path: root/info/greek/greekinf2.ltx

%% greekinf2.ltx --- It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of
%% all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools.
%%
%% Ioannis C. Dimakos, idimakos@syr.edu, (c) 1996.
%% Information on fonts, packages, and macros for typesetting
%% documents with Greek fonts using either \TeX\ or \LaTeX.
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage{verbatim}

\newfont{\mfman}{logo10 at 10pt}
\newcommand{\MF}{{\mfman META}\-{\mfman FONT}}
\newcommand{\ynmgt}{\texttt{greektex}}
\newcommand{\kdgt}{\textsc{Greek}\TeX}
\newcommand{\ynm}{Yiannis Moschovakis}
\newcommand{\kd}{Kostis Dryllerakis}
\newcommand{\yh}{Yannis Haralambous}
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
    T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\AmSLaTeX}{$\mathcal{A}$\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{$\mathcal{M}$}\kern-.125em{$\mathcal{S}$}-\LaTeX}
\newcommand{\OzTeX}{O\kern-.03em z\kern-.15em\TeX}
\newcommand{\TUGboat}{\emph{TUGboat}}


\hyphenation{yan-nis yian-nis ko-stis ha-ra-la-mbous mo-scho-va-kis
dryl-le-ra-kis}	

\begin{document}
\title{It's all Greek\TeX\ to me: An updated summary of \\
all available \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ tools}

\author{Ioannis Dimakos\thanks{Address correspondence to: Ioannis 
C.~Dimakos, Syracuse University, Computing and Media Services, 120
Hinds Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244-2390, idimakos@syr.edu.  This paper
does not reflect the views, opinions, or policies of Syracuse
University or the Department of Computing and Media Services.}}

\date{Aug.\ 28, 1996}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This summary of Greek \TeX\ tools contains information useful to those
who want to typeset texts partially or completely  in Greek.  \TeX\ and
\LaTeX\ users who want to work with Greek fonts and \MF\ or install a
complete \TeX/\LaTeX\ system should find this summary informative.
The present summary replaces and updates the work of Dimitrios
Filippou of January 29, 1994 with newer information about the latest
releases of Greek fonts and Greek \TeX\ packages.
\end{abstract}

\section*{Overview}
Since Dimitrios Filippou published his \verb|greek.faq| \cite{Filippou}
detailing the available Greek font families and \TeX\ packages, 
the status of \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ and its Greek variants has changed
significantly.  Among these changes, one should include (in no
particular order): 
\begin{itemize}
\item the distribution of new Greek font families, such as Ibykus,
Malvern, and Melanos;
\item the distribution of newer releases of the two major Greek \TeX\
packages: \ynmgt\ by Yiannis N.~Moschovakis, and \kdgt\ by Kostis
J.~Dryllerakis; 
\item the distribution of \LaTeXe;
\item the ``standardization'' of font encoding and the inclusion of
NFSS2 in \LaTeX;
\item the use of the virtual font-making mechanism for languages based
on non-latin alphabets;
\item the introduction of the Babel system for a purely international
and multi-lingual \LaTeX; and finally,
\item the on-going work of \yh\ on Omega ($\Omega$), a 16-bit
extension of the \TeX\ system.
\end{itemize}

This summary of Greek \TeX\ tools should be a helpful road map through
the maze of resources on the CTAN (Comprehensive \TeX\ Archive
Network):\footnote{As of this 
writing, the CTAN consisted of the primary nodes ftp.dante.de in
Germany and ftp.tex.ac.uk in Great Britain.  The North American node,
ftp.shsu.edu, has since closed; and the main US mirror is currently
ftp.cdrom.com.}  

{\parindent 0pt
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/babel-package/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex-fd/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/ibygrk/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kd/| \\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kelly/| \\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/levy/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/yannis/|\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/lgreek/|
}

Have fun Greek\TeX ing!

\section*{Greek Fonts}
\paragraph{Levy:} \TeX\ users will find the original fonts designed by
Silvio Levy in:\\ 
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/levy/|.  These are 8-bit fonts,
and include roman, slanted, bold, and typewriter typefaces.  Levy
also provided the necessary accents and breathing marks for ancient
Greek text typesetting, although these are no longer used in modern
Greek.  His work was presented in the \TUGboat\
\cite{Levy:TB9-1-20}.  Levy's fonts have become the basis of subsequent 
work by \yh\ and \kd.   

