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|
<!DOCTYPE html
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<title>Formatting information: Chapter 10 — Compatibility with other systems</title>
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<table width="100%">
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<th class="title" width="66%">
<h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
<h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
<h3>Chapter 10 — Compatibility with other systems</h3>
<h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
<h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
</h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
</th>
<td class="toc" width="33%">
<h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
<dl>
<dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
</dl>
<ol>
<li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
</ol>
<ol type="A">
<li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
</ol>
<dl>
<dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="credits">
<p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
constantly under development. There have been revisions to
packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
felt to be indispensable to users. ¶ I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
books on the market — as well as other online
documents — dealing with mathematical typesetting in
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
capable of. ¶ The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
been retested. ¶ As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
difficult for people who write technical documentation to
remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
more with the way in which we view and approach information,
and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
that I can correct it.
<p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
<td class="legal">
<p>
<p>This document is Copyright © 1999–2005 by
Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
Free Documentation License (copyleft).
</p>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
</p>
<p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="chapter">
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="compat">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
<tr>
<td class="chapno">10</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
<td>
<p> </p>
<h1>Compatibility with other systems</h1>
</td>
<td class="toc">
<p> </p>
<ol>
<li><a href="#tolatex">Converting into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#latexto">Converting out of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>As we saw in <a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Chapter 2</a>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses
plain-text files, so they can be read and written by any
standard application that can open text files. This helps
preserve your information over time, as the plain-text format
cannot be obsoleted or hijacked by any manufacturer or sectoral
interest, and it will always be readable on any computer, from
your handheld (yes, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is available for some <small><a href="intro.html#PDA" class="acroref" name="A216" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a></small>s, see <a href="chapter10.html#zaurus">Figure 10.1</a>) to the
biggest supercomputer.
</p>
<div class="figure" align="center">
<hr>
<caption><i>Figure 10.1</i>: <a name="zaurus"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> editing and processing on the Sharp Zaurus 5500
PDA</a></caption>
<div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="zedit.png" width="30%"> <img src="zlatex.png" width="30%"> <img src="qpdf.png" width="30%"></div>
<hr>
</div>
<p>However, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is intended as the last stage of the
editorial process: formatting for print or display. If you have
a requirement to re-use the text in some other
environment — a database perhaps, or on the Web or a
<small>CD-ROM</small> or <small><a href=".html#DVD" class="acroref" name="A218" title="Digital Versatile Disk">DVD</a></small>, or in Braille or voice output — then
it should probably be edited, stored, and maintained in
something neutral like the <a name="XML" class="acroref" href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/">Extensible Markup
Language</a> (<small>XML</small>), and only converted to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> when a
typeset copy is needed.
</p>
<p>Although <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has many structured-document features in
common with <small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A220" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> and <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A221" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, it can still only be processed by the
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and <i><a name="p227">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> programs.
Because its macro features make it almost infinitely
redefinable, processing it requires a program which can unravel
arbitrarily complex macros, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and its siblings are
the only programs which can do that effectively. Like other
typesetters and formatters (Quark
<i><a name="p228">XPress</a></i>,
<i><a name="p229">PageMaker</a></i>,
<i><a name="p230">FrameMaker</a></i>, Microsoft
<i><a name="p231">Publisher</a></i>, <i><a name="p232">3B2</a></i> etc.), <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is largely a
one-way street leading to typeset printing or display
formatting.
</p>
<p>Converting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to some other format therefore means you
will unavoidably lose some formatting, as <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has features
that others systems simply don't possess, so they cannot be
translated — although there are several ways to minimise
this loss. Similarly, converting other formats into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
often means editing back the stuff the other formats omit
because they only store appearances, not structure.
</p>
<p>However, there are at least two excellent systems for
converting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> directly to <a name="HTML" class="acroref">HyperText
Markup Language</a> (<small>HTML</small>) so you can publish it on the web, as
we shall see in <a href="chapter10.html#latexto">section 10.2</a>.
</p>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#compat"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.1 <a name="tolatex">Converting into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></h2>
<p>There are several systems which will save their text in
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> format. The best known is probably the <span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span> editor
(see <a href="chapter2.html#lyxwin">Figure 2.1</a>), which is a wordprocessor-like
interface to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> for Windows and Unix. Both the
<i><a name="p233">AbiWord</a></i> and
<i><a name="p234">Kword</a></i> wordprocessors on Linux
systems have a very good <b>Save
As</b>...<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> output, so they can be used to
open Microsoft <i><a name="p235">Word</a></i> documents and
convert to
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Several maths packages like the
<i><a name="p236">EuroMath</a></i> editor, and the
<i><a name="p237">Mathematica</a></i> and
<i><a name="p238">Maple</a></i> analysis packages, can also
save material in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> format.
