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<!DOCTYPE html
  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">

<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:02:30--><html>
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
   
      <title>Formatting information: Chapter 6&nbsp;&#8212; Other document structures</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="typebook.css" type="text/css">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
   </head>
   <body>
      <table width="100%">
         <tr>
            <th class="title" width="66%">
               <h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
               <h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
               <h3>Chapter 6&nbsp;&#8212; Other document structures</h3>
               <h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
               <h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
               </h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
            </th>
            <td class="toc" width="33%">
               <h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
               </dl>
               <ol>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
                  <li class="current"><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
               </ol>
               <ol type="A">
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
               </ol>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
               </dl>
            </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td class="credits">
               <p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
                     	  Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
                  	have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
                  	individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
                  	2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
                  	fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
                  	constantly under development. There have been revisions to
                  	packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
                  	interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
                  	my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
                  	cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
                  	felt to be indispensable to users. &para;&nbsp;I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
                  	corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
                  	coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
                  	want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
                  	mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
                  	books on the market&nbsp;&#8212; as well as other online
                  	documents&nbsp;&#8212; dealing with mathematical typesetting in
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
                  	capable of. &para;&nbsp;The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
                  	rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
                  	chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
                  	acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
                  	been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
                  	been retested. &para;&nbsp;As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
                  	an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
                  	grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
                  	author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
                  	for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
                  	more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
                  	specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
                  	difficult for people who write technical documentation to
                  	remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
                  	familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
                  	lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
                  	more with the way in which we view and approach information,
                  	and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
                  	obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
                  	<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
                  	that I can correct&nbsp;it. 
                  <p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
            <td class="legal">
               <p>
                  <p>This document is Copyright &copy; 1999&#8211;2005 by
                     Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
                     Free Documentation License (copyleft).
                  </p>
                  <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
                     this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
                     License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
                     Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
                     Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
                     license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
                  </p>
                  <p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
                     without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
                     conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
                     asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
                     document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
                     inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
                     the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
                     
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="otherdoc">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">6</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Other document structures</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#briefstruct">A little think about structure</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#lists">Lists</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#tables">Tables</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#figures">Figures</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#images">Images</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#verbatim">Verbatim text</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#boxes">Boxes, sidebars, and panels</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>It is perfectly possible to write whole documents using
            nothing but section headings and paragraphs. As mentioned in
            <a href="chapter3.html#sections">section 3.5</a>, novels, for example, usually consist
            just of chapters divided into paragraphs. However, it's more
            common to need other features as well, especially if the
            document is technical in nature or complex in structure.
         </p>
         <p>It's worth pointing out that
            &#8216;technical&#8217; doesn't necessarily mean
            &#8216;computer technical&#8217; or
            &#8216;engineering technical&#8217;: it just means it
            contains a lot of &#964;&#951;&#967;&#957;&#949; (<i>tekne</i>), the
            specialist material or artistry of its field. A literary
            analysis such as <cite><a href="bibliography.html#macnamara" name="C28">La Textualisation de Madame
                  Bovary</a></cite> (on the
            marginal notes in the manuscripts of Flaubert's novel) is every bit as
            technical in the literary or linguistic field as the maintenance
            manual for the Airbus 380 is in the aircraft engineering
            field.
         </p>
         <p>This chapter covers the most common features needed in
            writing structured documents: lists, tables, figures (including
            images), sidebars like boxes and panels, and verbatim text
            (computer program listings). In <a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Chapter 7</a> we
            will cover footnotes, cross-references, citations, and other
            textual tools.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.1 <a name="briefstruct">A little think about structure</a></h2>
            <p>It's very easy to sit down at a keyboard with a
               traditional wordprocessor and just start typing. If it's
               a very short document, or something transient or relatively
               unimportant, then you just want to type it in and make it look
               &#8216;right&#8217; by highlighting with the mouse
               and clicking on font styles and sizes.
            </p>
            <p>In doing so, you may achieve the effect you wanted, but
               	your actions have left no trace behind of
               	<em>why</em> you made these changes. This is
               	usually unimportant for trivial or short-term documents, but
               	if you write longer or more complex documents, or if you often
               	write documents to a regular pattern, then making them
               	consistent by manual methods becomes a nightmare.
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s facilities for automation are based on you
               	providing this &#8216;why&#8217;
               	information.
            </p>
            <p>If your documents have any of the features below, then you
               	have probably already started thinking about structure.
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>The document naturally divides into sections (parts,
                     chapters, etc.).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The document is long.</p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>There is lots of repetitive formatting in the
                     document.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The document is complex (intellectually or
                     visually).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>There are lots of figures or tables (or examples,
                     exercises, panels, sidebars, etc.).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Accuracy is important in formatting the
                     document.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>A master copy is needed for future reference or
                     reprinting.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>This is a formal or official document needing special
                     care and attention.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>It's <em>my</em> thesis, book,
                     leaflet, pamphlet, paper, article, etc.
                     <em>That</em>'s why I care.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The document (or part of it) may need ongoing or
                     occasional re-editing and republishing.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>If you've got that far, you're over half-way
               done. Using a structural editor&nbsp;&#8212; even a simple
               outliner&nbsp;&#8212; can make a huge difference to the quality of
               your thinking because you are consciously organising your
               thoughts before setting them down. And it can make just as big
               a difference to your formatting as well: more consistent,
               better presented, easier for the reader to navigate through,
               and more likely to be read and understood&nbsp;&#8212; which is
               presumably why you are writing the document in the first
               place.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2 <a name="lists">Lists</a></h2><a name="I88"></a><p>Lists are useful tools for arranging thoughts in a
               digestible format, usually a small piece of information at a
               time. There are four basic types of list, shown in <a href="chapter6.html#listtypes">Table 6.1</a>.
            </p>
            <div align="center" class="table">
               <table>
                  <caption><i>Table 6.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="listtypes">Types of lists</a></caption>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Random or arbitrary lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>(sometimes called
                              &#8216;itemized&#8217; or
                              &#8216;bulleted&#8217; lists) where the
                              order of items is unimportant. The
                              items are often prefixed with a bullet or other
                              symbol for clarity or decoration, but are
                              sometimes simply left blank, looking like
                              miniature paragraphs (when they are known as
                              &#8216;simple&#8217; or
                              &#8216;trivial&#8217; lists).
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Enumerated or sequential lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>(sometimes called
                              		    &#8216;numbered&#8217; lists) where the
                              		    order of items is critical, such as sequences of
                              		    instructions or rankings of importance. The
                              		    enumeration can be numeric (Arabic or Roman), or
                              		    lettered (uppercase or lowercase), and can even be
                              		    programmed to be hierarchical (1.a.viii, 2.3.6,
                              		    etc.).
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Descriptive or labelled lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>(sometimes called
                              &#8216;discussion&#8217; lists), which
                              are composed of subheadings or topic labels
                              (usually unnumbered but typographically distinct),
                              each followed by one or more indented paragraphs
                              of discussion or explanation.
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Inline lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>which are sequential in nature, just like
                              		    enumerated lists, but are
                               <i>a</i>)&nbsp;formatted <em>within</em>
                              			  their paragraph;  and <i>b</i>)&nbsp;usually labelled with letters,&nbsp;like this example. The items
                              		    are often mutually inclusive or exclusive, with
                              		    the final item prefixed by
                              		    &#8216;and&#8217; or
                              		    &#8216;or&#8217; respectively.
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>There are actually two other types, segmented lists and
               	reference lists, but these are much rarer, and outside the
               	scope of this document.
            </p><a name="I89"></a><p>The structure of lists in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is identical for each
               type, but with a different environment name. Lists are another
               example of this <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> technique (environments), where a pair
               of matched commands surrounds some text which needs special
               treatment.
            </p>
            <p>Within a list environment, list items are always
               identified by the command <code class="command"><a name="c104">\item</a></code> (followed by
               an item label in [square brackets] in the case of labelled
               lists). You don't type the bullet or the number or the
               formatting, it's all automated.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.1 Itemized lists
               </h3><a name="I90"></a><a name="I91"></a><p>To create an itemized list, use the the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e13">itemize</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{itemize}

