to a
 different  level, though not all level changes  produce  mode changes.
 Mode changes occur only when entering  or leaving  an environment,  or
 when  LaTeX  is processing  the  argument  of  certain  text-producing
 commands.

 Paragraph  mode  is the most  common;  it's  the one LaTeX  is in when
 processing  ordinary  text.  In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
 lines and breaks  the lines  into pages.   LaTeX  is in math mode when
 it's generating  a mathematical  formula.  In LR mode, as in paragraph
 mode, LaTeX considers  the output that it produces  to be a string  of
 words with spaces between them.  However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
 keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. 
 Even  if you put a hundred  words  into  an \mbox,  LaTeX  would  keep
 typesetting  them from left to right  inside  a single  box,  and then
 complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.

 LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. 
 You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example,
 you can make it enter  math mode to put a formula  in the box.   There
 are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a
 box that put LaTeX  in paragraph  mode.   The box make by one of these
 commands  or environments  will be called a parbox.   When LaTeX is in
 paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph
 mode.  Its normal  paragraph  mode, which it starts  out in, is called
 outer paragraph mode.
3 Page_Styles

 The \documentstyle  command  determines  the size and position  of the
 page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.
4 \maketitle

 \maketitle

 The \maketitle  command generates  a title on a separate  title page -
 except in the article style, where the title normally  goes at the top
 of the first page.  Information  used to produce the title is obtained
 from the following declarations.
5 \author

 \author{names}

 The \author command declares the author(s),  where names is a list of
 authors separated by \and commands.   Use \\ to separate lines within
 a single  author's  entry  --  for  example,  to  give  the  author's
 institution or address.

 NOTE: The milstd and book-form styles have re-defined  the \maketitle
 command.   The \title declaration  is the only command of those shown
 below that has any meaning.
5 \date

 \date{text}

 The \date command declares  text to be the document's  date.  With no
 \date command, the current date is used.
5 \thanks

 \thanks{text}

 The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.
5 \title

 \title{text}

 The \title  command  declares  text to be the title.   Use \\ to tell
 LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.
4 \pagenumbering

 \pagenumbering{num_style}

 Specifies the style of page numbers.  Possible values of num_style are:

  -  arabic:  Arabic numerals

  -  roman:  Lowercase roman numerals

  -  Roman:  Uppercase roman numerals

  -  alph:  Lowercase letters

  -  Alph:  Uppercase letters

4 \pagestyle

 \pagestyle {option}

 The \pagestyle  command  changes  the style  from the current  page on
 throughout the remainder of your document.

 The valid options are:

  -  plain:  Just a plain page number.

  -  empty:  Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.

  -  headings:  Puts running headings  on  each  page.   The  document
     style specifies what goes in the headings.

  -  myheadings:  You specify what is to go in the  heading  with  the
     \markboth or the \markright commands.

5 \mark

 \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head}

 The \markboth  and \markright  commands are used in conjunction  with
 the page style myheadings  for setting  either both or just the right
 heading.   In addition  to their use with the myheadings  page style,
 you can use them  to override  the normal  headings  in the  headings
 style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads. 
 You should  note that a left-hand  heading  is generated  by the last
 \markboth  command  before  the end of the page,  while  a right-hand
 heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright  that comes
 on the page if there  is one, otherwise  by the last  one before  the
 page.
4 \thispagestyle

 \thispagestyle{option}

 The \thispagestyle  command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle
 command except that it changes the style for the current page only.
3 Sectioning

 Sectioning  commands  provide  the means  to structure  your text into
 units.

  o  \part

  o  \chapter (report style only)

  o  \section

  o  \subsection

  o  \subsubsection

  o  \paragraph

  o  \subparagraph

  o  \subsubparagraph (milstd and book-form styles only)

  o  \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and book-form styles only)


 All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,

 \chapter[optional]{title}

 In addition  to providing  the  heading  in the  text,  the  mandatory
 argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:

 1.  the table of contents

 2.  the running head at the top of the page

 You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
 appears in the text heading.  To handle this situation, the sectioning
 commands have an optional  argument  that provides  the text for these
 other two purposes.

 The sectioning  commands  have *-forms  that print a title, but do not
 include  a number  and do not make an entry in the table  of contents.
 For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:

 \subsection*{Example subsection}
4 \appendix

 \appendix

 The \appendix  command changes  the way sectional  units are numbered.
 The \appendix  command  generates  no text  and does  not  affect  the
 numbering or parts.
3 Spaces_and_Boxes
4 \addvspace

 \addvspace{length}

 The  \addvspace  command  normally  adds  a vertical  space  of height
 length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
 point  in the  output  by a previous  \addvspace  command,  then  this
 command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
 of the total vertical space equal to length.
4 \bigskip

 The \bigskip  command  is equivalent  to \vspace{bigskipamount}  where
 bigskipamount is determined by the document style.
4 \dotfill

 The \dotfill  command  produces  a rubber  length  that produces  dots
 instead of just spaces.
4 \fbox

 \fbox{text}

 The \fbox command  is exactly  the same as the \mbox  command,  except
 that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
4 \framebox

 \framebox[width][position]{text}

 The \framebox  command  is exactly  the same as the \makebox  command,
 except  that it puts a frame  around  the outside  of the box that  it
 creates.

 The framebox  command  produces  a rule  of thickness  \fboxrule,  and
 leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.
4 \hfill

 The \hfill fill command produces  a rubber length which can stretch or
 shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with spaces.
4 \hrulefill

 The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch
 or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal rule.
4 \hspace

 \hspace[*]{length}

 The \hspace command  adds horizontal  space.   The length of the space
 can be expressed  in any terms that LaTeX understands,  i.e.,  points,
 inches, etc.  You can add negative  as well as positive  space with an
 \hspace command.  Adding negative space is like backspacing.

 LaTeX removes  horizontal  space that comes at the end of a line.   If
 you don't want LaTeX  to remove  this space,  include  the optional  *
 argument.  Then the space is never removed.
4 \makebox

 \makebox[width][position]{text}

 The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified.  The
 width  of the box is specified  by the optional  width  argument.  The
 position  of the text  within  the box is determined  by the  optional
 position argument.

  -  c - centered (default)

  -  l - flushleft

  -  r - flushright

4 \mbox

 \mbox {text}

 The \mbox  command  creates  a box just wide enough  to hold  the text
 created by its argument.
4 \medskip

 The \medskip  command  is equivalent  to \vspace{medskipamount}  where
 medskipamount is determined by the document style.
4 \newsavebox

 \newsavebox{cmd}

 Declares  cmd,  which  must  be a command  name  that  is not  already
 defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.
4 \parbox

 \parbox[position]{width}{text}

 A parbox is a box whose contents  are created in paragraph  mode.  The
 \parbox has two mandatory arguments:

 1.  width:  specifies the width of the parbox; and

 2.  text:  the text that goes inside the parbox.

 LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
 the text line.  An optional  first argument,  position,  allows you to
 line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.

 A \parbox  command  is used for a parbox  containing  a small piece of
 text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use any
 of the paragraph-making  environments  inside a \parbox argument.  For
 larger pieces  of text, including  ones containing  a paragraph-making
 environment, you should use a minipage environment.
4 \raisebox

 \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}

 The \raisebox  command  is used  to raise  or lower  text.   The first
 mandatory  argument  specifies  how high the text is to be raised  (or
 lowered if it is a negative amount).  The text itself is processed  in
 LR mode.

