summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/info/beginlatex/html/intro.html
blob: 70f6584299c6d25fa97a981596c7a3af32c17768 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
<!DOCTYPE html
  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">

<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:01:50--><html>
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
   
      <title>Formatting information: Introduction</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="typebook.css" type="text/css">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
   </head>
   <body>
      <table width="100%">
         <tr>
            <th class="title" width="66%">
               <h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
               <h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
               <h3>Introduction</h3>
               <h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
               <h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
               </h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
            </th>
            <td class="toc" width="33%">
               <h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
               <dl>
                  <dd class="current"><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
               </dl>
               <ol>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
               </ol>
               <ol type="A">
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
               </ol>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
               </dl>
            </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td class="credits">
               <p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
                     	  Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
                  	have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
                  	individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
                  	2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
                  	fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
                  	constantly under development. There have been revisions to
                  	packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
                  	interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
                  	my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
                  	cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
                  	felt to be indispensable to users. &para;&nbsp;I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
                  	corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
                  	coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
                  	want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
                  	mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
                  	books on the market&nbsp;&#8212; as well as other online
                  	documents&nbsp;&#8212; dealing with mathematical typesetting in
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
                  	capable of. &para;&nbsp;The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
                  	rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
                  	chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
                  	acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
                  	been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
                  	been retested. &para;&nbsp;As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
                  	an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
                  	grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
                  	author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
                  	for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
                  	more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
                  	specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
                  	difficult for people who write technical documentation to
                  	remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
                  	familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
                  	lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
                  	more with the way in which we view and approach information,
                  	and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
                  	obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
                  	<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
                  	that I can correct&nbsp;it. 
                  <p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
            <td class="legal">
               <p>
                  <p>This document is Copyright &copy; 1999&#8211;2005 by
                     Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
                     Free Documentation License (copyleft).
                  </p>
                  <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
                     this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
                     License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
                     Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
                     Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
                     license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
                  </p>
                  <p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
                     without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
                     conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
                     asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
                     document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
                     inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
                     the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
                     
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
      <div class="prelim">
         <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h3>
         <p>This book originally accompanied a 2-day course on using the
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesetting system. It has been extensively revised and
            updated and can now be used for self-study or in the classroom.
            It is aimed at users of Linux, Macintosh, or Microsoft Windows
            but it can be used with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems on any platform,
            including other Unix workstations, mainframes, and even your
            <a name="PDA" class="acroref">Personal Digital Assistant</a>&nbsp;(<small>PDA</small>).
         </p>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Who needs this book?
            </h4>
            <p>The audience for the original training course was assumed
               to be computer-literate and composed of professional,
               business, academic, technical, or administrative computer
               users. The readers of the book (you) are mostly assumed to be
               in a similar position, but may also come from many other
               backgrounds, including hobbyists, students, and just people
               interested in quality typesetting. You are expected to have
               one or more of the following or similar objectives:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>producing typesetter-quality formatting;</p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>formatting long, complex, highly-structured,
                     repetitive, or automatically-generated
                     documents;<sup><a href="#F1">1</a></sup></p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>saving time and effort by automating common
                     tasks;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>achieving or maintaining your independence from
                     specific makes or models of proprietary hardware,
                     software, or file formats (portability);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>using Open Source software (free of restrictions,
                     sometimes also free of charge).
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F1"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can easily be used for once-off or short
                     and simple documents as well, but its real strengths
                     lie in consistency and automation.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Skills needed
            </h4>
            <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a very easy system to learn, and requires no
               specialist knowledge, although literacy and some familiarity
               with the publishing process is useful. It is, however, assumed
               that you are completely fluent and familiar with using your
               computer before you start. Specifically, effective use of this
               document requires that you already know and understand the
               following very thoroughly:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>how to use a good plain-text
                     editor (<em>not</em> a wordprocessor like
                     <i><a name="p1">OpenOffice</a></i>,
                     <i><a name="p2">WordPerfect</a></i>, or Microsoft
                     <i><a name="p3">Word</a></i>, and
                     <em>not</em> a toy like Microsoft
                     <i><a name="p4">Notepad</a></i>);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>where to find all 95 of the printable <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A11" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> characters on your keyboard and
                     what they mean, and how to type accents and symbols, if
                     you use them;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>how to create, open, save,
                     close, rename, move, and delete files and folders
                     (directories);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>how to use a Web browser and/or <a name="FTP" class="acroref">File
                        Transfer Protocol</a>&nbsp;(<small>FTP</small>) program to
                     download and save files from the Internet;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>how to uncompress and unwrap (unzip or detar)
                     downloaded files.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>If you don't know how to do
               these things yet, it's important to go and learn them
               first. Trying to become familiar with the fundamentals of
               using a computer <em>at the same time</em> as
               learning <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is not likely to be as effective as doing
               them in order.