\item Itemized lists usually have a bullet;

\item Long items use `hanging indentation', 
whereby the text is wrapped with a margin 
which brings it clear of the bullet used in 
the first line of each item;

\item The bullet can be changed for any other 
symbol, for example from the \textsf{bbding} 
or \textsf{pifont} package.

\end{itemize}
          </pre><ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>Itemized lists usually have a bullet;</p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Long items use &#8216;hanging
                           indentation&#8217;, whereby the text is
                           wrapped with a margin which brings it clear of the
                           bullet used in the first line of each item;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>The bullet can be changed for any other symbol,
                           for example from the <span class="package"><a name="m41">bbding</a></span>
                           or <span class="package"><a name="m42">pifont</a></span> package.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The default list bullet is round and solid<sup><a href="#F33">1</a></sup> (&#33318;) which is also available with the
                  	  command <code class="command"><a name="c105">\textbullet</a></code> if you load the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m43">textcomp</a></span> package. See <a href="chapter9.html#bullets">section 9.6.1</a> for details of how to change the
                  	  settings for list item bullets.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
                  <li><a name="F33">If your browser font doesn't show it, don't
                        	      worry: most don't. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.2 Enumerated lists
               </h3><a name="I92"></a><a name="I93"></a><p>To create an enumerated list, use the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e14">enumerate</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{enumerate}

\item Enumerated lists use numbering on each 
item (can also be letters or roman numerals);

\item Long items use `hanging indentation' 
just the same as for itemized lists;

\item The numbering system can be changed for 
any level.

\end{enumerate}
          </pre><ol type="1">
                     <li>
                        <p>Enumerated lists use numbering on each
                           item (can also be letters or roman numerals);
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Long items use &#8216;hanging
                           indentation&#8217;, just the same as for
                           itemized lists;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>The numbering system can be changed for any
                           level.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ol>
               </blockquote>
               <p>See <a href="chapter6.html#numberschemes">section 6.2.6</a> for details of how
                  to change the numbering schemes for each level.
               </p>
               <p>In standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document classes, the vertical
                  	  spacing between items, and above and below the lists as a
                  	  whole, is more than between paragraphs. If you want
                  tightly-packed lists, use the
                  <span class="package"><a name="m44">mdwlist</a></span> package, which provides
                  &#8216;starred&#8217; versions
                  (<span class="environment"><a name="e15">itemize*</a></span>,
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e16">enumerate*</a></span>, etc).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.3 <a name="desc">Description lists</a></h3><a name="I94"></a><a name="I95"></a><p>To create a description list, use the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e17">description</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{description}

\item[Identification:] description lists 
require a topic for each item given in 
square brackets;

\item[Hanging indentation:] Long items use 
this in the same way as all other lists;

\item[Reformatting:] Long topics can be 
reprogrammed to fold onto multiple lines.

