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|
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">
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<title>Formatting information: Chapter 3 — Basic document structures</title>
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<table width="100%">
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<th class="title" width="66%">
<h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
<h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
<h3>Chapter 3 — Basic document structures</h3>
<h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
<h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
</h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
</th>
<td class="toc" width="33%">
<h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
<dl>
<dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
</dl>
<ol>
<li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
</ol>
<ol type="A">
<li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
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<dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
</dl>
</td>
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<tr>
<td class="credits">
<p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
constantly under development. There have been revisions to
packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
felt to be indispensable to users. ¶ I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
books on the market — as well as other online
documents — dealing with mathematical typesetting in
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
capable of. ¶ The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
been retested. ¶ As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
difficult for people who write technical documentation to
remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
more with the way in which we view and approach information,
and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
that I can correct it.
<p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
<td class="legal">
<p>
<p>This document is Copyright © 1999–2005 by
Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
Free Documentation License (copyleft).
</p>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
</p>
<p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="chapter">
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="basic">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
<tr>
<td class="chapno">3</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
<td>
<p> </p>
<h1>Basic document structures</h1>
</td>
<td class="toc">
<p> </p>
<ol>
<li><a href="#docdecl">The Document Class Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="#docenv">The document environment</a></li>
<li><a href="#titling">Titling</a></li>
<li><a href="#abstracts">Abstracts and summaries</a></li>
<li><a href="#sections">Sections</a></li>
<li><a href="#paragraphs">Ordinary paragraphs</a></li>
<li><a href="#toc">Table of contents</a></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
</table><a name="I48"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s approach to formatting is to aim for
consistency. This means that as long as you identify each
<b><i><a name="element">element</a></i></b> of your document
correctly, it will be typeset in the same way as all the other
elements like it, so that you achieve a consistent finish with
minimum effort. Consistency helps make documents easier to read
and understand.
</p>
<p>Elements are the component parts of a document, all the
pieces which make up the whole. Almost everyone who reads books,
newspapers, magazines, reports, articles, and other classes of
documents will be familiar with the popular structure of
chapters, sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphs,
lists, tables, figures, and so on, even if they don't
consciously think about it.
</p>
<p>Consistency is also what publishers look for. They have a
house style, and often a reputation to keep, so they rightly
insist that if you do something a certain way once, you should
do it the same way each time.
</p>
<p>To help achieve this consistency, every <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document
starts by declaring what <b><i><a name="documentclass">document
class</a></i></b> it belongs to.
</p>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.1 <a name="docdecl">The Document Class Declaration</a></h2><a name="I49"></a><p>To tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> what class of document you are going to
create, you type a special first line into your file which
identifies it.<sup><a href="#F21">1</a></sup> To start a report, for
example, you would type the <code class="command"><a name="c43">\documentclass</a></code>
command like this as your first line:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass{report}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>There are four built-in classes provided, and many others
that you can download (some may already be installed for
you):
</p>
<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m13">report</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>for business, technical, legal, academic, or
scientific reports;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m14">article</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>for white papers, magazine or journal articles,
reviews, conference papers, or research notes;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m15">book</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>for books and theses;</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m16">letter</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>for letters.<sup><a href="#F22">2</a></sup></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
<p>The <span class="package"><a name="m20">article</a></span> class in particular
can be used (some would say ‘abused’) for almost
any short piece of typesetting by simply omitting the titling
and layout (see below).