</p>
<p>In general, most other wordprocessors and DTP systems
either don't have the level of internal markup
sophistication needed to create a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file, or they lack
a suitable filter to enable them to output what they do have.
Often they are incapable of outputting any kind of structured
document, because they only store what the text looks like,
not why it's there or what role it fulfills. There are
two ways out of this:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Use the <span class="guimenu">File</span>→<span class="guimenuitem">Save
As...</span> menu item to save the
wordprocessor file as <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A223" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>,
rationalise the <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A224" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> using
<a name="raggett">Dave Raggett</a>'s <a href="http://tidy.sourceforge.net/"><i><a name="p239">HTML
Tidy</a></i></a>, and convert the resulting
<a name="XHTML" class="acroref">Extensible HyperText Markup
Language</a> (<small>XHTML</small>) to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> with any of the standard
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A226" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> tools (see below).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use a specialist conversion tool like EBT's
<i><a name="p240">DynaTag</a></i> (supposedly available
from Enigma, if you can persuade them they have a copy to
sell you; or you may still be able to get it from <a href="http://www.rbii.com/">Red Bridge
Interactive</a> in Providence, RI). It's
expensive and they don't advertise it, but for bulk
conversion of consistently-marked
<i><a name="p241">Word</a></i> files into XML it beats
everything else hands down. The
<i><a name="p242">Word</a></i> files
<em>must</em> be consistent, though, and must
use named styles from a stylesheet, otherwise no system on
earth is going to be able to guess what it means.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>There is of course a third way, suitable for large volumes
only: send it off to the Pacific Rim to be retyped into XML or
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. There are hundreds of companies from India to
Polynesia who do this at high speed and low cost with very
high accuracy. It sounds crazy when the document is already in
electronic form, but it's a good example of the problem
of low quality of wordprocessor markup that this solution
exists at all.
</p>
<p>You will have noticed that most of the solutions lead to
one place: <small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A227" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small><sup><a href="#F53">1</a></sup> or <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A231" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>. As explained
above and elsewhere, these formats are the only ones devised
so far capable of storing sufficient information in
machine-processable, publicly-accessible form to enable your
document to be recreated in multiple output formats. Once
your document is in <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A232" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, there is a
large range of software available to turn it into other
formats, including <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Processors in any of the common
<small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A233" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small>/<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A234" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
processing languages like the <a name="DSSSL" class="acroref">Document
Style Semantics and Specification Language</a> (<small>DSSSL</small>), the
<a name="XSLT" class="acroref">Extensible Stylesheet Language
[Transformations]</a> (<small>XSLT</small>),
<i><a name="p243">Omnimark</a></i>,
<i><a name="p244">Metamorphosis</a></i>,
<i><a name="p245">Balise</a></i>, etc. can easily be written
to output <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and this approach is extremely
common.
</p>
<p>Much of this will be simplified when wordprocessors
support native, arbitrary <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A237" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>/<small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A238" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> as a
standard feature, because <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> output will become much
simpler to produce.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Sun's <i><a name="p246">Star Office</a></i> and
its Open Source sister,
<i><a name="p247">OpenOffice</a></i>, have used XML as
their native file format for several years, and there is a
project at the <a name="OASIS" class="acroref">Organisation for the
Advancement of Structured Information Systems</a> (<small>OASIS</small>)
for developing a common <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A240" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
office file format based on those used by these two
packages, which has been proposed to the <a name="ISO" class="acroref">International Organization for
Standardization</a> (<small>ISO</small>) in Geneva as a candidate for
an International Standard.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><i><a name="p248">WordPerfect</a></i> has also had a
native <small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A242" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> (and now <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A243" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>) editor for many years, which will
work with any <a name="DTD" class="acroref">Document Type
Definition</a> (<small>DTD</small>) (but not a Schema; and at the time
of writing (2005) it still used a proprietary stylesheet
format).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Microsoft has had a half-hearted ‘Save
As...XML’ for a while, using an
internal and formerly largely undocumented Schema
(recently published at last). The
‘Professional’ versions of
<i><a name="p249">Word</a></i> and
<i><a name="p250">Excel</a></i> in
<i><a name="p251">Office 11</a></i> (Office 2003 for
XP) now have full support for arbitrary Schemas and a real
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A245" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> editor, albeit with a rather
primitive interface, but there is no conversion to or from
<i><a name="p252">Word</a></i>'s
<code>.doc</code> format.<sup><a href="#F54">2</a></sup></p>
<p>However, help comes in the shape of <a name="rd">Ruggero Dambra</a>'s
<i><a name="p256">WordML2<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, which is an
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A250" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> stylesheet to transform an
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A251" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> document in this internal
Schema (WordML) into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>ε</span> format.