\end{description}
          </pre><blockquote>
                     <dl>
                        <dt><b>Identification:</b></dt>
                        <dd>
                           <p>description lists require a topic for each item
                              given in square brackets;
                           </p>
                        </dd>
                        <dt><b>Hanging indentation:</b></dt>
                        <dd>
                           <p>Long items use this in the same way as all other
                              lists;
                           </p>
                        </dd>
                        <dt><b>Reformatting:</b></dt>
                        <dd>
                           <p>Long topics can be reprogrammed to fold onto
                              multiple lines.
                           </p>
                        </dd>
                     </dl>
                  </blockquote>
               </blockquote>
               <p>All three of these types of lists can have multiple
                  	paragraphs per item: just type the additional paragraphs in
                  	the normal way, with a blank line between each. So long as
                  	they are still contained within the enclosing environment,
                  	they will automatically be indented to follow underneath their
                  	item.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.4 <a name="inlinelists">Inline lists</a></h3><a name="I96"></a><p>Inline lists are a special case as they require the use
                  	  of the <span class="package"><a name="m45">paralist</a></span> package which
                  	  provides the <span class="environment"><a name="e18">inparaenum</a></span> environment
                  	  (with an optional formatting specification in square
                  	  brackets):
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\usepackage{paralist}
...
\textbf{\itshape Inline lists}, which are 
sequential in nature, just like enumerated 
lists, but are \begin{inparaenum}[\itshape 
a\upshape)]\item formatted within their 
paragraph; \item usually labelled with 
letters; and \item usually have the final
item prefixed with `and' or 
`or'\end{inparaenum}, like this example. 
          </pre><p class="example"><b><i><a name="inlines">Inline lists</a></i></b>,
                     which are sequential in nature, just like enumerated
                     lists, but are  <i>a</i>)&nbsp;formatted within their paragraph;  <i>b</i>)&nbsp;usually labelled with letters;  and <i>c</i>)&nbsp;usually have the final
                     		  item prefixed with &#8216;and&#8217; or 
                     		  &#8216;or&#8217;, like this example.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <p>See <a href="chapter8.html#typo">Chapter 8</a> for details of the
                  	  font-changing commands used in the optional argument to
                  	  <span class="environment"><a name="e19">inparaenum</a></span>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 15</i>. List practice
                  </h4>
                  <p>Add some lists to your document. Pick any two of the
                     ones described here to practice with.
                  </p>
                  <p>If you successfully installed
                     <span class="package"><a name="m46">paralist</a></span> in <a href="chapter5.html#insttest">the example &#8216;Install a package&#8217;  in section 5.2.2</a> then you can use inline lists as
                     described in <a href="chapter6.html#inlinelists">section 6.2.4</a>.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.5 Reference lists and segmented lists
               </h3>
               <p>Reference lists are visually indistinguishable from
                  numbered or lettered lists, but the numbering or lettering
                  does <em>not</em> imply a sequence. The numbers
                  or letters are just used as labels so that the items can be
                  referred to from elsewhere in the text (as in &#8216;see
                  item 501(c)3&#8217;). In this sense they are really a
                  kind of sub-sectional division, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s
                  <code class="command"><a name="c106">\paragraph</a></code> or
                  <code class="command"><a name="c107">\subparagraph</a></code> commands (with appropriate
                  renumbering) would probably be a far better solution than
                  using a list. Label them and refer to them with
                  <code class="command"><a name="c108">\label</a></code> and <code class="command"><a name="c109">\ref</a></code> as for
                  any other cross-reference (see <a href="chapter7.html#xrefs">section 7.4</a>).
               </p>
               <p>Segmented lists are a highly specialised structure and
                  outside the scope of this document. For details of their
                  usage, see the the chapter &#8216;Segmentation and
                  Alignment&#8217; in <cite><a href="bibliography.html#teiguide" name="C30">Guidelines for the Text Encoding Initiative</a></cite>.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.6 <a name="numberschemes">Lists within lists</a></h3>
               <p>You can start a new list environment within the item of
                  an existing list, so you can embed one list inside another
                  up to four deep. The lists can be of any type, so you can
                  have a description list containing an item in which there is
                  a numbered sub-list, within which there is an item
                  containing a bulleted sub-sub-list. 
               </p>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>by default an outer enumerated list is numbered in
                        Arabic numerals;
                     </p>
                     <ol type="a">
                        <li>
                           <p>an embedded enumerated list is lettered in
                              lowercase;
                           </p>
                           <ol type="i">
                              <li>
                                 <p>a third level is numbered in lowercase Roman
                                    numerals;
                                 </p>
                                 <ol type="A">
                                    <li>
                                       <p>the fourth level uses uppercase
                                          alphabetic letters.
                                       </p>
                                    </li>
                                 </ol>
                              </li>
                           </ol>
                        </li>
                     </ol>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>Multiple embedded lists automatically change the bullet
                  or numbering scheme so that the levels don't get
                  confused, and the spacing between levels is adjusted to
                  become fractionally tighter for more deeply nested
                  levels.
               </p>
               <p>These are only defaults and can easily be changed by
                  redefining the relevant set of values. You could also add a
                  fifth and further levels, although I suspect that would mean
                  your document structure needed some careful analysis, as
                  lists embedded five deep will probably confuse your
                  readers.
               </p>
               <p>The values for lists come in pairs: for each level there
                  	  is a counter to count the items and a command to produce the
                  	  label:<sup><a href="#F34">2</a></sup></p>
               <div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="right">Level</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="center">Default</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Counter</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Label command</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">1</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">digit.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l21">enumi</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c110">\theenumi</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">2</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">(letter)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l22">enumii</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c111">\theenumii</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">3</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">roman.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l23">enumiii</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c112">\theenumiii</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">4</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">LETTER.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l24">enumiv</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c113">\theenumiv</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>Note that each counter and command ends with the Roman
                  numeral value of its level (this is to overcome the rule
                  that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands can only be made of
                  letters&nbsp;&#8212; digits wouldn't work here). To
                  change the format of a numbered list item counter, just
                  renew the meaning of its label:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
\renewcommand{\theenumii}{\roman{enumii}}
\renewcommand{\theenumiii}{\arabic{enumiii}}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p><a name="thecounter"></a>This would make the
                  outermost list use uppercase letters, the second level use
                  lowercase roman, and the third level use ordinary Arabic
                  numerals. The fourth level would remain unaffected.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 16</i>. Nesting
                  </h4>
                  <p>Extend your use of lists by nesting one type inside a
                     different one.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <blockquote class="warning">
                  <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="">Lists: a caution to the unwary</a></h4>
                  <p>Treat lists with care: people sometimes use tables for
                     labelled information which is really a list and would be
                     better handled as such. They often do this because their
                     wordprocessor has no way to do what they want (usually to
                     place the item label level with the description or
                     explanation) <em>except</em> by using a table,
                     hence they are misled into believing that their text is
                     really a table when it's actually not.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
                  <li><a name="F34">In fact, any time you define a counter in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                        	      you automatically get a command to reproduce its value.
                        	      So if you defined a new counter <tt><i><a name="l19">example</a></i></tt> to use in a teaching
                        	      book, by saying <code class="literal">\newcounter{example}</code>,
