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<!DOCTYPE html
  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">

<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:02:00--><html>
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
   
      <title>Formatting information: Preface</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="typebook.css" type="text/css">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
   </head>
   <body>
      <table width="100%">
         <tr>
            <th class="title" width="66%">
               <h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
               <h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
               <h3>Preface</h3>
               <h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
               <h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
               </h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
            </th>
            <td class="toc" width="33%">
               <h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
                  <dd class="current"><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
               </dl>
               <ol>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
               </ol>
               <ol type="A">
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
               </ol>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
               </dl>
            </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td class="credits">
               <p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
                     	  Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
                  	have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
                  	individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
                  	2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
                  	fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
                  	constantly under development. There have been revisions to
                  	packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
                  	interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
                  	my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
                  	cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
                  	felt to be indispensable to users. &para;&nbsp;I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
                  	corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
                  	coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
                  	want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
                  	mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
                  	books on the market&nbsp;&#8212; as well as other online
                  	documents&nbsp;&#8212; dealing with mathematical typesetting in
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
                  	capable of. &para;&nbsp;The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
                  	rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
                  	chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
                  	acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
                  	been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
                  	been retested. &para;&nbsp;As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
                  	an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
                  	grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
                  	author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
                  	for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
                  	more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
                  	specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
                  	difficult for people who write technical documentation to
                  	remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
                  	familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
                  	lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
                  	more with the way in which we view and approach information,
                  	and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
                  	obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
                  	<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
                  	that I can correct&nbsp;it. 
                  <p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
            <td class="legal">
               <p>
                  <p>This document is Copyright &copy; 1999&#8211;2005 by
                     Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
                     Free Documentation License (copyleft).
                  </p>
                  <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
                     this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
                     License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
                     Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
                     Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
                     license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
                  </p>
                  <p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
                     without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
                     conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
                     asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
                     document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
                     inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
                     the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
                     
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
      <div class="prelim">
         <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="preface">Preface</a></h3>
         <p>Many people discover <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> after
            years of struggling with wordprocessors and desktop publishing
            systems, and are amazed to find that <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> has been around for
            over 25 years and they hadn't heard of it. It's not a
            conspiracy, just &#8216;a well-kept secret known only to a few
            million people&#8217;, as one anonymous user has put
            it.
         </p>
         <p>Perhaps a key to why it has remained
            so popular is that it removes the need to fiddle with the
            formatting while you write. Although playing around with fonts
            and formatting is attractive to the newcomer, it is completely
            counter-productive for the serious author or editor who wants to
            concentrate on <em>writing</em>&nbsp;&#8212; ask any
            journalist or professional writer.
         </p>
         <p>A few years ago a new <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> user expressed concern on
            the <a href="comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a> newsgroup about
            &#8216;learning to write in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8217;. <a href="news:comp.text.tex/MPG.18d82140d65ddc5898968c@news.earthlink.net">Some 
               excellent advice</a> was posted in response to this query,
            which I reproduce with permission below [the bold text is my
            emphasis]:
         </p>
         <blockquote class="citation"><a name="K20">&nbsp;</a><tt>
               <p>No, the harder part might be <em>writing</em>,
                  period.  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>/<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is actually easy, once you relax and
                  stop worrying about appearance as a be-all-and-end-all. Many
                  people have become &#8216;Word Processing
                  Junkies&#8217; and <strong>no longer
                     &#8216;write&#8217; documents, they
                     &#8216;draw&#8217; them</strong>, almost at the
                  same level as a pre-literate 3-year old child might pretend to
                  &#8216;write&#8217; a story, but is just creating a
                  sequence of pictures with a pad of paper and box of
                  <i><a name="p24">Crayola</a></i>s&nbsp;&#8212; this is perfectly
                  normal and healthy in a 3-year old child who is being
                  creative, but is of questionable usefulness for, say, a grad
                  student writing a Master's or PhD thesis or a business
                  person writing a white paper, etc.  For this reason,
                  <em>I</em> strongly recommend
                  <em>not</em> using any sort of fancy <small><a href="intro.html#GUI" class="acroref" name="A35" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a></small>&nbsp;&#8216;crutch&#8217;.
                  Use a plain vanilla text editor and treat it like an
                  old-fashioned typewriter.  Don't waste time playing with
                  your mouse.