Download it from any <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A252" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> server
in <code>/support/WordML2LaTeX</code>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a name="rtf2latex2e"></a>Among the conversion programs on <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A253" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> is <a name="us">Ujwal Sath­yam</a>'s
<i><a name="p257">rtf2latex2e</a></i>, which converts
<a name="RTF" class="acroref">Rich Text Format</a> (<small>RTF</small>) files (output
by many wordprocessors) to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>ε</span>. The package
description says it has support
for figures and tables, equations are read as figures, and
it can the handle the latest <small><a href="chapter10.html#RTF" class="acroref" name="A255" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a></small>
versions from Microsoft Word 97/98/2000, StarOffice, and
other wordprocessors. It runs on Macs, Linux, other Unix
systems, and Windows.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>When these efforts coalesce into generalised support for
arbitrary <small><a href="chapter10.html#DTD" class="acroref" name="A256" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a></small>s and Schemas, it will
mean a wider choice of editing interfaces, and when they
achieve the ability to run <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A257" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small>
conversion into
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from within these editors, such as is done at the
moment with <i><a name="p258">Emacs</a></i> or
<i><a name="p259">XML Spy</a></i>, we will have full
convertability.
</p>
<ol class="footnotes" start="1">
<li><a name="F53">The <a name="SGML" class="acroref">Standard Generalized Markup
Language</a> (<small>SGML</small>) itself is little used now for new
projects, as the software support for its daughter
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A229" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> is far greater, but there
are still hundreds of large document repositories in
<small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A230" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> still growing their
collection by adding documents.</a></li>
</ol>
<ol class="footnotes" start="2">
<li><a name="F54">Which is silly, given that Microsoft used to make
one of the best
<i><a name="p253">Word</a></i>-to-<small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A246" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> converters ever, which was
bi-directional (yes, it could round-trip
<i><a name="p254">Word</a></i> to <small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A247" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> and back to
<i><a name="p255">Word</a></i> and back into <small><a href="chapter10.html#SGML" class="acroref" name="A248" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small>). But they dropped it on the
floor when <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A249" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
arrived.</a></li>
</ol>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.1.1 Getting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> out of XML
</h3>
<p>Assuming you can get your document out of its
wordprocessor format into <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A258" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> by
some method, here is a very brief example of how to turn it
into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
</p>
<p>You can of course buy and install a fully-fledged
commercial <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A259" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> editor with
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A260" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> support, and run this
application within it. However, this is beyond the reach of
many users, so to do this unaided you just need to install
three pieces of software: <a href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html"><i><a name="p260">Java</a></i></a>,
<a href="http://saxon.sourceforge.net/"><i><a name="p261">Saxon</a></i></a>
and the <a href="http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.2/index.html">DocBook
4.2 DTD</a> (<small><a href="chapter6.html#URI" class="acroref" name="A261" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>s are
correct at the time of writing). None of these has a visual
interface: they are run from the command-line in the same
way as is possible with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
</p>
<p>As an example, let's take the above paragraph, as
typed or imported into <i><a name="p262">AbiWord</a></i>
(see
<a href="chapter10.html#abidoc">Figure 10.1</a>). This is stored as a single
paragraph with highlighting on the product names (italics),
and the names are also links to their Internet sources, just
as they are in this document. This is a convenient way to
store two pieces of information in the same place.
</p>
<div class="figure" align="center">
<hr>
<caption><i>Figure 10.1</i>: <a name="abidoc">Sample paragraph in
<i><a name="p263">AbiWord</a></i> converted to <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A262" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small></a></caption>
<div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="abiword.png" width="100%"></div>
<hr>
</div>
<p><i><a name="p264">AbiWord</a></i> can export in DocBook
format, which is an <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A263" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> vocabulary
for describing technical (computer)
documents–it's what I use for this book.