                        	      that automatically makes available the command
                        	      <code class="literal">\theexample</code> for use when you want to
                        	      display the current value of <tt><i><a name="l20">example</a></i></tt>.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3 <a name="tables">Tables</a></h2><a name="I97"></a><p>Tabular typesetting is the most complex and time-consuming
               	of all textual features to get right. This holds true whether
               	you are typing in plain-text form, using a wordprocessor,
               	using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, using <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A133" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> or
               	<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A134" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, using a <small><a href="preface.html#DTP" class="acroref" name="A135" title="desktop publishing">DTP</a></small> system, or some other text-handling
               	package. Fortunately, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> provides a
               	table model with a mixture of defaults and configurability to
               	let it produce very high quality tables with a minimum of
               	effort.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="warning">
               <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="">Terminology</a></h4>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, in common with standard typesetting
                  practice, uses the word &#8216;Table&#8217; to
                  mean a formal textual feature, numbered and with a caption,
                  referred to from the text (as in &#8216;See
                  Table&nbsp;5&#8217;). Sometimes you can get
                  &#8216;informal&#8217; tables, which simply occur
                  between two paragraphs, without caption or number.
               </p>
               <p>The arrangement of information in rows and columns
                  <em>within</em> either of these structures is
                  called a &#8216;tabulation&#8217; or
                  &#8216;tabular matter&#8217;.
               </p>
               <p>It is important to keep this distinction firmly in mind
                  for this section.
               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.1 <a name="floats">Floats</a></h3><a name="I98"></a><p>Tables and Figures are what printers refer to as
                  &#8216;floats&#8217;. This means they are not
                  part of the normal stream of text, but separate entities,
                  positioned in a part of the page to themselves (top, middle,
                  bottom, left, right, or wherever the designer specifies).
                  They always have a caption describing them and they are
                  always numbered so they can be referred to from elsewhere in
                  the text.
               </p>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> automatically floats Tables and Figures,
                  depending on how much space is left on the page at the point
                  that they are processed. If there is not enough room on the
                  current page, the float is moved to the top of the next
                  page. This can be changed by moving the Table or Figure
                  definition to an earlier or later point in the text, or by
                  adjusting some of the parameters which control automatic
                  floating.
               </p>
               <p>Authors sometimes have many floats occurring in rapid
                  	  succession, which raises the problem of how they are
                  	  supposed to fit on the page and still leave room for text.
                  	  In this case, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> stacks them all up and prints them
                  	  together if possible, or leaves them to the end of the
                  	  chapter in protest. The skill is to space them out within
                  	  your text so that they intrude neither on the thread of your
                  	  argument or discussion, nor on the visual balance of the
                  	  typeset pages. But this is a skill few authors have, and
                  	  it's one point at which professional typographic advice
                  	  or manual intervention may be needed.
               </p>
               <p>There is a <span class="environment"><a name="e20">float</a></span> package which lets
                  you create new classes of floating object (perhaps Examples
                  or Exercises).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.2 Formal tables
               </h3>
               <p>To create a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Table, use the <span class="environment"><a name="e21">table</a></span>
                  environment containing a <code class="command"><a name="c114">\caption</a></code> command
                  where you type the caption, and a <code class="command"><a name="c115">\label</a></code>
                  command to give the Table a label by which you can refer to
                  it.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{table}
\caption{Project expenditure to year-end 2006}
\label{ye2006exp}
...
\end{table}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Numbering is automatic, but the <code class="command"><a name="c116">\label</a></code>
                  	  command <em>must follow</em> the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c117">\caption</a></code> command, not precede it. The
                  	  numbering automatically includes the chapter number in
                  	  document classes where this is appropriate (but this can of
                  	  course be overridden). The <code class="command"><a name="c118">\caption</a></code>
                  	  command has an optional argument to provide a short caption
                  	  if the full caption would be too long for the <a href="chapter3.html#loflot" title="para">List of Tables</a>:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\caption[Something short]{Some very long caption that 
will only look reasonable in the full figure.}
        </pre></blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.3 Tabular matter
               </h3>
               <p>Within a Table, you can either typeset the tabular
                  matter using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, or include a table captured as an
                  image from elsewhere.  We will see how to include images in
                  <a href="chapter6.html#figures">section 6.4</a> on Figures, where they are more
                  common.
               </p>
               <p>To typeset tabular matter, use the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e22">tabular</a></span> environment. The 
                  <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}</code> command must be followed
                  by a compulsory second argument in curly braces giving the
                  alignment of the columns. These are specified for each
                  column using one of single letters <code class="literal">l</code>,
                  <code class="literal">c</code>, and <code class="literal">r</code> for
                  left-aligned, centered, or right-aligned text, or the letter
                  <code class="literal">p</code> followed by a width argument if you
                  want a long entry to wrap to several lines (a miniature
                  paragraph as a single cell on each row).
               </p>
               <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'s original tabular settings were designed
                  	  for classical numerical tabulations, where each cell
                  	  contains a single value. The <code class="literal">p</code>
                  	  specification allows a cell to be a miniature paragraph set
                  	  to a specific width. These are <code class="literal">p</code> column
                  	  specifications are <em>not</em> multi-row
                  	  entries, they are single cells which contain multiple lines
                  	  of typesetting: the distinction is very important.
                  	  Auto-adjusting space between columns is possible with the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m47">tabularx</a></span> package, but the
                  	  auto-resizing column widths used in web pages are not
                  	  available in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
               </p>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m48">array</a></span> package provides for
                  	  many other typographic variations such as left-aligned,
                  	  right-aligned, and centred multi-line columns, and  other
                  	  packages provide decimal-aligned columns, row-spanning and
                  	  column-spanning, multi-page, and rotated (landscape format)
                  	  tables.
               </p>
               <div align="center" class="table">
                  <table>
                     <caption><i>Table 6.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="ye2006exp">Project expenditure to year-end 2006</a></caption>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="center"></th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Item</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="right">&#8364; Amount</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">a)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Salaries (2 research assistants)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">28,000</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Conference fees and travel expenses</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">14,228</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Computer equipment (5 workstations)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">17,493</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Software</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">3,562</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">b)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Rent, light, heat, etc.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">1,500</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="top" align="center"></th>
                        <th valign="top" align="left">Total</th>
                        <th valign="top" align="right">64,783</th>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
                  <div align="left">
                     <p><small>The Institute also contributes to (a) and
                           (b).</small></p>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <p>As an example, a tabular setting with three columns, the
                  first one centered, the second left-aligned, and the third
                  one right-aligned, would therefore be specified as
                  <code class="literal">{clr}</code>, as in the example below. Note the
                  use of indentation to make the elements of the table clear
                  for editing, and note also how the typeset formatting is
                  unaffected by this (see <a href="chapter6.html#ye2006exp">Table 6.1</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{table}