 Sometimes  it's useful  to make LaTeX think something  has a different
 size than  it really  does  - or a different  size  than  LaTeX  would
 normally think it has.  The \raisebox  command lets you tell LaTeX how
 tall it is.

 The first optional argument, extend-above,  makes LaTeX think that the
 text  extends  above  the line  by the amount  specified.   The second
 optional  argument,  extend-below,  makes  LaTeX  think  that the text
 extends below the line by the amount specified.
4 \rule

 \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}

 The \rule command is used to produce horizontal  lines.  The arguments
 are defined as follows.

  o  raise-height:  specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)

  o  width:  specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)

  o  thickness:  specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)

4 \savebox

 \sbox{cmd}[text]
 \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}

 These commands  typeset  text in a box just as for \mbox  or \makebox.
 However,  instead of printing  the resulting  box, they save it in bin
 cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.
4 \smallskip

 \smallskip

 The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where
 smallskipamount is determined by the document style.
4 \usebox

 \usebox{cmd}

 Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.
4 \vfill

 The \vfill fill command produces  a rubber length which can stretch or
 shrink vertically.
4 \vspace

 \vspace[*]{length}

 The \vspace command adds vertical  space.  The length of the space can
 be expressed  in any  terms  that  LaTeX  understands,  i.e.,  points,
 inches, etc.  You can add negative  as well as positive  space with an
 \vspace command.

 LaTeX removes vertical  space that comes at the end of a page.  If you
 don't  want  LaTeX  to remove  this  space,  include  the  optional  *
 argument.  Then the space is never removed.
3 Special_Characters

 The following  characters  play a special role in LaTeX and are called
 special printing characters, or simply special characters.

                          # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

 Whenever  you put one of these special characters  into your file, you
 are doing something special.   If you simply want the character  to be
 printed  just  as any  other  letter,  include  a \ in  front  of  the
 character.  For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.

 The exception  to the rule  is the \ itself  because  \\ has  its  own
 special meaning.  A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file.
3 Splitting_the_Input

 A large document  requires  a lot of input.   Rather than putting  the
 whole input in a single  large file, it's more efficient  to split  it
 into several smaller ones.  Regardless  of how many separate files you
 use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose  name you
 type when you run LaTeX.
4 \include

 \include{file}

 The \include  command  is used  in conjunction  with  the \includeonly
 command for selective  inclusion  of files.  The file argument  is the
 first  name of a file,  denoting  FILE.TEX.   If file  is one the file
 names in the file list of the \includeonly  command  or if there is no
 \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to

 \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage

 except  that  if the file  FILE.TEX  does  not exist,  then  a warning
 message  rather than an error is produced.   If the file is not in the
 file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.

 The \include command may not appear in the preamble  or in a file read
 by another \include command.
4 \includeonly

 \includeonly{file_list}

 The \includeonly  command  controls  which files will be read in by an
 \include command.  It can only appear in the preamble.
4 \input

 \input{file}

 The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed,
 exactly as if its contents  had been inserted  in the current  file at
 that point.  The file name may be a complete  file name with extension
 or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.
3 Starting_and_Ending

 Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum.

 \documentstyle{style}
 \begin{document}
   ... your text goes here ...
 \end{document}

 where  the style  selected  is one the valid  styles  for LaTeX.   See
 Document_Styles within this help file.

 You may include other LaTeX commands  between  the \documentstyle  and
 the \begin{document} commands.
3 Table_of_Contents

 A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You
 put the command  right  where  you want the table  of contents  to go;
 LaTeX does the rest for you.  It produces  a heading,  but it does not
 automatically  start  a new page.   If you want a new page  after  the
 table   of   contents,   include   a  \newpage   command   after   the
 \tableofcontents command.

 There  are  similar  commands  \listoffigures  and  \listoftables  for
 producing  a list  of figures  and  a list  of  tables,  respectively.
 Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.

 NOTE: If you want a any of these  items  to be generated,  you can not
 have the \nofiles command in your document.
4 \addcontentsline

 \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}

 The \addcontentsline  command  adds an entry to the specified  list or
 table where

  -  file is the extension of the file on which information is  to  be
     written:   toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
     (list of tables).

  -  sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry.  It should be  one
     of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:

      o  toc:  the name  of  the  sectional  unit,  such  as  part  or
         subsection.

      o  lof:  figure

      o  lot:  table


  -  entry is the text of the entry.

4 \addtocontents

 \addtocontents{file}{text}

 The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
 to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
 tables.

  -  file is the extension of the file on which information is  to  be
     written:   toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
     (list of tables).

  -  text is the information to be written.

3 Terminal_Input_and_Output

4 \typeout

 \typeout{msg}

 Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file.  Commands  in msg that
 are defined with \newcommand  or \renewcommand  are replaced  by their
 definitions before being printed.

 LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
 ignoring  spaces after a command  name apply to msg.  A \space command
 in msg causes a single space to be printed.
4 \typein

 \typein[cmd]{msg}

 Prints msg on the terminal  and causes  LaTeX to stop and wait for you
 to type a line of input, ending with return.   If the cmd argument  is
 missing,  the typed input is processed  as if it had been included  in
 the input file in place of the \typein  command.   If the cmd argument
 is present,  it must be a command  name.   This command  name  is then
 defined or redefined to be the typed input.
3 Typefaces

 The typeface is specified by giving the size and style.  A typeface is
 also called a font.
4 Styles
 The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.

  o  \rm:  Roman.

  o  \it:  Italics.

  o  \em:  Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).

  o  \bf:  Boldface.

  o  \sl:  Slanted.

  o  \sf:  Sans serif.

  o  \sc:  Small caps.

  o  \tt:  Typewriter.

4 Sizes
 The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX.

  o  \tiny

  o  \scriptsize

  o  \footnotesize

  o  \small

  o  \normalsize (default)

  o  \large

  o  \Large (capital "l")

  o  \LARGE (all caps)

  o  \huge

  o  \Huge (capital "h")
3 _{exp} (subscript)

 To get an expression  exp  to appear  as a subscript,  you  just  type
 _{exp}.  Use in math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Subscripts_and_Superscripts
3 ^{exp} (superscript)

 To get an expression  exp to appear  as a superscript,  you just  type
 ^{exp}.  Use in math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Subscripts_and_Superscripts
3 \\

 \\[*][extra-space]

 The \\ command  tells LaTeX to start  a new line.   It has an optional
 argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is
 to be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative amount.

 The \\* command is the same as the ordinary  \\ command except that it
 tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \-

 The \- command  tells  LaTeX  that it may hyphenate  the word  at that
 point.   LaTeX is very good at hyphenating,  and it will usually  find
 all correct  hyphenation  points.   The  \- command  is used  for  the
 exceptional cases.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \;

 Include a thick space in math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
3 \:

 Include a medium space in math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
3 \,

 Include a thin space in math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
3 \!