\paragraph{Levy and Murphy:} Recently, Levy and Timothy Murphy
developed a series of macros that permit the use of the Levy fonts
with \LaTeX.  The package \verb|lgreek| provides a
\verb|greek| environment for typesetting in Greek and an \verb|english|
environment for latin character typesetting.  The macros of Levy
and Murphy  will convert a typed `s' character to either a printed
`$\sigma$' or `$\varsigma$' depending on its position in the word.  So,
one does not have to type `c' to obtain the final $\varsigma$.  Levy
and Murphy's macros are available from:\\  
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/other/lgreek/|

\paragraph{Haralambous:} Haralambous' fonts are also 8-bit fonts,
although they follow a different encoding scheme.  They come in roman,
slanted, bold, italics (based on the CM math fonts), and small caps.
Yannis has provided fonts for the ancient Greek numerals qoppa (the
number 90) and sampi (number 900), as well as the letter digamma (a
construction very much like the uppercase letter `F', and often
mistaken for it, but  actually two uppercase $\Gamma$ letters one below the
other).  The Haralambous font family includes accents and breathing
marks for ancient Greek as well as modern Greek.  A macro
\verb|polytoniko| will allow multi-accented text, while the macro
\verb|monotoniko| switches to modern Greek, one-accented text.
Haralambous has also created beautiful symbols for use with
Cypriot Greek, a dialect of Greek much closer to ancient and Byzantine
Greek.  His work on Greek fonts appeared in the \TUGboat\
\cite{Haralambous:TB10-3-354}.  His font collection and the necessary
macros for use with \LaTeX\ are available from:\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/yannis/|

\paragraph{Hamilton Kelly:}  The fonts of Brian Hamilton Kelly differ
from those of Levy and Haralambous in that they originate from the CM
math font Greek characters created by Donald Knuth.  Hamilton
Kelly's fonts come in roman, bold, italic, and typewritter typefaces,
but they lack accents and breathing marks, so they are not suitable
for use with ancient Greek text.  Hamilton Kelly's
\verb|greek.sty| provides the necessary macros and font loading for
\LaTeX\ 2.09.  This macro file will not run even in compatibility mode
under the new \LaTeX.  His font collection and macros for use with old
\LaTeX\ are available from:\\ 
\verb|CTAN:tex-archive/fonts/greek/kelly/|

\paragraph{Ibykus:}  This family of Greek fonts and corresponding
macros was developed at the University of Washington by Pierre
MacKay. It also originates from the work of Levy, and features the
necessary breathing marks and accents for use with ancient Greek text.
It also includes the digamma character and the numerals qoppa and
sampi (the numerals appear in lowercase type only).  These fonts were
initially designed to interface with ``Thesaurus Linguae Graecae,'' a
database of all known literary work written in ancient Greek, and
\verb|Ibykus|, a Macintosh-based (actually 68000-based) system for
accessing this database.  Unlike all earlier fonts, these fonts accept
the breathings and accents after the vowel they refer to.  The fonts
and macros for these fonts are available from:\\
\verb|CTAN:tex-archive/fonts/greek/ibygrk/|
 
\paragraph{Malvern:} This family of sans serif fonts was designed by
P.~Damian Cugley.  The Greek Malvern fonts (Malvern
encoding G) are based on the original 8-bit fonts by Levy and the \verb|kd|
fonts in \kd' \kdgt\ package.  So far, these are the only fonts I have
seen that partially utilize the virtual font-making mechanism and
come with a wide variety of \verb|.vf| files.  The Greek Malvern fonts
can be used to typeset Greek text with the old multi-accent and
breathing system or the new one-accent system.  Malvern fonts and the
Malvern G encoding scheme are documented in \verb|maman.tex| and
\verb|magrman.tex|.  Documentation and source code for fonts and
macros can be found at:\\
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/malvern/|	

\paragraph{Melanos:} Little information is available about this early
release of the Melanos family of fonts.  Compiled by James K.~Tauber,
this is a simple mono-width sans serif font family, not yet available
at the CTAN.  For more information, refer to
\verb|fonts-faq/metafont-list|, a list of all available fonts posted
periodically in \textsc{USENET} newsgroups \verb|comp.text.text| and
\verb|comp.fonts|.  According to the \verb|fonts-faq|, this family of
fonts also places the breathings and accents after the affected vowel
instead of before.  These fonts are available from:\\
\verb|ftp://tartarus.uwa.edu.au/pub/jtauber/melanos|.  It has been
almost impossible for me to connect to the \verb|tartarus| host at any
given time, so I have not been able to verify the presented
information.  Interested users beware!

