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<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">
<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:01:50--><html>
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<title>Formatting information: Introduction</title>
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<body>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<th class="title" width="66%">
<h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
<h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
<h3>Introduction</h3>
<h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
<h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
</h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
</th>
<td class="toc" width="33%">
<h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
<dl>
<dd class="current"><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
</dl>
<ol>
<li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
</ol>
<ol type="A">
<li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
</ol>
<dl>
<dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="credits">
<p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
constantly under development. There have been revisions to
packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
felt to be indispensable to users. ¶ I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
books on the market — as well as other online
documents — dealing with mathematical typesetting in
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
capable of. ¶ The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
been retested. ¶ As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
difficult for people who write technical documentation to
remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
more with the way in which we view and approach information,
and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
that I can correct it.
<p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
<td class="legal">
<p>
<p>This document is Copyright © 1999–2005 by
Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
Free Documentation License (copyleft).
</p>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
</p>
<p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="prelim">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h3>
<p>This book originally accompanied a 2-day course on using the
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesetting system. It has been extensively revised and
updated and can now be used for self-study or in the classroom.
It is aimed at users of Linux, Macintosh, or Microsoft Windows
but it can be used with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems on any platform,
including other Unix workstations, mainframes, and even your
<a name="PDA" class="acroref">Personal Digital Assistant</a> (<small>PDA</small>).
</p>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Who needs this book?
</h4>
<p>The audience for the original training course was assumed
to be computer-literate and composed of professional,
business, academic, technical, or administrative computer
users. The readers of the book (you) are mostly assumed to be
in a similar position, but may also come from many other
backgrounds, including hobbyists, students, and just people
interested in quality typesetting. You are expected to have
one or more of the following or similar objectives:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>producing typesetter-quality formatting;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>formatting long, complex, highly-structured,
repetitive, or automatically-generated
documents;<sup><a href="#F1">1</a></sup></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>saving time and effort by automating common
tasks;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>achieving or maintaining your independence from
specific makes or models of proprietary hardware,
software, or file formats (portability);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>using Open Source software (free of restrictions,
sometimes also free of charge).
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ol class="footnotes" start="1">
<li><a name="F1"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can easily be used for once-off or short
and simple documents as well, but its real strengths
lie in consistency and automation.</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Skills needed
</h4>
<p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a very easy system to learn, and requires no
specialist knowledge, although literacy and some familiarity
with the publishing process is useful. It is, however, assumed
that you are completely fluent and familiar with using your
computer before you start. Specifically, effective use of this
document requires that you already know and understand the
following very thoroughly:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>how to use a good plain-text
editor (<em>not</em> a wordprocessor like
<i><a name="p1">OpenOffice</a></i>,
<i><a name="p2">WordPerfect</a></i>, or Microsoft
<i><a name="p3">Word</a></i>, and
<em>not</em> a toy like Microsoft
<i><a name="p4">Notepad</a></i>);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>where to find all 95 of the printable <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A11" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> characters on your keyboard and
what they mean, and how to type accents and symbols, if
you use them;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>how to create, open, save,
close, rename, move, and delete files and folders
(directories);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>how to use a Web browser and/or <a name="FTP" class="acroref">File
Transfer Protocol</a> (<small>FTP</small>) program to
download and save files from the Internet;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>how to uncompress and unwrap (unzip or detar)
downloaded files.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If you don't know how to do
these things yet, it's important to go and learn them
first. Trying to become familiar with the fundamentals of
using a computer <em>at the same time</em> as
learning <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is not likely to be as effective as doing
them in order.