  \caption{Project expenditure to year-end 2006}
  \label{ye2006exp}
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{clr}
      &amp;Item&amp;\EUR\ Amount\\
    \hline
      a)&amp;Salaries (2 research assistants)&amp;28,000\\
      &amp;Conference fees and travel expenses&amp;14,228\\
      &amp;Computer equipment (5 workstations)&amp;17,493\\
      &amp;Software&amp;3,562\\
      b)&amp;Rent, light, heat, etc.&amp;1,500\\\cline{3-3}
      &amp;Total&amp;64,783
    \end{tabular}
    \par\medskip\footnotesize
The Institute also contributes to (a) and (b).
  \end{center}
\end{table}
          </pre></blockquote>
               <p>You do not need to format the tabular data in your
                  editor: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> does this for you when it typesets the
                  table, using the column specifications you provided. Extra
                  space is automatically added between columns, and can be
                  adjusted by changing the <tt>\<a name="d25">tabcolsep</a></tt> dimension.
                  <a name="tak">Takaaki Ota</a> provides an excellent Tables mode for
                  <i><a name="p159">Emacs</a></i> which provides a
                  spreadsheet-like interface and can generate <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> table
                  source code (see <a href="chapter6.html#tabmode">Figure 6.1</a>).
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 6.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="tabmode">Tables mode for
                        <i><a name="p160">Emacs</a></i></a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="table.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>It is conventional to centre the tabular setting within
                  the Table, using the <span class="environment"><a name="e23">center</a></span> environment
                  (note US spelling) or the <code class="command"><a name="c119">\centering</a></code>
                  command. The entries for each cell are separated by an
                  ampersand character (<code class="literal">&amp;</code>) and the end
                  of a row is marked by
                  the double-backslash (<code class="literal">\\</code>).
               </p>
               <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c120">\hline</a></code> command draws a rule across
                  all columns and the <code class="command"><a name="c121">\cline</a></code> command draws a
                  rule across a range of columns (here, under column three
                  only&nbsp;&#8212; the argument needs a range). If used, these commands <em>follow</em>
                  the
                  <code class="literal">\\</code> of the row they apply to. There are
                  some extra formatting commands after the tabular material in
                  the example. These are explained in
                  <a href="chapter8.html#typo">Chapter 8</a>.
               </p>
               <p>If there is no data for a cell, just don't type
                  anything&nbsp;&#8212; but you still need the
                  <code class="literal">&amp;</code> separating it from the next
                  column's data. The astute reader will already have
                  deduced that for a table of
                  <span class="math"><i>n</i></span> columns, there must always be
                  <span class="math"><i>n</i>&#8722;1</span> ampersands in each row. The exception to
                  this is when the  <code class="command"><a name="c122">\multicolumn</a></code> command is
                  used to create cells which span multiple columns. There is
                  also a package (<span class="environment"><a name="e24">multirow</a></span>) to enable
                  cells to span multiple rows, but both of these techniques
                  are outside the scope of this document.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.4 Tabular techniques for alignment
               </h3>
               <p>As mentioned earlier, it's also perfectly possible
                  to typeset tabular matter outside a formal Table, where you
                  want to lay out an informal tabulation between paragraphs
                  where a fully floating formal Table would be unnecessary
                  (these are usually quite short: there are several of them in
                  this document).
               </p>
               <p>Tabular mode can also be used wherever you need to align
                  material side by side, such as in designing letterheads,
                  where you may want your company logo and address on one side
                  and some other information on the other.
               </p>
               <p>By default, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesets
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e25">tabular</a></span> environments inline to the
                  surrounding text, so if you want your alignment displayed by
                  itself, put it inside a positioning environment like
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e26">center</a></span>,
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e27">flushright</a></span>, or
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e28">flushleft</a></span>, or leave a blank line or
                  <code class="command"><a name="c123">\par</a></code> before and after so it gets typeset
                  separately.
               </p>
               <p>There is much more to tabular setting:
                  full details are in the manuals mentioned in
                  <a href="foreword.html#docs">the last paragraph  in the Foreword</a>. One final note to remind you of the
                  automated crossreferencing features: because the example
                  table is labelled, it can be referenced from anywhere in the
                  document as <a href="chapter6.html#ye2006exp">Table 6.1</a> just by using
                  <code class="literal">\ref{ye2006exp}</code>, regardless of how much
                  the surrounding document or structure is moved or
                  edited.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 17</i>. Create a tabulation
                  </h4>
                  <p>Create one of the following in your document:</p>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>a formal Table with a caption showing the number
                           of people in your class broken down by age and
                           sex;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>an informal tabulation showing the price for three
                           products;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>the logo <img src="y2klogo.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\setlength{\fboxsep}{-3pt}\setlength{\fboxrule}{.4pt} \fbox{\begin{tabular}{cc}\tiny YEAR\\[-.8em]\tiny 2 0 0 0\vrule depth1em width0pt\end{tabular}}" width="48"> (hint: <a href="chapter6.html#fbox">section 6.7.2</a>)
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.4 <a name="figures">Figures</a></h2><a name="I99"></a><a name="I100"></a><p>As explained in <a href="chapter6.html#floats">section 6.3.1</a>, Figures and
               Tables float to a vacant part of the page, as they are not
               part of the sequence of sentences making up your text, but
               illustrative objects that you refer to.
            </p>
            <p>Figures can contain text, diagrams, pictures, or any other
               kind of illustration. To create a figure, use the
               <span class="environment"><a name="e29">figure</a></span> environment: like Tables, they
               automatically get numbered, and must include a caption (with a
               label after the caption, if needed, exactly the same as for
               Tables)
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\begin{figure}
\caption{Total variable overhead variance (after 
         \citeauthor[p.191]{bull}}
\label{workeff}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\columnwidth]{diagram}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 6.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="workeff">Total variable overhead variance (after <a href="bibliography.html#bull" name="K31">Bull</a>&nbsp;(1972) p.191)</a></caption>
               <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="diagram.png" width="75%"></div>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <p>You can see that the structure is very similar to the
               <span class="environment"><a name="e30">table</a></span> environment, but in this case we
               have a graphic included. Details of this command
               (<code class="command"><a name="c124">\includegraphics</a></code>) are in the next section.
               Details of the bibliographic citation mechanism are in <a href="chapter7.html#bib">section 7.4.2</a></p>
            <p>The content of the Figure could of course also be textual,
               in the form of a list or a text diagram. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has a simple
               drawing environment called <span class="environment"><a name="e31">picture</a></span>, which
               lets you create a limited set of lines and curves, but for a
               diagram of any complexity, you should use a standard vector
               drawing program (see <a href="chapter6.html#graphictypes">section 6.5.1</a>).
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.5 <a name="images">Images</a></h2><a name="I101"></a><a name="I102"></a><p>Images (graphics) can be included anywhere in a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               	document, although in most cases of formal documents they will
               	occur in Figures (see preceding section). To use graphics, you
               	need to use the <span class="package"><a name="m49">graphicx</a></span> package in
               	your preamble:
               	<code class="literal">\usepackage{graphicx}</code><sup><a href="#F35">3</a></sup></p>
            <p>This enables the command
               	<code class="command"><a name="c125">\includegraphics</a></code> which is used to insert an
               	image in the document. The command is followed by the name of
               	your graphics file <em>without the filetype</em>,
               	for example: <code class="literal">\includegraphics{myhouse}</code>
               	(we'll see in a minute why you don't include the
               	filetype).
            </p>
            <p>In most cases you should just make sure the image file is
               	in the same folder (directory) as the document you use it in.
               	This avoids a lot of messing around remembering where you put
               	the files. If you have images you want to use in several
               	different documents in different places on your disk, there is
               	a way to tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> where to look (see <a href="chapter6.html#graphicsdir">section 6.5.2</a>).
            </p>
            <p>For standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> with
               	<i><a name="p161">dvips</a></i>, graphics files
               	<em>must</em> be in <a name="EPS" class="acroref">Encapsulated
                  	  PostScript</a>&nbsp;(<small>EPS</small>) format: this has been the publishing