 Include a negative thin space in math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Spacing_in_Math_Mode
3 \=

 The \= command sets the tab stops.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \>

 The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \<

 The \< command  allows  you to put something  to the left of the local
 margin without changing the margin.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \+

 The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
 commands one tab stop to the right.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \-

 The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
 commands one tab stop to the left.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \'

 The \' command  moves  everything  that you have  typed  so far in the
 current column , everything  starting from the most recent \>, \<, \',
 \\, or \kill  command,  to the right  of the  previous  column,  flush
 against the current column's tab stop.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \`

 The \` command  allows you to put text flushed  right against  any tab
 stop, including  tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right
 of the last column because there's no tab stop there.   The \` command
 moves  all the text  that  follows  it, up to the  \\ or \end{tabbing}
 command  that  ends  the line,  to the  right  margin  of the  tabbing
 environment.  There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the
 command that ends the line.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \addcontentsline

 \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}

 The \addcontentsline  command  adds an entry to the specified  list or
 table where

  -  file is the extension of the file on which information is  to  be
     written:   toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
     (list of tables).

  -  sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry.  It should be  one
     of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:

      o  toc:  the name  of  the  sectional  unit,  such  as  part  or
         subsection.

      o  lof:  figure

      o  lot:  table


  -  entry is the text of the entry.

 SEE ALSO Table_of_Contents
3 \addtocontents

 \addtocontents{file}{text}

 The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
 to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
 tables.

  -  file is the extension of the file on which information is  to  be
     written:   toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot
     (list of tables).

  -  text is the information to be written.

 SEE ALSO Table_of_Contents
3 \addtocounter

 \addtocounter{counter}{value}

 The  \addtocounter  command  increments  the  counter  by  the  amount
 specified by the value argument.  The value argument can be negative.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \address

 \address{Return address}

 The  return  address,  as it should  appear  on  the  letter  and  the
 envelope.   Separate  lines of the address  should be separated  by \\
 commands.  If you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter
 will  be formatted  for  copying  onto  your  organization's  standard
 letterhead.  If you give an \address declaration, then the letter will
 be formatted as a personal letter.

 SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
3 \addtolength

 \addtolength{\gnat}{length}

 The \addtolength  command  increments  a length command  by the amount
 specified in the length argument.  It can be a negative amount.

 SEE ALSO Lengths
3 \addvspace

 \addvspace{length}

 The  \addvspace  command  normally  adds  a vertical  space  of height
 length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
 point  in the  output  by a previous  \addvspace  command,  then  this
 command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
 of the total vertical space equal to length.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \alph

 \alph{counter}

 This  command  causes  the  value  of the  counter  to be  printed  in
 alphabetic characters.  The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic
 characters,  i.e., a, b, c...  while the \Alph  command  causes  upper
 case alphabetic characters, i.e., A, B, C...

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \appendix

 \appendix

 The \appendix  command changes  the way sectional  units are numbered.
 The \appendix  command  generates  no text  and does  not  affect  the
 numbering or parts.

 SEE ALSO Sectioning
3 \arabic

 \arabic {counter}

 The \arabic command causes the value of the counter  to be printed  in
 arabic numbers, i.e., 3.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 array

 \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{array}

 Math arrays are produced with the array environment.   It has a single
 mandatory argument describing  the number of columns and the alignment
 within them.  Each column, coln, is specified  by a single letter that
 tells how items in that row should be formatted.

  -  c for centered

  -  l for flushleft

  -  r for flushright

 Column entries must be separated  by an &.  Column entries may include
 other LaTeX commands.   Each row of the array must be terminated  with
 the string \\.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \author

 \author{names}

 The \author command declares  the author(s),  where names is a list of
 authors separated by \and commands.  Use \\ to separate lines within a
 single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution
 or address.

 NOTE: The milstd and book-form  styles have re-defined  the \maketitle
 command.   The \title declaration  is the only command  of those shown
 below that has any meaning.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
3 \bf

 Boldface typeface.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 \bibitem

 \bibitem[label]{cite_key}

 The \bibitem  command  generates  an entry labeled  by label.   If the
 label argument is missing,  a number is generated  as the label, using
 the enumi counter.   The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers,
 and punctuation  symbols not containing  a comma.  This command writes
 an entry  on the aux file containing  cite_key  and the item's  label.
 When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's
 label is associated  with cite_key, causing the reference  to cite_key
 by a \cite command to produce the associated label.

 SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography
3 \bigskip

 The \bigskip  command  is equivalent  to \vspace{bigskipamount}  where
 bigskipamount is determined by the document style.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \cdots

 The \cdots command produces a horizontal  ellipsis  where the dots are
 raised to the center of the line.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 center

 \begin{center}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{center}

 The center environment  allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
 lines  that are centered  within  the left  and right  margins  on the
 current page.  Each line must be terminated with a \\.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \centering

 This  declaration  corresponds   to  the  center  environment.    This
 declaration  can be used inside  an environment  such as quote or in a
 parbox.  The text of a figure or table can be centered  on the page by
 putting a \centering  command at the beginning  of the figure or table
 environment.

 Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a
 new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
 affect a paragraph  unit's format,  the scope of the declaration  must
 contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment  like quote)
 that ends the paragraph unit.

 SEE ALSO Environments, center
3 \circle

 \circle[*]{diameter}

 The \circle command produces a circle of the specified  diameter.   If
 the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \cite

 \cite[text]{key_list}

 The  key_list  argument  is a list  of citation  keys.   This  command
 generates  an in-text citation to the references  associated  with the
 keys  in  key_list   by  entries   on  the  aux  file   read   by  the
 \begin{document} command.

 SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography
3 \cleardoublepage

 The \cleardoublepage  command  ends the current  page  and causes  all
 figures  and tables  that  have  so far appeared  in the  input  to be
 printed.  In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a
 right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \clearpage

 The \clearpage  command  ends the current  page and causes all figures
 and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \cline

 \cline{i-j}

 The  \cline  command   draws  horizontal   lines  across  the  columns
 specified,  beginning  in column i and ending  in column  j, which are
 identified in the mandatory argument.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
3 \closing

 \closing{text}

 The letter closes with a \closing command, i.e.,

 \closing{Best Regards,}

 SEE ALSO Letters
3 \dashbox

 \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ...  }

 The \dashbox has an extra argument  which specifies  the width of each
 dash.  A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples
 of the dash length.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \date

 \date{text}

 The \date command  declares  text to be the document's  date.  With no
 \date command, the current date is used.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
3 \ddots

 The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 description

 \begin{description}
 \item [label] First item
 \item [label] Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{description}

 The description environment  is used to make labeled lists.  The label
 is bold face and flushed right.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \dotfill

 The \dotfill  command  produces  a rubber  length  that produces  dots
 instead of just spaces.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \em

 Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 enumerate

 \begin{enumerate}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{enumerate}

 The enumerate environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations  can
 be nested within one another,  up to four levels deep.   They can also
 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.