</p>
<p>The built-in classes are intended as starting-points,
especially for drafts and for compatibility when exchanging
documents with other <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> users, as they come with every
copy of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and are therefore guaranteed to format
identically everywhere. <em>They are <strong>not</strong> intended as final-format
publication-quality layouts.</em> For most other
purposes, especially for publication, you use
add-in <a href="chapter5.html#packages" title="sect1">packages</a> to extend
these classes to do what you need:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <span class="package"><a name="m21">memoir</a></span> and
<span class="package"><a name="m22">komascript</a></span> packages contain
more sophisticated replacements for all the built-in
classes;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Many academic and scientific publishers provide their
own special class files for articles and books (often on
their Web sites for download);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Conference organisers may also provide class files for
authors to write papers for presentation;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Many universities provide their own thesis document
class files in order to ensure exact fulfillment of their
formatting requirements;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Businesses and other organizations can provide their
users with corporate classes on a central server and
configure <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> installations to look there first for
packages, fonts, etc.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Books and journals are not usually printed on office-size
paper. Although <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s layouts are designed to fit on
standard A4 or Letter stationery for draft purposes, it makes
them look odd: the margins are too wide, or the positioning is
unusual, or the font size is too small, because the finished
job will normally be trimmed to a different size
entirely — try trimming the margins of the <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A84" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> version of this book to 185mm by 235mm
(the same as <cite><a href="bibliography.html#companion" name="C26">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite> series)
and you'll be amazed at how it changes the appearance!
</p>
<ol class="footnotes" start="1">
<li><a name="F21">Readers familiar with <small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A81" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small>,
<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A82" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>, or <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A83" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> will recognize the concept as
similar to the Document Type
Declaration.</a></li>
</ol>
<ol class="footnotes" start="2">
<li><a name="F22">The built-in <span class="package"><a name="m17">letter</a></span>
class is rather idiosyncratic: there are much better
ones you can download, such as
the <span class="package"><a name="m18">memoir</a></span> and
<span class="package"><a name="m19">komascript</a></span> packages.</a></li>
</ol>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.1.1 <a name="doclayout">Document class options</a></h3><a name="I50"></a><p>The default layouts are designed to fit as drafts on US
Letter size paper.<sup><a href="#F23">3</a></sup> To create documents with the correct proportions
for standard A4 paper, you need to specify the paper size in
an optional argument in square brackets before the document
class name, e.g.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>The two most common options are <span class="option"><a name="o1">a4paper</a></span>
and <span class="option"><a name="o2">letterpaper</a></span>. However, many European
distributions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> now come preset for A4, not Letter, and
this is also true of all distributions of
<i><a name="p117">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>.
</p>
<p>The other default settings are for: <i>a</i>) 10pt type (all document classes); <i>b</i>) two-sided printing (books and reports) or
one-sided (articles and letters); and <i>c</i>) separate title page (books and reports
only). These can be modified with the following
document class options which you can add in the same set of
square brackets, separated by commas:
</p><a name="I51"></a><blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o3">11pt</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>to specify 11pt type (headings, footnotes,
etc. get scaled up or down in
proportion);
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o4">12pt</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>to specify 12pt type (again, headings
scale);
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o5">oneside</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>to format one-sided printing for books and
reports;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o6">twoside</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>to format articles for two-sided printing;</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o7">titlepage</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>to force articles to have a separate title
page;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o8">draft</a></span></b></dt>
<dd>
<p>makes <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> indicate hyphenation and
justification problems with a small square in the
right-hand margin of the problem line so they can be
located quickly by a human.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
<p>If you were using pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> for a report to be in 12pt
type on Letter paper, but printed one-sided in draft mode, you
would use:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper,oneside,draft]{report}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>There are extra preset options for other type sizes
which can be downloaded separately, but 10pt, 11pt, and 12pt
between them cover probably 99% of all document
typesetting. In addition there are the hundreds of add-in
packages which can automate other layout and formatting
variants without you having to program anything by hand or
even change your text.
</p>
<blockquote class="exercise"><a name="firstline"></a><hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 1</i>. Create a new document
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Use your editor to create a new document.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Type in a Document Class Declaration as shown
above.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add a font size option if you wish.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In North America, omit the
<span class="option"><a name="o9">a4paper</a></span> option or change it to
<span class="option"><a name="o10">letterpaper</a></span>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Save the file (make up a name) ensuring the name
ends with <code>.tex</code></p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
</blockquote>
<ol class="footnotes" start="3">
<li><a name="F23">Letter size is 8½″×11″, which is the
trimmed size of the old Demi Quarto, still in use in
North America. The other common US office size is
‘Legal’, which is
8½″×14″, a bastard cutting close to
the old Foolscap (8¼″×13¼″). ISO
standard ‘A’,
‘B’, and
‘C’ paper sizes are still
virtually unknown in many parts of North America.</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.2 <a name="docenv">The document environment</a></h2>
<p>After the Document Class Declaration, the text of your
document is enclosed between two commands which identify the
beginning and end of the actual document:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\begin{document}
...
