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<!DOCTYPE html
  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">

<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:01:22--><html>
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
   
      <title>Formatting information</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="typebook.css" type="text/css">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
   </head>
   <body>
      <title>Formatting information</title>
      <table width="100%">
         <tr>
            <th class="title" width="66%">
               <h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
               <h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
               <h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
               <h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
               </h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
            </th>
            <td class="toc" width="33%">
               <h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="#preface">Preface</a></dd>
               </dl>
               <ol>
                  <li class=""><a href="#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
               </ol>
               <ol type="A">
                  <li class=""><a href="#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
               </ol>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="#biblio">References</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="#index">Index</a></dd>
               </dl>
            </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td class="credits">
               <p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
                     	  Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
                  	have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
                  	individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
                  	2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
                  	fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
                  	constantly under development. There have been revisions to
                  	packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
                  	interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
                  	my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
                  	cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
                  	felt to be indispensable to users. &para;&nbsp;I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
                  	corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
                  	coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
                  	want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
                  	mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
                  	books on the market&nbsp;&#8212; as well as other online
                  	documents&nbsp;&#8212; dealing with mathematical typesetting in
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
                  	capable of. &para;&nbsp;The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
                  	rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
                  	chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
                  	acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
                  	been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
                  	been retested. &para;&nbsp;As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
                  	an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
                  	grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
                  	author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
                  	for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
                  	more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
                  	specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
                  	difficult for people who write technical documentation to
                  	remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
                  	familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
                  	lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
                  	more with the way in which we view and approach information,
                  	and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
                  	obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
                  	<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
                  	that I can correct&nbsp;it. 
                  <p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
            <td class="legal">
               <p>
                  <p>This document is Copyright &copy; 1999&#8211;2005 by
                     Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
                     Free Documentation License (copyleft).
                  </p>
                  <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
                     this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
                     License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
                     Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
                     Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
                     license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
                  </p>
                  <p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
                     without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
                     conditions in <a href="#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
                     asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
                     document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
                     inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
                     the full text of the License in <a href="#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
                     