            </p>
            <p>These are not specialist
               	skills&nbsp;&#8212; they are all included in the <a name="ECDL" class="acroref">European Computer Driving
                  	  Licence</a>&nbsp;(<small>ECDL</small>) and the relevant sections of the <small><a href="intro.html#ECDL" class="acroref" name="A14" title="European Computer Driving Licence">ECDL</a></small> syllabus are noted in the margin
               	above, so they are well within the capability of anyone who
               	uses a computer.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Objectives of this book
            </h4>
            <p>By the end of this book, you should be able to undertake
               the following tasks:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>use a plain-text editor to create and maintain your
                     documents;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>add <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> markup to identify
                     your document structure and formatting
                     requirements;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>typeset <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents, correct simple formatting
                     errors, and display or print the results;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>identify, install, and use additional packages (using
                     <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A15" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> for downloading where
                     necessary);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>recognise the limitations of procedural markup systems
                     and choose appropriate generic markup methods where
                     appropriate.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Synopsis
            </h4>
            <p>The original course covered the following topics as
               separate sessions, which are represented in the book as
               chapters:
            </p>
            <ol type="1">
               <li>
                  <p>Where to get and how to install
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> (<i><a name="p5">te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>,
                     <i><a name="p6">fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>, or
                     <i><a name="p7">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a></i> from the
                     <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection disks);<a name="I1"></a><a name="I2"></a></p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>How to type <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents:
                     using an editor to create files
                     (half a dozen editors for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Basic structures (the Document Class Declaration and
                     its layout options; the document environment with sections
                     and paragraphs);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Typesetting, viewing, and printing;</p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The use of packages and <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A16" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>
                     to adapt formatting using standard tools;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Other document structures (lists, tables, figures,
                     images, and verbatim text);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Textual tools (footnotes, marginal notes,
                     cross-references, indexes and glossaries, and
                     bibliographic citations);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Typographic considerations (white-space and typefaces;
                     inline markup and font changes; extra font installation
                     and automation);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Programmability and automation (macros and modifying
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s behaviour);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Conversion and compatibility with other systems
                     (<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A17" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>,
                     <i><a name="p8">Word</a></i>, etc.).
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ol>
            <p>A few changes have been made in the transition to printed
               and online form, but the basic structure is the same, and the
               document functions as a workbook for the course as well as a
               standalone self-teaching guide.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Where's the math?
            </h4>
            <p>It is important to note that
               the document <em>does not cover</em> mathematical
               typesetting, complex tabular material, the design of
               large-scale macros and document classes, or the finer points
               of typography or typographic design, although it does refer to
               these topics in passing on a few occasions.
            </p><a name="I3"></a><p>There are several other guides, introductions, and
               	&#8216;get-started&#8217; documents on the Web and
               	on <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A18" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> which cover these topics and
               	more. Among the more popular are:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html" name="C9">Getting Started with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and friends</a></cite>, where all
                     beginners should start;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/" name="C10">The (Not So) Short Guide to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span> in 131 Minutes</a></cite> is a good
                     beginner's tutorial;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/" name="C11">A Gentle Introduction to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>: A Manual for Self-Study</a></cite> is a classic
                     tutorial on Plain <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf/" name="C12">Using imported graphics in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span></a></cite> shows you how
                     to do (almost) anything with graphics: side-by-side,
                     rotated, etc.;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html" name="C13">Short Math Guide for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></cite> gets you
                     started with the American Math Society's powerful
                     packages;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/" name="C14">A comprehensive list of symbols in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></cite> shows over
                     2,500 symbols available.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>This list was taken from the
               <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A19" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> search page. There are also
               lots of books published about <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: the most
               important of these for users of this document are listed in
               <a href="foreword.html#docs">the last paragraph  in the Foreword</a>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="availability">Availability of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems</a></h4>
            <p>Because the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> program (the
               	&#8216;engine&#8217; which actually does the
               	typesetting) is separate from whichever editor you choose,
               	<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>-based systems are available in a variety of different
               	modes using different interfaces, depending on how you want to
               	use them.