\section*{Greek \TeX\ Packages}
There are two major Greek \TeX\
packages: \ynmgt\ developed by \ynm\ and \kdgt\ developed by \kd.
Moschovakis' \ynmgt\ works best when installed under DOS or Windows,
while  \kdgt\ should work on all platforms.

\paragraph{\ynm:} The third version of the \ynmgt\ package was
released jointly by Moschovakis and Spiliotis in 1994.  It 
includes Moschovakis' own Greek fonts based on the work of Donald
Knuth on CM fonts (lower 127 ASCII) and Silvio Levy's gr fonts (upper
ASCII).  They come in roman, slanted, boldface,
typewriter, italics, and experimental sans serif, caps and small
caps.  Moschovakis and Spiliotis have included a Greek math italic
font by adding slanted 
Greek to Knuth's CMMI font.  \ynmgt\ supports both 
multi-accented, classical Greek text typesetting with the proper
breathings and iota subscripts when necessary, and uni-accented,
modern Greek typesetting.  \ynmgt\ includes not only the source code
in \verb|.mf| file format but also the necessary \verb|.tfm| files for
\TeX\ and \verb|.pk| files for 300dpi printing.  Users
of \ynmgt\ can install English-Greek formats for \TeX, \LaTeX, and
\AmSLaTeX.  However, the \LaTeX\ and \AmSLaTeX\ are based on the old
\LaTeX 2.09 formats.  Moschovakis and Spiliotis have also included
Greek-English ports of \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex} that provide necessary
English/Greek bibliographical and indexing capabilities.  Above all,
this release of \ynmgt\ includes upgraded, extended keyboard and VGA
screen drivers based on the IBM (old) internal encoding scheme (rather
than the newer ISO 8859-7, ELOT 928).  Using these drivers, \ynmgt\ users can
type (and view) their texts directly in Greek.  The designers of
\ynmgt\ have also added filters that can translate multi-lingual
(English and Greek combined) files to monolingual English files
substituting hexadecimal codes for 8-bit characters.  This adds a
certain degree of portability to \ynmgt\ and makes it easy to process
files created on different platforms. \ynmgt\ can be found at:\\ 
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex/|

Although \ynmgt\ does not provide NFSS support, some early
attempts at defining the necessary \verb|.fd| files for the
\verb|clgr*| families of fonts have been uploaded to the CTAN and can 
be found at:\\
 \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/greektex-fd/|

\paragraph{\kd:} The official release of the \kdgt\ package is 
version 3.1, and can be found in the
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/kd/| directory.  This is a 1992
release and features formats for a Greek \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ (built
using \LaTeX\ 2.09).  Dryllerakis provides Greek article, letter, 
report, and book style files for use with the packaged Gr\LaTeX.  Greek
hyphenation tables are also provided. \kdgt\ uses the 
fonts of Silvio Levy and come in roman, bold, slanted, and
typewriter typefaces.  There are no ports for \BibTeX\ or
\textit{MakeIndex} and bibliography handling is a bit messy
(users may have to manually tweak the resulting \verb|.bbl| file).
However, version 3.1 of \kdgt\ includes filters for translating ISO
standard Greek documents to \kdgt\-compatible form.

For the last few years \kd\ has been working on release 4.0 of his
\kdgt.  An Alpha release is now available for \TeX\ adventurers from:
\verb|ftp://laotzu.doc.ic.ac.uk/public/tex/|.  \kd\ has
added new hyphenation patterns, and there have been some improvements in
the fonts, including new numerals (stigma, qoppa and sampi).  Users
can select their own character for marking blocks of Greek texts with
the \verb|\greekdelims{}| command.  \kd\ has also provided NFSS
compatibility for his family of fonts.  However, there is no
documentation or scripts/utilities and building the Gr\LaTeX\ format
requires \LaTeX\ 2.09 (this was tested both with a Unix port of
\LaTeX\ and Andrew Trevorrow's \OzTeX).  Recently, David Kastrup
has created a set of macros, \verb|kdgreek.sty|, for \LaTeX\ users,
which provide Greek handling through the use of \verb|greektext| and
\verb|latin| environments, proper font handling, and support for 
8-bit characters for \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex}. 