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
      <div class="prelim">
         <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h3>
         <p>This book originally accompanied a 2-day course on using the
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesetting system. It has been extensively revised and
            updated and can now be used for self-study or in the classroom.
            It is aimed at users of Linux, Macintosh, or Microsoft Windows
            but it can be used with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems on any platform,
            including other Unix workstations, mainframes, and even your
            <a name="PDA" class="acroref">Personal Digital Assistant</a>&nbsp;(<small>PDA</small>).
         </p>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Who needs this book?
            </h4>
            <p>The audience for the original training course was assumed
               to be computer-literate and composed of professional,
               business, academic, technical, or administrative computer
               users. The readers of the book (you) are mostly assumed to be
               in a similar position, but may also come from many other
               backgrounds, including hobbyists, students, and just people
               interested in quality typesetting. You are expected to have
               one or more of the following or similar objectives:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>producing typesetter-quality formatting;</p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>formatting long, complex, highly-structured,
                     repetitive, or automatically-generated
                     documents;<sup><a href="#F1">1</a></sup></p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>saving time and effort by automating common
                     tasks;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>achieving or maintaining your independence from
                     specific makes or models of proprietary hardware,
                     software, or file formats (portability);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>using Open Source software (free of restrictions,
                     sometimes also free of charge).
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F1"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can easily be used for once-off or short
                     and simple documents as well, but its real strengths
                     lie in consistency and automation.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Skills needed
            </h4>
            <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a very easy system to learn, and requires no
               specialist knowledge, although literacy and some familiarity
               with the publishing process is useful. It is, however, assumed
               that you are completely fluent and familiar with using your
               computer before you start. Specifically, effective use of this
               document requires that you already know and understand the
               following very thoroughly:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>how to use a good plain-text
                     editor (<em>not</em> a wordprocessor like
                     <i><a name="p1">OpenOffice</a></i>,
                     <i><a name="p2">WordPerfect</a></i>, or Microsoft
                     <i><a name="p3">Word</a></i>, and
                     <em>not</em> a toy like Microsoft
                     <i><a name="p4">Notepad</a></i>);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>where to find all 95 of the printable <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A11" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> characters on your keyboard and
                     what they mean, and how to type accents and symbols, if
                     you use them;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>how to create, open, save,
                     close, rename, move, and delete files and folders
                     (directories);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>how to use a Web browser and/or <a name="FTP" class="acroref">File
                        Transfer Protocol</a>&nbsp;(<small>FTP</small>) program to
                     download and save files from the Internet;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>how to uncompress and unwrap (unzip or detar)
                     downloaded files.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>If you don't know how to do
               these things yet, it's important to go and learn them
               first. Trying to become familiar with the fundamentals of
               using a computer <em>at the same time</em> as
               learning <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is not likely to be as effective as doing
               them in order.
            </p>
            <p>These are not specialist
               	skills&nbsp;&#8212; they are all included in the <a name="ECDL" class="acroref">European Computer Driving
                  	  Licence</a>&nbsp;(<small>ECDL</small>) and the relevant sections of the <small><a href="#ECDL" class="acroref" name="A14" title="European Computer Driving Licence">ECDL</a></small> syllabus are noted in the margin
               	above, so they are well within the capability of anyone who
               	uses a computer.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Objectives of this book
            </h4>
            <p>By the end of this book, you should be able to undertake
               the following tasks:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>use a plain-text editor to create and maintain your
                     documents;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>add <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> markup to identify
                     your document structure and formatting
                     requirements;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>typeset <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents, correct simple formatting
                     errors, and display or print the results;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>identify, install, and use additional packages (using
                     <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A15" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> for downloading where
                     necessary);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>recognise the limitations of procedural markup systems
                     and choose appropriate generic markup methods where
                     appropriate.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Synopsis
            </h4>
            <p>The original course covered the following topics as
               separate sessions, which are represented in the book as
               chapters:
            </p>
            <ol type="1">
               <li>
                  <p>Where to get and how to install
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> (<i><a name="p5">te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>,
                     <i><a name="p6">fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>, or
                     <i><a name="p7">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a></i> from the
                     <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection disks);<a name="I1"></a><a name="I2"></a></p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>How to type <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents:
                     using an editor to create files
                     (half a dozen editors for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Basic structures (the Document Class Declaration and
                     its layout options; the document environment with sections
                     and paragraphs);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Typesetting, viewing, and printing;</p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The use of packages and <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A16" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>
                     to adapt formatting using standard tools;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Other document structures (lists, tables, figures,
                     images, and verbatim text);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Textual tools (footnotes, marginal notes,
                     cross-references, indexes and glossaries, and
                     bibliographic citations);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Typographic considerations (white-space and typefaces;
                     inline markup and font changes; extra font installation
                     and automation);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Programmability and automation (macros and modifying
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s behaviour);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Conversion and compatibility with other systems
                     (<small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A17" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>,
                     <i><a name="p8">Word</a></i>, etc.).
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ol>
            <p>A few changes have been made in the transition to printed
               and online form, but the basic structure is the same, and the
               document functions as a workbook for the course as well as a
               standalone self-teaching guide.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Where's the math?
            </h4>
            <p>It is important to note that
               the document <em>does not cover</em> mathematical
               typesetting, complex tabular material, the design of
               large-scale macros and document classes, or the finer points
               of typography or typographic design, although it does refer to
               these topics in passing on a few occasions.
            </p><a name="I3"></a><p>There are several other guides, introductions, and
               	&#8216;get-started&#8217; documents on the Web and
               	on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A18" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> which cover these topics and
               	more. Among the more popular are:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html" name="C9">Getting Started with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and friends</a></cite>, where all
                     beginners should start;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/" name="C10">The (Not So) Short Guide to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span> in 131 Minutes</a></cite> is a good
                     beginner's tutorial;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/" name="C11">A Gentle Introduction to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>: A Manual for Self-Study</a></cite> is a classic
                     tutorial on Plain <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf/" name="C12">Using imported graphics in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span></a></cite> shows you how
                     to do (almost) anything with graphics: side-by-side,
                     rotated, etc.;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html" name="C13">Short Math Guide for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></cite> gets you
                     started with the American Math Society's powerful
                     packages;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/" name="C14">A comprehensive list of symbols in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></cite> shows over
                     2,500 symbols available.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>This list was taken from the
               <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A19" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> search page. There are also
               lots of books published about <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: the most
               important of these for users of this document are listed in
               <a href="#docs">the last paragraph  in the Foreword</a>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="availability">Availability of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems</a></h4>
            <p>Because the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> program (the
               	&#8216;engine&#8217; which actually does the
               	typesetting) is separate from whichever editor you choose,
               	<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>-based systems are available in a variety of different
               	modes using different interfaces, depending on how you want to
               	use them.
            </p>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="gui">Graphical interface</a></h5>
               <p>The normal way to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is
                  to use a toolbar button (icon), a menu item, or a keystroke
                  in your editor. Click on it and your document gets saved and
                  typeset. All the other features of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems (the
                  typeset display, spellchecker, related programs like
                  <i><a name="p9">makeindex</a></i> and <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>) are run
                  the same way. This works both in a normal <a name="GUI" class="acroref">Graphical User Interface</a>&nbsp;(<small>GUI</small>) as well as in
                  text-only interfaces.
               </p>
               <p>In the popular <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> editors like
                  <i><a name="p10">Emacs</a></i>,
                  <i><a name="p11"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a></i>,
                  <i><a name="p12"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i>,
                  <i><a name="p13">WinShell</a></i>, or
                  <i><a name="p14">WinEdt</a></i>, a record of the
                  typesetting process is shown in an adjoining window so that
                  you can see the progress of pages being typeset, and any
                  errors or warnings that may occur.<sup><a href="#F2">2</a></sup></p>
            </div>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="cli">Command-line interface</a></h5>
               <p>However, the graphical interface
                  is useless if you want to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> unattended, as part of an
                  automated system, perhaps in a web server or e-commerce
                  environment, where there is no direct connection between
                  user and program. The underlying <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> engine is in fact
                  a <a name="CLI" class="acroref">Command-Line Interface</a>&nbsp;(<small>CLI</small>) program,
                  that is, it is used as a
                  &#8216;console&#8217; program which you run from
                  a standard Unix or Mac terminal or shell window (or from an
                  MS-DOS command window in Microsoft Windows systems). You
                  type the command
                  <code class="literal">latex</code> followed by the name of your
                  document file (see <a href="#clidemo"></a> in <a href="#cmdwin">section 4.1.2</a> for an example).
               </p>
               <p>Commands like these let you run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in an automated
                  	  environment like a
                  	  <a name="CGI" class="acroref">Common Gateway Interface</a>&nbsp;(<small>CGI</small>) script
                  	  on a web server or a batch file on a document system. All
                  	  the popular distributions for Unix and Windows, both free
                  	  and commercial, include this interface as standard
                  	  (te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, MiK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t,
                  	  PC-<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, True<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>,
                  	  etc.).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="displays">Typeset displays</a></h5>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> usually displays your
                  typeset results in a separate window, redisplayed
                  automatically every time the document is reprocessed,
                  because the typesetting is done separately from the editing.
                  Some systems, however, can format the typesetting while you
                  type, at the expense of some flexibility.
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b><a name="async">Asynchronous typographic displays</a></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>This method is called an <b><i><a name="asynchronous">asynchronous typographic
                                    display</a></i></b> because the typeset window only
                           updates <em>after</em> you have typed
                           something and reprocessed it, not
                           <em>while</em> you are still typing, as it
                           would with a wordprocessor.<sup><a href="#F3">3</a></sup></p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><a name="sync">Synchronous typographic displays</a></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p><a name="synchro"></a>Some distributions of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                           offer a <b><i><a name="synchronous">synchronous
                                    typographic interface</a></i></b>. In these, you type
                           directly into the typographic display, as with a
                           wordprocessor. Three popular examples are
                           <i><a name="p15">Textures</a></i>,
                           <i><a name="p16">Scientific Word</a></i>, and
                           <i><a name="p17">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i> (see table below).
                           At least one free version (<span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span>, see <a href="#lyxwin">Figure 2.1</a> in <a href="#editors">section 2.3</a>)
                           offers a similar interface.
                        </p>
                        <p>With a synchronous display
                           you get Instant Textual Gratification&#8482;, but your
                           level of control is restricted to that of the <small><a href="#GUI" class="acroref" name="A23" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a></small> you use, which cannot provide
                           access to everything that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can do. For
                           complete control of the formatting
                           you may still need access to your normal source
                           (input) file in the same way as for asynchronous
                           implementations.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Near-synchronous displays</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>There are several other
                           methods available free for Unix and some other systems
                           for close-to-synchronous updates of the typeset
                           display (including <a name="jf">Jonathan Fine</a>'s <i><a name="p18">Instant
                                 Preview</a></i> and the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> daemon), and
                           for embedding typographic fragments from the typeset 
                           display back into the editor window (<a name="dk">David Kastrup</a>'s <span class="package"><a name="m1">preview-latex</a></span>
                           package).
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="subsection">
               <h5><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="commercial">Commercial distributions</a></h5>
               <p>Whatever method you choose, the
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection CD and <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A24" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> are
                  	  not the only source of software. The vendors listed in <a href="#vendors">Table </a> offer excellent commercial
                  	  implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                  	  and if you are in a position where their enhanced support
                  	  and additional features are of benefit, I urge you to
                  	  support them. In most cases their companies, founders, and
                  	  staff have been good friends of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  communities for many years.<a name="I4"></a></p>
               <div align="center" class="table">
                  <table>
                     <caption><i>Table 1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="vendors">Popular commercial implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems</a></caption>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="93.60000000000001">Product</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="144">Platform</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="129.6">Company</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">URI</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">PC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Personal <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, Inc
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.pctex.com/"><tt>www.pctex.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">True<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">True <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="truetex.com/"><tt>truetex.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">Textures</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Apple Mac</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Blue Sky Research</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.bluesky.com/"><tt>www.bluesky.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">Scientific Word</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">Mackichan Software</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.mackichan.com/"><tt>www.mackichan.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" width="93.60000000000001" align="left">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">MS-Windows, Linux, OS/2</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="129.6" align="left">MicroPress, Inc</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><a href="www.micropress-inc.com/"><tt>www.micropress-inc.com/</tt></a></td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </div>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
               <li><a name="F2">Recent versions of some editors hide this display by
                     default unless errors occur in the typesetting.</a></li>
               <li><a name="F3">Among other reasons, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> typesets whole
                     paragraphs at a time, not line-by-line as lesser
                     systems do, in order to get the hyphenation and
                     justification (H&amp;J) right (see <a href="#handj">section 2.8</a>).
                     </a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="prodnote">Production note</a></h4>
            <p>This document is written and maintained in <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A25" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, using a customized version of the
               <i><a name="p19">DocBook</a></i>&nbsp;<small><a href="#DTD" class="acroref" name="A26" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a></small>. Conversions were made to <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A27" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> using <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A28" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> scripts and <a name="mk">Michael Kay</a>'s <i><a name="p20">Saxon</a></i>
               processor.
            </p>
            <p>The complete source, with all ancillary files, is
               available online at <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/src/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/src/</tt></a>
               but if you want to try processing it yourself you must install
               <i><a name="p21">Java</a></i> (from Sun, <small>IBM</small>, or a number of
               others) and <i><a name="p22">Saxon</a></i> (from <a href="http://saxon.sourceforge.net/"><tt>http://saxon.sourceforge.net/</tt></a>), in addition
               to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
            </p>
            <p>This document is published under the terms and conditions
               of the <small><a href="#GNU" class="acroref" name="A30" title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</a></small> Free Documentation
               License. Details are in <a href="#gfdl">this appendix</a>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="symbols">Symbols and conventions</a></h4>
            <p>The following typographic notations are used:</p>
            <div align="center"><a name="symboltable"></a><table>
                  <tr class="headfoot">
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Notation</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="504">Meaning</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c1">\command</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Control sequences which perform an
                        action, e.g. <code class="command"><a name="c2">\newpage</a></code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt>\<a name="d1">length</a></tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Control sequences which store a dimension
                        (measurement in units), e.g. <tt>\<a name="d2">parskip</a></tt></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l3">counter</a></i></tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Values used for counting (whole numbers, as
                        opposed to measuring in units), e.g. <tt><i><a name="l4">secnumdepth</a></i></tt></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><b><i><a name="term">term</a></i></b></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Defining instance of a
                        new term
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="environment"><a name="e1">environment</a></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> formatting environment
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="package"><a name="m2">package</a></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> package (available from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A31" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>)
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><i><a name="p23">product</a></i></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Program or product name</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">typewriter type</code></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Examples of source code (stuff you
                        type)
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:monospace; "><u>mybook</u></span> or <span style="font-family:monospace; font-style:italic; ">value</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Mnemonic examples of
                        things you have to supply real-life values for
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">x</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">A key on your keyboard</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">Ctrl</tt>&#8211;<tt class="keycap">x</tt>&nbsp;
                     </td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Two keys pressed together</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><tt class="keycap">Esc</tt>&#8201;<tt class="keycap">q</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Two keys pressed one after another</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="guiicon">Submit</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">On-screen button to click</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="guimenu">Menu</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">Item</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" width="504" align="left">Drop-down menu with items</td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>Examples of longer fragments of input are shown with a
               border round them. Where necessary, the formatted output is
               shown immediately beneath. Warnings are shown with a shaded
               background. Exercises are shown with a double border.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="prelim">
         <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="foreword">Foreword</a></h3>
         <p>As noted in <a href="#intro">this Introduction</a>,
            this document accompanies a two-day introductory training course.
            It became obvious from repeated questions in class and
            afterwards, as well as from general queries on <a href="news:comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a> that many people do
            not read the <small><a href="#FAQ" class="acroref" name="A32" title="Frequently-Asked Questions">FAQ</a></small>s, do not use the
            <small><a href="#TUG" class="acroref" name="A33" title="Users Group">TUG</a></small> web site, do not buy the books and
            manuals, do not use the newsgroups and mailing lists, and do not
            download the free documentation. Instead, they try to get by
            using the training technique known as &#8216;sitting by
            Nelly&#8217;, which involves looking over a
            colleague's shoulder in the office, lab, library, pub, or
            classroom, and absorbing all his or her bad habits.
         </p>
         <p>In the summer of 2001 I presented a short proposal on the
            marketing of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to the annual conference of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users
            Group held at the University of Delaware, and showed an example
            of a <a href="http://www.silmaril.ie/documents/latex-brochure/leaflet.pdf">draft 
               brochure</a> designed to persuade newcomers to try <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            for their typesetting requirements. As a result of questions and
            suggestions, it was obvious that it needed to include a pointer
            to some documentation, and I agreed to make available a revised
            form of this document, expanded to be used outside the
            classroom, and to include those topics on which I have had most
            questions from users over the years.
         </p>
         <p>It turned out to mean a significant
            reworking of a lot of the material. Some of it appears in almost
            every other manual and book on <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> but it is essential to
            the beginner and therefore bears repetition. Some of it appears
            other forms elsewhere, and is included here because it needs
            explaining better. And some of it appears nowhere else but this
            document. I took the opportunity to revise the structure of the
            training course in parallel with the book (expanding it from its
            original one day to two days), and to include a more
            comprehensive index. It is by no means perfect (in both senses),
            and I would be grateful for comments and corrections to be sent
            to me at the address given under the credits.
         </p>
         <p>I had originally hoped that the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> version of the
            document would be processable by any freshly-installed default
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> system, but the need to include font samples which go
            well beyond the default installation, and to use some packages
            which the new user is unlikely to have installed, means that
            this document itself is not really a simple piece of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
            however simply it may describe the process itself.
         </p>
         <p>However, as the careful reader will have already noticed,
            the master source of the document is not maintained in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            but in <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A34" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>. A future task is therefore
            to compare the packages required with those installed by
            default, and flag portions of the document requiring additional
            features so that an abbreviated version can be generated which
            can be guaranteed to process even with a basic <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            installation.
         </p>
         <p><a name="docs"></a>If you are just starting with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, at an early
            opportunity you should buy or borrow a copy of <cite><a href="#latexbook" name="C15"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: A Document Preparation System</a></cite> which is the original
            author's manual. More advanced users should get the
            <cite><a href="#companion" name="C16">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite> or one of its
            successors. In the same series there are also the <cite><a href="#graphicscomp" name="C17">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Graphics Companion</a></cite> and the <cite><a href="#webcomp" name="C18">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Web Companion</a></cite>. Mathematical users might want to
            read <cite><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html" name="C19">Short Math Guide for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></cite>.
         </p>
      </div>
      <div class="prelim">
         <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="preface">Preface</a></h3>
         <p>Many people discover <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> after
            years of struggling with wordprocessors and desktop publishing
            systems, and are amazed to find that <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> has been around for
            over 25 years and they hadn't heard of it. It's not a
            conspiracy, just &#8216;a well-kept secret known only to a few
            million people&#8217;, as one anonymous user has put
            it.
         </p>
         <p>Perhaps a key to why it has remained
            so popular is that it removes the need to fiddle with the
            formatting while you write. Although playing around with fonts
            and formatting is attractive to the newcomer, it is completely
            counter-productive for the serious author or editor who wants to
            concentrate on <em>writing</em>&nbsp;&#8212; ask any
            journalist or professional writer.
         </p>
         <p>A few years ago a new <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> user expressed concern on
            the <a href="comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a> newsgroup about
            &#8216;learning to write in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8217;. <a href="news:comp.text.tex/MPG.18d82140d65ddc5898968c@news.earthlink.net">Some 
               excellent advice</a> was posted in response to this query,
            which I reproduce with permission below [the bold text is my
            emphasis]:
         </p>
         <blockquote class="citation"><a name="K20">&nbsp;</a><tt>
               <p>No, the harder part might be <em>writing</em>,
                  period.  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>/<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is actually easy, once you relax and
                  stop worrying about appearance as a be-all-and-end-all. Many
                  people have become &#8216;Word Processing
                  Junkies&#8217; and <strong>no longer
                     &#8216;write&#8217; documents, they
                     &#8216;draw&#8217; them</strong>, almost at the
                  same level as a pre-literate 3-year old child might pretend to
                  &#8216;write&#8217; a story, but is just creating a
                  sequence of pictures with a pad of paper and box of
                  <i><a name="p24">Crayola</a></i>s&nbsp;&#8212; this is perfectly
                  normal and healthy in a 3-year old child who is being
                  creative, but is of questionable usefulness for, say, a grad
                  student writing a Master's or PhD thesis or a business
                  person writing a white paper, etc.  For this reason,
                  <em>I</em> strongly recommend
                  <em>not</em> using any sort of fancy <small><a href="#GUI" class="acroref" name="A35" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a></small>&nbsp;&#8216;crutch&#8217;.
                  Use a plain vanilla text editor and treat it like an
                  old-fashioned typewriter.  Don't waste time playing with
                  your mouse.
               </p>
               <p>Note: I am <em>not</em> saying that you should
                  have no concerns about the appearance of your document, just
                  that you should <em>write</em> the document
                  (completely) first and tweak the appearance
                  later...<em>not</em> [spend time on] lots of
                  random editing in the bulk of the document itself.
               </p></tt><p class="citation">  (11 March 2003), <cite><a href="#heller"><a href="newscomp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a></a></cite></p>
         </blockquote>
         <p>Learning to write well can be hard, but authors shouldn't
            have to make things even harder for themselves by using
            manually-driven systems which break their concentration every
            few seconds for some footling adjustment to the appearance,
            simply because the software is incapable of doing it right by
            itself.
         </p>
         <p><a name="mathtex"></a><a name="knuth">Don Knuth</a> originally wrote <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> to typeset mathematics for
            the second edition of his master-work <cite><a href="#aocs" name="C21">The Art of Computer Programming</a></cite>, and it remains pretty much the only
            typesetting program to include fully-automated mathematical
            formatting done the way mathematicians want it. But he also
            published a booklet called <cite><a href="#mathwrite" name="C22">Mathematical Writing</a></cite> which shows how
            important it is to think about what you write, and how the
            computer should be able to help, not hinder.
         </p>
         <p>And <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> is much more than math:
            it's a programmable typesetting system which can be used
            for almost any formatting task, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has made it usable by
            almost anyone. Professor Knuth generously placed the entire system in the
            public domain, so for many years there was no publicity of the
            commercial kind which would have got <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> noticed outside the
            technical field.
         </p>
         <p>Nowadays, however, there are many companies
            selling <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> software or services,<sup><a href="#F4">1</a></sup> dozens
            of publishers accepting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents for
            publication, and hundreds of thousands of users using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            for millions of documents.<sup><a href="#F5">2</a></sup></p>
         <p>To count yourself as a <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> or <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> user, visit the
            <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group's
            &#8216;<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Counter&#8217; web site 
            (and get a nice certificate!).
         </p>
         <p>There is occasionally some confusion among newcomers between
            the two main programs, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>:
         </p>
         <ul>
            <li>
               <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> is a typesetting program, originally written by
                  Prof Knuth at Stanford around 1978. It implements a
                  macro-driven typesetters' programming language of some
                  300 basic operations and it has formed the core of many
                  other <a name="DTP" class="acroref">desktop publishing</a>&nbsp;(<small>DTP</small>)
                  systems. Although it is still possible to write in the raw
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> language, you need to study it in depth, and you need
                  to be able to write macros (subprograms) to perform even the
                  simplest of repetitive tasks.
               </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a user interface for <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, designed by
                  <a name="lamport">Leslie  Lamport</a> at <a name="DEC" class="acroref">Digital Equipment
                     Corporation</a>&nbsp;(<small>DEC</small>) in 1985 to automate all the common
                  tasks of document preparation.  It provides a simple way for
                  authors and typesetters to use the power of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> without
                  having to learn the underlying language. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is the
                  recommended system for all users except professional
                  typographic programmers and computer scientists who want to
                  study the internals of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
               </p>
            </li>
         </ul>
         <p>Both <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> have been
            constantly updated since their inception.  Knuth has now frozen
            development of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> engine so that users and developers
            can have a virtually bug-free, rock-stable platform to work
            with.<sup><a href="#F6">3</a></sup> Typographic programming development continues with
            the <a name="NTS" class="acroref">New Typesetting System</a>&nbsp;(<small>NTS</small>), planned
            as a successor to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>. The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>3 project has taken over
            development of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and the current version is
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>, which is what we are concentrating on here. Details
            of all developments can be had from the <small><a href="#TUG" class="acroref" name="A40" title="Users Group">TUG</a></small> at <a href="http://www.tug.org"><tt>http://www.tug.org</tt></a></p>
         <div align="center" class="sidebar">
            <table width="75%">
               <tr>
                  <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                     <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="myths">Debunking the mythology</a></h3>
                     <p>Naturally, over all the years, a few myths have grown up
                        around <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, often propagated by people who should know
                        better. So, just to clear up any potential
                        misunderstandings...
                     </p>
                     <blockquote>
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has only got one
                                 font&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Most <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems can use any OpenType,
                                 TrueType, Adobe (<a name="t2">PostScript</a>)
                                 Type1 or Type3, or METAFONT font. This is more than
                                 most other known typesetting system.
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s default font is Computer Modern (based
                                 on Monotype Series&nbsp;8: see
                                 <a href="#fontable-mf">the table  in section 8.2</a>), not Times Roman, and some
                                 people get upset because it &#8216;looks
                                 different&#8217; to Times. Typefaces differ:
                                 that's what they're for&nbsp;&#8212; get used to it.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> isn't <small><a href="#WYSIWYG" class="acroref" name="A41" title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</a></small>&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Simply not true. <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A42" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small>
                                 and <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A43" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> preview is better
                                 <small><a href="#WYSIWYG" class="acroref" name="A44" title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</a></small> than any wordprocessor
                                 and most <small><a href="#DTP" class="acroref" name="A45" title="desktop publishing">DTP</a></small> systems. What
                                 people mean is that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s typographic display
                                 is asynchronous with the edit window. This is only true
                                 for the default <small><a href="#CLI" class="acroref" name="A46" title="Command-Line Interface">CLI</a></small>
                                 implementations. See <a href="#synchro">the first paragraph  in section 3 of the Introduction</a> for details of synchronous
                                 versions.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is obsolete&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Quite the opposite: it's under constant
                                 development, with new features being added almost
                                 weekly. Check the <a href="news:comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a> for messages about recent
                                 uploads to <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A47" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>. It's
                                 arguably more up-to-date than most other systems:
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> had the Euro (&#8364;) before anyone else, it had
                                 Inuktitut typesetting before the Inuit got their own
                                 province in Canada, and it still produces better
                                 mathematics than anything else.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </blockquote>
                  </td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <div align="center" class="sidebar">
            <table width="75%">
               <tr>
                  <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                     <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="myths2">More mythology</a></h3>
                     <blockquote>
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a Unix system&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>People are also heard saying:
                                 &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a Windows system&#8217;,
                                 &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is a Mac system&#8217;, etc.,
                                 etc.&nbsp;<i>ad nauseam</i>.
                                 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems run on almost every computer in use, from
                                 some of the biggest supercomputers down to handhelds
                                 (<small><a href="#PDA" class="acroref" name="A48" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a></small>s like the Sharp
                                 <i><a name="p25">Zaurus</a></i>). That includes
                                 Windows and Linux PCs, Macs, and all other Unix systems.
                                 If you're using something <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> doesn't run
                                 on, it must be either incredibly new, incredibly old, or
                                 unbelievably obscure.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is &#8216;too
                                 difficult&#8217;&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>This has been heard from
                                 physicists who can split atoms; from mathematicians who
                                 can explain why <span class="math">&#960;</span> exists; from business people who can
                                 read a balance sheet; from historians who can grasp
                                 Byzantine politics; from librarians who can understand
                                 LoC and MARC; and from linguists who can decode Linear
                                 &#8216;B&#8217;. It's nonsense: most people grasp
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in 20 minutes or so. It's not rocket
                                 science (or if it is, I know any number of unemployed
                                 rocket scientists who will teach it to you).
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                           <dt><b>MYTH: &#8216;<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is &#8216;only for
                                 scientists and
                                 mathematicians&#8217;&#8217;</b></dt>
                           <dd>
                              <p>Untrue. Although it grew up
                                 in the mathematical and computer science fields, two of
                                 its biggest growth areas are in the humanities and
                                 business, especially since the rise of <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A49" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> brought new demands for automated
                                 web-based typesetting.
                              </p>
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </blockquote>
                  </td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <ol class="footnotes" start="">
            <li><a name="F4">See, for example, the list of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> vendors on <a href="#vendors">Table </a>, and the list of consultants
                  published by <small><a href="#TUG" class="acroref" name="A36" title="Users Group">TUG</a></small>.</a></li>
            <li><a name="F5">A guesstimate. With free software it's impossible
                  to tell how many people are using it, but it's a
                  <em>lot</em>.</a></li>
            <li><a name="F6">Knuth still fixes bugs, although the chances of finding
                  a bug in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> these days approaches zero.</a></li>
         </ol>
      </div>
      <ol class="footnotes" start="">
         <li><a name="F1"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can easily be used for once-off or short
               and simple documents as well, but its real strengths
               lie in consistency and automation.</a></li>
         <li><a name="F2">Recent versions of some editors hide this display by
               default unless errors occur in the typesetting.</a></li>
         <li><a name="F3">Among other reasons, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> typesets whole
               paragraphs at a time, not line-by-line as lesser
               systems do, in order to get the hyphenation and
               justification (H&amp;J) right (see <a href="#handj">section 2.8</a>).
               </a></li>
      </ol>
      <ol class="footnotes" start="">
         <li><a name="F4">See, for example, the list of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> vendors on <a href="#vendors">Table </a>, and the list of consultants
               published by <small><a href="#TUG" class="acroref" name="A36" title="Users Group">TUG</a></small>.</a></li>
         <li><a name="F5">A guesstimate. With free software it's impossible
               to tell how many people are using it, but it's a
               <em>lot</em>.</a></li>
         <li><a name="F6">Knuth still fixes bugs, although the chances of finding
               a bug in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> these days approaches zero.</a></li>
      </ol>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="get">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">1</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#editdis">Editing and display</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#lininst">Installation for Linux and Unix</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#macinst">Installation for Apple Mac</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#wininst">Installation for Microsoft Windows</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table><a name="I5"></a><a name="I6"></a><a name="I7"></a><a name="I8"></a><a name="I9"></a><a name="I10"></a><a name="I11"></a><a name="I12"></a><a name="I13"></a><a name="I14"></a><p>This course is based on using one of
            the following distributions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> on the 2004 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
            Collection DVD or the 2003 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live CD:
         </p>
         <blockquote>
            <dl>
               <dt><b>te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></b></dt>
               <dd>
                  <p>for Linux and other Unix-like systems, including Mac
                     OS&#8201;X (<a name="esser">Thomas Esser</a>);
                  </p>
               </dd>
               <dt><b>pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</b></dt>
               <dd>
                  <p>for Microsoft Windows (<a name="tf">Thomas Feuerstack</a>), based on <a name="cs">Christian Schenk</a>'s
                     Mik<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>;
                  </p>
               </dd>
               <dt><b>fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></b></dt>
               <dd>
                  <p>for Microsoft Windows (<a name="popineau">Fabrice  Popineau</a>) from the 2003 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live CD.
                  </p>
               </dd>
            </dl>
         </blockquote>
         <p>Many other implementations of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>,
            such as <a name="tk">Tom Kiffe</a>'s CMac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> for the Apple Macintosh, can be
            downloaded from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A50" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is
            included with all modern distributions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
         </p>
         <p>The <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection CD is issued
            annually on behalf of most of the local <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> user groups
            around the world (see <a href="http://www.tug.org/lugs.html"><tt>http://www.tug.org/lugs.html</tt></a> for addresses),
            and edited by <a name="sr">Sebastian Rahtz</a>, <a name="kb">Karl Berry</a>, <a name="ml">Manfred Lotz</a>, and the authors of the software mentioned above.
            These people give an enormous amount of their personal time and
            energy to building and distributing these systems, and they
            deserve the thanks and support of the user community for all
            they do.
         </p>
         <p>There are many other distributions of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> both free and
            commercial, as described in <a href="#intro">this Introduction</a>: they all process <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> identically, but
            there are some differences in size, speed, packaging, and (in
            the case of commercial distributions) price, support, and extra
            software provided.
         </p>
         <p>One final thing before we start: publicly-maintained
            software like <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> is updated faster than commercial software,
            so <em>always check to see if there is a more recent
               version of the installation</em>. See <a href="#latest">the item &#8216;Use the latest versions&#8217; in section 1.4.3</a> for more details.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#get"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.1 <a name="editdis">Editing and display</a></h2>
            <p>When you install <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> you will
               have the opportunity to decide  <i>a</i>)&nbsp;which plain-text editor[s] you want to use to create
               and maintain your documents;  and <i>b</i>)&nbsp;which preview programs you want to use to see your
               typesetting. This isn't much use to you if you're
               unfamiliar with editors and previewers, so have a look at the
               table below, and maybe flip ahead to <a href="#editors">section 2.3</a> for a moment, where there are
               descriptions and screenshots.
            </p>
            <p>The best bet is probably to install more than one&nbsp;&#8212; if
               you've got the disk space&nbsp;&#8212; or maybe all of them, because
               you can always delete the ones you don't like.
            </p>
            <blockquote>
               <dl>
                  <dt><b>Editors</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>There is a wide range of editors available: probably
                        no other piece of software causes more flame-wars in
                        Internet and other discussions than your choice of
                        editor. It's a highly personal choice, so feel free
                        to pick the one you like. My personal biases are
                        probably revealed below, so feel equally free to ignore
                        them.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>Previewers</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>For displaying your
                        typesetting before printing, you will need a previewer.
                        All systems come with a <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A51" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small>
                        previewer for standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                        but if you are intending to produce industry-standard
                        <a name="t3">PostScript</a> or <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A52" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> (Adobe Acrobat) files you will
                        need a previewer for those formats.
                        <i><a name="p26">GSview</a></i> displays both
                        <a name="t4">PostScript</a> and <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A53" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> files;
                        <i><a name="p27">xpdf</a></i> and Adobe's own
                        <i><a name="p28">Acrobat Reader</a></i> just display
                        <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A54" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> files.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
               </dl>
            </blockquote>
            <p>For brief details of some of the most popular editors used
               	for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, see <a href="#editors">section 2.3</a>.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="warning">
               <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="pdfurl">Additional downloads</a></h4>
               <p>For licensing reasons, the
                  <i><a name="p29">GSview</a></i> PostScript/PDF previewer,
                  the <i><a name="p30">Acrobat Reader</a></i> PDF previewer,
                  and the <i><a name="p31">WinEdt</a></i> editor could not
                  be distributed on the 2003 CDs. In those cases you have to
                  download and install them separately.
               </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p><i><a name="p32">GSview</a></i> is available for
                        all platforms from <a href="http://www.ghostscript.com/gsview/index.htm"><tt>http://www.ghostscript.com/gsview/index.htm</tt></a>
                        (on Unix and VMS systems it's also available as
                        <i><a name="p33">GhostView</a></i> and
                        <i><a name="p34">gv</a></i>: see <a href="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/"><tt>http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/</tt></a>)
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><i><a name="p35">Acrobat Reader</a></i> (all
                        platforms) can be downloaded from <a href="http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html"><tt>http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html</tt></a></p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><i><a name="p36">WinEdt</a></i> (Microsoft Windows
                        only) comes from <a href="http://www.winedt.com"><tt>http://www.winedt.com</tt></a></p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
            </blockquote>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#get"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.2 <a name="lininst">Installation for Linux and Unix</a></h2>
            <p>Make sure your system libraries and utilities are up to
               date. If you are using Red Hat Linux, use
               <i><a name="p37">yum</a></i> or
               <i><a name="p38">up2date</a></i> to download and install
               updates. For Debian and other distributions, use
               <i><a name="p39">apt-get</a></i> or similar. On Red Hat
               systems, remove any RPM version of te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and associated
               utilities which may have been
               preinstalled, in order to avoid version conflicts.
            </p>
            <p>If you are installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live to a new partition, and
               you have the opportunity to reformat the partition before use,
               use <i><a name="p40">mkfs</a></i> with a granularity as
               small as it will go (usually 1024 bytes). This avoids the
               partition running out of inodes because <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> uses very large
               numbers of very small files.
            </p>
            <p>Plan the installation carefully if you are installing for
               multiple users (a shared machine): read <a href="#pkginst">section 5.2</a> for some comments on where to put additional
               files downloaded later, and see the FAQ on the same topic at
               <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=wherefiles"><tt>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=wherefiles</tt></a></p>
            <p>Above all, <a name="RTFM" class="acroref">Read The Fine
                  Manual</a>&nbsp;(<small>RTFM</small>). The documentation is in
               <code>live.html</code> and
               <code>live.pdf</code> on the disk in the directory
               <code>texlive2004/texmf-doc/doc/english/texlive-en/</code></p>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 1.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name=""><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live installation manual</a></caption>
               <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="tlcdoc.png" width="75%"></div>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <blockquote><pre>
# cd /<code><u>mnt/cdrom</u></code>/texlive2004
# sh install-tl.sh
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>The installer runs in a shell window, so it can be done
               	even from headless systems (those with no X Window client),
               	but it does need to be installed as root if you want to stick
               	with the default directory locations or install it system-wide
               	for multiple users. To install, just type the commands shown
               	above.
            </p>
            <p>The options are mostly self-explanatory, and beginners
               should pick the recommended scheme and leave all other
               settings at their defaults. The character-driven interface
               lets you browse around the settings changing things and
               looking at options before you commit to installing
               anything.
            </p>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 1.2</i>:&nbsp;<a name="">The Unix installation program</a></caption>
               <blockquote><pre class="scriptsize">
==================&gt; TeX Live installation procedure &lt;=================