<i><a name="p265">AbiWord</a></i> can also export <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
but we're going make our own
version, working from the <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A264" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
(Brownie points for the reader who can guess why I'm
not just accepting the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> conversion output).
</p>
<p>Although <i><a name="p266">AbiWord</a></i>'s
default is to output an <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A265" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> book document
type, we'll convert it to a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> article document
class. Notice that <i><a name="p267">AbiWord</a></i> has
correctly output the expected section and title markup
empty, even though it's not used. Here's the
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A266" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> output (I've changed the
linebreaks to keep it within the bounds of this page
size):
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="tiny">
<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<book>
<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<!-- This DocBook file was created by AbiWord. -->
<!-- AbiWord is a free, Open Source word processor. -->
<!-- You may obtain more information about AbiWord at www.abisource.com -->
<!-- ===================================================================== -->
<chapter>
<title></title>
<section role="unnumbered">
<title></title>
<para>You can of course buy and install a fully-fledged commercial XML
editor with XSLT support, and run this application within it. However, this
is beyond the reach of many users, so to do this unaided you just need to
install three pieces of software: <ulink
url="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html"><emphasis>Java</emphasis></ulink>,
<ulink
url="http://saxon.sourceforge.net"><emphasis>Saxon</emphasis></ulink>, and
the <ulink url="http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.2/index.html">DocBook 4.2 DTD</ulink>
(URIs are correct at the time of writing). None of these has a visual
interface: they are run from the command-line in the same way as is possible
with L<superscript>A</superscript>T<subscript>E</subscript>X.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
</book>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>The <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A267" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> language lets us
create templates for each type of element in an <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A268" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> document. In our example, there are
only three which need handling, as we did not create chapter
or section titles (DocBook requires them to be present, but
they don't have to be used).
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>para, for the
paragraph[s];
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ulink, for the URIs;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>emphasis, for the
italicisation.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>I'm going to cheat over the superscripting and
subscripting of the letters in the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> logo, and use my
editor to replace the whole thing with the
<code class="command"><a name="c319">\LaTeX</a></code> command. In the other three cases,
we already know how <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> deals with these, so we can
write our templates (see <a href="chapter10.html#xslcode">Figure 10.2</a>).
</p>
<div class="figure" align="center">
<hr>
<caption><i>Figure 10.2</i>: <a name="xslcode"><small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A269" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> script to convert the
paragraph</a></caption>
<blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xsl:stylesheet
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
version="1.0">
<xsl:output method="text"/>
<xsl:template match="/">
<xsl:text>\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{url}</xsl:text>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="book">
<xsl:text>\begin{document}</xsl:text>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
<xsl:text>\end{document}</xsl:text>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="para">
<xsl:apply-templates/>
<xsl:text>&#x000A;</xsl:text>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="ulink">
<xsl:apply-templates/>
<xsl:text>\footnote{\url{</xsl:text>
<xsl:value-of select="@url"/>
<xsl:text>}}</xsl:text>
</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="emphasis">
<xsl:text>\emph{</xsl:text>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
<xsl:text>}</xsl:text>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
</pre></blockquote>
<hr>
</div>
<p>If you run this through
<i><a name="p268">Saxon</a></i>, which is an <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A270" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> processor, you can output a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
file which you can process and view (see <a href="chapter10.html#paraview">Figure 10.3</a>).
</p>
<blockquote><pre class="scriptsize">
$ java -jar /usr/local/saxonb8-0/saxon8.jar -o para.ltx \
para.dbk para.xsl
$ latex para.ltx
This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.7x)
(./para.ltx
LaTeX2e <2001/06/01>
Loading CZ hyphenation patterns: Pavel Sevecek, v3, 1995
Loading SK hyphenation patterns: Jana Chlebikova, 1992
Babel <v3.7h> and hyphenation patterns for english,
dumylang, nohyphenation, czech, slovak, german, ngerman,
danish, spanish, catalan, finnish, french, ukenglish, greek,
croatian, hungarian, italian, latin, mongolian, dutch,
norwegian, polish, portuguese, russian, ukrainian,
serbocroat, swedish, loaded.
(/usr/TeX/texmf/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2001/04/21 v1.4e Standard LaTeX
document class (/usr/TeX/texmf/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/usr/TeX/texmf/tex/latex/ltxmisc/url.sty) (./para.aux)
[1] (./para.aux) )
Output written on para.dvi (1 page, 1252 bytes).