 Each item of an enumerated  list begins with an \item command.   There
 must be at least one \item command within the environment.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 eqnarray

 \begin{eqnarray}
 math formula 1 \\
 math formula 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{eqnarray}

 The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
 inequalities.   It is very much like a three-column array environment,
 with consecutive  rows separated by \\ and consecutive  items within a
 row separated  by an &.  An equation  number  is placed  on every line
 unless that line has a \nonumber command.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 equation

 \begin{equation}
  math formula
 \end{equation}

 The equation environment  centers your equation on the page and places
 the equation number in the right margin.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 figure

 \begin{figure}[placement]

  body of the figure

 \caption{figure title}
 \end{figure}

 Figures  are objects  that are not part  of the normal  text,  and are
 usually  "floated"  to a convenient  place,  like  the top  of a page.
 Figures will not be split between two pages.

 The optional argument [placement]  determines  where LaTeX will try to
 place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
 a float:

  -  h:  Here  -  at  the  position  in  the  text  where  the  figure
     environment appears.

  -  t:  Top - at the top of a text page.

  -  b:  Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.

  -  p:  Page of floats - on a separate float page, which  is  a  page
     containing no text, only floats.


 The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.


 The body of the figure  is made up of whatever  text, LaTeX  commands,
 etc., you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your figure.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \fbox

 \fbox{text}

 The \fbox command  is exactly  the same as the \mbox  command,  except
 that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \flushbottom

 The \flushbottom  declaration  makes  all text pages  the same height,
 adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.

 SEE ALSO Document_Styles
3 flushleft

 \begin{flushleft}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{flushleft}

 The flushleft environment  allows you to create a paragraph consisting
 of lines  that are flushed  left to the left-hand  margin.   Each line
 must be terminated with a \\.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 flushright

 \begin{flushright}
 Text on line 1 \\
 Text on line 2 \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{flushright}

 The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
 of lines that are flushed  right to the right-hand  margin.  Each line
 must be terminated with a \\.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \fnsymbol

 \fnsymbol{counter}

 The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
 a specific  sequence  of nine symbols  that can be used  for numbering
 footnotes.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \footnote

 \footnote[number]{text}

 The \footnote  command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom
 of the current page.  The optional argument, number, is used to change
 the default footnote  number.   This command can only be used in outer
 paragraph mode.

 SEE ALSO Footnotes
3 \footnotemark

 The \footnotemark  command puts the footnote number in the text.  This
 command can be used in inner paragraph mode.  The text of the footnote
 is supplied by the \footnotetext command.

 SEE ALSO Footnotes
3 \footnotesize

 Third smallest  of 10 typefaces  available.   This is the default size
 for footnotes.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \footnotetext

 \footnotetext [number] {text}

 The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom
 of the page.  This command  can come anywhere  after the \footnotemark
 command.   The \footnotetext  command  must appear  in outer paragraph
 mode.

 The optional argument,  number, is used to change the default footnote
 number.

 SEE ALSO Footnotes
3 \frac

 \frac{num}{den}

 The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \frame

 \frame{ ...  }

 The  \frame  command  puts  a  rectangular  frame  around  the  object
 specified  in the argument.   The reference  point is the bottom  left
 corner of the frame.  No extra space is put between  the frame and the
 object.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \framebox

 \framebox[width][position]{text}

 The \framebox  command  is exactly  the same as the \makebox  command,
 except  that it puts a frame  around  the outside  of the box that  it
 creates.

 The framebox  command  produces  a rule  of thickness  \fboxrule,  and
 leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes, Environments, picture
3 \hfill

 The \hfill fill command produces  a rubber length which can stretch or
 shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with spaces.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \hline

 The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. 
 It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between
 the rows of the table.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
3 \hrulefill

 The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch
 or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal rule.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \hspace

 \hspace[*]{length}

 The \hspace command  adds horizontal  space.   The length of the space
 can be expressed  in any terms that LaTeX understands,  i.e.,  points,
 inches, etc.  You can add negative  as well as positive  space with an
 \hspace command.  Adding negative space is like backspacing.

 LaTeX removes  horizontal  space that comes at the end of a line.   If
 you don't want LaTeX  to remove  this space,  include  the optional  *
 argument.  Then the space is never removed.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \huge

 Second largest of 10 typefaces available.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \Huge (capital "h")

 Largest of 10 typefaces available.   All fonts may not be available in
 this size.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \hyphenation

 \hyphenation{words}

 The \hyphenation  command declares  allowed hyphenation  points, where
 words  is  a list  of  words,  separated  by  spaces,  in  which  each
 hyphenation point is indicated by a - character.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \include

 \include{file}

 The \include  command  is used  in conjunction  with  the \includeonly
 command for selective  inclusion  of files.  The file argument  is the
 first  name of a file,  denoting  FILE.TEX.   If file  is one the file
 names in the file list of the \includeonly  command  or if there is no
 \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to

 \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage

 except  that  if the file  FILE.TEX  does  not exist,  then  a warning
 message  rather than an error is produced.   If the file is not in the
 file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.

 The \include command may not appear in the preamble  or in a file read
 by another \include command.

 SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input
3 \includeonly

 \includeonly{file_list}

 The \includeonly  command  controls  which files will be read in by an
 \include command.  It can only appear in the preamble.

 SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input
3 \indent

 This produces  a horizontal  space whose width equals the width of the
 paragraph indentation.   It is used to add paragraph indentation where
 it would otherwise be suppressed.

 SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs
3 \input

 \input{file}

 The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed,
 exactly as if its contents  had been inserted  in the current  file at
 that point.  The file name may be a complete  file name with extension
 or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.

 SEE ALSO Splitting_the_Input
3 \it

 Italics typeface.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 itemize

 \begin{itemize}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{itemize}

 The itemize environment produces a bulleted list.  Itemizations can be
 nested within one another,  up to four levels deep.   They can also be
 nested within other paragraph-making environments.

 Each item of an itemized  list begins  with an \item  command.   There
 must be at least one \item command within the environment.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \kill

 The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing  text.
 It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current  line
 instead  of producing  output for it.  The effect  of any \=, \+ or \-
 commands in that line remain in effect.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 \label

 \label{key}

 A \label command  appearing  in ordinary  text assigns  to the key the
 number of the current sectional unit; one appearing  inside a numbered
 environment assigns that number to the key.

 A key con consist of any sequence  of letters,  digits, or punctuation
 characters.  Upper- and lowercase letters are different.

 SEE ALSO Cross_References
3 \large

 Slightly larger than default typeface size.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \Large (capital "l")

 Fourth largest of typefaces available.   Is generally  the default for
 titles.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \LARGE (all caps)

 Third largest of typefaces available.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \ldots

 The \ldots command produces  an ellipsis.   This command  works in any
 mode, not just math mode.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \line

 \line(x slope,y slope){length}

 The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \linebreak

 \linebreak[number]

 The \linebreak  command  tells LaTeX to break the current  line at the
 point of the command.   With the optional  argument,  number,  you can
 convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number
 must  be a number  from  0 to 4.  The  higher  the  number,  the  more
 insistent the request is.

 The \linebreak  command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends
 to the right margin.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \linethickness

 \linethickness{dimension}

 Declares the thickness  of horizontal  and vertical lines in a picture
 environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length.  It does
 not affect the thickness  of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
 circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 list

 \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
 \item First item
 \item Second item
 .
 .
 .
 \end{list}

 The {label}  argument  specifies  how items should  be labeled.   This
 argument  is a piece  of text that  is inserted  in a box to form  the
 label.   This  argument  can and  usually  does  contain  other  LaTeX
 commands.