===&gt; Note: Letters/digits in &lt;angle brackets&gt; indicate menu items &lt;===
===&gt;       for commands or configurable options                   &lt;===

    Proposed platform: Intel x86 with GNU/Linux
    &lt;P&gt; over-ride system detection and choose platform
    &lt;B&gt; binary systems:         1 out of 10
    &lt;S&gt; Installation scheme (scheme_recommended)
    [customizing installation scheme:
       &lt;C&gt; standard collections   &lt;L&gt; language collections]
    20 out of 75, disk space required: 246857 kB
    &lt;D&gt; directories:
      TEXDIR      (The main TeX directory)        : /usr/TeX
      TEXMFLOCAL  (Directory for local styles etc): /usr/TeX/texmf-local
      VARTEXMF    (Directory for local config)    : /usr/TeX/texmf-var
    &lt;O&gt; options:
       [ ] alternate directory for generated fonts ()
       [ ] create symlinks in standard directories
       [ ] do not install macro/font doc tree
       [ ] do not install macro/font source tree
    &lt;R&gt; do not install files, set up to run off CD or DVD
    &lt;I&gt; start installation
    &lt;H&gt; help,  &lt;Q&gt; quit

Enter command:
          </pre></blockquote>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <p>&#8216;Collections&#8217; (the <i><a name="v5">C</a></i> and
               	<i><a name="v6">L</a></i> options) are groups of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages
               	that you can include or exclude. It's best to leave this
               	alone unless you know you need something specific. The only
               	options I sometimes set are under <i><a name="v7">O</a></i>: the
               	&#8216;alternate directory for generated fonts&#8217; may
               	need to be on a different partition for performance reasons on
               	a shared system; and I always select &#8216;create symlinks in
               	  standard directories&#8217; so that the system works
               	immediately after the post-installation configuration (after
               	installation, run <i><a name="p41">texconfig</a></i> to
               	adjust your local settings.
            </p>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 1.3</i>:&nbsp;<a name="">Running the post-installation program
                     <i><a name="p42">texconfig</a></i></a></caption>
               <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="texconfig.png" width="75%"></div>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <p>Note that the Linux/Unix installation does not install any
               editors: it is assumed you can do this yourself from your
               distribution's standard package system (most likely
               you will already be using <i><a name="p43">Emacs</a></i> or
               <i><a name="p44">vi</a></i> anyway).
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#get"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.3 <a name="macinst">Installation for Apple Mac</a></h2>
            <p>This is exactly the same interface as for the Linux/Unix
               installation. You need the <i><a name="p45">bash</a></i>
               shell (see the warning in the manual for users of older systems).
            </p>
            <p>There is a choice of graphical editors for the Mac: two
               are included on the DVD, <i><a name="p46"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>Shop</a></i>
               and <i><a name="p47">I<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>Mac</a></i>, but they need to be
               installed separately, after installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#get"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.4 <a name="wininst">Installation for Microsoft Windows</a></h2>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 1.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name=""><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection 2004 DVD</a></caption>
               <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="tcdvddir.png" width="75%"></div>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <p>Before you install <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, make
               sure you have enough disk space: the default installation
               takes about 350Mb on a modern filesystem. The installation
               assumes you have a fully updated version of Windows, so visit
               the Microsoft Web site first (<a href="http://www.microsoft.com/"><tt>http://www.microsoft.com/</tt></a>) and click on
               <i><a name="p48">Windows Update</a></i>. Select and install
               all the relevant updates for your operating system (Windows
               95, 98, ME, 2000, NT, or XP). You should be doing this
               regularly anyway, to keep your system healthy. You may want to
               run <i><a name="p49">ScanDisk</a></i> and give your hard
               disks a full surface check. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> consists of a very large
               number of quite small files, so it's important that your
               disk is in good order.
            </p>
            <p>When you insert the distribution
               DVD or CD, it should start the setup program automatically. If
               you have auto-run turned off, open <i><a name="p50">My
                     Computer</a></i>, double-click on the DVD or CD drive,
               and then double-click <i><a name="p51">Autorun</a></i> to
               start the setup program.<sup><a href="#F7">1</a></sup></p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F7">Some builds of Windows seem to have a bug that stops
                     <i><a name="p52">Autorun</a></i> starting the
                     installation. In that case (for the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection 2004
                     DVD) double-click <code>Setup.exe</code> instead,
                     or (for the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                     Collection 2003 CD) go to the <code>tpm</code>
                     folder and double-click on
                     <code>TeXSetup.exe</code>.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.4.1 pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t (<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection 2004)
               </h3>
               <p>For pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t from the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  Collection DVD, follow the instructions in the PDF
                  documentation which opens automatically when you start
                  the setup.
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 1.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t comes with its own installation
                        guide</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="tcptpdf.png" width="50%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>The documentation contains links (in large blue type)
                  that you click on in sequence to run the installation
                  process. (This is actually very good: everything worked
                  first time when I did it on XP.) Basically, you need to
                  install  <i>a</i>)&nbsp;<i><a name="p53">MIK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>;  <i>b</i>)&nbsp;<strong>either</strong>&nbsp;<i><a name="p54">WinEdt</a></i>
                  (with or without some of its add-ons) <strong>or</strong>&nbsp;<i><a name="p55"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i>;  and <i>c</i>)&nbsp;<i><a name="p56">GhostScript</a></i> and
                  <i><a name="p57">GSview</a></i>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">You only need to install items <a href="#nldi">step 3</a>
                     	    to <a href="#td">step 5</a> if you install
                     	    <i><a name="p58">WinEdt</a></i>.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 1.2</i>:&nbsp;<a name="tcpt1">First document in
                        <i><a name="p59"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i></a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="tcptfirstdoc.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <ol>
                  <li><b>Install <i><a name="p60">MIK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i></b><br><p><i><a name="p61">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a></i> uses the
                        <i><a name="p62">MIK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i> distribution as its
                        core, a long-established and popular distribution for
                        Windows.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Install <i><a name="p63">WinEdt</a></i></b><br><p>This is optional: it's a good editor,
                        especially for the heavy user of a
                        <i><a name="p64">MIK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>-based system. This is
                        a free month's trial&nbsp;&#8212; after that it reminds you to cough
                        up and register.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="nldi">Install the <i><a name="p65">WinEdt</a></i> New <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Document Interface</a></b><br><p>Optional again, and only applicable if you installed
                        <i><a name="p66">WinEdt</a></i> anyway. It lets you
                        save commonly-used document settings for use in other
                        documents of the same type.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Install the <i><a name="p67">WinEdt</a></i>
                        Graphics Interface</b><br><p>Another optional add-on for
                        <i><a name="p68">WinEdt</a></i> to provide drag-and-drop
                        graphics insertion.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="td">Install the <i><a name="p69">WinEdt</a></i> Table
                           Designer</a></b><br><p>Last optional add-on for
                        <i><a name="p70">WinEdt</a></i>, providing a new table editor.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Install <i><a name="p71"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i></b><br><p>This is a free equivalent to
                        <i><a name="p72">WinEdt</a></i>. The interface is
                        slightly different (see <a href="#tcpt1">Figure 1.2</a>) but it
                        is becoming very popular.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Install <i><a name="p73">GhostScript</a></i> and
                        <i><a name="p74">GSview</a></i></b><br><p>These are essential for viewing the PostScript and
                        PDF output, especially if you don't have any other PDF
                        viewer installed.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>You get a choice of editors,
                  but the one which features in
                  <i><a name="p75">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a></i> is 
                  <i><a name="p76"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i>. This is an
                  <a name="IDE" class="acroref">Integrated Development
                     Environment</a>&nbsp;(<small>IDE</small>) which lets you manage all the files
                  related to each document. In many cases, of course, you'll
                  only have one (the text itself) but if you are working with
                  anything beyond simple articles, you'll probably have
                  illustrations (images or diagrams), and possibly separate
                  chapter files for larger documents, plus indexes,
                  glossaries, bibliographies, etc. I recommend that you create
                  a new project for each new document, even if it's a
                  single-file article, as I did for the example in <a href="#tcpt1">Figure 1.2</a>.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.4.2 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live (<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection 2003)
               </h3>
               <ol>
                  <lh>Once the installation program is running:</lh>
                  <li><b><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></b><br><p>Install <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> itself from the
                        <span class="guimenu">TeXLive Software</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">Install on
                           Hard Disk</span> menu. If you're new to
                        <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, pick Quick Install on the following screen. This
                        gives you everything you need to get started, and
                        doesn't ask any questions, it just installs it all
                        straight away.
                     </p>
                     <p>If you're installing under Windows NT, 2000, or
                        XP, you may want to click on the option to install for
                        all users if you have other users on your system.
                     </p>
                     <p>If you want to use <i><a name="p77">Emacs</a></i>
                        as your editor, click the option for Xem<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        Support.<sup><a href="#F8">2</a></sup></p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Emacs</b><br><p>After installation, right-click and drag
                        <code>Xemacs.exe</code> from the
                        <code>C:\Program Files\TeXLive\bin\win32</code>
                        folder out onto your desktop and let go, then pick
                        &#8216;Create Shortcut&#8217;. This places
                        <i><a name="p79">Emacs</a></i> on your desktop for
                        easy access.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>WinShell and WinEdt</b><br><p>If you want to install
                        <i><a name="p80">WinShell</a></i>, run the installer
                        program in the <code>support/winshell</code>
                        directory. For <i><a name="p81">WinEdt</a></i> you
                        must go to their Web site (<a href="http://www.winedt.com/"><tt>http://www.winedt.com/</tt></a>) for a
                        downloadable version.
                     </p>
                     <p>You don't have to install just one editor: if
                        you've got the space, install them all so you can
                        try them out. You can always uninstall the ones you
                        don't want afterwards.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>GSView</b><br><p>Ghostscript is installed automatically, but for
                        <i><a name="p82">GSView</a></i> you need to go to
                        <a href="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/"><tt>http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/gsview/</tt></a>,
                        and download the most recent version.
                     </p>
                     <p>If you use <i><a name="p83">GSView</a></i>, please
                        register your copy with Ghostgum, Pty.&nbsp;(<a href="http://www.ghostgum.com.au/"><tt>http://www.ghostgum.com.au/</tt></a>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">Please read the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live update pages at <a href="http://www.tug.org/texlive/bugs.html"><tt>http://www.tug.org/texlive/bugs.html</tt></a> for
                     details of any changes since the disks were released, and
                     download and install any additional software
                     required.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
                  <li><a name="F8">Note this unfortunate choice of name is nothing
                        to do with <a name="em">Eberhard Matthes</a>' MS-DOS implementation of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        called em<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;&#8212; the &#8216;Xem&#8217; is
                        short for <i><a name="p78">Xemacs</a></i>.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>1.4.3 Installation problems
               </h3>
               <p>It's always annoying when a program that's supposed to
                  install painlessly causes trouble, and none the more so when
                  everyone else seems to have been able to install it without
                  problems. I've installed <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> hundreds of times and very
                  rarely had any difficulties, but these are a few of the
                  occasions when I did.
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b>Bad hard disks</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>As recommended in <a href="#wininst">section 1.4</a>, run a
                           scan and defragmentation of your hard disk[s] before
                           you start. It should take under an hour on a modern
                           machine unless you have a very large disk, and it may
                           need overnight on an older machine. Clean your CD or DVD
                           drive if it's been in heavy use. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> uses a very
                           large number of very small files, so there is a lot of
                           disk activity during an installation. As also
                           recommended in <a href="#lininst">section 1.2</a>, if you have
                           the chance to reformat the hard disk, pick the
                           smallest granularity (cluster size) possible.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Registry errors</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>This only affects Microsoft Windows users. The
                           Registry is where Microsoft want software companies
                           automatically to store details of all the programs you
                           install.  Unfortunately the Registry is grossly abused
                           by marketing departments to try and foist undesirable
                           links on you, the user.  You will see this with many
                           commercial programs, where a particular type of file
                           you've been able to double-click on for years suddenly
                           runs a different program.  Some programs install
                           obsolete or broken copies of program libraries (DLL
                           files), overwriting ones which were working perfectly.
                           Worse, the viruses, trojans, and worms which typically
                           infect unprotected Windows systems can leave unwanted
                           links to web pages, or change some of the ways in
                           which Windows operates. The overall effect can be that
                           the whole machine slows down, or that files which are
                           expected to do one thing do another.  The best
                           solution is a thorough Registry clean-out, using one
                           of the many programs available for the purpose.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><a name="latest">Use the latest versions</a></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Before installing, check the <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A57" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> web site (<a href="http://www.ctan.org/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/</tt></a> for any updated
                           copy of the installation program. This is called
                           <code>install-tl.sh</code> for Linux and Mac
                           systems, and <code>Setup.exe</code> for
                           Microsoft Windows (on the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection 2003 CD it
                           was called <code>TeXSetup.exe</code>).  Just
                           occasionally a bug slips through onto the production
                           CD or DVD, and although it's always fixed and notified
                           on <a href="news:comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a>,
                           that's a high-volume newsgroup and even the sharpest
                           eyes may miss an announcement.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Stick to the defaults</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Unless you're a computer scientist or a software
                           engineer, I suggest you never change or fiddle with
                           the default directories for installation.  I know some
                           of them look odd, but they're that way for a purpose,
                           especially when it comes to avoiding directories will
                           spaces in their names, like the notorious
                           <code class="literal">C:\Program Files</code>. Although most
                           modern systems cope happily with spaces in filenames
                           and directory names, they are usually A Bad Design
                           Idea, and should be avoided like the plague (spaces
                           are forbidden in web addresses for the same reason:
                           the people who designed them knew the pitfalls). It
                           may look snazzier to put the installation in
                           <code class="literal">My Cute Stuff</code>, but please
                           don't: you'll just make it harder to find, harder to
                           fix problems, and more embarrassing if you have to
                           explain it to someone else trying to help you.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="plaintext">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">2</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Using your editor to create documents</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#mark-up">Markup</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#quickstart">Quick start for the impatient</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#editors">Editors</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#commands"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#specials">Special characters</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#quotes">Quotation marks</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#accents">Accents</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#handj">Dimensions, hyphenation, justification, and breaking</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#math">Mathematics</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents are all <b><i><a name="plain-text">plain-text</a></i></b> files.<sup><a href="#F9">1</a></sup>  You can edit them with any editor, and transfer
            them to any other computer system running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and they will
            format exactly the same. Because they are plain text they cannot
            corrupt your system, as they cannot be used for hiding or
            transporting virus infections as binary wordprocessor files can.
            Everything you can see is in the file and everything in the file
            is there for you to see: there is nothing hidden or secret and
            there are no manufacturers' proprietary
            &#8216;gotchas&#8217; like suddenly going out of date
            with a new version.
         </p>
         <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
            <li><a name="F9">&#8216;Plain-text&#8217;
                  	  originally meant just the 95 printable characters of the
                  	  <a name="ASCII" class="acroref">American Standard Code for Information
                     	    Interchange</a>&nbsp;(<small>ASCII</small>)&nbsp;&#8212; see <a href="#asciicodes">Table C.1</a>&nbsp;&#8212; but now more commonly includes
                  	  both these <em>and</em> the relevant 8-bit
                  	  characters from <em>one</em> (only) character
                  	  set such as ISO-8859-1 (Western Latin&#8211;1) or
                  	  ISO-8859-15 (Western Latin plus the Euro sign). These are
                  	  international standards which work everywhere: you should
                  	  avoid using manufacturers' proprietary character sets
                  	  like Microsoft Windows&#8211;1252 or Apple Macintosh
                  	  Roman&#8211;8, because they may make your documents unusable
                  	  on some other systems.</a></li>
         </ol>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.1 <a name="mark-up">Markup</a></h2>
            <p>In a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document, you type your text along with
               	<b><i><a name="markup">markup</a></i></b> which identifies the
               	important parts of your document by name, for example
               	&#8216;title&#8217;, &#8216;section&#8217;,
               	&#8216;figure&#8217;, etc. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> does all the formatting
               	for you automatically, using the markup to guide its internal
               	rules and external stylesheets for typesetting.
            </p>
            <div align="center" class="sidebar">
               <table width="75%">
                  <tr>
                     <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                        <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="">Markup</a></h3>
                        <p>This is a term from printing, and originally meant the
                           	  notes on how to lay the document out, or the instructions
                           	  which a proofreader might add during correction. It now also
                           	  means instructions or descriptions added to a computer
                           	  document to act as guidelines for identification or
                           	  formatting. Markup has been around for
                           	  <em>ages</em>.
                        </p>
                        <div align="center">
                           <table>
                              <tr>
                                 <td valign="top" align="left">
                                    <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="55-1L-part.png" width="288"></div>
                                 </td>
                                 <td valign="top" width="108" align="left" class="" colspan="2"><cite><a href="#tain" name="C23">Leabhar na h-Uidhri: The Book of the Dun Cow</a></cite></td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td valign="top" align="left">
                                    <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="23-part.png" width="288"></div>
                                 </td>
                                 <td valign="top" width="108" align="left" class="" colspan="2"><cite><a href="#varmints" name="C24">Scribner's Magazine</a></cite></td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">.h1 Interest Rates</code></td>
                                 <td valign="top" width="108" align="left" class="">Runoff</td>
                                 <td valign="top" align="right"><i>c.</i>1970
                                 </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">\section{Interest
                                       		    Rates}</code></td>
                                 <td valign="top" width="108" align="left" class=""><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></td>
                                 <td valign="top" align="right">1984</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">&lt;sec&gt;&lt;ttl&gt;Interest
                                       		    Rates&lt;/ttl&gt;...</code></td>
                                 <td valign="top" width="108" align="left" class=""><small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A59" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small></td>
                                 <td valign="top" align="right">1985</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                 <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">&lt;H1&gt;Interest
                                       		    Rates&lt;/H1&gt;</code></td>
                                 <td valign="top" width="108" align="left" class=""><small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A60" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small></td>
                                 <td valign="top" align="right">1991</td>
                              </tr>
                           </table>
                        </div>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>You do not need to format any of your text <em>in
                  	  your editor</em>, because <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> does it
               	all by itself when it typesets. You can of course regularise
               	or neaten its appearance <em>in your editor</em>
               	for ease of editing (for example, keeping each item in a list
               	on a separate line), but this is not required.
            </p>
            <p>You will often hear <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> markup referred to as
               	&#8216;commands&#8217; or sometimes &#8216;control
               	  sequences&#8217; (the proper <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nical term for them).
               	For
               	all practical purposes these terms all mean the same
               	thing.
            </p>
            <p>This course assumes that users have one of
               	<i><a name="p84"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a></i>,
               	<i><a name="p85"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i>,
               	<i><a name="p86">WinShell</a></i>, or
               	<i><a name="p87">WinEdt</a></i> (Windows only), or
               	<i><a name="p88">Emacs</a></i> or <span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span> (any platform)
               	installed. These are discussed briefly in <a href="#editors">section 2.3</a>, and the menus and toolbars for running
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> are explained in <a href="#process">Chapter 4</a>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.2 <a name="quickstart">Quick start for the impatient</a></h2>
            <p>If you already know all this stuff about editors and
               plain-text files and running programs, and you know your system
               is already correctly installed (including your editor),
               you'd probably like to type something in and see <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               do its job. If you don't, then skip forward to <a href="#commands">section 2.4</a> and read a bit more about <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               first.
            </p>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="sampledoc">Sample document</a></caption>
               <blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{palatino,url}
\begin{document}
\section*{My first document}