</p>
<p>These are not specialist
skills — they are all included in the <a name="ECDL" class="acroref">European Computer Driving
Licence</a> (<small>ECDL</small>) and the relevant sections of the <small><a href="intro.html#ECDL" class="acroref" name="A14" title="European Computer Driving Licence">ECDL</a></small> syllabus are noted in the margin
above, so they are well within the capability of anyone who
uses a computer.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Objectives of this book
</h4>
<p>By the end of this book, you should be able to undertake
the following tasks:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>use a plain-text editor to create and maintain your
documents;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>add <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> markup to identify
your document structure and formatting
requirements;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>typeset <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents, correct simple formatting
errors, and display or print the results;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>identify, install, and use additional packages (using
<small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A15" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> for downloading where
necessary);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>recognise the limitations of procedural markup systems
and choose appropriate generic markup methods where
appropriate.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Synopsis
</h4>
<p>The original course covered the following topics as
separate sessions, which are represented in the book as
chapters:
</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Where to get and how to install
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> (<i><a name="p5">te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>,
<i><a name="p6">fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>, or
<i><a name="p7">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a></i> from the
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection disks);<a name="I1"></a><a name="I2"></a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>How to type <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents:
using an editor to create files
(half a dozen editors for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Basic structures (the Document Class Declaration and
its layout options; the document environment with sections
and paragraphs);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Typesetting, viewing, and printing;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The use of packages and <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A16" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>
to adapt formatting using standard tools;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other document structures (lists, tables, figures,
images, and verbatim text);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Textual tools (footnotes, marginal notes,
cross-references, indexes and glossaries, and
bibliographic citations);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Typographic considerations (white-space and typefaces;
inline markup and font changes; extra font installation
and automation);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Programmability and automation (macros and modifying
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s behaviour);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Conversion and compatibility with other systems
(<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A17" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>,
<i><a name="p8">Word</a></i>, etc.).
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>A few changes have been made in the transition to printed
and online form, but the basic structure is the same, and the
document functions as a workbook for the course as well as a
standalone self-teaching guide.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Where's the math?
</h4>
<p>It is important to note that
the document <em>does not cover</em> mathematical
typesetting, complex tabular material, the design of
large-scale macros and document classes, or the finer points
of typography or typographic design, although it does refer to
these topics in passing on a few occasions.
</p><a name="I3"></a><p>There are several other guides, introductions, and
‘get-started’ documents on the Web and
on <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A18" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> which cover these topics and
more. Among the more popular are:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html" name="C9">Getting Started with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and friends</a></cite>, where all
beginners should start;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/" name="C10">The (Not So) Short Guide to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>ε</span>: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>ε</span> in 131 Minutes</a></cite> is a good
beginner's tutorial;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/" name="C11">A Gentle Introduction to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>: A Manual for Self-Study</a></cite> is a classic
tutorial on Plain <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf/" name="C12">Using imported graphics in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>ε</span></a></cite> shows you how
to do (almost) anything with graphics: side-by-side,
rotated, etc.;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><cite><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html" name="C13">Short Math Guide for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></cite> gets you
started with the American Math Society's powerful
packages;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/" name="C14">A comprehensive list of symbols in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></cite> shows over
2,500 symbols available.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>This list was taken from the
<small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A19" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> search page. There are also
lots of books published about <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: the most
important of these for users of this document are listed in
<a href="foreword.html#docs">the last paragraph in the Foreword</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="availability">Availability of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems</a></h4>
<p>Because the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> program (the
‘engine’ which actually does the
typesetting) is separate from whichever editor you choose,
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>-based systems are available in a variety of different
modes using different interfaces, depending on how you want to
use them.
</p>
<div class="subsection">
<h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="gui">Graphical interface</a></h5>
<p>The normal way to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is
to use a toolbar button (icon), a menu item, or a keystroke
in your editor. Click on it and your document gets saved and
typeset. All the other features of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems (the
typeset display, spellchecker, related programs like
<i><a name="p9">makeindex</a></i> and <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>) are run
the same way. This works both in a normal <a name="GUI" class="acroref">Graphical User Interface</a> (<small>GUI</small>) as well as in
text-only interfaces.