\end{document}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>(You would put your text where the dots are.) The reason
for marking off the beginning of your text is that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
allows you to insert extra setup specifications before it
(where the blank line is in the example above: we'll be
using this soon). The reason for marking off the end of your
text is to provide a place for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to be programmed to do
extra stuff automatically at the end of the document, like
making an index.
</p>
<p>A useful side-effect of marking the end of the document
text is that you can store comments or temporary text
underneath the <code class="literal">\end{document}</code> in the
knowledge that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will never try to typeset them.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
...
\end{document}
Don't forget to get the extra chapter from Jim!
</pre></blockquote>
<p><a name="environments"></a>This
<code class="command"><a name="c44">\begin</a></code> ...<code class="command"><a name="c45">\end</a></code>
pair of commands is an example of a common <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> structure called an
<b><i><a name="environment">environment</a></i></b>.
Environments enclose text which is to be handled in a particular
way. All environments start with
<code class="literal">\begin{...}</code> and end with
<code class="literal">\end{...}</code> (putting the name of the
environment in the curly braces).
</p>
<blockquote class="exercise">
<hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 2</i>. Adding the document environment
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Add the <span class="environment"><a name="e6">document</a></span> environment to
your file.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Leave a blank line between the Document Class
Declaration and the <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code>
(you'll see why later).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Save the file.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.3 <a name="titling">Titling</a></h2><a name="I52"></a><p>The first thing you put in the
<span class="environment"><a name="e7">document</a></span> environment is almost always the
document title, the author's name, and the date (except
in letters, which have a special set of commands for
addressing which we'll look at later). The title, author,
and date are all examples of <b><i><a name="metadata">metadata</a></i></b> or <b><i><a name="metainformation">metainformation</a></i></b> (information
<em>about</em> information).
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\begin{document}
\title{Practical Typesetting}
\author{Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{December 2004}
\maketitle
\end{document}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>The <code class="command"><a name="c46">\title</a></code>, <code class="command"><a name="c47">\author</a></code>,
and <code class="command"><a name="c48">\date</a></code> commands are
self-explanatory. You put the title, author name, and date in
curly braces after the relevant command. The title and author
are usually compulsory; if you omit the
<code class="command"><a name="c49">\date</a></code> command, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses today's
date by default.
</p>
<p>You always finish the metadata with the
<code class="command"><a name="c50">\maketitle</a></code> command, which tells
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> that it's complete and it can typeset the titling
information at this point. If you omit
<code class="command"><a name="c51">\maketitle</a></code>, the titling will never be
typeset. This command is reprogrammable so you can alter the
appearance of titles (like I did for the printed version of
this document).
</p>
<p>The double backslash (<code class="literal">\\</code>) is the
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> command for forced linebreak. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> normally decides by
itself where to break lines, and it's usually right, but
sometimes you need to cut a line short, like here, and start a
new one. I could have left it out and just used a comma, so my
name and my company would all appear on the one line, but I
just decided that I wanted my company name on a separate line.
In some publishers' document classes, they provide a special
<code class="command"><a name="c52">\affiliation</a></code> command to put your company
or institution name in instead.
</p>
<p>When this file is typeset, you get something like this
(I've cheated and <a href="chapter5.html#colorpkg" title="sect2">done it in
colour</a> for fun — yours will be in black and white
for the moment):
</p>
<div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="title.png" style="border:thin solid black;" width="80%"></div>
<blockquote class="exercise">
<hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 3</i>. Adding the metadata
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Add the <code class="command"><a name="c53">\title</a></code>,
<code class="command"><a name="c54">\author</a></code>, <code class="command"><a name="c55">\date</a></code>, and
<code class="command"><a name="c56">\maketitle</a></code> commands to your
file.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use your own name, make up a title, and give a
date.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The order of the first three commands is not important,
but the <code class="command"><a name="c57">\maketitle</a></code> command must come
last.