 The  {spacing}  argument  contains  commands  to  change  the  spacing
 parameters  for the list.  This argument will most often be null, i.e.
 {}.  This will select all default  spacing  which should  suffice  for
 most cases.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \location

 \location {address}

 This modifies your organization's standard address.  This only appears
 if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.

 SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
3 \makebox

 \makebox[width][position]{text}

 The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified.  The
 width  of the box is specified  by the optional  width  argument.  The
 position  of the text  within  the box is determined  by the  optional
 position argument.

  -  c - centered (default)

  -  l - flushleft

  -  r - flushright

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
                                * * *
 \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ...  }

 The \makebox  command for the picture  environment  is similar  to the
 normal  \makebox  command  except  that you must specify  a width  and
 height in multiples of \unitlength.

 The optional argument,  [position],  specifies  the quadrant that your
 text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

  -  t:  Moves the item to the top of the rectangle

  -  b:  Moves the item to the bottom

  -  l:  Moves the item to the left

  -  r:  Moves the item to the right


 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \maketitle

 \maketitle

 The \maketitle  command generates  a title on a separate  title page -
 except in the article style, where the title normally  goes at the top
 of the first page.  Information  used to produce the title is obtained
 from the following declarations.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles
3 \mark

 \markboth{left head}{right head} \markright{right head}

 The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the
 page  style  myheadings  for setting  either  both  or just  the right
 heading.  In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you
 can use them to override  the normal headings  in the headings  style,
 since LaTeX uses these  same commands  to generate  those  heads.  You
 should  note  that  a left-hand  heading  is  generated  by  the  last
 \markboth  command  before  the end of the  page,  while  a right-hand
 heading is generated by the first \markboth  or \markright  that comes
 on the page if there  is one,  otherwise  by the last  one before  the
 page.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \pagestyle
3 \mbox

 \mbox{text}

 The \mbox  command  creates  a box just wide enough  to hold  the text
 created by its argument.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \medskip

 The \medskip  command  is equivalent  to \vspace{medskipamount}  where
 medskipamount is determined by the document style.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 minipage

 \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
  text
 \end{minipage}

 The minipage  environment  is similar to a \parbox command.   It takes
 the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument.  You
 may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.

 Footnotes  in a minipage  environment  are handled  in a way  that  is
 particularly  useful for putting footnotes  in figures  or tables.   A
 \footnote or \footnotetext  command puts the footnote at the bottom of
 the minipage  instead  of at the bottom  of the page,  and it uses the
 mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.

 NOTE:  Don't  put  one  minipage  inside  another  if  you  are  using
 footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \multicolumn

 \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}

 The \multicolumn  is used to make an entry that spans several columns.
 The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to
 span.  The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of
 the entry;  c for centered,  l for flushleft,  r for flushright.   The
 third mandatory argument, text, specifies  what text is to make up the
 entry.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
3 \multiput

 \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}

 The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object
 in a regular pattern across a picture.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \newcommand

 \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
 \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}

 These commands define (or redefine) a command.

  -  cmd:  A command name beginning with a \.  For \newcommand it must
     not  be  already  defined  and  must  not  begin  with  \end; for
     \renewcommand it must already be defined.

  -  args:  An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
     the  command  being  defined.   The default is for the command to
     have no arguments.

  -  def:  The text to be substituted for every occurrence of  cmd;  a
     parameter  of  the  form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the
     nth argument when this substitution takes place.

 SEE ALSO Definitions
3 \newcounter

 \newcounter{foo}[counter]

 The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo.  The optional
 argument  [counter]  causes the counter  foo to be reset whenever  the
 counter named in the optional argument is incremented.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \newenvironment

 \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
 \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}

 These commands define or redefine an environment.

  -  nam:  The name of the  environment.   For  \newenvironment  there
     must  be  no  currently defined environment by that name, and the
     command  \nam  must  be  undefined.   For  \renewenvironment  the
     environment must already be defined.

  -  args:  An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
     the newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

  -  begdef:   The  text   substituted   for   every   occurrence   of
     \begin{name};  a  parameter  of the form #n in cmd is replaced by
     the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.

  -  enddef:  The text substituted for every occurrence of  \end{nam}.
     It may not contain any argument parameters.

 SEE ALSO Definitions
3 \newfont

 \newfont{cmd}{font_name}

 Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently  defined, to
 be a declaration  that  selects  the font  named  font_name  to be the
 current font.

 SEE ALSO Definitions
3 \newlength

 \newlength{\gnat}

 The \newlength  command defines  the mandatory  argument,  \gnat, as a
 length  command  with  a value  of 0in.   An error  occurs  if a \gnat
 command already exists.

 SEE ALSO Lengths
3 \newline

 The \newline  command breaks the line right where it is.  The \newline
 command can be used only in paragraph mode.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \newpage

 The \newpage command ends the current page.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \newsavebox

 \newsavebox{cmd}

 Declares  cmd,  which  must  be a command  name  that  is not  already
 defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \newtheorem

 \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
 \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}

 This command defines a theorem-like environment.

  -  env_name:  The name of the environment -- a  string  of  letters.
     Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.

  -  caption:  The text printed at the beginning of  the  environment,
     right before the number.

  -  within:  The name of an already defined  counter,  usually  of  a
     sectional  unit.   Provides  a means of resetting the new theorem
     counter within the sectional unit.

  -  numbered_like:  The  name  of  an  already  defined  theorem-like
     environment.


 The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.

 SEE ALSO Definitions
3 \nocite

 \nocite{key_list}

 The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list,  which is a
 list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.

 SEE ALSO Environments, thebibliography
3 \noindent

 When  used  at the  beginning  of the  paragraph,  it  suppresses  the
 paragraph indentation.   It has no effect when used in the middle of a
 paragraph.

 SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs
3 \nolinebreak

 \nolinebreak[number]

 The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX  from  breaking  the  current
 line  at  the  point  of  the  command.   With the optional argument,
 number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand  to  a
 request.   The  number  must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the
 number, the more insistent the request is.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \normalsize (default)

 The size of \normalsize  is defined by as 10pt unless the 11pt or 12pt
 document style option is used.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \nopagebreak

 \nopagebreak[number]

 The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page
 at the point of the command.  With the optional argument,  number, you
 can convert the \nopagebreak  command from a demand to a request.  The
 number must be a number from 0 to 4.  The higher the number,  the more
 insistent the request is.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \onecolumn

 The  \onecolumn   declaration   starts   a  new  page   and   produces
 single-column output.

 SEE ALSO Document_Styles
3 \opening

 \opening{text}

 The letter begins with the \opening command.  The mandatory  argument,
 text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, i.e.,

 \opening{Dear John,}

 SEE ALSO Letters
3 \oval

 \oval(width,height)[portion]

 The \oval command  produces  a rectangle  with rounded  corners.   The
 optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.

  -  t:  Selects the top portion

  -  b:  Selects the bottom portion

  -  r:  Selects the right portion

  -  l:  Selects the left portion

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \overbrace

 \overbrace{text}

 The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \overline

 \overline{text}

 The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \pagebreak

 \pagebreak[number]

 The \pagebreak  command  tells LaTeX to break the current  page at the
 point of the command.   With the optional  argument,  number,  you can
 convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request.  The number
 must  be a number  from  0 to 4.  The  higher  the  number,  the  more
 insistent the request is.