               	industry standard for portable graphics for many years, and no
               	other format will work portably in standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.<sup><a href="#F36">4</a></sup></p>
            <p>All good graphics packages can save images as <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A141" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>, but be very careful because some
               	packages, especially on Microsoft Windows platforms, use a
               	very poor quality driver, which creates very poor quality
               	<small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A142" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> files. If in doubt, check with
               	an expert. If you find an <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A143" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>
               	graphic doesn't print, the chances are it's been
               	badly made by the graphics software. Download Adobe's own
               	PostScript driver from their Web site instead.
            </p>
            <p>For <i><a name="p162">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, graphics files
               	can be in <a name="PNG" class="acroref">Portable Network
                  	  Graphic</a>&nbsp;(<small>PNG</small>), <a name="JPG" class="acroref">Joint Photographic
                  	  Experts Group</a>&nbsp;(<small>JPG</small>), or <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A146" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>
               	format, <em>not</em>&nbsp;<small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A147" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>. This means if you want to use both
               	standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> as well
               	as <i><a name="p163">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, you need to keep
               	your graphics in two formats, <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A148" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>
               	and one of the others. This is why you don't include the
               	filetype in the filename you give with
               	<code class="command"><a name="c126">\includegraphics</a></code>: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will assume
               	<small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A149" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> and
               	<i><a name="p164">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> will look for <small><a href="chapter6.html#JPG" class="acroref" name="A150" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPG</a></small>, <small><a href="chapter6.html#PNG" class="acroref" name="A151" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small> or
               	<small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A152" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> files matching the name.
            </p>
            <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c127">\includegraphics</a></code> command can take
               	optional arguments within square brackets before the filename
               	to specify either the height or width, and the other dimension
               	will automatically change to scale. If you specify both, the
               	image will be distorted to fit. You can scale an image by a
               	factor instead of specifying height or width; clip it to
               	specified coordinates; and rotate it in either direction.
               	Multiple optional arguments are separated with commas.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{twithcat}
\end{center}
      </pre><div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="twithcat.png" width="168"></div>
            </blockquote>
            <p>For details of all the arguments, see the documentation on
               	the <span class="package"><a name="m51">graphicx</a></span> package or a copy of the
               	<cite><a href="bibliography.html#companion" name="C32">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite>. This package also
               	includes commands to <img src="rotate.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\raisebox{1ex}{\rotatebox{180}{rotate}}">, 
               	<img src="mirror.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\scalebox{-1}[1]{mirror}">, and
               	<img src="scale.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\scalebox{2}[1]{scale}"> text.
               	<a name="I103"></a><a name="I104"></a><a name="I105"></a></p>
            <p>It is in fact possible to tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to generate the
               	right file format by itself, but this requires an external
               	command-line graphics converter, and as it gets done afresh
               	each time, it slows things down rather a lot.
            </p>
            <p><small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A153" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> files, especially bitmaps,
               	can be very large indeed, because they are stored in <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A154" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> format. 
               <a name="sw">Staszek Wawrykiewicz</a> has drawn my attention to a useful MS-DOS program to
               	overcome this, called <i><a name="p165">cep</a></i>
               	(&#8216;Compressed Encapsulated Postscript&#8217;) available
               	from <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A155" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> in the
               	<code>support/pstools</code> directory, which can
               	compress <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A156" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> files to a fraction of
               	their original size. The original file can be replaced by the
               	new smaller version and still used directly with
               	<code class="command"><a name="c128">\includegraphics</a></code>.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="3">
               <li><a name="F35">You may find a lot of old files which use a package
                     	    called <span class="package"><a name="m50">epsf</a></span>. Don't use it.
                     	    It's obsolete.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
               <li><a name="F36">Some distributions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems allow other
                     	    formats to be used, such as <small><a href="chapter6.html#PNG" class="acroref" name="A137" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small>,
                     	    <a name="BMP" class="acroref">Microsoft Bitmap</a>&nbsp;(<small>BMP</small>) files,
                     	    Hewlett-Packard's <a name="PCL" class="acroref">Printer Control
                        	      Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>PCL</small>) files, and others; but you cannot
                     	    send such documents to other <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> users and expect
                     	    them to work if they don't have the same distribution
                     	    installed as you have. Stick to <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A140" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.5.1 <a name="graphictypes">Making images</a></h3>
               <p>There are two types of image: bitmaps and
                  	  vectors.
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b>Bitmaps</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Bitmap images are made of coloured dots, so if you
                           		enlarge them, they go jagged at the edges, and if you
                           		shrink them, they go blurry. Bitmaps are fine for
                           		photographs, where every dot is a different colour,
                           		and no-one will notice if you don't shrink or enlarge
                           		too much. Bitmaps for diagrams and drawings, however,
                           		are almost always the wrong choice, and
                           		often disastrously bad.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Vectors</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Vector drawings are made from instructions (eg
                           		&#8216;draw this from here to here, using a line this
                           		  thick&#8217;). They can be enlarged or shrunk as
                           		much as you like, and never lose accuracy, because
                           		they <em>get redrawn</em> automatically at
                           		any size. You can't do photographs as vectors, but
                           		it's the only acceptable method for drawings or
                           		diagrams.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
               <p>Vector graphic packages are also better suited for
                  	  saving your image directly in <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A157" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>
                  	  or <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A158" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> format (both of which use
                  	  vectors internally). All the major graphics-generating
                  	  packages in all disciplines output vector formats:
                  	  <i><a name="p166">AutoCAD</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p167">ChemDraw</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p168">MathCAD</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p169">Maple</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p170">Mathematica</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p171">ArcInfo</a></i>, and so on. <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A159" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> is the universally-accepted format
                  	  for creating vector graphics for publication, with <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A160" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> a close second.  Most of the major
                  	  graphics (drawing) packages can also save as <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A161" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>, such as
                  	  <i><a name="p172">PhotoShop</a></i>, <i><a name="p173">PaintShop
                        	    Pro</a></i>, Adobe
                  	  <i><a name="p174">Illustrator</a></i>, Corel
                  	  <i><a name="p175">Draw</a></i>, and
                  	  <i><a name="p176">GIMP</a></i>. There are also some free
                  	  vector plotting and diagramming packages available like
                  	  <i><a name="p177">tkPaint</a></i> and
                  	  <i><a name="p178">GNUplot</a></i> which do the same. Never,
                  	  ever (except in the direst necessity) save any
                  	  <em>diagram</em> as a bitmap.
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 6.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="">The diagram from <a href="chapter6.html#workeff">Figure 6.1</a> shrunk and