\paragraph{Some comments:} \kdgt\ relies on the Greeklish typing of Greek
texts, which make it really platform independent and friendlier to use for
Latin typers and users without Greek keyboard and screen drivers.  On the
other hand, \ynmgt\ users get a feeling of a really Greek \TeX\ 
and \LaTeX.  Documents created with \kdgt\ are portable amongst
platforms; documents created with \ynmgt\ cannot claim that.  Leo
J.~Irakliotis has also commented that version 3.0 of \ynmgt\  will not
process files created in its earlier version 2.0 (cf. comments of
Irakliotis, \verb|l.irakliotis@ieee.org|, in the 
\verb|ELLHNIKA@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de| discussion list, a
low-traffic electronic forum of Greek \TeX\ and \MF\ matters).
\ynmgt\ appears to be a more complete package for PC-oriented users.
The package includes a complete \LaTeX\ installation and the necessary
ports of \BibTeX\ and \textit{MakeIndex}.  On the other hand, \kdgt\
is still more platform independent and the addition of Kastrup's
macros should add to its functionality.  

\section*{Other Greek Tools}
There are other Greek-related fonts and packages yet to be made
public.\footnote{Information in this section comes from 
the original greek.faq by Filippou.}  C.~Mylonas and R.~Whitney have
created their own Greek fonts and written about them in \TUGboat\ in
1992 \cite{Mylonas:TB13-1-39}.  According to Filippou, the Mylonas and
Whitney fonts contain `the most complete Greek character set' of 360
characters including macros and hyphenation tables for ancient and
modern Greek.  However, their work is not yet available for purchase
or even public distribution. 

Similarly, \yh\ has released a commercial \TeX\ package,
\textsc{SCHOLAR}\TeX.  It comes with fonts and macros for ancient and
modern Greek, complete hyphenation tables, as well as fonts for
several non-Latin alphabet languages, such as Arabic, Persian and so
on.  For more information, you should contact:
\yh, \verb|yannis@univ-lille1.fr|.

\section*{The Greek Babel}
The \verb|babel| package is a multi-lingual system that extends the
standard \LaTeX\ document styles in several languages and was initially
designed and developed by Johannes Braams.  \verb|Babel| is documented
in the \emph{\LaTeX\ Companion} by Goossens, Mittelbach, and Samarin
\cite{Companion}, the \emph{Guide to \LaTeXe} by Kopka and Daly
\cite{Kopka:Daly}, and a few \TUGboat\ articles by Braams
\cite{Braams1,Braams2}.

The latest version (v3.6 beta) of \verb|babel| has support for
the Greek language.  This experimental Greek extension was jointly developed
by Apostolos Syropoulos and Braams.  It utilizes the Levy-based fonts of 
Haralambous and Dryllerakis, and the sans-serif Malvern fonts.
The entire bundle of fonts can be 
found at: \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/fonts/greek/babel-package/|  while
the latest \verb|babel| and a zipped beta version are available
from:\\ 
\verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/packages/babel/|

At the moment, neither the bundle of fonts nor the zipped distribution
of \verb|babel| include the proper Greek hyphenation patterns,
\verb|hyphen.greek|, which are available though from:\\
\verb|ftp://obelix.ee.duth.gr/pub/programs/hyphen.greek.gz|.  

\section*{Future Directions}
There have been significant improvements in the development of Greek
font families.  For example, new fonts have been made available  
(Malvern, Ibykus, Melanos---the latter with some uncertainty).  In
addition, both Haralambous and Dryllerakis have improved the classic
fonts that Silvio Levy created and added ancient Greek numerals
(qoppa, sampi, stigma).  The macros accompanying these font families
work under \TeX\ and most of them work with \LaTeX\ (see the
work of Murphy and Levy, and the macros of Malvern and Ibykus).      

Complete Greek \TeX\ packages are being developed, but these
efforts are hampered by their incompatibility with the most recent
versions of \LaTeX\ and the choice between 7-bit and 8-bit systems.
The question of Greeklish typing with portability (advocated by
Dryllerakis) vs.\ 8-bit and other encoding schemes (suggested by
Moschovakis) seems to divide the Greek \TeX\ community.  Although
filter and conversion utilities come prepackaged in both Greek \TeX\
installations, typing a Greek document (especially if one wants to add
bibliographies, indices, and glossaries) may turn into a programming
nightmare.       

The inclusion of the Greek language in the \verb|babel| system is, of
course, a very positive step in the future of Greek \TeX\ and \LaTeX.
A final version of Greek \verb|babel| macros is in the making.  This project
has been undertaken by \yh, though no release date is available at the
moment.  This version of \verb|babel| will include Haralambous'
\textsc{Scholar}\TeX\ fonts.  In addition, Syropoulos is working on a
completely Greek \LaTeX\ guide (typeset using the Greek \verb|babel|, of
course), the first of its kind, and the Greek Mathematical Association is
looking to adopt \LaTeX\ for its publications.      