This is a short example of a \LaTeX\ document I wrote 
on \today. It shows a few simple features of automated 
typesetting, including

\begin{itemize}
\item setting the default font size to 12pt;
\item specifying `article' type for formatting;
\item using the Palatino typeface;
\item adding special formatting for URIs;
\item formatting a heading in `section' style;
\item using the \LaTeX\ logo;
\item generating today's date;
\item formatting a list of items;
\item centering and italicizing;
\item autonumbering the pages.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{More information}

This example was taken from `Formatting Information',
which you can download from 
\url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/beginlatex/}
and use as a teach-yourself guide.

\begin{center}
\textit{Have a nice day!}
\end{center}

\end{document}
            </pre></blockquote>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <ol>
               <lh>Up and running in a few minutes</lh>
               <li><b>Install the software</b><br><p>Make sure you have a
                     properly-installed <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> system and a copy of a
                     suitable editor.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li><b><a name="demodoc">Create a sample document</a></b><br><p>Open your editor and type in
                     the text <em>exactly</em> as shown in <a href="#sampledoc">Figure 2.1</a>. Do <em>not</em> make any
                     changes or miss anything out or add anything different at
                     this stage.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li><b>Save the document</b><br><p>Save the document as
                     <code>demo.tex</code></p>
               </li>
               <li><b>Run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> or <i><a name="p89">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i></b><br><p>Click on the <span class="guiicon"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></span> or
                     	    <span class="guiicon">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></span> toolbar icon or the
                     	    <span class="guimenu"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        	      File</span> menu item; or type <code class="literal">latex
                        	      demo</code> or <code class="literal">pdflatex demo</code> in a
                     	    command window.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li><b>Preview the typesetting</b><br><p>Click on the <span class="guiicon">DVI</span> or
                     	    <span class="guiicon">PDFview</span> toolbar icon or the
                     	    <span class="guimenu"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        	      View</span> menu item; or type your previewer
                     	    command in a terminal shell.
                  </p>
                  <p>(Note that there may be a pause the first time you use
                     	    your <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A61" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> viewer, while <small><a href="#WYSIWYG" class="acroref" name="A62" title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</a></small> font files are
                     	    created.<sup><a href="#F10">2</a></sup>)
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li><b>Print it</b><br><p>Click on the <span class="guiicon">Print</span> toolbar icon
                     within the viewer, or use the
                     <span class="guimenu"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Print</span>
                     menu item, or type
                     <code class="literal">dvips -f demo | lpr</code>
                     (Unix/Linux).
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ol>
            <p>If you encounter any errors, it means you
               <em>do</em> need to study this chapter after
               all!
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
               <li><a name="F10"><small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A63" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> previewers use their
                     		own font files specially created from the font
                     		outlines (TrueType, OpenType, PostScript, METAFONT,
                     		etc). The first time you use a font at a size not used
                     		before, there will be a second or two's pause
                     		while it gets created. The more you use <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, the
                     		less this
                     		happens.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3 <a name="editors">Editors</a></h2><a name="I15"></a><p>All the text of your documents can be typed into your
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document from a standard keyboard using any decent
               	plain-text editor. However, it is more convenient to use an
               	editor with special features to make using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> easier.
               	Some of the most popular are
               	<i><a name="p90"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a></i><i><a name="p91">WinShell</a></i>, <i><a name="p92"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nic
                     	  Center</a></i>, and <i><a name="p93">WinEdt</a></i>
               	(Windows only); and <i><a name="p94"><span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span></a></i> and
               	<i><a name="p95">Emacs</a></i> (all platforms).
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.1 <span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span></h3>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="lyxwin">The <span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span> document editor</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="lyx.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>The <span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span> document editor (all platforms) is a special
                  	  case, as it uses the <a name="WYSIWYM" class="acroref">What You See Is
                     	    What You Mean</a>&nbsp;(<small>WYSIWYM</small>) model of synchronous typographic
                  	  editing as opposed to <a name="WYSIWYG" class="acroref">What You See Is
                     	    What You Get</a>&nbsp;(<small>WYSIWYG</small>), and many users prefer this
                  	  interface (but see the reservations in <a href="#sync">the item &#8216;Synchronous typographic displays&#8217; in section 3</a>).
               </p>
               <p><span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span> makes a strong case for using synchronous
                  	  typographical editing: it is possible to create even quite
                  	  large and complex documents without seeing a backslash very
                  	  often, although with math or complex macros there is
                  	  probably no way to avoid having to do some manual insertion
                  	  of
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> code.
               </p>
               <p>The free availability on multiple platforms makes this a
                  	  clear answer to the myth of &#8216;having to edit like a
                  	    programmer&#8217;, and as it is an Open Source project,
                  	  there is constant improvement, both to the facilities and to
                  	  the interface.
               </p>
               <p>Probably the only real reservation is that it does not
                  	  save native <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> files by default. It uses its own
                  	  internal format, and it can export <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> for use in other
                  	  editors, but the exported files are not designed for human
                  	  legibility, only for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> processing. In a co-operative
                  	  environment this would be a serious drawback, but for the
                  	  individual user this interface is an excellent tool.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.2 <a name="texshell"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a></h3>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="texshellwin">The <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell editor</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="texshell.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>This is one of the simplest of all the plaintext Windows
                  	  editors, but it has most of the tools needed to begin with.
                  	  Sectioning, lists, and graphics can be inserted from the
                  	  menus, and there are buttons for running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> on the
                  	  open document and for previewing the typeset
                  	  document.
               </p>
               <p>The syntactic highlighting distinguishes between
                  	  commands and your text, and it comes with options for
                  	  spellchecking (you need to install
                  	  <i><a name="p96">ispell</a></i>), and for adding math,
                  	  Greek (math), and some symbol characters from a pickchart.
                  	  The typeset display is done using your installed <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A66" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> viewer (there is no provision for
                  	  <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A67" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>, although as it is
                  	  configurable, that could probably be edited into the
                  	  menus).
               </p>
               <p>Download the <code>.tar.gz</code> file from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A68" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> in the
                  	  <code>support/TeXshell/</code> directory and unwrap
                  	  it into somewhere like <code>C:\Program
                     	    Files\TeXshell\</code>.<sup><a href="#F11">3</a></sup> There is a <i><a name="p97">tsconfig</a></i>
                  	  program in the same directory on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A69" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>, which is designed to help with
                  	  reconfiguring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="3">
                  <li><a name="F11">Yes, I know I said don't use directory names with
                        	      spaces in them&nbsp;&#8212; and so you shouldn't, for your
                        	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents&nbsp;&#8212; but Windows programs are usually safe
                        	      enough in them.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.3 <a name="winshell">WinShell</a></h3>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="winshellwin">The WinShell editor</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="winshell.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>This is another free Windows editor for beginners with
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Despite its simplicity, it is capable of a
                  	  considerable amount of document management and assistance
                  	  with editing. As well as handling stand-alone <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  files, you can create a &#8216;Project&#8217; for larger
                  	  documents, which helps you keep track of additional files
                  	  like separate chapters, illustrations, diagrams, indexes,
                  	  etc.
               </p>
               <p>You run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> direct from the toolbar icons or with
                  	  F-key shortcuts. Both standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and
                  	  <i><a name="p98">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> are supported, as well
                  	  as creation and previewing of
                  	  <a name="t5">PostScript</a> and <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A70" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> output. There are additional toolbars
                  	  for math characters, and there is a &#8216;Table
                  	    Wizard&#8217; for handling tables. The syntax
                  	  highlighting distinguishes between commands (in blue) and
                  	  delimiters (in red), leaving your text in black.
               </p>
               <p>Download the
                  	  <code>WinShell<code><u>nn</u></code>.exe</code>
                  	  program (self-contained setup: the
                  	  <code><u>nn</u></code> changes with the version) from
                  	  <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A71" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> in the
                  	  <code>systems/win32/winshell/</code> directory and
                  	  double-click it to start the setup.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.4 <a name="texniccenter"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></h3>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="texniccenterwin">The <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter editor</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="texniccenter.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p><i><a name="p99"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a></i> is a powerful
                  	  Windows editor suitable both for the beginner and the more advanced
                  	  user. Its &#8216;Project&#8217; environment keeps track of
                  	  multiple files, and the processing function (the bit which
                  	  actually runs <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, here called
                  	  &#8216;Build&#8217;) tries to ensure that all the files you
                  	  need for a large or complex document are in place before you
                  	  start typesetting, to avoid errors like missing
                  	  illustrations.
               </p>
               <p>It's a much more wordprocessor-like control
                  	  interface, with configurable toolbars and button-controls
                  	  for lists, math, tables, and previewing options.
               </p>
               <p>Download the
                  	  <code>TXCSetup<code><u>xxx</u></code>.exe</code>
                  	  program (self-contained setup: the
                  	  <code><u>xxx</u></code> bit changes with the version)
                  	  from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A72" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> in the
                  	  <code>systems/win32/TeXnicCenter/</code> directory
                  	  and double-click it to start the setup.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.5 <a name="winedt">WinEdt</a></h3>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="winedtpic">The <i><a name="p100">WinEdt</a></i> editor</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="winedt.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p><i><a name="p101">WinEdt</a></i> is a highly
                  	  configurable plain-text editor for Windows. It comes with a
                  	  host of special functions and shortcuts for
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, based on the Mik<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> distribution. It
                  	  is supplied on the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection 2004 DVD and the
                  	  <i><a name="p102">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a></i> CD. You can also
                  	  download it from <a href="http://www.winedt.com"><tt>http://www.winedt.com</tt></a>&nbsp;&#8212; in either case
                  	  there's a 1-month free trial, then it reminds you to
                  	  buy it.
               </p>
               <p><i><a name="p103">WinEdt</a></i> uses a built-in
                  	  toolbar of configurable buttons, preset for use with
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and it provides syntactic coloring of
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands. Both the positioning and effect of the
                  	  buttons can be changed, using an editable file of icons and
                  	  a configuration panel. This flexibility lets you bind a
                  	  program and arguments (equivalent to a typed command) to a
                  	  particular icon.
               </p>
               <p>There are default buttons on the toolbar for one-click
                  	  typesetting, previewing, and
                  	  <a name="t6">PostScript</a> or <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A73" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> generation from <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents,
                  	  and it manages multi-file document projects like most of the
                  	  other editors. <i><a name="p104">Winedt</a></i> is also
                  	  used by many people for normal plaintext file-editing tasks,
                  	  in preference to more limited programs like
                  	  <i><a name="p105">Notepad</a></i>. If you're using the
                  	  fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> which came with the 2003 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  	  Collection, some editing of the menus is required (explained
                  	  in the local installation document) because the default
                  	  setup is for
                  	  Mik<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>/pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.6 GNU Emacs
               </h3>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 2.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="">Emacs editing <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="emacs.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p><i><a name="p106">Emacs</a></i> is a product of the
                  	  <small><a href="#GNU" class="acroref" name="A74" title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</a></small> Project.<sup><a href="#F12">4</a></sup>  Versions are available for all makes and models
                  	  of computer, and it has a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>-mode which provides
                  	  syntactic colouring (&#8216;fontification&#8217;
                  	  in <i><a name="p107">Emacs</a></i>-speak) and mouseclick
                  	  processing from a menu or toolbar.
               </p>
               <p><i><a name="p108">Emacs</a></i>
                  	  is a very large and powerful editor, with
                  	  &#8216;modes&#8217; (plug-ins) to handle almost
                  	  everything you do on a computer. Many users run
                  	  <i><a name="p109">Emacs</a></i> once on logging in, and
                  	  never leave it for the rest of the day&nbsp;&#8212; or month. As
                  	  well as edit, you can use it to read your mail, browse the
                  	  Web, read Usenet news, do wordprocessing and spreadsheets,
                  	  compile programs, help you write in any computer
                  	  language&nbsp;&#8212; including <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A76" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> and
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&nbsp;&#8212; and it provides a few games as well.
               </p>
               <p><i><a name="p110">Emacs</a></i>
                  	  knows about <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and how to process it, so it comes with
                  	  a menu full of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> operations to click on. If you are
                  	  editing complex documents with mathematics, there is a mode
                  	  (<i><a name="p111">AUC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></i>) which has even more
                  	  functionality. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> support is well-developed, and there
                  	  is a hierarchy of newsgroups for
                  	  <i><a name="p112">Emacs</a></i> support.
               </p>
               <p>Because <i><a name="p113">Emacs</a></i> runs on
                  	  Microsoft Windows, Macs, Linux, and most other platforms,
                  	  many <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> users who have multiple machines (and those
                  	  who have multiple users to support) prefer it to other
                  	  editors because it provides the same environment regardless
                  	  of which platform they are using.
               </p>
               <p>It's sometimes criticised for a steep learning
                  	  curve, but in fact it's no worse in this respect than
                  	  any other editor, given the power that it provides, and it
                  	  is significantly better than most which lack many of the
                  	  authorial tools available in Emacs.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
                  <li><a name="F12">&#8216;<a name="GNU" class="acroref">GNU's Not
                           		  Unix</a>&nbsp;(<small>GNU</small>)&#8217; is a project to make a
                        	      computing environment completely free of
                        	      restrictions.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.3.7 Mac editors
               </h3>
               <p>Mac users will be disappointed that I haven't included
                  	any of the Mac interfaces here. It's simple: I don't have a
                  	Mac right now to try them out on. I hope to remedy this for a
                  	future edition.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.4 <a name="commands"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands</a></h2>
            <p><a name="bsol"></a><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands all begin with a
               <b><i><a name="backslash">backslash</a></i></b>
               (<code class="literal">\</code>)<sup><a href="#F13">5</a></sup> and are usually made up of lowercase
               letters only, for example:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\tableofcontents
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>The
               	<code class="command"><a name="c3">\tableofcontents</a></code> command is an instruction
               	to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to insert the Table of Contents at this point. You
               	would usually use this in a book or report (or perhaps a very
               	long article) somewhere close to the beginning. You don't have
               	to do anything else. Provided that you have used the
               	sectioning commands described in <a href="#sections">section 3.5</a>,
               	all the formatting and numbering for the Table of Contents is
               	completely automated.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="5">
               <li><a name="F13">Do not confuse the backslash 
                     with the forward slash (<code class="literal">/</code>). They are
                     two different characters. The forward slash is used on the
                     Web and on Unix systems to separate directory names and
                     filenames. The backslash is used in Microsoft Windows
                     (only) for the same purpose, and in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to begin a
                     command.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.4.1 <a name="simplecmd">Simple commands</a></h3>
               <p><a name="swallow"></a>Simple one-word commands like
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c4">\tableofcontents</a></code> must be separated from
                  	  any following text with <b><i><a name="wsp">white-space</a></i></b>. This means a
                  	  normal space, or a newline [linebreak] or a TAB character.
                  	  For example either of these two forms will work:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\tableofcontents Thanks to Aunt Mabel for all her help 
with this book.
        </pre></blockquote>
               <blockquote><pre>
\tableofcontents
Thanks to Aunt Mabel for all her help with this book.
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>If you forget the white-space, as in the following
                  	  example, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will try to read it as a command
                  	  called <code class="literal">\tableofcontentsThanks</code>. There's no
                  	  such command, of course, so <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will complain at you by
                  	  displaying an error message (see <a href="#undefcs">section 4.2.3.2</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\tableofcontentsThanks to Aunt Mabel for all her help 
with this book.
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> swallows any white-space which follows a command
                  ending in a letter. It does this automatically, so you
                  don't get unwanted extra space in your typeset output,
                  but it does mean that any simple command which ends in a
                  letter and has no arguments (see below) must be followed by
                  white-space before normal text starts again, simply to keep
                  it separate from the text.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.4.2 <a name="cmdargs">Commands with arguments</a></h3>
               <p>Many <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands are followed by one or more
                  <b><i><a name="arguments">arguments</a></i></b>, a term from
                  the field of Computer Science, meaning information to be acted
                  upon. Here are two examples:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\chapter{Poetic Form}
\label{pform}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Such arguments always go in
                  <code class="literal">{</code><b><i><a name="curly">curly
                           braces</a></i></b><code class="literal">}</code> like
                  those shown above. Be careful not to confuse the
                  curly braces on your keyboard with round parentheses
                  <code class="literal">(&nbsp;)</code>, square brackets
                  <code class="literal">[&nbsp;]</code>, or angle brackets 
                  <code class="literal">&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</code>. They are all
                  different and they do different things.
               </p>
               <p>With commands that take arguments you do
                  <em>not</em> need to use extra white-space after
                  the command, because there is an argument following it
                  which will keep it separate from any normal text with
                  follows after that. The following is therefore perfectly
                  correct (although unusual because it's harder to edit:
                  normally you'd leave a blank line between the chapter title or
                  label and the start of the first paragraph).
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\chapter{Poetic Form}\label{pform}The shape of poetry 
when written or printed distinguishes it from prose.
	</pre></blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.4.3 <a name="white-space">White-space in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></h3><a name="I17"></a><p>In <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents, all <em>multiple</em>
                  spaces, newlines (linebreaks), and TAB characters are
                  treated as if they were a <em>single</em> space
                  or newline during typesetting. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> does its own spacing
                  and alignment using the instructions you give it, so you
                  have extremely precise control. You are therefore free to
                  use extra white-space in your editor for optical ease and
                  convenience when editing.
               </p>
               <p>
                  The following is therefore exactly equivalent to the example
                  in the preceding section:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\chapter        {Poetic 
          Form}\label
            {pform}