</p>
<hr>
</blockquote>
<p>The document isn't really ready for printing like this,
but if you're really impatient, look at <a href="chapter4.html#process">Chapter 4</a> to see how to typeset and display
it.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.4 <a name="abstracts">Abstracts and summaries</a></h2><a name="I53"></a><a name="I54"></a><p>In reports and articles it is normal for the author
to provide an Summary or Abstract, in which you describe
briefly what you have written about and explain its
importance. Abstracts in articles are usually only a few
paragraphs long. Summaries in reports can run to several
pages, depending on the length and complexity of the report
and the readership it's aimed at.
</p>
<p>In both cases (reports and articles) the Abstract or
Summary is optional (that is, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> doesn't force you
to have one), but it's rare to omit it because readers want
and expect it. In practice, of course, you go back and type
the Abstract or Summary <em>after</em> having
written the rest of the document, but for the sake of the
example we'll jump the gun and type it now.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Summary}
\begin{document}
\title{Practical Typesetting}
\author{Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{December 2004}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
This document presents the basic concepts of
typesetting in a form usable by non-specialists. It
is aimed at those who find themselves (willingly or
unwillingly) asked to undertake work previously sent
out to a professional printer, and who are concerned
that the quality of work (and thus their corporate
æsthetic) does not suffer unduly.
\end{abstract}
\end{document}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>After the <code class="command"><a name="c58">\maketitle</a></code> you use the
<span class="environment"><a name="e8">abstract</a></span> environment, in which you simply
type your Abstract or Summary, leaving a blank line between
paragraphs if there's more than one (see <a href="chapter3.html#paragraphs">section 3.6</a> for this convention).
</p>
<p>In business and technical documents, the Abstract is often
called a Management Summary, or Executive Summary, or Business
Preview, or some similar phrase. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> lets you change the
name associated with the <span class="environment"><a name="e9">abstract</a></span>
environment to any kind of title you want, using the
<code class="command"><a name="c59">\renewcommand</a></code> command to give the command
<code class="command"><a name="c60">\abstractname</a></code> a new value:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Executive Summary}
</pre></blockquote>
<blockquote class="exercise">
<hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 4</i>. Using an Abstract or Summary
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Add the <code class="command"><a name="c61">\renewcommand</a></code> as shown
above to your Preamble.
</p>
<p>The Preamble is at the start of the document, in
that gap <em>after</em> the
<code class="command"><a name="c62">\documentclass</a></code> line but
<em>before</em> the
<code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> (remember I said
we'd see what we left it blank for: see <a href="chapter3.html#preamble">the panel ‘The Preamble’ in section 3.4</a>).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add an <span class="environment"><a name="e10">abstract</a></span> environment
after the <code class="command"><a name="c63">\maketitle</a></code> and type in a
paragraph or two of text.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Save the file (no, I'm not paranoid, just
careful).
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
</blockquote>
<p>Notice how the name of the command you are renewing (here,
<code class="command"><a name="c64">\abstractname</a></code>) goes in the first set of
curly braces, and the new value you want it to have goes in
the second set of curly braces (this is an example of a
command with two arguments). The environment you use is still
called <span class="environment"><a name="e11">abstract</a></span> (that is, you still type
<code class="literal">\begin{abstract}</code>...<code class="literal">\end{abstract}</code>).
What the <code class="command"><a name="c65">\abstractname</a></code> does is change the
name that gets displayed and printed, not the name of the
environment you store the text in.
</p>
<p>If you look carefully at the example document, you'll
see I sneakily added an extra command to the Preamble.
We'll see later what this means (Brownie points for
guessing it, though, if you read <a href="chapter2.html#accents">section 2.7</a>).
</p>
<div align="center" class="sidebar">
<table width="75%">
<tr>
<td align="left" class="sidebar">
<h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> <a name="preamble">The Preamble</a></h3>
<p>Modifications which you want to affect a whole document
go at the start of your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file, immediately
after the <code class="command"><a name="c66">\documentclass</a></code> line and before
the <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> line:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Sneak Preview}
\begin{document}
...