Yet another improvement in the area of Greek \TeX, and \TeX\ in
general, comes again from \yh.  He has been busy working on
Omega, ($\Omega$), a 16-bit, global extension to \TeX\ developed
jointly by Haralambous and  John Plaice \cite{Haralambous:TB15-3-344}.
The $\Omega$ system uses 16-bit data structures and allows for
multiple input and output character sets, a variety of encoding
schemes, and translation from one encoding scheme to the other.
Thus, the $\Omega$ system  allows easy typesetting of non-Latin
languages, such as Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, and more. 
This system resorts to the use of the virtual font-making mechanism for
the creation and delivery of the necessary fonts (bypassing the more
``traditional'' system of \verb|.pk| files).  For more information
contact \yh\ or refer to his paper titled ``$\Omega$, a
\TeX\ Extension Including Unicode and Featuring Lex-like Filtering 
Processes,'' available from \verb|http://www.ens.fr/omega/|.

\section*{Additional Information Sources}
Additional information may be requested from the following sources:
\begin{itemize}
\item the \textsc{Usenet} newsgroups \texttt{comp.text.tex} and
\texttt{comp.fonts};

\item the discussion list 
\verb|ELLHNIKA@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de|.  To subscribe to
\verb|ELLHNIKA|, send an e-mail message to:\\ 
\verb|listserv@relay.urz.uni-heidelberg.de| with the command:\\
\verb|SUBscribe ELLHNIKA Your_first_name Your_last_name|;

\item the discussion list \verb|METAFONT@ens.fr|, an electronic forum for
matters related to \MF\ in general.  To subscribe to \verb|METAFONT|,
send an e-mail message to:\\
\verb|listman@ens.fr| with the command:\\
\verb|subscribe METAFONT Your_first_name Your_last_name|;

\item Finally, a Greek \TeX\ users group is currently being formed.  This
forum aims to unite \TeX\ users who utilize Greek fonts and macros, and to
provide a milieu for discussing Greek \TeX\ matters.  This effort is
organized by Syropoulos in Xanthi, Greece.
\end{itemize}
\bigskip


\subsubsection*{Acknowledgement}
I would like to acknowledge the following individuals for
their helpful comments and suggestions in earlier drafts of this
paper:\\ 
Apostolos Syropoulos, \verb|apostolo@obelix.ee.duth.gr|,\\
Thomas R.~Scavo, \verb|trscavo@syr.edu|,\\
David Kastrup, \verb|dak@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bohum.de|,\\
\yh, \verb|yannis@univ-lille1.fr|,\\
Leo J.~Irakliotis, \verb|l.iraklio@ieee.org|,\\
Georgios Melikidis, \verb|melikid@mail.uni-muenster.de|.
\clearpage

\begin{thebibliography}{1}

\bibitem{Braams1}
J.~Braams.  Babel, a multilingual style-option system for user with
{\LaTeX}'s standard doc styles.  \emph{TUGboat}, 12(2):291--301, 1992.

\bibitem{Braams2}
J.~Braams.  An update on the \textsf{babel} system.  \emph{TUGboat},
14(1):60--61, 1993. 

\bibitem{Filippou}
D.~Filippou.  Typesetting greek texts by \TeX\ and \LaTeX: A summary 
of all tools available. \verb|CTAN:/tex-archive/help/greek.faq|, 1994. 

\bibitem{Companion}
M.~Goossens, F.~Mittelbach, and A.~Samarin.  \emph{The \LaTeX\
Companion}.  Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, rev. edition, 1994.

\bibitem{Haralambous:TB15-3-344}
Y.~Haralambous and J.~Plaice.  First applications of $\Omega$: Adobe
Poetica, Arabic, Greek, Khmer.  \emph{TUGboat}, 15(3):344--352, 1994.

\bibitem{Haralambous:TB10-3-354}
Y.~Haralambous and K.~Thull.  Typesetting modern Greek with 128
character codes.  \emph{TUGboat}, 10(3):354--359, 1989. 

\bibitem{Kopka:Daly}
H.~Kopka and P.~W. Daly.  \emph{A guide to \LaTeXe: Document
preparation for beginners and advanced users}.  Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massachusetts, 2nd edition, 1995. 

\bibitem{Levy:TB9-1-20}
S.~Levy.  Using Greek fonts with \TeX.  \emph{TUGboat}, 9(1):20--24, 1988.

\bibitem{Mylonas:TB13-1-39}
C.~Mylonas and R.~Whitney.  Modern Greek with adjunct fonts.
\emph{TUGboat}, 13(1):39--50, 1992. 

\end{thebibliography}

\end{document}