The shape of poetry when written or printed 
distinguishes it from prose.
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>That is, it will get typeset exactly the same. In
                  general, just leave a blank line between paragraphs and a
                  single space between words and sentences. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will take
                  care of the formatting.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.5 <a name="specials">Special characters</a></h2><a name="I18"></a><p>There are ten keyboard characters which have special
               meaning to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and cannot be used on their own except for
               the following purposes:
            </p>
            <div align="center">
               <table cellpadding="1mm">
                  <tr class="headfoot">
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center">Key</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Meaning</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center"><em>If you need<br> the actual character<br> itself,
                           type:</em></th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center">Character</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">\</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">The command character</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c5">\textbackslash</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">\</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">$</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Math typesetting delimiter</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c6">\$</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">$</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">%</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">The comment character</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c7">\%</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">^</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Math superscript character</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c8">\^</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">^</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">&amp;</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Tabular column separator</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c9">\&amp;</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&amp;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">_</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Math subscript character</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c10">\_</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">_</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">&#732;</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Non-breaking space</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c11">\&#732;</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&#732;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">#</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Macro parameter symbol</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c12">\#</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">#</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">{</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Argument start delimiter</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c13">$\{$</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">{</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">}</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Argument end delimiter</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="command"><a name="c14">$\}$</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">}</td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>These characters were deliberately chosen, either because
               	they are rare in normal text, or (in the case of $,
               	#, &amp;, and %) they already had an
               	established special meaning on computers as <b><i><a name="metacharacters">metacharacters</a></i></b> (characters
               	standing as symbols for something else) by the time <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> was
               	written, and it would have been misleading to choose
               	others.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.5.1 Using the special characters
               </h3>
               <p>We have already seen (<a href="#bsol">the first paragraph  in section 2.4</a>) how
                  to use the backslash to start a command, and curly braces to
                  delimit an argument. The remaining special
                  characters are:
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b><tt class="keycap">$</tt></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Because of the special mathematical meaning
                           <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses for the dollar-sign on its own, if you
                           want to print $35.99 you type
                           <code class="literal">\$35.99</code></p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><tt class="keycap">%</tt></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p><a name="comment"></a>The <b><i><a name="commentchar">comment character</a></i></b> makes
                           <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> ignore the remainder of the line in your
                           document, so you can see it in your editor, but it
                           will never get typeset. For example <br><code class="literal">Today's price per kilo is &pound;22.70   % get Mike to update this</code><br>If you want to print 45% you need
                           to type <code class="literal">45\%</code></p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><tt class="keycap">^</tt></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>The caret sign lets you type
                           <code class="literal">\(E=mc^2\)</code> to get <span class="math"><i>E=mc</i><sup>2</sup></span>. If you need the circumflex accent
                           on a letter like &ecirc;, just type the letter or use the
                           symbolic notation <code class="literal">\^e</code>.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><tt class="keycap">&amp;</tt></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>The ampersand is used in tables to separate
                           		columns (see <a href="#tables">section 6.3</a>). If you want to
                           		print AT&amp;T you need to type
                           		<code class="literal">AT\&amp;T</code>.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><tt class="keycap">_</tt></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>The underscore lets you type
                           <code class="literal">\(r_2\)</code> for <span class="math"><i>r</i><i>2</i></span>. If you want to underline text
                           (extremely rare in typesetting) see <a href="#uline">the last paragraph  in section 8.2.3</a>.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><a name="tilde"><tt class="keycap">&#732;</tt></a></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>The tilde prints as a space, but prevents a
                           		linebreak ever occurring at that point. It's often
                           		used between a person's initials and their surname, eg
                           		<code class="literal">Prof D.E.~Knuth</code></p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><tt class="keycap">#</tt></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>If you want a
                           <b><i><a name="hash">hash mark</a></i></b> (the
                           <b><i><a name="octothorpe">octothorpe</a></i></b> or
                           American number or &#8216;pound&#8217; [weight] sign)
                           you type <code class="literal">\#</code>. For a pound
                           (sterling)<a name="I19"></a>
                           sign &pound;, now nearly obsolete except in the UK and
                           some of its former dependencies, use your
                           <tt class="keycap">&pound;</tt> key or type
                           <code class="command"><a name="c15">\textsterling</a></code>.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
               <p>While we're on the subject of money, an unusual but
                  	  interesting serif-font Euro<a name="I20"></a> sign <span style="font-family:serif; ">&#8364;</span>
                  	  is got with the <code class="command"><a name="c16">\texteuro</a></code> command from the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m3">textcomp</a></span> package. The standard
                  	  sans-serif <span style="font-family:sans-serif; ">&#8364;</span> needs the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m4">marvosym</a></span> package and is done with
                  	  the <code class="command"><a name="c17">\EUR</a></code> command.<sup><a href="#F14">6</a></sup></p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="6">
                  <li><a name="F14">The European Commission has specified that everyone
                        	      use the sans-serif design, even in serif text, but this
                        	      is amazingly ugly and most designers rightly ignore
                        	      it.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.6 <a name="quotes">Quotation marks</a></h2><a name="I21"></a><p>Do <em>not</em> use the unidirectional
               typewriter keyboard <tt class="keycap">"</tt> key for quotation
               marks. Correct typographic quotes are got with the <tt class="keycap">`</tt> key and the <tt class="keycap">'</tt> key, doubled if you want double
               quotes:
            </p>
            <blockquote class="example"><pre>
He said, ``I'm just going out.''
        </pre><p class="example"><span style="font-family:Times; ">He said,
                     &#8216;&#8216;I'm just going out.&#8217;&#8217;</span></p>
            </blockquote>
            <p>This ensures you get real left-hand
               	and right-hand (opening and closing) quotes (usually shaped
               	like tiny
               	66&nbsp;and&nbsp;99 
               	or as symmetrically-balanced strokes). If you are using
               	<i><a name="p114">Emacs</a></i> as your editor, the
               	<tt class="keycap">"</tt> key is specially programmed in
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>-mode to think for itself and produce correct <span style="font-family:monospace; ">``</span> and
               	<code class="literal">''</code> characters (so this is one occasion when
               	you <em>can</em> use the <tt class="keycap">"</tt>
               	key).
            </p>
            <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">If you are reading this in a
                  browser, or if you have reprocessed the file using different
                  fonts, it may not show you real quotes (some old browser
                  fonts are defective) and the <code class="command"><a name="c18">\thinspace</a></code>
                  below may be too wide. Download the typeset (<small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A77" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>) version of this document to see the
                  real effect.
               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <p><a name="thinspace"></a>When typing one quotation inside another,
               there is a special command <code class="command"><a name="c19">\thinspace</a></code> which
               provides just enough separation between double and single
               quotes (a normal space is too much and could allow an unwanted
               linebreak):
            </p>
            <blockquote class="example"><pre>
He said, `Her answer was ``never''\thinspace'.
        </pre><p class="example">He said, &#8216;Her answer was
                  &#8216;&#8216;never&#8217;&#8217;&#8201;&#8217;.
               </p>
            </blockquote>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.7 <a name="accents">Accents</a></h2><a name="I22"></a><p>For accented letters in western
               	European languages<sup><a href="#F15">7</a></sup>  or other Latin-alphabet character sets just use
               	the accented keys on your keyboard&nbsp;&#8212; if you have the right
               	ones. You must also tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> what character repertoire
               	(&#8216;input encoding&#8217;) you are using. You
               	specify this by using the <span class="package"><a name="m5">inputenc</a></span>
               	package<sup><a href="#F16">8</a></sup> in your preamble
               	with the relevant option. For example, to tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> you
               	will be typing ISO Latin&#8211;1 accented characters,
               	use:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>If you have a real Unicode editor, which lets you insert
               	any letter or symbol from any language on the planet (for
               	example, mixed European, Asian, and other languages), use
               	<code class="literal">utf8</code> instead of <code class="literal">latin1</code>.
               	The encoding definitions that are available on your system are
               	in <code>/texmf/tex/latex/base</code> (all files
               	ending in <code>.def</code>).
            </p>
            <div align="center" class="sidebar">
               <table width="75%">
                  <tr>
                     <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                        <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="keystrokes">If you don't have accented letters</a></h3>
                        <p>This is for users whose keyboards do not have native
                           	  accent characters on them. See your Operating System manual
                           	  for full details. Here are two common examples:
                        </p>
                        <ul>
                           <li>
                              <p>Under Linux systems the letter
                                 	      &eacute; is usually got with
                                 <tt class="keycap">AltGr</tt>&#8211;<tt class="keycap">;</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="keycap">e</tt>. Refer to the
                                 	      <i><a name="p115">xkeycaps</a></i> utility for a table
                                 	      of key codes and combinations (get it from <a href="http://www.jwz.org/xkeycaps/"><tt>http://www.jwz.org/xkeycaps/</tt></a>).
                              </p>
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              <p>Under Microsoft Windows the letter &eacute; is got with
                                 <tt class="keycap">Ctrl</tt>&#8211;<tt class="keycap">'</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="keycap">e</tt> or by holding down the
                                 	      &nbsp;<tt class="keycap">Alt</tt> key and typing
                                 	      &nbsp;<tt class="keycap">0</tt>&nbsp;<tt class="keycap">1</tt>&nbsp;<tt class="keycap">3</tt>&nbsp;<tt class="keycap">0</tt> 
                                 	      on the numeric keypad (<em>not</em> the top
                                 	      row of shifted numerals). Refer to the
                                 	      <i><a name="p116">charmap</a></i> utility for a table
                                 	      of key codes and combinations (find it in the
                                 	      <code>C:\Windows</code> folder).
                              </p>
                           </li>
                        </ul>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>If you don't have accented letter keys on your
               	keyboard, you'll need to use your operating system's
               	standard keyboard <tt class="keycap">Ctrl</tt> or
               	<tt class="keycap">Alt</tt> key combinations to generate the
               	characters (see <a href="#keystrokes">the panel &#8216;If you don't have accented letters&#8217; in this section</a>).
            </p>
            <p>If you cannot generate accented characters from your
               	keyboard at all, or if you need additional accents or symbols
               	which are not in any of the keyboard tables, you can use the
               	symbolic notation in <a href="#accentcodes">Table 2.1</a>. In fact,
               	this can be used to put any accent over any letter: if you
               	particularly want a g&#732; you can have one with the command 
               	<code class="command"><a name="c20">\&#732;</a></code><code class="literal">g</code> (and Welsh
               	users can get &#373; with
               	<code class="command"><a name="c21">\^</a></code><code class="literal">w</code>).
            </p>
            <p>If you use this symbolic method only, you do not need to
               	use the <span class="package"><a name="m6">inputenc</a></span> package. Before the
               	days of keyboards and screens with their own real accented
               	characters, the symbolic notation was the
               	<em>only</em> way to get accents, so you may come
               	across a lot of older documents (and users!) using this method
               	all the time: it does have the advantage in portability that
               	the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file remains plain <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A78" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small>, which will work on all machines
               	everywhere, regardless of their internal encoding, and even
               	with very old <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> installations.<sup><a href="#F17">9</a></sup></p>
            <div align="center" class="table">
               <table>
                  <caption><i>Table 2.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="accentcodes">Built-in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> accents</a></caption>
                  <tr class="headfoot">
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Accent</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center">Example</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center">Characters to type</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Acute (fada)</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&eacute;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\'e</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Grave</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&egrave;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\`e</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Circumflex</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&ecirc;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\^e</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Umlaut or di&aelig;resis</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&euml;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\"e</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Tilde</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&ntilde;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\~n</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Macron</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&#333;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\=o</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Bar-under</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><span style=""><u>o</u></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\b o</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Dot-over (s&eacute;&#305;mh&#305;&uacute;)</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><span style=""><img src="mdot.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\.m</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Dot-under</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><span style=""><img src="sdot.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\d s</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Breve</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&#365;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\u u</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">H&aacute;&#269;ek (caron)</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&#365;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\v u</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Long umlaut</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&#337;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\H o</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Tie-after</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><span style=""><img src="ootie.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\t oo</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Cedilla</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&ccedil;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\c c</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">O-E ligature</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&#339;, &#338;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\oe</code>,
                        		<code class="literal">\OE</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">A-E ligature</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&aelig;, &AElig;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\ae</code>,
                        		<code class="literal">\AE</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">A-ring</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&aring;, &Aring;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\aa</code>,
                        		<code class="literal">\AA</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">O-slash</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&oslash;, &Oslash;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\o</code>,
                        		<code class="literal">\O</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Soft-l</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times; ">&#322;, &#321;</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\l</code>,
                        		<code class="literal">\L</code></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Ess-zet (scharfes-S)</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">&szlig;</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><code class="literal">\ss</code></td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>Irish and Turkish dotless-&#305; is done with the
               	special command <code class="command"><a name="c22">\i</a></code>, so an &iacute;-fada
               	(which is normally typed with <tt class="keycap">&iacute;</tt>)
               	requires <code class="literal">\'\i</code> if you need to type it in
               	the long format, followed by a backslash-space or dummy pair of
               	curly braces if it comes at the end of a word and there is no
               	punctuation, because of the rule that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> control
               	sequences which end in a letter (see <a href="#swallow">the first paragraph  in section 2.4.1</a>) always absorb any following space.  So
               	what you might see as <cite>R&iacute;
                  	  Teamhra&#267;</cite> has to be <code class="literal">R\'\i\
                  	  Tea\.mra\.c</code> when typed in full (there are not
               	usually any keyboard keys for the dotless-&#305; or the
               	lenited characters). A similar rule applies to dotless-<span style="font-family:Times; ">j</span> and to uppercase
               	&Iacute;.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="7">
               <li><a name="F15">ISO 8859-1 (Latin&#8211;1, Western European) to
                     	    8859-15 (includes the Euro).</a></li>
               <li><a name="F16">We haven't covered the use of
                     	    packages yet. Don't worry, see <a href="#packages">section 5.1</a>
                     	    if you're curious.</a></li>
               <li><a name="F17">Remember not everyone is lucky enough to be able to
                     	    install new software: many users on corporate and academic
                     	    networks still have to use old versions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> because
                     	    their system administrators are too busy to
                     	    install new ones.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8 <a name="handj">Dimensions, hyphenation, justification, and breaking</a></h2><a name="I23"></a><a name="I24"></a><a name="I25"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internal measurement system is
               	extraordinarily accurate. The underlying <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> engine
               	conducts all its business in units smaller than the wavelength
               	of visible light, so if you ask for 15mm space, that's
               	what you'll get&nbsp;&#8212; within the limitations of your
               	screen or printer, of course. Most screens cannot show
               	dimensions of less than
               <span class="math">1/96</span>&#8243; without resorting to magnification
               	or scaling; and on printers, even at 600dpi, fine oblique
               	lines or curves can still sometimes be seen to stagger the
               	dots.
            </p>
            <p>At the same time, many dimensions in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s
               	preprogrammed formatting are specially set up to be flexible:
               	so much space, plus or minus certain limits to allow the
               	system to make its own adjustments to accommodate variations
               	like overlong lines, unevenly-sized images, and non-uniform
               	spacing around headings.
            </p>
            <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> uses a very sophisticated
               justification algorithm to achieve a smooth, even texture to
               normal paragraph text. The programming for this has been
               borrowed by a large number of other DTP systems, and users of
               these are often quite unaware that they are in fact using a
               significant part of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> in their work.
               Occasionally, however, you will need to hand-correct an
               unusual word-break or line-break, and there are facilities for
               doing this on individual occasions as well as throughout a
               document.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8.1 <a name="dimensions">Specifying size units</a></h3><a name="I27"></a><a name="I28"></a><p>Most people in printing and publishing habitually use
                  points and picas and ems. Some designers use cm and mm. Many
                  English-language speakers still use inches. You can specify
                  lengths in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in any of these units, plus some others
                  (see <a href="#units">Table 2.1</a>).
               </p><a name="I29"></a><a name="I30"></a><a name="I31"></a><a name="I32"></a><a name="I33"></a><a name="I34"></a><a name="I35"></a><a name="I36"></a><a name="I37"></a><a name="I38"></a><a name="I39"></a><a name="I40"></a><a name="I41"></a><div align="center" class="table">
                  <table>
                     <caption><i>Table 2.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="units">Units in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></caption>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Unit</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="576">Size</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><b><i></i></b></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style=""><b><i>Printers' fixed measures</i></b></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">pt</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">Anglo-American standard points (72.27 to the
                           inch)
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">pc</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">pica ems (12pt)</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">bp</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">Adobe &#8216;big&#8217; points (72
                           to the inch)
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">sp</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style=""><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;&#8216;scaled&#8217; points
                           (65,536 to the pt)
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">dd</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">Didot (European standard) points (67.54 to the
                           inch)
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">cc</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">Ciceros (European pica ems, 12dd)</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><b><i></i></b></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style=""><b><i>Printers' relative measures</i></b></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">em</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">ems of the current point size (historically the
                           width of a letter &#8216;M&#8217; but see
                           below)
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">ex</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">x-height of the current font (height of letter
                           &#8216;x&#8217;)
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><b><i></i></b></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style=""><b><i>Other measures</i></b></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">cm</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">centimeters (2.54 to the inch)</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">mm</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">millimeters (25.4 to the inch)</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">in</td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left" style="">inches</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>The em can cause beginners some puzzlement because
                  it's based on the &#8216;point size&#8217;
                  of the type, which is itself misleading. The point size
                  refers to the depth of the metal body on which foundry type
                  was cast in the days of metal typesetting,
                  <em>not</em> the printed height of the letters
                  themselves. Thus the letter-size of 10pt type in one face
                  can be radically different from 10pt type in another (look
                  at <a href="#fontable-adobe">the table  in section 8.2</a>, where all the examples are
                  10pt). An em is the height of the type-body in a specific size,
                  so 1em of 10pt type is 10pt and 1em of 24pt type is
                  24pt.
               </p>
               <p>Another name for a 1em space is a
                  	  &#8216;quad&#8217;, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has a command
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c23">\quad</a></code> for leaving exactly that much
                  	  horizontal space.  A special name is given to the 12pt em, a
                  	  &#8216;pica&#8217; em, as it has become a fixed
                  	  measure in its own right.
               </p>
               <p>If you are working with other DTP users, watch out for
                  those who think that Adobe points (bp) are the only ones.
                  The difference is only .27pt per inch, but in 10&#8243; of
                  text (a full page of A4) that's 2.7pt, which is nearly
                  1mm, enough to be clearly visible if you're trying to
                  align one sample with another.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8.2 <a name="hyph">Hyphenation</a></h3>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> hyphenates automatically according to the
                  language you use (see <a href="#langs">section 2.8.6</a>). To specify
                  different breakpoints for an individual word, you can insert
                  soft-hyphens<a name="I42"></a> (discretionary hyphens, done with
                  <code class="command"><a name="c24">\-</a></code>) wherever you need them, for
                  example:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
When in Mexico, we visited Popoca\-t&eacute;petl by helicopter.
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>To specify hyphenation points for all occurrences of a
                  word, use the <code class="command"><a name="c25">\hyphenation</a></code> command in your
                  preamble (see <a href="#preamble">the panel &#8216;The Preamble&#8217; in section 3.4</a>) with one or more
                  words in its argument, separated by spaces.  This will even
                  let you break &#8216;helico-<br>pter&#8217; correctly. In this command
                  you use normal hyphens, not soft-hyphens.<a name="I43"></a></p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\hyphenation{helico-pter Popoca-t&eacute;petl 
im-mer-sion}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>If you have frequent hyphenation problems with long,
                  unusual, or technical words, ask an expert about changing
                  the value of <tt>\<a name="d8">spaceskip</a></tt>,
                  which controls the flexibility of the space between words.
                  This is not something you would normally want to do, as it
                  can change the appearance of your document quite
                  significantly.
               </p>
               <p>If you are using a lot of unbreakable text (see next
                  section and also <a href="#inlineverb">section 6.6.1</a>) it may also
                  cause justification problems. One possible solution to this
                  is shown in <a href="#macargs">section 9.3</a>.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8.3 Unbreakable text
               </h3>
               <p>To force <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to treat a word as unbreakable, use
                  	  the <code class="command"><a name="c26">\mbox</a></code> command:
                  	  <code class="literal">\mbox{pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis}</code>. 
                  	  <br>This may have undesirable results, however, if
                  	  you change margins or the width of the text:
                  	  