            </p>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="gui">Graphical interface</a></h5>
               <p>The normal way to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is
                  to use a toolbar button (icon), a menu item, or a keystroke
                  in your editor. Click on it and your document gets saved and
                  typeset. All the other features of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems (the
                  typeset display, spellchecker, related programs like
                  <i><a name="p9">makeindex</a></i> and <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>) are run
                  the same way. This works both in a normal <a name="GUI" class="acroref">Graphical User Interface</a>&nbsp;(<small>GUI</small>) as well as in
                  text-only interfaces.
               </p>
               <p>In the popular <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> editors like
                  <i><a name="p10">Emacs</a></i>,
                  <i><a name="p11"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a></i>,
                  <i><a name="p12"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i>,
                  <i><a name="p13">WinShell</a></i>, or
                  <i><a name="p14">WinEdt</a></i>, a record of the
                  typesetting process is shown in an adjoining window so that
                  you can see the progress of pages being typeset, and any
                  errors or warnings that may occur.<sup><a href="#F2">2</a></sup></p>
            </div>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="cli">Command-line interface</a></h5>
               <p>However, the graphical interface
                  is useless if you want to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> unattended, as part of an
                  automated system, perhaps in a web server or e-commerce
                  environment, where there is no direct connection between
                  user and program. The underlying <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> engine is in fact
                  a <a name="CLI" class="acroref">Command-Line Interface</a>&nbsp;(<small>CLI</small>) program,
                  that is, it is used as a
                  &#8216;console&#8217; program which you run from
                  a standard Unix or Mac terminal or shell window (or from an
                  MS-DOS command window in Microsoft Windows systems). You
                  type the command
                  <code class="literal">latex</code> followed by the name of your
                  document file (see <a href="chapter4.html#clidemo"></a> in <a href="chapter4.html#cmdwin">section 4.1.2</a> for an example).
               </p>
               <p>Commands like these let you run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in an automated
                  	  environment like a
                  	  <a name="CGI" class="acroref">Common Gateway Interface</a>&nbsp;(<small>CGI</small>) script
                  	  on a web server or a batch file on a document system. All
                  	  the popular distributions for Unix and Windows, both free
                  	  and commercial, include this interface as standard
                  	  (te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, MiK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t,
                  	  PC-<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, True<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>,
                  	  etc.).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="displays">Typeset displays</a></h5>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> usually displays your
                  typeset results in a separate window, redisplayed
                  automatically every time the document is reprocessed,
                  because the typesetting is done separately from the editing.
                  Some systems, however, can format the typesetting while you
                  type, at the expense of some flexibility.
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b><a name="async">Asynchronous typographic displays</a></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>This method is called an <b><i><a name="asynchronous">asynchronous typographic
                                    display</a></i></b> because the typeset window only
                           updates <em>after</em> you have typed
                           something and reprocessed it, not
                           <em>while</em> you are still typing, as it
                           would with a wordprocessor.<sup><a href="#F3">3</a></sup></p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><a name="sync">Synchronous typographic displays</a></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p><a name="synchro"></a>Some distributions of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                           offer a <b><i><a name="synchronous">synchronous
                                    typographic interface</a></i></b>. In these, you type
                           directly into the typographic display, as with a
                           wordprocessor. Three popular examples are
                           <i><a name="p15">Textures</a></i>,
                           <i><a name="p16">Scientific Word</a></i>, and
                           <i><a name="p17">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i> (see table below).
                           At least one free version (<span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span>, see <a href="chapter2.html#lyxwin">Figure 2.1</a> in <a href="chapter2.html#editors">section 2.3</a>)
                           offers a similar interface.
                        </p>
                        <p>With a synchronous display
                           you get Instant Textual Gratification&#8482;, but your
                           level of control is restricted to that of the <small><a href="intro.html#GUI" class="acroref" name="A23" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a></small> you use, which cannot provide
                           access to everything that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can do. For
                           complete control of the formatting
                           you may still need access to your normal source
                           (input) file in the same way as for asynchronous
                           implementations.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Near-synchronous displays</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>There are several other
                           methods available free for Unix and some other systems
                           for close-to-synchronous updates of the typeset
                           display (including <a name="jf">Jonathan Fine</a>'s <i><a name="p18">Instant
                                 Preview</a></i> and the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> daemon), and
                           for embedding typographic fragments from the typeset 
                           display back into the editor window (<a name="dk">David Kastrup</a>'s <span class="package"><a name="m1">preview-latex</a></span>
                           package).