Transcript written on para.log.
$ xdvi para &
</pre></blockquote>
<div class="figure" align="center">
<hr>
<caption><i>Figure 10.3</i>: <a name="paraview">Displaying the typeset paragraph</a></caption>
<div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="para.png" width="60%"></div>
<blockquote><pre class="scriptsize">
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{url}\begin{document}
You can of course buy and install a fully-fledged commercial
XML editor with XSLT support, and run this application within it.
However, this is beyond the reach of many users, so to do this
unaided you just need to install three pieces of software:
\emph{Java}\footnote{\url{http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html}},
\emph{Saxon}\footnote{\url{http://saxon.sourceforge.net}}, and the
DocBook 4.2 DTD\footnote{\url{http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.2/index.html}}
(URIs are correct at the time of writing). None of these has a visual
interface: they are run from the command-line in the same way as is
possible with \LaTeX.
\end{document}
</pre></blockquote>
<hr>
</div>
<p>Writing <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A271" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> is not hard, but
requires a little learning. The output method here is
<code class="literal">text</code>, which is <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s file
format (<small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A272" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> can also output
<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A273" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> and other formats of
XML).
</p>
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>The first template matches
‘<code class="literal">/</code>’, which is
the document root (before the book
start-tag). At this stage we output the text
<code class="literal">\documentclass{article}</code> and
<code class="literal">\usepackage{url}</code>. The
‘<code class="literal">apply-templates</code>’
instructions tells the processor to carry on processing,
looking for more matches. <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A274" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
comments get ignored, and any elements which don't
match a template simply have their contents passed
through until the next match occurs.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The book template outputs the
<code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> and the
<code class="literal">\end{document}</code> commands, and between
them to carry on processing.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The para template just outputs
its content, but follows it with a linebreak (using the
hexadecimal character code <code class="literal">x000A</code> (see
the <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A275" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> chart in <a href="appendixC.html#asciicodes">Table C.1</a>).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The ulink template outputs its
content but follows it with a footnote using the
<code class="command"><a name="c320">\url</a></code> command to output the value of
the url attribute.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The emphasis template surrounds
its content with <code class="literal">\emph{</code> and
<code class="literal">}</code>.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>This is a relatively trivial example, but it serves to
show that it's not hard to output <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from
<small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A276" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>. In fact there is a set of
templates already written to produce <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from a DocBook
file at
<a href="http://www.dpawson.co.uk/docbook/tools.html#d4e2905"><tt>http://www.dpawson.co.uk/docbook/tools.html#d4e2905</tt></a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2><a href="#compat"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2 <a name="latexto">Converting out of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></h2>
<p>This is much harder to do comprehensively. As noted
earlier, the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file format really requires the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
program itself in order to process all the packages and
macros, because there is no telling what complexities authors
have added themselves (what a lot of this book is
about!).
</p>
<p>Many authors and editors rely on custom-designed or
homebrew converters, often written in the standard shell
scripting languages (Unix shells, Perl, Python, Tcl, etc).
Although some of the packages presented here are also written
in the same languages, they have some advantages and
restrictions compared with private conversions:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Conversion done with the standard utilities (eg awk,
tr, sed, grep, detex, etc) can be faster for
<i>ad hoc</i> translations, but it
is easier to obtain consistency and a more sophisticated
final product using
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A277" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> or
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht — or one of the other systems
available.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Embedding additional non-standard control sequences in
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> source code may make it harder to edit and
maintain, and will definitely make it harder to port to
another system.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Both the above methods (and others) provide a fast and
reasonable reliable way to get documents authored in
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> onto the Web in an acceptable — if not
optimal — format.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A278" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> was written to
solve the problem of getting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>-with-mathematics
onto the Web, in the days before MathML and math-capable
browsers.