 SEE ALSO Line_and_Page_Breaking
3 \pagenumbering

 \pagenumbering{num_style}

 Specifies  the style of page numbers.   Possible  values  of num_style
 are:

  -  arabic:  Arabic numerals

  -  roman:  Lowercase roman numerals

  -  Roman:  Uppercase roman numerals

  -  alph:  Lowercase letters

  -  Alph:  Uppercase letters

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles
3 \pageref

 \pageref{key}

 The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text
 where the corresponding \label command appears.

 SEE ALSO Cross_References
3 \pagestyle

 \pagestyle{option}

 The \pagestyle  command  changes  the style  from the current  page on
 throughout the remainder of your document.

 The valid options are:

  -  plain:  Just a plain page number.

  -  empty:  Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.

  -  headings:  Puts running headings  on  each  page.   The  document
     style specifies what goes in the headings.

  -  myheadings:  You specify what is to go in the  heading  with  the
     \markboth or the \markright commands.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles
3 \par

 Equivalent  to a blank line; often used to make command or environment
 definitions easier to read.

 SEE ALSO Making_Paragraphs
3 \parbox

 \parbox[position]{width}{text}

 A parbox is a box whose contents  are created in paragraph  mode.  The
 \parbox has two mandatory arguments:

 1.  width:  specifies the width of the parbox, and

 2.  text:  the text that goes inside the parbox.


 LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
 the text line.  An optional  first argument,  position,  allows you to
 line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.

 A \parbox  command  is used for a parbox  containing  a small piece of
 text, with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use any
 of the paragraph-making  environments  inside a \parbox argument.  For
 larger pieces  of text, including  ones containing  a paragraph-making
 environment, you should use a minipage environment.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 picture

 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
 .
  picture commands
 .
 \end{picture}

 The picture  environment  allows you to create  just about any kind of
 picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You tell
 LaTeX  where  to  put  things  in  the  picture  by  specifying  their
 coordinates.   A coordinate  is a number that may have a decimal point
 and a minus  sign  - a number  like  5, 2.3 or -3.1416.   A coordinate
 specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength,  so if
 \unitlength  has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a
 length of 2.54 centimeters.   You can change  the value of \unitlength
 anywhere  you want, using the \setlength  command,  but strange things
 will happen if you try changing it inside the picture environment.

 A position is a pair of coordinates,  such as (2.4,-5), specifying the
 point  with x-coordinate  2.4 and y-coordinate  -5.   Coordinates  are
 specified  in the  usual  way  with  respect  to an origin,  which  is
 normally  at the lower-left  corner of the picture.   Note that when a
 position  appears as an argument,  it is not enclosed  in braces;  the
 parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

 The  picture  environment  has  one  mandatory  argument,  which  is a
 position.   It specifies  the size  of the picture.   The  environment
 produces  a rectangular  box with width and height determined  by this
 argument's x- and y-coordinates.

 The  picture  environment  also  has  an optional  position  argument,
 following  the size argument,  that  can change  the origin.   (Unlike
 ordinary optional arguments,  this argument is not contained in square
 brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
 the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). 
 For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command

 \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)

 produces   a  picture   of  width  100  millimeters   and  height  200
 millimeters,  whose lower-left  corner is the point (10,20)  and whose
 upper-right  corner is therefore the point (110,220).   When you first
 draw a picture,  you will  omit  the optional  argument,  leaving  the
 origin  at the lower-left  corner.   If you then want  to modify  your
 picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate  optional
 argument.

 The environment's  mandatory  argument determines  the nominal size of
 the picture.   This need  bear  no relation  to how large  the picture
 really  is; LaTeX will happily  allow  you to put things  outside  the
 picture, or even off the page.  The picture's  nominal size is used by
 TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.

 Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The
 command

 \put (11.3,-.3){ ... }

 puts the object specified  by "..." in the picture, with its reference
 point at coordinates  (11.3,-.3).   The reference  points  for various
 objects will be described below.

 The \put command creates an LR box.  You can put anything  in the text
 argument  of the \put command  that you'd put into the argument  of an
 \mbox and related  commands.   When you do this,  the reference  point
 will be the lower left corner of the box.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \put

 \put(x coord,y coord){ ...  }

 The \put command places the item specified  by the mandatory  argument
 at the given coordinates.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 quotation

 \begin{quotation}
  text
 \end{quotation}

 The margins of the quotation environment  are indented on the left and
 the right.   The  text  is justified  at both  margins  and  there  is
 paragraph  indentation.   Leaving a blank line between text produces a
 new paragraph.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 quote

 \begin{quote}
  text
 \end{quote}

 The margins of the quote environment  are indented on the left and the
 right.  The text is justified  at both margins.   Leaving a blank line
 between text produces a new paragraph.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \raggedbottom

 The \raggedbottom  declaration  makes all pages the height of the text
 on that page.  No extra vertical space is added.

 SEE ALSO Document_Styles
3 \raggedleft

 This  declaration  corresponds  to the flushright  environment.   This
 declaration  can be used inside  an environment  such as quote or in a
 parbox.

 Unlike the flushright  environment,  the \raggedleft  command does not
 start a new paragraph;  it simply changes how LaTeX formats  paragraph
 units.   To  affect  a paragraph  unit's  format,  the  scope  of  the
 declaration  must  contain  the blank  line  or \end  command  (of  an
 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.

 SEE ALSO Environments, flushright
3 \raggedright

 This  declaration  corresponds  to the  flushleft  environment.   This
 declaration  can be used inside  an environment  such as quote or in a
 parbox.

 Unlike the flushleft  environment,  the \raggedright  command does not
 start a new paragraph;  it simply changes how LaTeX formats  paragraph
 units.   To  affect  a paragraph  unit's  format,  the  scope  of  the
 declaration  must  contain  the blank  line  or \end  command  (of  an
 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit.

 SEE ALSO Environments, flushleft
3 \raisebox

 \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}

 The \raisebox  command  is used  to raise  or lower  text.   The first
 mandatory  argument  specifies  how high the text is to be raised  (or
 lowered if it is a negative amount).  The text itself is processed  in
 LR mode.

 Sometimes  it's useful  to make LaTeX think something  has a different
 size than  it really  does  - or a different  size  than  LaTeX  would
 normally think it has.  The \raisebox  command lets you tell LaTeX how
 tall it is.

 The first optional argument, extend-above,  makes LaTeX think that the
 text  extends  above  the line  by the amount  specified.   The second
 optional  argument,  extend-below,  makes  LaTeX  think  that the text
 extends below the line by the amount specified.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \ref

 \ref{key}

 The \ref command produces  the number of the sectional  unit, equation
 number, ... of the corresponding \label command.

 SEE ALSO Cross_References
3 \rm

 Roman typeface (default).

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 \roman

 \roman {counter}

 This command  causes the value of the counter  to be printed  in roman
 numerals.   The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, i.e.,
 i, ii, iii...,  while  the \Roman  command  causes  upper  case  roman
 numerals, i.e., I, II, III...