               </p>
               <p>Note: I am <em>not</em> saying that you should
                  have no concerns about the appearance of your document, just
                  that you should <em>write</em> the document
                  (completely) first and tweak the appearance
                  later...<em>not</em> [spend time on] lots of
                  random editing in the bulk of the document itself.
               </p></tt><p class="citation">  (11 March 2003), <cite><a href="bibliography.html#heller"><a href="newscomp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a></a></cite></p>
         </blockquote>
         <p>Learning to write well can be hard, but authors shouldn't
            have to make things even harder for themselves by using
            manually-driven systems which break their concentration every
            few seconds for some footling adjustment to the appearance,
            simply because the software is incapable of doing it right by
            itself.
         </p>
         <p><a name="mathtex"></a><a name="knuth">Don Knuth</a> originally wrote <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> to typeset mathematics for
            the second edition of his master-work <cite><a href="bibliography.html#aocs" name="C21">The Art of Computer Programming</a></cite>, and it remains pretty much the only
            typesetting program to include fully-automated mathematical
            formatting done the way mathematicians want it. But he also
            published a booklet called <cite><a href="bibliography.html#mathwrite" name="C22">Mathematical Writing</a></cite> which shows how
            important it is to think about what you write, and how the
            computer should be able to help, not hinder.
         </p>
         <p>And <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> is much more than math:
            it's a programmable typesetting system which can be used
            for almost any formatting task, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has made it usable by
            almost anyone. Professor Knuth generously placed the entire system in the
            public domain, so for many years there was no publicity of the
            commercial kind which would have got <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> noticed outside the
            technical field.
         </p>
         <p>Nowadays, however, there are many companies
            selling <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> software or services,<sup><a href="#F4">1</a></sup> dozens
            of publishers accepting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents for
            publication, and hundreds of thousands of users using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            for millions of documents.<sup><a href="#F5">2</a></sup></p>
         <p>To count yourself as a <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> or <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> user, visit the
            <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group's
            &#8216;<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Counter&#8217; web site 
            (and get a nice certificate!).
         </p>
         <p>There is occasionally some confusion among newcomers between
            the two main programs, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>:
         </p>
         <ul>
            <li>
               <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> is a typesetting program, originally written by
                  Prof Knuth at Stanford around 1978. It implements a
                  macro-driven typesetters' programming language of some
                  300 basic operations and it has formed the core of many
                  other <a name="DTP" class="acroref">desktop publishing</a>&nbsp;(<small>DTP</small>)
                  systems. Although it is still possible to write in the raw
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> language, you need to study it in depth, and you need
                  to be able to write macros (subprograms) to perform even the
                  simplest of repetitive tasks.
               </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a user interface for <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, designed by
                  <a name="lamport">Leslie  Lamport</a> at <a name="DEC" class="acroref">Digital Equipment
                     Corporation</a>&nbsp;(<small>DEC</small>) in 1985 to automate all the common
                  tasks of document preparation.  It provides a simple way for
                  authors and typesetters to use the power of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> without
                  having to learn the underlying language. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is the
                  recommended system for all users except professional
                  typographic programmers and computer scientists who want to
                  study the internals of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
               </p>
            </li>
         </ul>
         <p>Both <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> have been
            constantly updated since their inception.  Knuth has now frozen
            development of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> engine so that users and developers
            can have a virtually bug-free, rock-stable platform to work
            with.<sup><a href="#F6">3</a></sup> Typographic programming development continues with
            the <a name="NTS" class="acroref">New Typesetting System</a>&nbsp;(<small>NTS</small>), planned
            as a successor to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>. The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>3 project has taken over
            development of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and the current version is
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>, which is what we are concentrating on here. Details
            of all developments can be had from the <small><a href="appendixB.html#TUG" class="acroref" name="A40" title="Users Group">TUG</a></small> at <a href="http://www.tug.org"><tt>http://www.tug.org</tt></a></p>
         <div align="center" class="sidebar">
            <table width="75%">
               <tr>
                  <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                     <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="myths">Debunking the mythology</a></h3>
                     <p>Naturally, over all the years, a few myths have grown up
                        around <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, often propagated by people who should know
                        better. So, just to clear up any potential
                        misunderstandings...