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="commercial">Commercial distributions</a></h5>
               <p>Whatever method you choose, the
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection CD and <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A24" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> are
                  	  not the only source of software. The vendors listed in <a href="intro.html#vendors">Table </a> offer excellent commercial
                  	  implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                  	  and if you are in a position where their enhanced support
                  	  and additional features are of benefit, I urge you to
                  	  support them. In most cases their companies, founders, and
                  	  staff have been good friends of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  communities for many years.<a name="I4"></a></p>
               <div align="center" class="table">
                  <table>
                     <caption><i>Table 1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="vendors">Popular commercial implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems</a></caption>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="93.60000000000001">Product</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="144">Platform</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="129.6">Company</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">URI</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">PC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Personal <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, Inc
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.pctex.com/"><tt>www.pctex.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">True<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">True <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="truetex.com/"><tt>truetex.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">Textures</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Apple Mac</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Blue Sky Research</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.bluesky.com/"><tt>www.bluesky.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">Scientific Word</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Mackichan Software</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.mackichan.com/"><tt>www.mackichan.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows, Linux, OS/2</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">MicroPress, Inc</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.micropress-inc.com/"><tt>www.micropress-inc.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </div>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
               <li><a name="F2">Recent versions of some editors hide this display by
                     default unless errors occur in the typesetting.</a></li>
               <li><a name="F3">Among other reasons, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> typesets whole
                     paragraphs at a time, not line-by-line as lesser
                     systems do, in order to get the hyphenation and
                     justification (H&amp;J) right (see <a href="chapter2.html#handj">section 2.8</a>).
                     </a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="prodnote">Production note</a></h4>
            <p>This document is written and maintained in <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A25" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, using a customized version of the
               <i><a name="p19">DocBook</a></i>&nbsp;<small><a href="chapter10.html#DTD" class="acroref" name="A26" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a></small>. Conversions were made to <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A27" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> using <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A28" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> scripts and <a name="mk">Michael Kay</a>'s <i><a name="p20">Saxon</a></i>
               processor.
            </p>
            <p>The complete source, with all ancillary files, is
               available online at <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/src/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/src/</tt></a>
               but if you want to try processing it yourself you must install
               <i><a name="p21">Java</a></i> (from Sun, <small>IBM</small>, or a number of
               others) and <i><a name="p22">Saxon</a></i> (from <a href="http://saxon.sourceforge.net/"><tt>http://saxon.sourceforge.net/</tt></a>), in addition
               to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
            </p>
            <p>This document is published under the terms and conditions
               of the <small><a href="chapter2.html#GNU" class="acroref" name="A30" title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</a></small> Free Documentation
               License. Details are in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">this appendix</a>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="symbols">Symbols and conventions</a></h4>
            <p>The following typographic notations are used:</p>
            <div align="center"><a name="symboltable"></a><table>
                  <tr class="headfoot">
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Notation</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="504">Meaning</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c1">\command</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Control sequences which perform an
                        action, e.g. <code class="command"><a name="c2">\newpage</a></code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt>\<a name="d1">length</a></tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Control sequences which store a dimension
                        (measurement in units), e.g. <tt>\<a name="d2">parskip</a></tt></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l3">counter</a></i></tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Values used for counting (whole numbers, as
                        opposed to measuring in units), e.g. <tt><i><a name="l4">secnumdepth</a></i></tt></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><b><i><a name="term">term</a></i></b></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Defining instance of a
                        new term
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="environment"><a name="e1">environment</a></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> formatting environment
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="package"><a name="m2">package</a></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> package (available from <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A31" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>)
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><i><a name="p23">product</a></i></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Program or product name</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">typewriter type</code></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Examples of source code (stuff you
                        type)
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:monospace; "><u>mybook</u></span> or <span style="font-family:monospace; font-style:italic; ">value</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Mnemonic examples of
                        things you have to supply real-life values for
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">x</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A key on your keyboard</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">Ctrl</tt>&#8211;<tt class="keycap">x</tt>&nbsp;
                     </td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Two keys pressed together</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">Esc</tt>&#8201;<tt class="keycap">q</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Two keys pressed one after another</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="guiicon">Submit</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">On-screen button to click</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="guimenu">Menu</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">Item</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Drop-down menu with items</td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>Examples of longer fragments of input are shown with a
               border round them. Where necessary, the formatted output is
               shown immediately beneath. Warnings are shown with a shaded
               background. Exercises are shown with a double border.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <hr>
      <table width="100%">
         <tr>
            <td align="left"></td>
            <td align="center"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" alt="Top" border="0"></a></td>
            <td align="right"><a href="foreword.html"><img src="next.png" alt="Next" border="0"></a></td>
         </tr>
      </table>
   </body>
</html>