\end{document}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This position, between the Document Class Declaration
and the beginning of the <span class="environment"><a name="e12">document</a></span>
environment, is called the <b><i><a name="pre">preamble</a></i></b>, and it is used for small or
temporary modifications to the style and behaviour of the
document. Major or permanent modifications should go in a
<code>.sty</code> file and be invoked with a
<code class="command"><a name="c67">\usepackage</a></code> command.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.5 <a name="sections">Sections</a></h2><a name="I55"></a><p>In the body of your document, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> provides seven
levels of division or sectioning for you to use in structuring
your text. They are all optional: it is perfectly possible to
write a document consisting solely of paragraphs of
unstructured text. But even novels are normally divided into
chapters, although short stories are often made up solely of
paragraphs.
</p>
<p>Chapters are only
available in the <span class="package"><a name="m23">book</a></span> and
<span class="package"><a name="m24">report</a></span> document classes, because they
don't have any meaning in articles and letters. Parts are
also undefined in letters.<sup><a href="#repchap">4</a></sup></p>
<div align="center"><a name="secdepths"></a><table>
<tr class="headfoot">
<th valign="bottom" align="center">Depth</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left">Division</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left">Command</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left">Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center"><span class="math">−1</span></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Part</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c68">\part</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">0</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Chapter</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c69">\chapter</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Books and reports</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">1</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Section</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c70">\section</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Subsection</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c71">\subsection</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">3</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Subsubsection</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c72">\subsubsection</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Titled paragraph</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c73">\paragraph</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Titled subparagraph</td>
<td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c74">\subparagraph</a></code></td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>In each case the title of the part, chapter, section,
etc. goes in curly braces after the command. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
automatically calculates the correct numbering and prints the
title in bold. You can turn section numbering off at a
specific depth: details in <a href="chapter3.html#secnum">section 3.5.1</a>.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\section{New recruitment policies}
...
\subsection{Effect on staff turnover}
...
\chapter{Business plan 2005--2007}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>There are packages<sup><a href="#F25">5</a></sup> to let you control the typeface, style, spacing,
and appearance of section headings: it's much easier to
use them than to try and reprogram the headings manually. Two
of the most popular are the <span class="package"><a name="m25">ssection</a></span>
and <span class="package"><a name="m26">sectsty</a></span> packages.
</p>
<p>Headings also get put automatically into the Table of
Contents, if you specify one (it's optional). But if you
make manual styling changes to your heading, for example a
very long title, or some special line-breaks or unusual
font-play, this would appear in the Table of Contents as well,
which you almost certainly <em>don't</em>
want. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> allows you to give an optional extra version of
the heading text which only gets used in the Table of Contents
and any running heads, if they are in effect <a href="chapter8.html#runningheads" title="sect2"></a>. This optional alternative
heading goes in [square brackets] before the curly
braces:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\section[Effect on staff turnover]{An analysis of the
effect of the revised recruitment policies on staff
turnover at divisional headquarters}
</pre></blockquote>
<blockquote class="exercise">
<hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 5</i>. Start your document text
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Add a <code class="command"><a name="c75">\chapter</a></code> command after your
Abstract or Summary, giving the title of your first
chapter.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you're planning ahead, add a few more
<code class="command"><a name="c76">\chapter</a></code> commands for
subsequent chapters. Leave a few blank lines between
them to make it easier to add paragraphs of text
later.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>By now I shouldn't need to tell you what to do
after making significant changes to your document
file.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
</blockquote>
<ol class="footnotes" start="4">
<li><a name="F24">It is arguable that chapters also have no place in
reports, either, as these are conventionally divided into
sections as the top-level division. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, however,
assumes your reports have chapters, but this is only the
default, and can be changed very simply (see
<a href="chapter9.html#reprog">section 9.6</a>).</a></li>
</ol>
<ol class="footnotes" start="5">
<li><a name="F25">Details of how to use <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages are in <a href="chapter5.html#packages">section 5.1</a>.</a></li>
</ol>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.5.1 <a name="secnum">Section numbering</a></h3><a name="I56"></a><p>All document divisions get numbered automatically. Parts
get Roman numerals (Part I, Part II, etc.);
chapters and sections get decimal numbering like this
document, and Appendixes (which are just a special case of
chapters, and share the same structure) are lettered (A, B,
C, etc.).