</p>
<p>In the popular <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> editors like
<i><a name="p10">Emacs</a></i>,
<i><a name="p11"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a></i>,
<i><a name="p12"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i>,
<i><a name="p13">WinShell</a></i>, or
<i><a name="p14">WinEdt</a></i>, a record of the
typesetting process is shown in an adjoining window so that
you can see the progress of pages being typeset, and any
errors or warnings that may occur.<sup><a href="#F2">2</a></sup></p>
</div>
<div class="subsection">
<h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="cli">Command-line interface</a></h5>
<p>However, the graphical interface
is useless if you want to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> unattended, as part of an
automated system, perhaps in a web server or e-commerce
environment, where there is no direct connection between
user and program. The underlying <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> engine is in fact
a <a name="CLI" class="acroref">Command-Line Interface</a> (<small>CLI</small>) program,
that is, it is used as a
‘console’ program which you run from
a standard Unix or Mac terminal or shell window (or from an
MS-DOS command window in Microsoft Windows systems). You
type the command
<code class="literal">latex</code> followed by the name of your
document file (see <a href="chapter4.html#clidemo"></a> in <a href="chapter4.html#cmdwin">section 4.1.2</a> for an example).
</p>
<p>Commands like these let you run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in an automated
environment like a
<a name="CGI" class="acroref">Common Gateway Interface</a> (<small>CGI</small>) script
on a web server or a batch file on a document system. All
the popular distributions for Unix and Windows, both free
and commercial, include this interface as standard
(te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, MiK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t,
PC-<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, True<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>,
etc.).
</p>
</div>
<div class="subsection">
<h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="displays">Typeset displays</a></h5>
<p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> usually displays your
typeset results in a separate window, redisplayed
automatically every time the document is reprocessed,
because the typesetting is done separately from the editing.
Some systems, however, can format the typesetting while you
type, at the expense of some flexibility.
</p>
<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><b><a name="async">Asynchronous typographic displays</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>This method is called an <b><i><a name="asynchronous">asynchronous typographic
display</a></i></b> because the typeset window only
updates <em>after</em> you have typed
something and reprocessed it, not
<em>while</em> you are still typing, as it
would with a wordprocessor.<sup><a href="#F3">3</a></sup></p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a name="sync">Synchronous typographic displays</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a name="synchro"></a>Some distributions of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
offer a <b><i><a name="synchronous">synchronous
typographic interface</a></i></b>. In these, you type
directly into the typographic display, as with a
wordprocessor. Three popular examples are
<i><a name="p15">Textures</a></i>,
<i><a name="p16">Scientific Word</a></i>, and
<i><a name="p17">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i> (see table below).
At least one free version (<span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span>, see <a href="chapter2.html#lyxwin">Figure 2.1</a> in <a href="chapter2.html#editors">section 2.3</a>)
offers a similar interface.
</p>
<p>With a synchronous display
you get Instant Textual Gratification™, but your
level of control is restricted to that of the <small><a href="intro.html#GUI" class="acroref" name="A23" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a></small> you use, which cannot provide
access to everything that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can do. For
complete control of the formatting
you may still need access to your normal source
(input) file in the same way as for asynchronous
implementations.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b>Near-synchronous displays</b></dt>
<dd>
<p>There are several other
methods available free for Unix and some other systems
for close-to-synchronous updates of the typeset
display (including <a name="jf">Jonathan Fine</a>'s <i><a name="p18">Instant
Preview</a></i> and the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> daemon), and
for embedding typographic fragments from the typeset
display back into the editor window (<a name="dk">David Kastrup</a>'s <span class="package"><a name="m1">preview-latex</a></span>
package).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="subsection">
<h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="commercial">Commercial distributions</a></h5>
<p>Whatever method you choose, the
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection CD and <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A24" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> are
not the only source of software. The vendors listed in <a href="intro.html#vendors">Table </a> offer excellent commercial
implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
and if you are in a position where their enhanced support
and additional features are of benefit, I urge you to
support them. In most cases their companies, founders, and
staff have been good friends of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
communities for many years.<a name="I4"></a></p>
<div align="center" class="table">
<table>
<caption><i>Table 1</i>. <a name="vendors">Popular commercial implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems</a></caption>
<tr class="headfoot">
<th valign="bottom" align="left" width="93.60000000000001">Product</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" width="144">Platform</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" width="129.6">Company</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left">URI</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">PC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
<td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Personal <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, Inc
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.pctex.com/"><tt>www.pctex.com/</tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">True<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
<td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">True <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><a href="truetex.com/"><tt>truetex.com/</tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">Textures</td>
<td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Apple Mac</td>
<td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Blue Sky Research</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.bluesky.com/"><tt>www.bluesky.com/</tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">Scientific Word</td>
<td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
<td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Mackichan Software</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.mackichan.com/"><tt>www.mackichan.com/</tt></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows, Linux, OS/2</td>
<td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">MicroPress, Inc</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.micropress-inc.com/"><tt>www.micropress-inc.com/</tt></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<ol class="footnotes" start="2">
<li><a name="F2">Recent versions of some editors hide this display by
default unless errors occur in the typesetting.</a></li>
<li><a name="F3">Among other reasons, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> typesets whole
paragraphs at a time, not line-by-line as lesser
systems do, in order to get the hyphenation and
justification (H&J) right (see <a href="chapter2.html#handj">section 2.8</a>).