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \rule

 \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}

 The \rule command is used to produce horizontal  lines.  The arguments
 are defined as follows.

  o  raise-height:  specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)

  o  width:  specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)

  o  thickness:  specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \savebox

 \sbox{cmd}[text]
 \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}

 These commands  typeset  text in a box just as for \mbox  or \makebox.
 However,  instead of printing  the resulting  box, they save it in bin
 cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \sc

 Small caps typeface.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 \scriptsize

 Second smallest of 10 typefaces available.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \setcounter

 \setcounter{counter}{value}

 The  \setcounter  command  sets  the  value  of the  counter  to  that
 specified by the value argument.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \setlength

 \setlength{\gnat}{length}

 The \setlength  command  is used to set the value of a length command.
 The length  argument  can be expressed  in any terms  of length  LaTeX
 understands, i.e., inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.

 SEE ALSO Lengths
3 \settowidth

 \settowidth{\gnat}{text}

 The \settowidth  command  sets the value of a length command  equal to
 the width of the text argument.

 SEE ALSO Lengths
3 \sf

 Sans serif typeface.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 \shortstack

 \shortstack[position]{...  \\ ...  \\ ...}

 The  \shortstack  command  produces  a stack  of objects.   The  valid
 positions are:

  -  r:  Moves the objects to the right of the stack

  -  l:  Moves the objects to the left of the stack

  -  c:  Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \signature

 \signature{Your name}

 Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
 space  for your signature.   Items  that should  go on separate  lines
 should be separated by \\ commands.

 SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
3 \sl

 Slanted typeface.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 \small

 Slightly smaller than default typeface size.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \smallskip

 \smallskip

 The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where
 smallskipamount is determined by the document style.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \sqrt

 \sqrt[root]{arg}

 The \sqrt  command  produces  the square  root  of its argument.   The
 optional argument,  root, determines  what root to produce,  i.e.  the
 cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 tabbing

 \begin{tabbing}
 text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
 second row \>  \> more \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabbing}

 The tabbing environment  provides a way to align text in columns.   It
 works  by setting  tab stops  and tabbing  to them much the way you do
 with an ordinary typewriter.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabbing
3 table

 \begin{table}[placement]

  body of the table

 \caption{table title}
 \end{table}

 Tables  are objects  that  are not part  of the normal  text,  and are
 usually  "floated"  to a convenient  place,  like  the top  of a page.
 Tables will not be split between two pages.

 The optional argument [placement]  determines  where LaTeX will try to
 place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly  put
 a float:

  -  h:   Here  -  at  the  position  in  the  text  where  the  table
     environment appears.

  -  t:  Top - at the top of a text page.

  -  b:  Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.

  -  p:  Page of floats - on a separate float page, which  is  a  page
     containing no text, only floats.


 The standard report and article styles use the default placement tbp.

 The body of the table  is made up of whatever  text,  LaTeX  commands,
 etc., you wish.  The \caption command allows you to title your table.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 tabular

 \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabular}

                or

 \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
 .
 .
 .
 \end{tabular*}

 These environments  produce a box consisting  of a sequence of rows of
 items,aligned  vertically  in columns.   The  mandatory  and  optional
 arguments consist of:

  o  width:  Specifies the width of the tabular*  environment.   There
     must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out
     the specified width.

  o  pos:  Specified the  vertical position;  default is alignment  on
     the center of the environment.

      -  t - align on top row

      -  b - align on bottom row


  o  cols:   Specifies  the  column  formatting.   It  consists  of  a
     sequence  of  the  following  specifiers,  corresponding  to  the
     sequence of columns and intercolumn material.

      -  l - A column of left-aligned items.

      -  r - A column of right-aligned items.

      -  c - A column of centered items.

      -  | - A  vertical  line  the  full  height  and  depth  of  the
         environment.

      -  @{text} - This inserts text in every  row.   An  @-expression
         suppresses  the  intercolumn  space normally inserted between
         columns; any desired space between the inserted text and  the
         adjacent items must be included in text.  An \extracolsep{wd}
         command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width  wd
         to  appear  to  the  left  of  all  subsequent columns, until
         countermanded  by  another  \extracolsep   command.    Unlike
         ordinary   intercolumn   space,   this  extra  space  is  not
         suppressed by an @-expression.  An \extracolsep  command  can
         be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.

      -  p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a  parbox
         of  width  wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}
         command.  However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except in
         the  following  situations:   (i)  inside an environment like
         minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,
         or  (iii)  in  the  scope  of  a \centering, \raggedright, or
         \raggedleft declaration.  The latter declarations must appear
         inside  braces  or  an  environment  when  used in a p-column
         element.

      -  *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is
         any    positive   integer   and   cols   is   any   list   of
         column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \telephone

 \telephone{number}

 This is your telephone  number.   This only  appears  if the firstpage
 pagestyle is selected.

 SEE ALSO Letters, Declarations
3 \thanks

 \thanks{text}

 The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
3 thebibliography

 \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
 \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
 .
 .
 .
 \end{thebibliography}

 The thebibliography  environment produces a bibliography  or reference
 list.   In  the  article   style,  this  reference   list  is  labeled
 "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".

  o  widest-label:  Text that, when printed, is approximately as  wide
     as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 theorem

 \begin{theorem}
  theorem text
 \end{theorem}

 The theorem environment  produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed  by
 your theorem text.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \thispagestyle

 \thispagestyle{option}

 The \thispagestyle  command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle
 command except that it changes the style for the current page only.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles
3 \tiny

 Smallest of 10 typefaces available.  All fonts may not be available in
 this size.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Sizes
3 \title

 \title{text}

 The \title  command  declares  text  to be the title.   Use \\ to tell
 LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.

 SEE ALSO Page_Styles, \maketitle
3 titlepage

 \begin{titlepage}
  text
 \end{titlepage}

 The titlepage  environment  creates a title page, i.e., a page with no
 printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following  page to
 be numbered page one.  Formatting  the title page is left to you.  The
 \today command comes in handy for title pages.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \tt

 Typewriter typeface.

 SEE ALSO Typefaces, Styles
3 \twocolumn

 The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces  two-column
 output.

 SEE ALSO Document_Styles
3 \typeout

 \typeout{msg}

 Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file.  Commands  in msg that
 are defined with \newcommand  or \renewcommand  are replaced  by their
 definitions before being printed.

 LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
 ignoring  spaces after a command  name apply to msg.  A \space command
 in msg causes a single space to be printed.

 SEE ALSO Terminal_Input_and_Output
3 \typein

 \typein[cmd]{msg}

 Prints msg on the terminal  and causes  LaTeX to stop and wait for you
 to type a line of input, ending with return.   If the cmd argument  is
 missing,  the typed input is processed  as if it had been included  in
 the input file in place of the \typein  command.   If the cmd argument
 is present,  it must be a command  name.   This command  name  is then
 defined or redefined to be the typed input.

 SEE ALSO Terminal_Input_and_Output
3 \underbrace

 \underbrace{text}

 The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \underline

 \underline{text}

 The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This
 command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \usebox

 \usebox{cmd}

 Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \usecounter

 \usecounter {counter}

 The \usecounter  command  is used in the second  argument  of the list
 environment  to allow the counter  specified  to be used to number the
 list items.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \value

 \value {counter}

 The \value  command  produces  the value of the counter  named  in the
 mandatory argument.   It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
 number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter  or \addtocounter
 command, or in

 \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}

 It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.