                     </p>
                     <blockquote>
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has only got one
                                 font&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Most <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems can use any OpenType,
                                 TrueType, Adobe (<a name="t2">PostScript</a>)
                                 Type1 or Type3, or METAFONT font. This is more than
                                 most other known typesetting system.
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s default font is Computer Modern (based
                                 on Monotype Series&nbsp;8: see
                                 <a href="chapter8.html#fontable-mf">the table  in section 8.2</a>), not Times Roman, and some
                                 people get upset because it &#8216;looks
                                 different&#8217; to Times. Typefaces differ:
                                 that's what they're for&nbsp;&#8212; get used to it.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> isn't <small><a href="chapter2.html#WYSIWYG" class="acroref" name="A41" title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</a></small>&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Simply not true. <small><a href="chapter4.html#DVI" class="acroref" name="A42" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small>
                                 and <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A43" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> preview is better
                                 <small><a href="chapter2.html#WYSIWYG" class="acroref" name="A44" title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</a></small> than any wordprocessor
                                 and most <small><a href="preface.html#DTP" class="acroref" name="A45" title="desktop publishing">DTP</a></small> systems. What
                                 people mean is that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s typographic display
                                 is asynchronous with the edit window. This is only true
                                 for the default <small><a href="intro.html#CLI" class="acroref" name="A46" title="Command-Line Interface">CLI</a></small>
                                 implementations. See <a href="intro.html#synchro">the first paragraph  in section 3 of the Introduction</a> for details of synchronous
                                 versions.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is obsolete&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Quite the opposite: it's under constant
                                 development, with new features being added almost
                                 weekly. Check the <a href="news:comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a> for messages about recent
                                 uploads to <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A47" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>. It's
                                 arguably more up-to-date than most other systems:
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> had the Euro (&#8364;) before anyone else, it had
                                 Inuktitut typesetting before the Inuit got their own
                                 province in Canada, and it still produces better
                                 mathematics than anything else.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </blockquote>
                  </td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
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                     <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="myths2">More mythology</a></h3>
                     <blockquote>
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a Unix system&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>People are also heard saying:
                                 &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a Windows system&#8217;,
                                 &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a Mac system&#8217;, etc.,
                                 etc.&nbsp;<i>ad nauseam</i>.
                                 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems run on almost every computer in use, from
                                 some of the biggest supercomputers down to handhelds
                                 (<small><a href="intro.html#PDA" class="acroref" name="A48" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a></small>s like the Sharp
                                 <i><a name="p25">Zaurus</a></i>). That includes
                                 Windows and Linux PCs, Macs, and all other Unix systems.
                                 If you're using something <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> doesn't run
                                 on, it must be either incredibly new, incredibly old, or
                                 unbelievably obscure.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is &#8216;too
                                 difficult&#8217;&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>This has been heard from
                                 physicists who can split atoms; from mathematicians who
                                 can explain why <span class="math">&#960;</span> exists; from business people who can
                                 read a balance sheet; from historians who can grasp
                                 Byzantine politics; from librarians who can understand
                                 LoC and MARC; and from linguists who can decode Linear
                                 &#8216;B&#8217;. It's nonsense: most people grasp
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in 20 minutes or so. It's not rocket
                                 science (or if it is, I know any number of unemployed
                                 rocket scientists who will teach it to you).
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is &#8216;only for
                                 scientists and
                                 mathematicians&#8217;&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Untrue. Although it grew up
                                 in the mathematical and computer science fields, two of
                                 its biggest growth areas are in the humanities and
                                 business, especially since the rise of <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A49" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> brought new demands for automated
                                 web-based typesetting.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </blockquote>
                  </td>
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         <ol class="footnotes" start="">
            <li><a name="F4">See, for example, the list of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> vendors on <a href="intro.html#vendors">Table </a>, and the list of consultants
                  published by <small><a href="appendixB.html#TUG" class="acroref" name="A36" title="Users Group">TUG</a></small>.</a></li>
            <li><a name="F5">A guesstimate. With free software it's impossible
                  to tell how many people are using it, but it's a
                  <em>lot</em>.</a></li>
            <li><a name="F6">Knuth still fixes bugs, although the chances of finding
                  a bug in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> these days approaches zero.</a></li>
         </ol>
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