                        	  enlarged</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="diagram.png" style="border:thin solid black;" width="221.20000000000002"> &nbsp; <img src="diagram.png" style="border:thin solid black;"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>Bitmap formats like <small><a href="chapter6.html#JPG" class="acroref" name="A162" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPG</a></small> and
                  	  <small><a href="chapter6.html#PNG" class="acroref" name="A163" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small> are ideal for photographs, as
                  	  they are also able to compress the data substantially
                  	  without too much loss of quality. However, compressed
                  	  formats are bad for screenshots, if you are documenting
                  	  computer tasks, because too much compression makes them
                  	  blurry. The popular <a name="GIF" class="acroref">Graphics Interchange
                     	    Format</a>&nbsp;(<small>GIF</small>) is good for screenshots, but is not
                  	  supported by <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>: use <small><a href="chapter6.html#PNG" class="acroref" name="A165" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small>
                  	  instead, with the compression turned down to minimum. Avoid
                  	  uncompressible formats like <small><a href="chapter6.html#BMP" class="acroref" name="A166" title="Microsoft Bitmap">BMP</a></small> as
                  	  they produce enormous and unmanageable files. The <a name="TIFF" class="acroref">Tagged Image File Format</a>&nbsp;(<small>TIFF</small>), popular with
                  	  graphic designers, should also be avoided because far too
                  	  many companies have designed and implemented non-standard,
                  	  conflicting, proprietary extensions to the format, making it
                  	  virtually useless for transfer between different types of
                  	  computers (except in faxes, where it's still used in a
                  	  much stricter version).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 18</i>. Adding pictures
                  </h4>
                  <p>Add <code class="literal">\usepackage{graphicx}</code> to the
                     	    preamble of your document, and copy or download an image
                     	    you want to include. Make sure it is a <small><a href="chapter6.html#JPG" class="acroref" name="A168" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPG</a></small>, <small><a href="chapter6.html#PNG" class="acroref" name="A169" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small>, or
                     	    <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A170" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> image if you use
                     	    <i><a name="p179">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, or an <small><a href="chapter6.html#EPS" class="acroref" name="A171" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> image if you use standard
                     	    <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
                  </p>
                  <p>Add <code class="command"><a name="c129">\includegraphics</a></code> and the
                     	    filename in curly braces (without the filetype), and
                     	    process the document and preview or print it.
                  </p>
                  <p>Make it into a figure following the example in <a href="chapter6.html#figures">section 6.4</a>.
                  </p>
                  <p>Be aware that some <small><a href="chapter4.html#DVI" class="acroref" name="A172" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small>
                     	    previewers are not able to display all types of graphics,
                     	    and some cannot display colour. For best results, use
                     	    <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A173" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> or
                     	    <a name="t31">PostScript</a> preview.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.5.2 <a name="graphicsdir">Graphics storage</a></h3>
               <p>I mentioned earlier that there was a way to tell
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> where to look if you had stored images centrally
                  	  for use in many different documents. The answer is in a
                  	  command <code class="command"><a name="c130">\graphicspath</a></code> which you supply
                  	  with an argument giving the name of an additional directory
                  	  path you want searched when a file uses the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c131">\includegraphics</a></code> command, for
                  	  example:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\graphicspath{c:\mypict~1\camera}
\graphicspath{/var/lib/images}
\graphicspath{HardDisk:Documents:Reports:Pictures}
	</pre></blockquote>
               <p>I've used the &#8216;safe&#8217;
                  	  (MS-DOS) form of the Windows <code>My
                     	    Pictures</code> folder because it's A Bad Idea to
                  	  use directory names containing spaces (see <a href="chapter4.html#filenames">the panel &#8216;Picking suitable filenames&#8217; in chapter 4</a>). Using
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c132">\graphicspath</a></code> does make your file less
                  	  portable, though, because file paths tend to be specific
                  	  both to an operating system and to your computer, like the
                  	  examples above.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.6 <a name="verbatim">Verbatim text</a></h2><a name="I106"></a><p>If you are documenting computer procedures, you probably
               need fixed-width type for examples of programming or data
               input or output. Even if you are writing about completely
               non-computer topics, you may often want to quote a <small><a href="chapter6.html#URI" class="acroref" name="A174" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small> or email address which needs to be
               typeset specially. It is particularly important in these two
               examples to avoid hyphenating them if they have to break over
               a line-end, because the hyphen might be taken by the user as a
               part of the address.
            </p>
            <p>Standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> includes two features for handling
               fixed-format text, and there are many more available in
               packages.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.6.1 <a name="inlineverb">Inline verbatim</a></h3>
               <p>To specify a word or phrase as verbatim text in
                  typewriter type within a sentence, use the special command
                  <code class="command"><a name="c133">\verb</a></code>, followed by your piece of text
                  surrounded by any suitable character which does
                  <em>not</em> occur in the text itself. This is a
                  very rare exception to the rule that arguments go in curly
                  braces. I often use the plus sign for this, for example to
                  show a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> command, I type
                  <code class="literal">\verb+\includegraphics[width=3in]{myhouse}+</code>
                  in order to display
                  <code class="literal">\includegraphics[width=3in]{myhouse}</code>, but
                  sometimes I use the 
                  <b><i><a name="grave">grave accent</a></i></b> (<b><i><a name="backtick">backtick</a></i></b> or open-quote) or the
                  vertical bar when the phrase already has a plus sign in it,
                  like <code class="literal">\verb|\(y=a+2x^2\)|</code> when
                  illustrating the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> equation
                  <code class="literal">\(y=a+x^2\)</code>.
               </p>
               <p>This command has the advantage that it turns off all
                  special characters (see <a href="chapter2.html#specials">section 2.5</a>) except
                  the one you use as the delimiter, so you can easily quote
                  sequences of characters in any computer syntax without
                  problems. However, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will never break the argument of
                  <code class="command"><a name="c134">\verb</a></code> at a line-end when formatting a
                  paragraph, even if it contains spaces, so if it happens to
                  be long, and falls towards the end of a line, it will stick
                  out into the margin. See <a href="chapter2.html#hyph">section 2.8.2</a> for more
                  information on line-ends and hyphenation.
               </p>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m52">url</a></span> package avoids this by
                  providing the command <code class="command"><a name="c135">\url</a></code> which works in
                  the same way as <code class="command"><a name="c136">\verb</a></code>, with the argument
                  enclosed in a pair of characters, but performs a hyphenless
                  break at punctuation characters, as in <code>http://www.ucc.ie:8080/cocoon/cc/<br>docs/siteowner.xml</code>. 
                  It was designed for Web <small><a href="chapter6.html#URI" class="acroref" name="A175" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>s,<sup><a href="#F37">5</a></sup> so it understands their syntax and will never
                  break mid-way through an unpunctuated word, only at slashes
                  and full points. Bear in mind, however, that spaces are
                  forbidden in <small><a href="chapter6.html#URI" class="acroref" name="A179" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>s, so using spaces
                  in <code class="command"><a name="c137">\url</a></code> arguments will fail, as will using
                  other non-<small><a href="chapter6.html#URI" class="acroref" name="A180" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>-valid
                  characters.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="5">
                  <li><a name="F37">The original term <a name="URL" class="acroref">Uniform Resource
                           Locator</a>&nbsp;(<small>URL</small>) is now strongly deprecated in the Web
                        community in favour of the more accurate <a name="URI" class="acroref">Uniform Resource Indicator</a>&nbsp;(<small>URI</small>). For
                        details see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Addressing/"><tt>http://www.w3.org/Addressing/</tt></a>.
                        Unfortunately the older term still persists, especially
                        in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A178" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
                        markup.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.6.2 Display verbatim
               </h3>
               <p>For longer (multiline) chunks of fixed-format text, use
                  the <span class="environment"><a name="e32">verbatim</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\begin{document}