</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="prodnote">Production note</a></h4>
<p>This document is written and maintained in <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A25" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, using a customized version of the
<i><a name="p19">DocBook</a></i> <small><a href="chapter10.html#DTD" class="acroref" name="A26" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a></small>. Conversions were made to <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A27" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> using <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A28" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> scripts and <a name="mk">Michael Kay</a>'s <i><a name="p20">Saxon</a></i>
processor.
</p>
<p>The complete source, with all ancillary files, is
available online at <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/src/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/src/</tt></a>
but if you want to try processing it yourself you must install
<i><a name="p21">Java</a></i> (from Sun, <small>IBM</small>, or a number of
others) and <i><a name="p22">Saxon</a></i> (from <a href="http://saxon.sourceforge.net/"><tt>http://saxon.sourceforge.net/</tt></a>), in addition
to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
</p>
<p>This document is published under the terms and conditions
of the <small><a href="chapter2.html#GNU" class="acroref" name="A30" title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</a></small> Free Documentation
License. Details are in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">this appendix</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="symbols">Symbols and conventions</a></h4>
<p>The following typographic notations are used:</p>
<div align="center"><a name="symboltable"></a><table>
<tr class="headfoot">
<th valign="bottom" align="left">Notation</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left" width="504">Meaning</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c1">\command</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Control sequences which perform an
action, e.g. <code class="command"><a name="c2">\newpage</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt>\<a name="d1">length</a></tt></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Control sequences which store a dimension
(measurement in units), e.g. <tt>\<a name="d2">parskip</a></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l3">counter</a></i></tt></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Values used for counting (whole numbers, as
opposed to measuring in units), e.g. <tt><i><a name="l4">secnumdepth</a></i></tt></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><b><i><a name="term">term</a></i></b></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Defining instance of a
new term
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span class="environment"><a name="e1">environment</a></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> formatting environment
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span class="package"><a name="m2">package</a></span></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> package (available from <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A31" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><i><a name="p23">product</a></i></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Program or product name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">typewriter type</code></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Examples of source code (stuff you
type)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:monospace; "><u>mybook</u></span> or <span style="font-family:monospace; font-style:italic; ">value</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Mnemonic examples of
things you have to supply real-life values for
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">x</tt></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A key on your keyboard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">Ctrl</tt>–<tt class="keycap">x</tt>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Two keys pressed together</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">Esc</tt> <tt class="keycap">q</tt></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Two keys pressed one after another</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span class="guiicon">Submit</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">On-screen button to click</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left"><span class="guimenu">Menu</span>→<span class="guimenuitem">Item</span></td>
<td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Drop-down menu with items</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>Examples of longer fragments of input are shown with a
border round them. Where necessary, the formatted output is
shown immediately beneath. Warnings are shown with a shaded
background. Exercises are shown with a double border.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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