</p>
<p>You can change the depth to which section numbering
occurs, so you can turn it off selectively. In this document
it is set
to 3.
If you only want parts, chapters, and sections numbered, not
subsections or subsubsections etc., you can change the
value of the <tt><i><a name="l9">secnumdepth</a></i></tt>
counter using the the <code class="command"><a name="c77">\setcounter</a></code> command,
giving the depth value from <a href="chapter3.html#secdepths">the table in section 3.5</a>:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>A related counter is <tt><i><a name="l10">tocdepth</a></i></tt>, which specifies what
depth to take the Table of Contents to. It can be reset in
exactly the same way as <tt><i><a name="l11">secnumdepth</a></i></tt>. The current setting
for this document is 2.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>To get an <em>unnumbered</em> section
heading which does <em>not</em> go into the
Table of Contents, follow the command name with an asterisk
before the opening curly brace:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\subsection*{Shopping List}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>All the divisional commands from
<code class="command"><a name="c78">\part*</a></code> to <code class="command"><a name="c79">\subparagraph*</a></code>
have this ‘starred’ version which can
be used on special occasions for an unnumbered heading when
the setting of <tt><i><a name="l12">secnumdepth</a></i></tt>
would normally mean it would be numbered.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.6 <a name="paragraphs">Ordinary paragraphs</a></h2>
<p>After section headings comes your text. Just type it and
leave a blank line between paragraphs. That's all
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> needs.
</p>
<p>The blank line means ‘start a new paragraph
here’: it does <em>not</em> (repeat:
<strong>not</strong>) mean you get a blank
line in the typeset output. Now read this paragraph
again and again until that sinks in.
</p>
<p>The spacing between paragraphs is a separately definable
quantity, a <b><i><a name="dimension">dimension</a></i></b> or
<b><i><a name="length">length</a></i></b> called <tt>\<a name="d13">parskip</a></tt>. This is normally zero
(no space between paragraphs, because that's how books
are normally typeset), but you can easily set it to any size
you want with the <code class="command"><a name="c80">\setlength</a></code> command in the
Preamble:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parskip}{1cm}
</pre></blockquote>
<p><a name="paraspace"></a>This will set the space between paragraphs
to 1cm. See <a href="chapter2.html#dimensions">section 2.8.1</a> for details of the
various size units <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can use. <em>Leaving
multiple blank lines between paragraphs in your source
document achieves nothing</em>: all extra blank lines
get ignored by <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> because the space between paragraphs
is
controlled only by the value of <tt>\<a name="d14">parskip</a></tt>.
</p>
<p>White-space in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can also be made flexible (what
Lamport calls
‘rubber’ lengths). This means that
values such as <tt>\<a name="d15">parskip</a></tt> can
have a default dimension plus an amount of expansion minus an
amount of contraction. This is useful on pages in complex
documents where not every page may be an exact number of
fixed-height lines long, so some give-and-take in vertical
space is useful. You specify this in a
<code class="command"><a name="c81">\setlength</a></code> command like this:
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parskip}{1cm plus4mm minus3mm}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Paragraph indentation can also be set with the
<code class="command"><a name="c82">\setlength</a></code> command, although you would
always make it a fixed size, never a flexible one, otherwise
you would have very ragged-looking paragraphs.
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parindent}{6mm}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>By default, the first paragraph after a heading follows
the standard Anglo-American publishers' practice of
<em>no</em> indentation. Subsequent paragraphs are
indented by the value of <tt>\<a name="d16">parindent</a></tt> (default
18pt).<sup><a href="#F26">6</a></sup> You can change this in the same way as any other
length.