                  <nobr>pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</nobr>...
               </p>
               <p>To tie two words together with an unbreakable
                  space<a name="I44"></a><a name="I45"></a> (hard space), use a tilde (<code class="literal">~</code>)
                  instead of the space (see <a href="#tilde">the item &#8216;&#732;&#8217; in section 2.5.1</a>). This
                  will print as a normal space but
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will never break the line at that point. You should
                  make this standard typing practice for things like
                  people's initials followed by their surname, as in
                  Prof. D.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Knuth:
                  <code class="literal">Prof.\ D.~E.~Knuth</code>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">Note that a full point after a lowercase letter is
                     treated as the end of a sentence, and creates more space
                     before the next word. Here, after
                     &#8216;Prof.&#8217;, it's
                     <em>not</em> the end of a sentence, and the
                     backslash-space forces <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to insert just an ordinary
                     word-space because it's OK to break the line after
                     &#8216;Prof.&#8217;, whereas it would look
                     wrong to have initials separated with Prof.&nbsp;D.<br>E.&nbsp;Knuth broken over a line-end.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8.4 Dashes
               </h3>
               <p>For a long dash&nbsp;&#8212; what printers call an
                  &#8216;em rule&#8217; like this&nbsp;&#8212; use three
                  hyphens typed together, <code class="literal">like~--- this</code>,
                  and bind them to the preceding word with a tilde to avoid
                  the line being broken before the dash. It's also common
                  to see the dash printed without spaces&#8212;like that: the
                  difference is purely &aelig;sthetic. <em>Never</em>
                  use a single hyphen for this purpose.
               </p>
               <p>Between digits like page ranges (35&#8211;47), it is
                  normal to use the short dash (what printers call an en-rule)
                  which you get by typing two hyphens together, as in
                  <code class="literal">35--47</code>. If you want a minus sign, use math
                  mode (<a href="#math">section 2.9</a>).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8.5 Justification
               </h3>
               <p>The default mode for typesetting is justified (two
                  parallel margins, with word-spacing adjusted automatically
                  for the best optical fit). In justifying, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will never
                  add space between letters, only between words. There is a
                  special package called <span class="package"><a name="m7">so</a></span>
                  (&#8216;space-out&#8217;) if you need special
                  effects like letter-spacing, but these are best left to the
                  expert.
               </p>
               <p>There are two commands
                  <code class="command"><a name="c27">\raggedright</a></code> and
                  <code class="command"><a name="c28">\raggedleft</a></code> which set ragged-right (ranged
                  left) and ragged-left (ranged right). Use them inside a
                  group (see <a href="#grouping">the panel &#8216;Grouping&#8217; in section 8.2.2</a>) to confine their
                  action to a part of your text.
               </p>
               <p align="right">These modes also exist as
                  &#8216;environments&#8217; (see <a href="#environments">the last paragraph  in section 3.2</a>) called
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e2">raggedright</a></span> and
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e3">raggedleft</a></span> which are more convenient
                  when applying this formatting to a whole paragraph or more,
                  like this one.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{raggedleft} 
These modes also exist as environments called raggedright 
and raggedleft which is more convenient when applying this 
formatting to a whole paragraph or more, like this one.
\end{raggedleft}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Ragged setting turns off hyphenation. There is a package
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m8">ragged2e</a></span> which retains hyphenation
                  	  in ragged setting, useful when you have a lot of long
                  	  words.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.8.6 <a name="langs">Languages</a></h3>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can typeset in the native manner for several
                  dozen languages. This affects hyphenation, word-spacing,
                  indentation, and the names of the parts of documents used as
                  headings (e.g.&nbsp;Table of Contents).
               </p>
               <p>Most distributions of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> come with US English and
                  one or more other languages installed by default, but it is
                  easy to add the <span class="package"><a name="m9">babel</a></span> package and
                  specify any of the supported languages or variants, for
                  example:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
...
\selectlanguage{frenchb}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Changing the language with
                  <span class="package"><a name="m10">babel</a></span> automatically changes the
                  names of the structural units and identifiers like
                  &#8216;Abstract&#8217;,
                  &#8216;Index&#8217;, etc.&nbsp;to their
                  translated version. For example, using French as above,
                  chapters will start with
                  &#8216;<i>Chapitre</i>&#8217;.<sup><a href="#F18">10</a></sup></p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="10">
                  <li><a name="F18">Note that the <span class="package"><a name="m11">babel</a></span> package
                        	      also sets the hyphenation patterns <em>provided
                           		your version of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has them
                           		precompiled</em> (see the start of your log
                        	      files for a list). For other languages you need to set
                        	      the hyphenation separately (outside the scope of this
                        	      book).</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#plaintext"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>2.9 <a name="math">Mathematics</a></h2><a name="I46"></a><p>As explained in <a href="#mathtex">the text in the Preface</a>, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> was
               originally written to automate the typesetting of books
               containing mathematics. The careful reader will already have
               noticed that mathematics is handled differently from normal
               text, which is why it has to be typeset specially. This
               document does not cover mathematical typesetting, which is
               explained in detail in many other books and Web pages, so all
               we will cover here is the existence of the math mode commands,
               and some characters which have special meaning, so they
               don't trip you up elsewhere.
            </p>
            <p>In addition to the 10 special characters listed in <a href="#specials">section 2.5</a>, there are three more characters which
               only have any meaning inside mathematics mode:<a name="I47"></a></p>
            <div align="center">
               <table>
                  <tr class="headfoot">
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center">Key</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Meaning</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">|</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Vertical bar</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">&lt;</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Less-than</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">&gt;</tt></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Greater-than</td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>If you type any of these in normal text (ie outside math
               	mode), you will get very weird things happening and lots of
               	error messages. If you need to print these characters, you
               	<em>must</em> type them using math mode, or use
               	their symbolic names from the <span class="environment"><a name="e4">textcomp</a></span>
               	package (<code class="command"><a name="c29">\textbrokenbar</a></code>,
               	<code class="command"><a name="c30">\textlangle</a></code>, and
               	<code class="command"><a name="c31">\textrangle</a></code>).
            </p>
            <p>The hyphen also has an extra meaning in math mode: it
               typesets as a minus sign, so if you want to write about
               negative numbers you need to type the number in math mode so
               the minus sign and the spacing come out right.
            </p>
            <p>To use math mode within a paragraph, enclose your math
               expression in <code class="command"><a name="c32">\(</a></code> and <code class="command"><a name="c33">\)</a></code>
               commands. You can get the much-quoted equation
               <span class="math"><i>E=mc</i><sup>2</sup></span> by typing
               <code class="literal">\(E=mc^2\)</code>, and to get a temperature like
               &#8722;30&deg; you need to type
               <code class="literal">\(-30\)&deg;</code>.<sup><a href="#F19">11</a></sup></p>
            <p>To typeset a math expression as &#8216;displayed
               math&#8217; (centered between paragraphs), enclose it
               in the commands <code class="command"><a name="c35">\[</a></code> and
               <code class="command"><a name="c36">\]</a></code>.<sup><a href="#F20">12</a></sup></p>
            <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\[\bar n^*_j(s)=\frac{\left\{s\sum_{i=1}^k
n_i(0)p^*{i,k+1}(s)+M^*(s)\right\}\sum_{i=1}^k
p_{0i}p^*{ij}(s)}{1-s\sum_{i=1}^kp_{0i}p^*_{i,
k+1}(s)}+\sum_{i=1}^kn_i(0)p^*_{ij}(s)[j=
1,2,\dots,k].\]
        </pre><p class="example"><img src="math.png" width="75%"></p>
            </blockquote>
            <p>Displayed equations can be auto-numbered with the
               <span class="environment"><a name="e5">equation</a></span> environment instead of the
               <code class="command"><a name="c41">\[</a></code> and <code class="command"><a name="c42">\]</a></code> commands.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="11">
               <li><a name="F19">Bear in mind that the degree symbol is a non-<small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A79" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> character, so you must specify
                     what input encoding you are using if you want to type it:
                     see the example of the <span class="package"><a name="m12">inputenc</a></span>
                     package in <a href="#accents">section 2.7</a>. If you don't
                     want to use non-<small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A80" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> characters
                     (or if you are using a system which cannot generate them),
                     you can use the command <code class="command"><a name="c34">\textdegree</a></code> to
                     get the degree sign.</a></li>
               <li><a name="F20">You will also see dollar signs used for math mode.
                     This is quite common but deprecated: it's what plain
                     <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> used in the days before <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and the habit got
                     ingrained in many mathematicians. It still works as a
                     convenient shorthand like <code class="literal">$x=y$</code>, as do
                     double-dollars for display-mode math like
                     <code class="literal">$$E=mc^2$$</code>, but they are only mentioned
                     here to warn readers seeing them in other authors'
                     work that <code class="command"><a name="c37">\(</a></code>...<code class="command"><a name="c38">\)</a></code>
                     and <code class="command"><a name="c39">\[</a></code>...<code class="command"><a name="c40">\]</a></code> are
                     the proper <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="basic">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">3</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Basic document structures</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#docdecl">The Document Class Declaration</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#docenv">The document environment</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#titling">Titling</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#abstracts">Abstracts and summaries</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#sections">Sections</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#paragraphs">Ordinary paragraphs</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#toc">Table of contents</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table><a name="I48"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s approach to formatting is to aim for
            consistency. This means that as long as you identify each
            <b><i><a name="element">element</a></i></b> of your document
            correctly, it will be typeset in the same way as all the other
            elements like it, so that you achieve a consistent finish with
            minimum effort. Consistency helps make documents easier to read
            and understand.
         </p>
         <p>Elements are the component parts of a document, all the
            pieces which make up the whole. Almost everyone who reads books,
            newspapers, magazines, reports, articles, and other classes of
            documents will be familiar with the popular structure of
            chapters, sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphs,
            lists, tables, figures, and so on, even if they don't
            consciously think about it.
         </p>
         <p>Consistency is also what publishers look for. They have a
            house style, and often a reputation to keep, so they rightly
            insist that if you do something a certain way once, you should
            do it the same way each time.
         </p>
         <p>To help achieve this consistency, every <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document
            starts by declaring what <b><i><a name="documentclass">document
                     	class</a></i></b> it belongs to.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.1 <a name="docdecl">The Document Class Declaration</a></h2><a name="I49"></a><p>To tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> what class of document you are going to
               	create, you type a special first line into your file which
               	identifies it.<sup><a href="#F21">1</a></sup> To start a report, for
               	example, you would type the <code class="command"><a name="c43">\documentclass</a></code>
               	command like this as your first line:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass{report}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>There are four built-in classes provided, and many others
               	that you can download (some may already be installed for
               	you):
            </p>
            <blockquote>
               <dl>
                  <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m13">report</a></span></b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>for business, technical, legal, academic, or
                        	      scientific reports;
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m14">article</a></span></b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>for white papers, magazine or journal articles,
                        	      reviews, conference papers, or research notes;
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m15">book</a></span></b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>for books and theses;</p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m16">letter</a></span></b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>for letters.<sup><a href="#F22">2</a></sup></p>
                  </dd>
               </dl>
            </blockquote>
            <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m20">article</a></span> class in particular
               	can be used (some would say &#8216;abused&#8217;) for almost
               	any short piece of typesetting by simply omitting the titling
               	and layout (see below).
            </p>
            <p>The built-in classes are intended as starting-points,
               	especially for drafts and for compatibility when exchanging
               	documents with other <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> users, as they come with every
               	copy of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and are therefore guaranteed to format
               	identically everywhere. <em>They are <strong>not</strong> intended as final-format
                  	  publication-quality layouts.</em> For most other
               	purposes, especially for publication, you use 
               	add-in <a href="#packages" title="sect1">packages</a> to extend
               	these classes to do what you need:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m21">memoir</a></span> and
                     	    <span class="package"><a name="m22">komascript</a></span> packages contain
                     	    more sophisticated replacements for all the built-in
                     	    classes;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Many academic and scientific publishers provide their
                     	    own special class files for articles and books (often on
                     	    their Web sites for download);
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Conference organisers may also provide class files for
                     	    authors to write papers for presentation;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Many universities provide their own thesis document
                     	    class files in order to ensure exact fulfillment of their
                     	    formatting requirements;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Businesses and other organizations can provide their
                     	    users with corporate classes on a central server and
                     	    configure <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> installations to look there first for
                     	    packages, fonts, etc.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>Books and journals are not usually printed on office-size
               	paper. Although <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s layouts are designed to fit on
               	standard A4 or Letter stationery for draft purposes, it makes
               	them look odd: the margins are too wide, or the positioning is
               	unusual, or the font size is too small, because the finished
               	job will normally be trimmed to a different size
               	entirely&nbsp;&#8212; try trimming the margins of the <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A84" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> version of this book to 185mm by 235mm
               	(the same as <cite><a href="#companion" name="C26">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite> series)
               	and you'll be amazed at how it changes the appearance!
               	