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht was written to turn <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents into Web
hypertext — mathematics or not.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.1 Conversion to <i><a name="p269">Word</a></i></h3>
<p>There are several programs on <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A279" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> to do
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>-to-<i><a name="p270">Word</a></i> and similar
conversions, but they do not all handles everything <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
can throw at them, and some only handle a subset of the
built-in commands of default
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Two in particular, however, have a good
reputation, although I haven't used either of them (I
stay as far away from <i><a name="p271">Word</a></i> as
possible):
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><i><a name="p272">latex2rtf</a></i> by <a name="wh">Wilfried Hennings</a>, <a name="fd">Fernando Dorner</a>, and <a name="ag">Andreas Granzer</a> translates
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> into <small><a href="chapter10.html#RTF" class="acroref" name="A280" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a></small> — the
opposite of the <i><a name="p273">rtf2latex2e</a></i>
mentioned in <a href="chapter10.html#rtf2latex2e">the 4th item</a>. <small><a href="chapter10.html#RTF" class="acroref" name="A281" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a></small> can be read by most
wordprocessors, and this program preserves layout and
formatting for most <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents using standard
built-in commands.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a name="kac">KirillA Chikrii</a>'s <i><a name="p274"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>2Word</a></i> for
Microsoft Windows is a converter plug-in for
<i><a name="p275">Word</a></i> to let it open <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents. The author's company claims
that ‘virtually any existing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>/<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
package can be supported by <i><a name="p276"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>2Word</a></i>’
because it is customisable.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>One easy route into wordprocessing, however, is the
reverse of the procedures suggested in the preceding
section: convert <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A282" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>,
which many wordprocessors read easily. The following
sections cover two packages for this.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.2 <i><a name="p277"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2HTML</a></i></h3>
<p>As its name suggests, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A283" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> is a system to convert <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
structured documents to <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A284" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>. Its
main task is to reproduce the document structure as a set of
interconnected <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A285" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> files. Despite
using Perl,
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A286" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> relies very heavily
on standard Unix facilities like the
<i><a name="p278">NetPBM</a></i> graphics package and the
pipe syntax. Microsoft Windows is not well suited to this
kind of composite processing, although all the required
facilities are available for download in various forms and
should in theory allow the package to run — but reports
of problems are common.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The sectional structure is preserved, and
navigational links are generated for the standard Next,
Previous, and Up directions.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Links are also used for the cross-references,
citations, footnotes, ToC, and lists of figures and
tables.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Conversion is direct for common elements like lists,
quotes, paragraph-breaks, type-styles, etc, where there
is an obvious <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A287" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>
equivalent.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Heavily formatted objects such as math and diagrams
are converted to images.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There is no support for homebrew macros.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>There is, however, support for arbitrary hypertext
links, symbolic cross-references between ‘evolving
remote documents’, conditional text, and the
inclusion of raw <small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A288" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>. These are
extensions to
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, implemented as new commands and
environments.
</p>
<p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A289" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> outputs a
directory named after the input filename, and all the output
files are put in that directory, so the output is
self-contained and can be uploaded to a server as it
stands.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.3 <i><a name="p279"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht</a></i></h3>
<p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht operates differently from
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="chapter10.html#HTML" class="acroref" name="A290" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>: it uses the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
program to process the file, and handles conversion in a set
of postprocessors for the common <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages. It can
also output to <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A291" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, including
<a name="TEI" class="acroref">Text Encoding Initiative</a> (<small>TEI</small>) and
DocBook, and the OpenOffice and WordXML formats, and it can
create <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>info format
manuals.
</p>
<p>By default, documents retain the single-file structure
implied by the original, but there is again a set of
additional configuration directives to make use of the
features of hypertext and navigation, and to split files for
ease of use.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.4 Extraction from PS and PDF
</h3>
<p>If you have the full version of Adobe
<i><a name="p280">Acrobat</a></i>, you can open a <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A293" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file created by
<i><a name="p281">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, select and copy all
the text, and paste it into <i><a name="p282">Word</a></i>
and some other wordprocessors, and retain some common
formatting of headings, paragraphs, and lists. Both
solutions still require the wordprocessor text to be edited
into shape, but they preserve enough of the formatting to
make it worthwhile for short documents. Otherwise, use the
<i><a name="p283">pdftotext</a></i> program to extract
everything from the <small><a href="chapter4.html#PDF" class="acroref" name="A294" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file as
plain (paragraph-formatted) text.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.5 Last resort: strip the markup
</h3>
<p>At worst, the <i><a name="p284">detex</a></i> program
on <small><a href="chapter5.html#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A295" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> will strip a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file
of all markup and leave just the raw unformatted text, which
can then be re-edited. There are also programs to extract
the raw text from <small><a href="chapter4.html#DVI" class="acroref" name="A296" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> and <a name="PS" class="acroref">PostScript</a> (<small>PS</small>) files.
</p>
</div>
</div>
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