 SEE ALSO Counters
3 \vdots

 The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.

 SEE ALSO Math_Formulas, Math_Miscellany
3 \vector

 \vector(x slope,y slope){length}

 The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length
 and slope.  The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.

 SEE ALSO Environments, picture
3 \verb

 \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text char

 Typesets literal_text  exactly as typed, including  special characters
 and spaces,  using a typewriter  (\tt)  type style.   There  may be no
 space between  \verb or \verb* and char (space  is shown here only for
 clarity).  The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.

 SEE ALSO Environments, verbatim
3 verbatim

 \begin{verbatim}
  text
 \end{verbatim}

 The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making  environment  that gets
 LaTeX  to print  exactly  what you type in.   It turns  LaTeX  into  a
 typewriter  with carriage  returns  and blanks having  the same effect
 that they would on a typewriter.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 verse

 \begin{verse}
  text
 \end{verse}

 The verse  environment  is designed  for poetry,  though  you may find
 other uses for it.

 SEE ALSO Environments
3 \vfill

 The \vfill fill command produces  a rubber length which can stretch or
 shrink vertically.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
3 \vline

 The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
 and depth of its row.  An \hfill command  can be used to move the line
 to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an @-expression.

 SEE ALSO Environments, tabular
3 \vspace

 \vspace[*]{length}

 The \vspace command adds vertical  space.  The length of the space can
 be expressed  in any  terms  that  LaTeX  understands,  i.e.,  points,
 inches, etc.  You can add negative  as well as positive  space with an
 \vspace command.

 LaTeX removes vertical  space that comes at the end of a page.  If you
 don't  want  LaTeX  to remove  this  space,  include  the  optional  *
 argument.  Then the space is never removed.

 SEE ALSO Spaces_and_Boxes
2 Parameters

 input-file, ...

 The input file specification  indicates the file to be formatted;  TeX
 uses TEX as a default  file  extension.   If you omit  the input  file
 entirely,  TeX accepts input from the terminal.   You specify  command
 options using the conventional  VAX/VMS arrangement  -- options  begin
 with a slash mark (/), and are placed  following  the command  name or
 following the input file specification.

 Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVI file
 has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file  type  LIS.  When
 you fail to specify  an input file name, TeX bases the output names on
 the file specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT.

2 Qualifiers
/FORMAT

 /FORMAT=[file-spec]            D=/FORMAT=TEX_FORMATS:LPLAIN

 Indicates  which  format  file TeX uses upon activation.   The default
 format  file  is TEX_FORMATS:LPLAIN.FMT.   This  is the  LaTeX  format
 discussed in "A Document Preparation System: LaTeX."

/INIT

 /INIT
 /NOINIT

 Indicates  that  you wish  run TeX in the  initialization,  or INITeX,
 mode.  This mode is used to compile format files.

/BATCH

 Set  batch  mode  -- no interaction  on errors  and  no output  to the
 terminal.  Normally, TeX is set up for interactive  use; it stops when
 it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints status
 and diagnostic  information  at the terminal.   The /BATCH setting  is
 preferred  for batch use; TeX will barrel on through as though you had
 specified  `BATCHMODE'  in the input file or typed `Q' in response  to
 the first error message.

/OUTPUT

 /OUTPUT[=file-spec]
 /NOOUTPUT

 Controls where the output of the command is sent.  If you do not enter
 the qualifier,  or if you enter /OUTPUT without  a file specification,
 the output  is sent to a file with the same  name  as the input  file,
 only with the extension .DVI.

 If you enter /NOOUTPUT, output is suppressed.

/LOG_FILE

 /LOG_FILE[=file-spec]
 /NOLOG_FILE 
 
 Controls  where the log output of the command  is sent.  If you do not
 enter  the  qualifier,  or  if  you  enter  /LOG_FILE  without  a file
 specification, the log output is sent to the a file with the same name
 as the input file, only with the extension .LIS.

 If you enter /NOLOG_FILE, the log output file is suppressed.

/TEXFONTS

 /TEXFONTS=(name,...)                   D=/TEXFONTS=TEX_FONTS:

 Specify directories  containing  TeX Font Metric (TFM) font definition
 files, and the order in which they will be searched to locate each TFM
 file.  A null value in the list indicates  the current directory.  The
 search procedure  TeX uses to locate  font files is to search  each of
 directories specified by the /TEXFONTS option.

 A complete  TFM file name specification  is formed by combining  a TFM
 file name from the input  file with  a default  directory  and default
 file type of TFM.  It is normal practice to specify only a simple file
 name in the input  file and let TeX supply  the defaults,  since  this
 tends to protect the user from installation  dependencies  and changes
 to TeX.  When searching for a TFM file, TeX will try alternate default
 directories until it finds the TFM file or runs out of alternatives.

 Default   is  /TEXFONTS=(TEX_FONTS);   TeX  looks   in  the  directory
 associated with the logical name TEX_FONTS for font definition files.

/TEXINPUTS

 /TEXINPUTS=(name,...)

 Specify  directories  containing  input files,  and the order in which
 they will be searched  to locate each input file.  A null value in the
 list indicates  the current directory.   This qualifier  operates in a
 manner similar to /TEXFONTS.   The search procedure TeX uses to locate
 input files is to first search your default directory  and then search
 each of the directories specified by the /TEXINPUTS option.

 Default  is  /TEXINPUTS=(TEX_INPUTS);   TeX  looks  in  the  directory
 associated with the logical name TEX_INPUTS.

/TEXFORMATS

 /TEXFORMATS=(name,...)

 Specify  directories  containing  format files, and the order in which
 they will be searched  to locate each input file.  A null value in the
 list indicates  the current directory.   This qualifier  operates in a
 manner similar to /TEXFONTS.   The search procedure TeX uses to locate
 input  files  is to  search  each  of  directories  specified  by  the
 /TEXFORMATS option.

 Default  is /TEXFORMATS=(TEX_FORMATS);  TeX  looks  in  the  directory
 associated with the logical name TEX_FORMATS.

/EDITOR

 /EDITOR=name                   D=/EDITOR=(TEX_EDIT:)
 /NOEDITOR

 Specify  the editor TeX is to use when the "e" (edit)  option  is used
 when TeX finds an error.  The editors can be callable  editors such as
 TPU or EDT, or command  procedures.   This works similarly  to how the
 MAIL program allows use of editors under SEND/EDIT.

 The default is to use the editor defined by the logical name TEX_EDIT.

 Valid callable  editors  are EDT, TPU, and LSE.  Any other editor must
 be called by way of a command procedure.

/DIAGNOSTICS

 /DIAGNOSTICS=[file-spec]
 /NODIAGNOSTICS

 Create a Diagnostics file for the Language Sensitive Editor (LSE).

/JOBNAME_SYMBOL

 /JOBNAME_SYMBOL

 Indicates  the name of a symbol in which TeX should  store the name of
 the DVI file it writes.  Default is /JOBNAME_SYMBOL=TEX_JOBNAME.

/CONTINUE

 /CONTINUE
 /NOCONTINUE [D]

 Indicates that TeX should continue after editing a file.