</p>
<p>In the printed copy of this document, the paragraph
indentation is set to 12pt and the space
between paragraphs is set to 0pt. These values do not
apply in the Web (<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A85" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>) version because not all browsers are
capable of that fine a level of control, and because users can
apply their own stylesheets regardless of what this document
proposes.
</p>
<blockquote class="exercise">
<hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 6</i>. Start typing!
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Type some paragraphs of text. Leave a blank line
between each. Don't bother about line-wrapping or
formatting — <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will take care of all
that.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If you're feeling adventurous, add a
<code class="command"><a name="c83">\section</a></code> command with the title of a
section within your first chapter, and continue typing
paragraphs of text below that.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add one or more <code class="command"><a name="c84">\setlength</a></code>
commands to your Preamble if you want to experiment with
changing paragraph spacing and indentation.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
</blockquote>
<p>To turn off indentation completely, set it to zero (but
you still have to provide units: it's still a
measure!).
</p>
<blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parindent}{0in}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>If you do this, though, and leave <tt>\<a name="d17">parskip</a></tt> set to zero, your readers
won't be able to tell easily where each paragraph begins!
If you want to use the style of having no indentation with a
space between paragraphs, use the
<span class="package"><a name="m28">parskip</a></span> package, which does it for
you (and makes adjustments to the spacing of lists and other
structures which use paragraph spacing, so they don't get
too far apart).
</p>
<ol class="footnotes" start="6">
<li><a name="F26">Paragraph spacing and indentation are cultural
settings. If you are typesetting in a language other than
English, you should use the <span class="package"><a name="m27">babel</a></span>
package, which alters many things, including the spacing
and the naming of sections, to conform with the standards
of different countries and languages.</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.7 <a name="toc">Table of contents</a></h2><a name="I57"></a><p>All auto-numbered headings get entered in the Table of
Contents (ToC) automatically. You don't have to print a
ToC, but if you want to, just add the command
<code class="command"><a name="c85">\tableofcontents</a></code> at the point where you want
it printed (usually after the Abstract or Summary).
</p>
<p>Entries for the ToC are recorded each time you process
your document, and reproduced the <em>next</em>
time you process it, so you need to re-run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> one extra
time to ensure that all ToC page-number references
are correctly calculated.
</p>
<p>We've already seen in <a href="chapter3.html#sections">section 3.5</a> how
to use the optional argument to the sectioning commands to add
text to the ToC which is slightly different from the one
printed in the body of the document. It is also possible to
add extra lines to the ToC, to force extra or unnumbered
section headings to be included.
</p>
<blockquote class="exercise">
<hr>
<h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> <i>Exercise 7</i>. Inserting the table of contents
</h4>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>Go back and add a <code class="command"><a name="c86">\tableofcontents</a></code>
command after the <code class="literal">\end{abstract}</code> command
in your document.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You guessed.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="loflot"></a>The commands <code class="command"><a name="c87">\listoffigures</a></code>
and <code class="command"><a name="c88">\listoftables</a></code> work in exactly the same
way as <code class="command"><a name="c89">\tableofcontents</a></code> to automatically
list all your tables and figures. If you use them, they
normally go after the <code class="command"><a name="c90">\tableofcontents</a></code>
command.
</p>
<p>The <code class="command"><a name="c91">\tableofcontents</a></code> command normally
shows only numbered section headings, and only down to the
level defined by the <tt><i><a name="l18">tocdepth</a></i></tt> counter (see <a href="chapter3.html#secnum">section 3.5.1</a>), but you can add extra entries with the
<code class="command"><a name="c92">\addcontentsline</a></code> command. For example if you
use an unnumbered section heading command to start a
preliminary piece of text like a Foreword or Preface, you can
write:<a name="I58"></a></p>
<blockquote><pre>
\subsection*{Preface}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Preface}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This will format an unnumbered ToC entry for
‘Preface’ in the
‘subsection’ style. You can use
the same mechanism to add lines to the List of Figures or List
of Tables by substituting <code>lof</code> or
<code>lot</code> for <code>toc</code>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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