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F21">Readers familiar with <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A81" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small>,
                     	    <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A82" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>, or <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A83" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> will recognize the concept as
                     	    similar to the Document Type
                     	    Declaration.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
               <li><a name="F22">The built-in <span class="package"><a name="m17">letter</a></span>
                     		  class is rather idiosyncratic: there are much better
                     		  ones you can download, such as
                     		  the <span class="package"><a name="m18">memoir</a></span> and
                     		  <span class="package"><a name="m19">komascript</a></span> packages.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.1.1 <a name="doclayout">Document class options</a></h3><a name="I50"></a><p>The default layouts are designed to fit as drafts on US
                  	  Letter size paper.<sup><a href="#F23">3</a></sup> To create documents with the correct proportions
                  	  for standard A4 paper, you need to specify the paper size in
                  	  an optional argument in square brackets before the document
                  	  class name, e.g.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[a4paper]{report}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>The two most common options are <span class="option"><a name="o1">a4paper</a></span>
                  	  and <span class="option"><a name="o2">letterpaper</a></span>. However, many European
                  	  distributions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> now come preset for A4, not Letter, and
                  	  this is also true of all distributions of
                  	  <i><a name="p117">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>.
               </p>
               <p>The other default settings are for:  <i>a</i>)&nbsp;10pt type (all document classes);  <i>b</i>)&nbsp;two-sided printing (books and reports) or
                  		one-sided (articles and letters);  and <i>c</i>)&nbsp;separate title page (books and reports
                  		only). These can be modified with the following
                  	  document class options which you can add in the same set of
                  	  square brackets, separated by commas:
               </p><a name="I51"></a><blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o3">11pt</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>to specify 11pt type (headings, footnotes,
                           		etc.&nbsp;get scaled up or down in
                           		proportion);
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o4">12pt</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>to specify 12pt type (again, headings
                           		scale);
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o5">oneside</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>to format one-sided printing for books and
                           		reports;
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o6">twoside</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>to format articles for two-sided printing;</p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o7">titlepage</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>to force articles to have a separate title
                           		page;
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o8">draft</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>makes <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> indicate hyphenation and
                           		justification problems with a small square in the
                           		right-hand margin of the problem line so they can be
                           		located quickly by a human.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
               <p>If you were using pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> for a report to be in 12pt
                  type on Letter paper, but printed one-sided in draft mode, you
                  would use:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[12pt,letterpaper,oneside,draft]{report}
	</pre></blockquote>
               <p>There are extra preset options for other type sizes
                  	  which can be downloaded separately, but 10pt, 11pt, and 12pt
                  	  between them cover probably 99% of all document
                  	  typesetting. In addition there are the hundreds of add-in
                  	  packages which can automate other layout and formatting
                  	  variants without you having to program anything by hand or
                  	  even change your text.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise"><a name="firstline"></a><hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 1</i>. Create a new document
                  </h4>
                  <ol type="1">
                     <li>
                        <p>Use your editor to create a new document.</p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Type in a Document Class Declaration as shown
                           		above.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Add a font size option if you wish.</p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>In North America, omit the
                           		<span class="option"><a name="o9">a4paper</a></span> option or change it to
                           		<span class="option"><a name="o10">letterpaper</a></span>.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Save the file (make up a name) ensuring the name
                           		ends with <code>.tex</code></p>
                     </li>
                  </ol>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="3">
                  <li><a name="F23">Letter size is 8&frac12;&#8243;&times;11&#8243;, which is the
                        	      trimmed size of the old Demi Quarto, still in use in
                        	      North America. The other common US office size is
                        	      &#8216;Legal&#8217;, which is
                        	      8&frac12;&#8243;&times;14&#8243;, a bastard cutting close to
                        	      the old Foolscap (8&frac14;&#8243;&times;13&frac14;&#8243;). ISO
                        	      standard &#8216;A&#8217;,
                        	      &#8216;B&#8217;, and
                        	      &#8216;C&#8217; paper sizes are still
                        	      virtually unknown in many parts of North America.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.2 <a name="docenv">The document environment</a></h2>
            <p>After the Document Class Declaration, the text of your
               	document is enclosed between two commands which identify the
               	beginning and end of the actual document:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}

\begin{document}
...
\end{document}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>(You would put your text where the dots are.) The reason
               	for marking off the beginning of your text is that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               	allows you to insert extra setup specifications before it
               	(where the blank line is in the example above: we'll be
               	using this soon). The reason for marking off the end of your
               	text is to provide a place for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to be programmed to do
               	extra stuff automatically at the end of the document, like
               	making an index.
            </p>
            <p>A useful side-effect of marking the end of the document
               	text is that you can store comments or temporary text
               	underneath the <code class="literal">\end{document}</code> in the
               	knowledge that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will never try to typeset them.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
...
\end{document}
Don't forget to get the extra chapter from Jim!
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p><a name="environments"></a>This
               	<code class="command"><a name="c44">\begin</a></code>&#8201;...<code class="command"><a name="c45">\end</a></code>
               	pair of commands is an example of a common <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> structure called an
               	<b><i><a name="environment">environment</a></i></b>.
               	Environments enclose text which is to be handled in a particular
               	way. All environments start with
               	<code class="literal">\begin{...}</code> and end with
               	<code class="literal">\end{...}</code> (putting the name of the
               	environment in the curly braces).
            </p>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 2</i>. Adding the document environment
               </h4>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Add the <span class="environment"><a name="e6">document</a></span> environment to
                        	      your file.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Leave a blank line between the Document Class
                        	      Declaration and the <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code>
                        	      (you'll see why later).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Save the file.</p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.3 <a name="titling">Titling</a></h2><a name="I52"></a><p>The first thing you put in the
               	<span class="environment"><a name="e7">document</a></span> environment is almost always the
               	document title, the author's name, and the date (except
               	in letters, which have a special set of commands for
               	addressing which we'll look at later). The title, author,
               	and date are all examples of <b><i><a name="metadata">metadata</a></i></b> or <b><i><a name="metainformation">metainformation</a></i></b> (information
               	<em>about</em> information).
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}

\begin{document}

\title{Practical Typesetting}
\author{Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{December 2004}
\maketitle

\end{document}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c46">\title</a></code>, <code class="command"><a name="c47">\author</a></code>,
               	and <code class="command"><a name="c48">\date</a></code> commands are
               	self-explanatory. You put the title, author name, and date in
               	curly braces after the relevant command.  The title and author
               	are usually compulsory; if you omit the
               	<code class="command"><a name="c49">\date</a></code> command, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses today's
               	date by default.
            </p>
            <p>You always finish the metadata with the
               	<code class="command"><a name="c50">\maketitle</a></code> command, which tells
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> that it's complete and it can typeset the titling
               	information at this point. If you omit
               	<code class="command"><a name="c51">\maketitle</a></code>, the titling will never be
               	typeset. This command is reprogrammable so you can alter the
               	appearance of titles (like I did for the printed version of
               	this document).
            </p>
            <p>The double backslash (<code class="literal">\\</code>) is the
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> command for forced linebreak. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> normally decides by
               	itself where to break lines, and it's usually right, but
               	sometimes you need to cut a line short, like here, and start a
               	new one. I could have left it out and just used a comma, so my
               	name and my company would all appear on the one line, but I
               	just decided that I wanted my company name on a separate line.
               	In some publishers' document classes, they provide a special
               	<code class="command"><a name="c52">\affiliation</a></code> command to put your company
               	or institution name in instead.
            </p>
            <p>When this file is typeset, you get something like this
               	(I've cheated and <a href="#colorpkg" title="sect2">done it in
                  	  colour</a> for fun&nbsp;&#8212; yours will be in black and white
               	for the moment):
            </p>
            <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="title.png" style="border:thin solid black;" width="80%"></div>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 3</i>. Adding the metadata
               </h4>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Add the <code class="command"><a name="c53">\title</a></code>,
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c54">\author</a></code>, <code class="command"><a name="c55">\date</a></code>, and
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c56">\maketitle</a></code> commands to your
                        	      file.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Use your own name, make up a title, and give a
                        	      date.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>The order of the first three commands is not important,
                  	  but the <code class="command"><a name="c57">\maketitle</a></code> command must come
                  	  last.
               </p>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <p>The document isn't really ready for printing like this,
               	but if you're really impatient, look at <a href="#process">Chapter 4</a> to see how to typeset and display
               	it.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.4 <a name="abstracts">Abstracts and summaries</a></h2><a name="I53"></a><a name="I54"></a><p>In reports and articles it is normal for the author 
               	to provide an Summary or Abstract, in which you describe
               	briefly what you have written about and explain its
               	importance. Abstracts in articles are usually only a few
               	paragraphs long. Summaries in reports can run to several
               	pages, depending on the length and complexity of the report
               	and the readership it's aimed at.
            </p>
            <p>In both cases (reports and articles) the Abstract or
               	Summary is optional (that is, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> doesn't force you
               	to have one), but it's rare to omit it because readers want
               	and expect it. In practice, of course, you go back and type
               	the Abstract or Summary <em>after</em> having
               	written the rest of the document, but for the sake of the
               	example we'll jump the gun and type it now.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Summary}
\begin{document}

\title{Practical Typesetting}
\author{Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{December 2004}
\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This document presents the basic concepts of 
typesetting in a form usable by non-specialists. It 
is aimed at those who find themselves (willingly or 
unwillingly) asked to undertake work previously sent 
out to a professional printer, and who are concerned 
that the quality of work (and thus their corporate 
&aelig;sthetic) does not suffer unduly.
\end{abstract}