\title{Practical Typesetting}
\author{Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{December 2004}
\maketitle

\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Like <code class="command"><a name="c138">\verb</a></code>, this turns off all special
                  characters, so you can include anything at all in the
                  verbatim text except the exact line
                  <code class="literal">\end{verbatim}</code></p>
               <p>For more control over formatting, however, I recommend
                  	  the use of the <span class="package"><a name="m53">fancyvrb</a></span> package,
                  	  which provides a <span class="environment"><a name="e33">Verbatim</a></span> environment
                  	  (note the capital letter) which lets you draw a rule round
                  	  the verbatim text, change the font size, and even have
                  	  typographic effects inside the <span class="environment"><a name="e34">Verbatim</a></span>
                  	  environment. It can also be used in conjunction with the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m54">fancybox</a></span> package (see <a href="chapter6.html#fancybox">section 6.7.3</a>), and it can add reference line numbers
                  	  (useful for chunks of data or programming), and it can even
                  	  include entire external files.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 19</i>. Try some fixed-format text
                  </h4>
                  <p>Add your email address and home page <small><a href="chapter6.html#URI" class="acroref" name="A181" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small> using the <code class="command"><a name="c139">\verb</a></code>
                     and <code class="command"><a name="c140">\url</a></code> commands. You'll need to
                     <code class="literal">\usepackage{url}</code> for the latter.
                  </p>
                  <p>If you know some programming, try a few lines enclosed
                     in <span class="environment"><a name="e35">verbatim</a></span> and
                     <span class="environment"><a name="e36">Verbatim</a></span> environments.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7 <a name="boxes">Boxes, sidebars, and panels</a></h2><a name="I107"></a><a name="I108"></a><a name="I109"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, like most typesetting systems, works by setting
               text into boxes. The default box is the width of the current
               page, and works like an old compositor's galley (tray)
               from the days of metal type: it accumulates typeset text until
               it's a bit longer than the specified page height. At this
               stage <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> works out how much of it really will fit on a
               page, snips it off and ships it out to the <small><a href="chapter4.html#DVI" class="acroref" name="A182" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> or <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A183" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file,
               and puts the rest back into the galley to accumulate towards
               the following page.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7.1 <a name="boxtext">Boxes of text</a></h3>
               <p>Because of this &#8216;box&#8217; model,
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can typeset any text into a box of any width
                  wherever on the page you need it.
               </p>
               <p>The simplest command for small amounts of text is
                  <code class="command"><a name="c141">\parbox</a></code>. This command needs two arguments
                  in curly braces: the first is the width you want the text
                  set to, and the second is the text itself, for
                  example:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\parbox{1in}{Please make sure you send in your 
             completed forms by January 1st 
             next year, or the penalty clause 
             2(a) will apply}
          </pre><div align="center">
                     <table>
                        <tr>
                           <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Please make sure you send in your completed
                              forms by January 1st next year, or the penalty
                              clause 2(a) will apply
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The text is typeset to the required width, and the box
                  is extended downwards for as long as is required to fit the
                  text. Note that the baseline of a <code class="command"><a name="c142">\parbox</a></code>
                  is set to the midpoint of the box; that is, if you include a
                  <code class="command"><a name="c143">\parbox</a></code> in mid-sentence, the centre of the
                  box will be lined up with the line of type currently being
                  set.<img src="parbox1.png" width="28" align="middle"> You can specify that it should be the top or
                  bottom by adding an optional <span class="option"><a name="o11">t</a></span> or
                  <span class="option"><a name="o12">b</a></span> in square brackets before the width. For
                  example,
                  <code class="literal">\parbox[t]{1in}{...}</code> will produce
                  <img src="parbox2.png" width="72" align="top"></p>
               <p>Notice that when setting very narrow measures with type
                  that is too large, the spacing may become uneven and there
                  may be too much hyphenation. Either use
                  <code class="command"><a name="c144">\raggedright</a></code> or reduce the type size, or
                  (in extreme cases) reword the text or break each line by
                  hand. It is rare for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to need this: the example above
                  was deliberately chosen to be obtuse as an
                  illustration.
               </p>
               <p>Where the contents is more extensive or more
                  complicated, you can use the <span class="environment"><a name="e37">minipage</a></span>
                  environment.
               </p>
               <p>Within this you can use virtually everything
                  that occurs in normal text (e.g.&nbsp;lists, paragraphs,
                  tabulations, etc.)&nbsp;with the exception of floats like
                  tables and figures. The <span class="environment"><a name="e38">minipage</a></span>
                  environment has an argument just like
                  <code class="command"><a name="c145">\parbox</a></code> does, and it means the same: the
                  width you want the text set to.
               </p>
               <p>Note that in <span class="environment"><a name="e39">minipage</a></span>s and
                  <code class="command"><a name="c146">\parbox</a></code>es, the paragraph indentation
                  (<tt>\<a name="d26">parindent</a></tt>) is
                  reset to zero. If you need to change it, set it inside the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e40">minipage</a></span> or <code class="command"><a name="c147">\parbox</a></code>
                  using the <code class="command"><a name="c148">\setlength</a></code> command (see <a href="chapter3.html#paragraphs">section 3.6</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{minipage}{3in}
Please make sure you send in your completed 
forms by January 1st next year, or the 
penalty clause 2(a) will apply.
\begin{itemize}
\item Incomplete forms will be returned to 
you unprocessed.
\item Forms must be accompanied by the 
correct fee.
\item There is no appeal. The adjudicators' 
decision is final.
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
          </pre><div align="center">
                     <table>
                        <tr>
                           <td valign="top" width="432" align="left">
                              <p>Please make sure you send in your
                                 completed forms by January 1st next year, or the
                                 penalty clause 2(a) will
                                 apply.
                              </p>
                              <ul>
                                 <li>
                                    <p>Incomplete forms will be returned to you
                                       unprocessed.
                                    </p>
                                 </li>
                                 <li>
                                    <p>Forms must be accompanied by the correct
                                       fee.
                                    </p>
                                 </li>
                                 <li>
                                    <p>There is no appeal. The
                                       adjudicators' decision is final.
                                    </p>
                                 </li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </blockquote>
               <p>There are two other ways of typesetting text to widths
                  	  other than the normal text width: you can use a one-row,
                  	  one-cell <span class="environment"><a name="e41">tabular</a></span> environment with the
                  	  <code>p</code> column type specification, or you
                  	  can use the <code class="command"><a name="c149">\vbox</a></code> command, which is raw
                  	  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, and outside the scope of this document.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7.2 <a name="fbox">Framed boxes</a></h3>
               <p>To put a frame round <img src="fbox.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\fbox{some text}" width="64">, use the
                  <code class="command"><a name="c150">\fbox</a></code> command:
                  <code class="literal">\fbox{some text}</code>. This works for a few
                  words in mid-line, but the framed box and its contents
                  won't break over the end of a line. To typeset
                  multiline text in a box, put it in a
                  <code class="command"><a name="c151">\parbox</a></code>, or use a
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e42">minipage</a></span> or
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e43">tabular</a></span> environment as described above,
                  and enclose the whole thing in a
                  <code class="command"><a name="c152">\fbox</a></code>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\fbox{\begin{minipage}{3in}
This multiline text is more flexible than 
a tabular setting:
\begin{itemize}
\item it can contain any type of normal 
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesetting;
\item it can be any specified width;
\item it can even have its own 
footnotes\footnote{Like this}.
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}}
          </pre><p>This multiline text is more flexible than a
                     tabular setting:
                  </p>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>it can contain any type of normal <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                           typesetting;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>it can be any specified width;</p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>it can even have its own footnotes.<sup><a href="#F38">6</a></sup></p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The spacing between text and box is controlled by the
                  value of <tt>\<a name="d27">fboxsep</a></tt>, and
                  the thickness of the line by <tt>\<a name="d28">fboxrule</a></tt>. The following values
                  were used above:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\fboxsep}{1em}
\setlength{\fboxrule}{2pt}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>As we saw before, setting justified text in narrow
                  	  measures will produce poor spacing: either use the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c153">\raggedright</a></code> command, or change the font
                  	  size, or add explicit extra hyphenation points.
               </p>
               <p>Note the <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}</code> and
                  	  <code class="literal">\begin{minipage}</code> commands still need the
                  	  width specifying: in the case of the
                  	  <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}</code> by the use of the
                  	  <code class="literal">p</code> column type with its width
                  	  specification, and in the case of
                  	  <code class="literal">\begin{minipage}</code> by the second
                  	  argument.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\fbox{\begin{tabular}{p{1in}}
Multiline text in a box typeset using 
\textsf{tabular}
\end{tabular}}
          </pre><div align="center">
                     <table border="1" cellpadding="6pt">
                        <tr>
                           <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Multiline text in a box typeset using
                              <span class="package"><a name="m55">tabular</a></span></td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="6">
                  <li><a name="F38">Like this.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7.3 <a name="fancybox">Sidebars and panels</a></h3>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m56">fancybox</a></span> package lets you
                  extend the principle of <code class="command"><a name="c154">\fbox</a></code> with
                  commands to surround text in square, oval (round-cornered),
                  and drop-shadow boxes (e.g. <code class="command"><a name="c155">\ovalbox</a></code>,
                  <code class="command"><a name="c156">\shadowbox</a></code>, etc.: see the documentation
                  for details).
               </p>
               <p>You can create panels of any size with these borders by
                  using the <span class="environment"><a name="e44">minipage</a></span> environment to
                  typeset the text inside a special <span class="environment"><a name="e45">Sbox</a></span>
                  environment which <span class="package"><a name="m57">fancybox</a></span> defines.
                  The <span class="environment"><a name="e46">minipage</a></span> formats the text but the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e47">Sbox</a></span>&nbsp;&#8216;captures&#8217;
                  it, allowing you to put the frame round it as it
                  prints.
               </p>
               <p>The printed version of this document uses this extensively and
                  there is a useful example shown in <a href="chapter9.html#macenv">section 9.5</a>.
               </p>
            </div>
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