\end{document}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>After the <code class="command"><a name="c58">\maketitle</a></code> you use the
               	<span class="environment"><a name="e8">abstract</a></span> environment, in which you simply
               	type your Abstract or Summary, leaving a blank line between
               	paragraphs if there's more than one (see <a href="#paragraphs">section 3.6</a> for this convention).
            </p>
            <p>In business and technical documents, the Abstract is often
               	called a Management Summary, or Executive Summary, or Business
               	Preview, or some similar phrase. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> lets you change the
               	name associated with the <span class="environment"><a name="e9">abstract</a></span>
               	environment to any kind of title you want, using the
               	<code class="command"><a name="c59">\renewcommand</a></code> command to give the command
               	<code class="command"><a name="c60">\abstractname</a></code> a new value:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Executive Summary}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 4</i>. Using an Abstract or Summary
               </h4>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Add the <code class="command"><a name="c61">\renewcommand</a></code> as shown
                        	      above to your Preamble.
                     </p>
                     <p>The Preamble is at the start of the document, in
                        	      that gap <em>after</em> the
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c62">\documentclass</a></code> line but
                        	      <em>before</em> the
                        	      <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> (remember I said
                        	      we'd see what we left it blank for: see <a href="#preamble">the panel &#8216;The Preamble&#8217; in section 3.4</a>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Add an <span class="environment"><a name="e10">abstract</a></span> environment
                        	      after the <code class="command"><a name="c63">\maketitle</a></code> and type in a
                        	      paragraph or two of text.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Save the file (no, I'm not paranoid, just
                        	      careful).
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <p>Notice how the name of the command you are renewing (here,
               	<code class="command"><a name="c64">\abstractname</a></code>) goes in the first set of
               	curly braces, and the new value you want it to have goes in
               	the second set of curly braces (this is an example of a
               	command with two arguments). The environment you use is still
               	called <span class="environment"><a name="e11">abstract</a></span> (that is, you still type
               	<code class="literal">\begin{abstract}</code>...<code class="literal">\end{abstract}</code>). 
               	What the <code class="command"><a name="c65">\abstractname</a></code> does is change the
               	name that gets displayed and printed, not the name of the
               	environment you store the text in.
            </p>
            <p>If you look carefully at the example document, you'll
               	see I sneakily added an extra command to the Preamble.
               	We'll see later what this means (Brownie points for
               	guessing it, though, if you read <a href="#accents">section 2.7</a>).
            </p>
            <div align="center" class="sidebar">
               <table width="75%">
                  <tr>
                     <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                        <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="preamble">The Preamble</a></h3>
                        <p>Modifications which you want to affect a whole document
                           	  go at the start of your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file, immediately
                           	  after the <code class="command"><a name="c66">\documentclass</a></code> line and before
                           	  the <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> line:
                        </p>
                        <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Sneak Preview}
\begin{document}
...
\end{document}
        </pre></blockquote>
                        <p>This position, between the Document Class Declaration
                           	  and the beginning of the <span class="environment"><a name="e12">document</a></span>
                           	  environment, is called the <b><i><a name="pre">preamble</a></i></b>, and it is used for small or
                           	  temporary modifications to the style and behaviour of the
                           	  document. Major or permanent modifications should go in a
                           	  <code>.sty</code> file and be invoked with a
                           	  <code class="command"><a name="c67">\usepackage</a></code> command.
                        </p>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.5 <a name="sections">Sections</a></h2><a name="I55"></a><p>In the body of your document, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> provides seven
               	levels of division or sectioning for you to use in structuring
               	your text. They are all optional: it is perfectly possible to
               	write a document consisting solely of paragraphs of
               	unstructured text. But even novels are normally divided into
               	chapters, although short stories are often made up solely of
               	paragraphs.
            </p>
            <p>Chapters are only
               	available in the <span class="package"><a name="m23">book</a></span> and
               	<span class="package"><a name="m24">report</a></span> document classes, because they
               	don't have any meaning in articles and letters. Parts are
               	also undefined in letters.<sup><a href="#repchap">4</a></sup></p>
            <div align="center"><a name="secdepths"></a><table>
                  <tr class="headfoot">
                     <th valign="bottom" align="center">Depth</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Division</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Command</th>
                     <th valign="bottom" align="left">Notes</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center"><span class="math">&#8722;1</span></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Part</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c68">\part</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">0</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Chapter</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c69">\chapter</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Books and reports</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">1</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Section</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c70">\section</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">2</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Subsection</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c71">\subsection</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">3</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Subsubsection</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c72">\subsubsection</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">4</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Titled paragraph</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c73">\paragraph</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" align="center">5</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Titled subparagraph</td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c74">\subparagraph</a></code></td>
                     <td valign="top" align="left">Not in letters</td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>In each case the title of the part, chapter, section,
               	etc. goes in curly braces after the command. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               	automatically calculates the correct numbering and prints the
               	title in bold. You can turn section numbering off at a
               	specific depth: details in <a href="#secnum">section 3.5.1</a>.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\section{New recruitment policies}
...
\subsection{Effect on staff turnover}
...
\chapter{Business plan 2005--2007}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>There are packages<sup><a href="#F25">5</a></sup>  to let you control the typeface, style, spacing,
               	and appearance of section headings: it's much easier to
               	use them than to try and reprogram the headings manually. Two
               	of the most popular are the <span class="package"><a name="m25">ssection</a></span>
               	and <span class="package"><a name="m26">sectsty</a></span> packages.
            </p>
            <p>Headings also get put automatically into the Table of
               	Contents, if you specify one (it's optional). But if you
               	make manual styling changes to your heading, for example a
               	very long title, or some special line-breaks or unusual
               	font-play, this would appear in the Table of Contents as well,
               	which you almost certainly <em>don't</em>
               	want. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> allows you to give an optional extra version of
               	the heading text which only gets used in the Table of Contents
               	and any running heads, if they are in effect <a href="#runningheads" title="sect2"></a>. This optional alternative
               	heading goes in [square brackets] before the curly
               	braces:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\section[Effect on staff turnover]{An analysis of the 
effect of the revised recruitment policies on staff 
turnover at divisional headquarters}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 5</i>. Start your document text
               </h4>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Add a <code class="command"><a name="c75">\chapter</a></code> command after your
                        	      Abstract or Summary, giving the title of your first
                        	      chapter.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>If you're planning ahead, add a few more
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c76">\chapter</a></code> commands for
                        	      subsequent chapters. Leave a few blank lines between
                        	      them to make it easier to add paragraphs of text
                        	      later.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>By now I shouldn't need to tell you what to do
                        	      after making significant changes to your document
                        	      file.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
               <li><a name="F24">It is arguable that chapters also have no place in
                     	    reports, either, as these are conventionally divided into
                     	    sections as the top-level division. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, however,
                     	    assumes your reports have chapters, but this is only the
                     	    default, and can be changed very simply (see
                     <a href="#reprog">section 9.6</a>).</a></li>
            </ol>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="5">
               <li><a name="F25">Details of how to use <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages are in <a href="#packages">section 5.1</a>.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.5.1 <a name="secnum">Section numbering</a></h3><a name="I56"></a><p>All document divisions get numbered automatically.  Parts
                  	  get Roman numerals (Part&nbsp;I, Part&nbsp;II, etc.);
                  	  chapters and sections get decimal numbering like this
                  	  document, and Appendixes (which are just a special case of
                  	  chapters, and share the same structure) are lettered (A, B,
                  	  C, etc.).
               </p>
               <p>You can change the depth to which section numbering
                  	  occurs, so you can turn it off selectively. In this document
                  	  it is set
                  	  to&nbsp;3.
                  	  If you only want parts, chapters, and sections numbered, not
                  	  subsections or subsubsections etc., you can change the
                  	  value of the <tt><i><a name="l9">secnumdepth</a></i></tt>
                  	  counter using the the <code class="command"><a name="c77">\setcounter</a></code> command,
                  	  giving the depth value from <a href="#secdepths">the table  in section 3.5</a>:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>A related counter is <tt><i><a name="l10">tocdepth</a></i></tt>, which specifies what
                  	  depth to take the Table of Contents to. It can be reset in
                  	  exactly the same way as <tt><i><a name="l11">secnumdepth</a></i></tt>. The current setting
                  	  for this document is&nbsp;2.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
	</pre></blockquote>
               <p>To get an <em>unnumbered</em> section
                  	  heading which does <em>not</em> go into the
                  	  Table of Contents, follow the command name with an asterisk
                  	  before the opening curly brace:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\subsection*{Shopping List}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>All the divisional commands from
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c78">\part*</a></code> to <code class="command"><a name="c79">\subparagraph*</a></code>
                  	  have this &#8216;starred&#8217; version which can
                  	  be used on special occasions for an unnumbered heading when
                  	  the setting of <tt><i><a name="l12">secnumdepth</a></i></tt>
                  	  would normally mean it would be numbered.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.6 <a name="paragraphs">Ordinary paragraphs</a></h2>
            <p>After section headings comes your text. Just type it and
               	leave a blank line between paragraphs. That's all
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> needs.
            </p>
            <p>The blank line means &#8216;start a new paragraph
               	  here&#8217;: it does <em>not</em> (repeat:
               	<strong>not</strong>) mean you get a blank
               	line in the typeset output. Now read this paragraph
               	again and again until that sinks in.
            </p>
            <p>The spacing between paragraphs is a separately definable
               	quantity, a <b><i><a name="dimension">dimension</a></i></b> or
               	<b><i><a name="length">length</a></i></b> called <tt>\<a name="d13">parskip</a></tt>. This is normally zero
               	(no space between paragraphs, because that's how books
               	are normally typeset), but you can easily set it to any size
               	you want with the <code class="command"><a name="c80">\setlength</a></code> command in the
               	Preamble:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parskip}{1cm}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p><a name="paraspace"></a>This will set the space between paragraphs
               	to 1cm. See <a href="#dimensions">section 2.8.1</a> for details of the
               	various size units <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can use. <em>Leaving
                  	  multiple blank lines between paragraphs in your source
                  	  document achieves nothing</em>: all extra blank lines
               	get ignored by <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> because the space between paragraphs
               	is
               	controlled only by the value of <tt>\<a name="d14">parskip</a></tt>.
            </p>
            <p>White-space in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can also be made flexible (what
               	Lamport calls
               	&#8216;rubber&#8217; lengths). This means that
               	values such as <tt>\<a name="d15">parskip</a></tt> can
               	have a default dimension plus an amount of expansion minus an
               	amount of contraction. This is useful on pages in complex
               	documents where not every page may be an exact number of
               	fixed-height lines long, so some give-and-take in vertical
               	space is useful. You specify this in a
               	<code class="command"><a name="c81">\setlength</a></code> command like this:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parskip}{1cm plus4mm minus3mm}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>Paragraph indentation can also be set with the
               	<code class="command"><a name="c82">\setlength</a></code> command, although you would
               	always make it a fixed size, never a flexible one, otherwise
               	you would have very ragged-looking paragraphs.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parindent}{6mm}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>By default, the first paragraph after a heading follows
               	the standard Anglo-American publishers' practice of
               	<em>no</em> indentation. Subsequent paragraphs are
               	indented by the value of <tt>\<a name="d16">parindent</a></tt> (default
               	18pt).<sup><a href="#F26">6</a></sup> You can change this in the same way as any other
               	length.
            </p>
            <p>In the printed copy of this document, the paragraph
               	indentation is set to 12pt and the space
               	between paragraphs is set to 0pt. These values do not
               	apply in the Web (<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A85" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>) version because not all browsers are
               	capable of that fine a level of control, and because users can
               	apply their own stylesheets regardless of what this document
               	proposes.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 6</i>. Start typing!
               </h4>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Type some paragraphs of text. Leave a blank line
                        	      between each. Don't bother about line-wrapping or
                        	      formatting&nbsp;&#8212; <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will take care of all
                        	      that.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>If you're feeling adventurous, add a
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c83">\section</a></code> command with the title of a
                        	      section within your first chapter, and continue typing
                        	      paragraphs of text below that.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Add one or more <code class="command"><a name="c84">\setlength</a></code>
                        	      commands to your Preamble if you want to experiment with
                        	      changing paragraph spacing and indentation.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <p>To turn off indentation completely, set it to zero (but
               	you still have to provide units: it's still a
               	measure!).
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\parindent}{0in}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>If you do this, though, and leave <tt>\<a name="d17">parskip</a></tt> set to zero, your readers
               	won't be able to tell easily where each paragraph begins!
               	If you want to use the style of having no indentation with a
               	space between paragraphs, use the
               	<span class="package"><a name="m28">parskip</a></span> package, which does it for
               	you (and makes adjustments to the spacing of lists and other
               	structures which use paragraph spacing, so they don't get
               	too far apart).
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="6">
               <li><a name="F26">Paragraph spacing and indentation are cultural
                     	    settings. If you are typesetting in a language other than
                     	    English, you should use the <span class="package"><a name="m27">babel</a></span>
                     	    package, which alters many things, including the spacing
                     	    and the naming of sections, to conform with the standards
                     	    of different countries and languages.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#basic"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>3.7 <a name="toc">Table of contents</a></h2><a name="I57"></a><p>All auto-numbered headings get entered in the Table of
               	Contents (ToC) automatically. You don't have to print a
               	ToC, but if you want to, just add the command
               	<code class="command"><a name="c85">\tableofcontents</a></code> at the point where you want
               	it printed (usually after the Abstract or Summary).
            </p>
            <p>Entries for the ToC are recorded each time you process
               	your document, and reproduced the <em>next</em>
               	time you process it, so you need to re-run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> one extra
               	time to ensure that all ToC page-number references
               	are correctly calculated.
            </p>
            <p>We've already seen in <a href="#sections">section 3.5</a> how
               	to use the optional argument to the sectioning commands to add
               	text to the ToC which is slightly different from the one
               	printed in the body of the document. It is also possible to
               	add extra lines to the ToC, to force extra or unnumbered
               	section headings to be included.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 7</i>. Inserting the table of contents
               </h4>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Go back and add a <code class="command"><a name="c86">\tableofcontents</a></code>
                        	      command after the <code class="literal">\end{abstract}</code> command
                        	      in your document.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>You guessed.</p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <p><a name="loflot"></a>The commands <code class="command"><a name="c87">\listoffigures</a></code>
               	and <code class="command"><a name="c88">\listoftables</a></code> work in exactly the same
               	way as <code class="command"><a name="c89">\tableofcontents</a></code> to automatically
               	list all your tables and figures. If you use them, they
               	normally go after the <code class="command"><a name="c90">\tableofcontents</a></code>
               	command.
            </p>
            <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c91">\tableofcontents</a></code> command normally
               	shows only numbered section headings, and only down to the
               	level defined by the <tt><i><a name="l18">tocdepth</a></i></tt> counter (see <a href="#secnum">section 3.5.1</a>), but you can add extra entries with the
               	<code class="command"><a name="c92">\addcontentsline</a></code> command. For example if you
               	use an unnumbered section heading command to start a
               	preliminary piece of text like a Foreword or Preface, you can
               	write:<a name="I58"></a></p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\subsection*{Preface}
\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{Preface}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>This will format an unnumbered ToC entry for
               	&#8216;Preface&#8217; in the
               	&#8216;subsection&#8217; style. You can use
               	the same mechanism to add lines to the List of Figures or List
               	of Tables by substituting <code>lof</code> or
               	<code>lot</code> for <code>toc</code>.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="process">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">4</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Typesetting, viewing and printing</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#setting">Typesetting</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#errmsg">Errors and warnings</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#dvi">Screen preview</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#print">Printer output</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table><a name="I59"></a><a name="I60"></a><a name="I61"></a><p>We've now got far enough to typeset what you've
            entered. I'm assuming at this stage that you have typed
            some sample text in the format specified in the previous
            chapter, and you've saved it in a plain-text file with a
            filetype of
            <code class="literal">.tex</code> and a name of your own choosing.
         </p><a name="I62"></a><blockquote class="exercise">
            <hr>
            <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 8</i>. Saving your file
            </h4>
            <p>If you haven't already saved your file, do so now
               (some editors and interfaces let you typeset the document
               without saving it!).
            </p>
            <p>Pick a sensible filename in a sensible directory. Names
               should be short enough to display and search for, but
               descriptive enough to make sense. See <a href="#filenames">the panel &#8216;Picking suitable filenames&#8217; in this chapter</a> for more details.
            </p>
            <hr>
         </blockquote>
         <div align="center" class="sidebar">
            <table width="75%">
               <tr>
                  <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                     <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="filenames">Picking suitable filenames</a></h3>
                     <p>Never, ever use directories (folders) or file names
                        	    which contain spaces.  Although your operating system
                        	    probably supports them, some don't, and they will
                        	    only cause grief and tears with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
                     </p>
                     <p>Make filenames as short or as long as you wish, but
                        	    strictly avoid spaces. Stick to upper- and lower-case
                        	    letters without accents (A&#8211;Z and a&#8211;z), the
                        	    digits 0&#8211;9, the hyphen (<code class="literal">-</code>), and
                        	    the full point or period (<code class="literal">.</code>), (similar
                        	    to the conventions for a Web <small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A86" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>): it will let you refer to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        	    files over the Web more
                        	    easily and make your files more portable.
                     </p>
                  </td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#process"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.1 <a name="setting">Typesetting</a></h2>
            <p>Typesetting your document is usually done by clicking
               on a button in a toolbar or an entry in a menu. Which one you
               click on depends on what output you want&nbsp;&#8212; there are two
               formats available:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>The standard (default) <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> program produces a
                     <a name="DVI" class="acroref">device-independent</a>&nbsp;(<small>DVI</small>) file which
                     can be used with any <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> previewer or printer driver on any
                     make or model of computer. There are dozens of these
                     available: at least one of each (previewer and printer
                     driver) should have been installed with your distribution
                     of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The <i><a name="p118">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> program
                     	    produces an Adobe Acrobat <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A88" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>
                     	    file which can be used with any suitable previewer, such
                     	    as <i><a name="p119">GSview</a></i>,
                     	    <i><a name="p120">PDFview</a></i>,
                     	    <i><a name="p121">Xpdf</a></i>, the
                     	    <i><a name="p122">Opera</a></i> browser, or Adobe's
                     	    own <i><a name="p123">Acrobat Reader</a></i>.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>Depending on which one you choose, you may have to
               [re]configure your editor so that it runs the right program.
               They can all do all of them, but they don't always come
               pre-set with buttons or menus for every possible option,
               because they can't guess which one you want.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.1.1 Standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h3>
               <p>There are also two ways of running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: from the
                  	  toolbar or menu, or from the command line. Toolbars and
                  	  menus are most common in graphical systems, and are the
                  	  normal way to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Command lines are used in
                  	  non-graphical systems and in automated processes where
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is run
                  	  unattended (so-called &#8216;batch&#8217; or
                  	  &#8216;scripted&#8217; processing).
               </p>
               <p>Whichever way you run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, it will process your
                  	  file and display a log or record of what it's doing
                  	  (see <a href="#terminal">the example &#8216;Running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in a terminal or console
                     window&#8217;  in section 4.1.2</a>: it looks the
                  	  same no matter what system you use). This is to let you see
                  	  where (if!) there are any errors or problems.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 9</i>. Running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from the toolbar or menu
                  </h4>
                  <p>Run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> on your file.  According to which system
                     	    you're using this will either be the
                     	    <span class="guiicon"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></span> toolbar icon or the
                     	    <span class="guimenu"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        	      File</span> menu item.
                  </p>
                  <p>Your editor may suggest you save your file if you
                     	    haven't already done so. Do it.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <p>If <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> reports any errors&nbsp;&#8212; easily identifiable
                  	  as lines in the log beginning with an exclamation mark
                  	  (!)&nbsp;&#8212; <em>don't panic!</em> Turn to <a href="#errmsg">section 4.2</a>, identify what went wrong, and fix it in
                  	  your input file. Then re-run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. If there were no
                  	  errors, your file is ready for displaying or
                  	  printing.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.1.2 <a name="cmdwin">Running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from a command window</a></h3>
               <p>This is worth practising even if you normally use a
                  <small><a href="#GUI" class="acroref" name="A89" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a></small>, so that you understand what it
                  does. See <a href="#cliex">Figure 4.1</a> for an example.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise"><a name="terminal"></a><hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 10</i>. Running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in a terminal or console
                     window
                  </h4>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>Under graphical Unix-based systems (Linux and Mac)
                           		you open a command (shell) window by clicking on the
                           		shell or screen icon in the control panel at the
                           		bottom of your screen.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Under Microsoft Windows you open a command window
                           by clicking on the
                           <span class="guimenu">Start</span>&#8594;<span class="guisubmenu">Programs</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">MS-DOS</span>
                           or
                           <span class="guimenu">Start</span>&#8594;<span class="guisubmenu">Command
                              Prompt</span> menu item.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
                  <p>When the command window appears, type</p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
cd <code><u>documents</u></code>
latex <code><u>mybook</u></code>&nbsp;
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>Substitute the relevant directory and file name.
                     	    Remember to press the <tt class="keycap">Enter</tt> key at the
                     	    end of each line.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 4.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="cliex">Command-line usage</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="terminal.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.1.3 pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h3>
               <p>If your editor is set up to generate <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A90" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> files direct instead of <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A91" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> files, then you can click the
                  	  <span class="guiicon">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></span> toolbar icon or type the
                  	  command <code class="literal">pdflatex
                     	    <code><u>filename</u></code></code> in a terminal
                  	  (console) window. <i><a name="p124">Emacs</a></i> does not
                  	  have a default menu configured for
                  	  <i><a name="p125">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> but if you have
                  	  already run standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> on the file, you can type ther
                  	  <code class="literal">pdflatex</code> command in the
                  <code class="literal">*TeX-Shell*</code> pane.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#process"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2 <a name="errmsg">Errors and warnings</a></h2>
            <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> describes what it's typesetting while it does it,
               	and if it encounters something it doesn't understand or can't
               	do, it will display a message saying what's wrong. It may
               	also display warnings for less serious conditions.
            </p>
            <p><em>Don't panic if you see error
                  	  messages</em>: it's very common for beginners to
               	mistype or mis-spell commands, forget curly braces, type a
               	forward slash instead of a backslash, or use a special
               	character by mistake. Errors are easily spotted and easily
               	corrected in your editor, and you can then run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> again
               	to check you have fixed everything. Some of the most common
               	errors are described in <a href="#errmsg">section 4.2</a> with an
               	explanation of how to fix them.
            </p>
            <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="dontpanic.png" width="50%"></div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.1 <a name="errs">Error messages</a></h3>
               <p>The format of an error message is always the same. Error
                  	messages begin with an exclamation mark at the start of the
                  	line, and give a description of the error, followed by another
                  	line starting with the number, which refers to the line-number
                  	in your document file which <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> was processing when the
                  	error was spotted. Here's an example, showing that the user
                  	mistyped the <code class="command"><a name="c93">\tableofcontents</a></code>
                  	command:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
! Undefined control sequence.
l.6 \tableofcotnetns
      </pre></blockquote>
               <p>When <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> finds an error like this, it displays the
                  	error message and pauses. You must type one of the following
                  	letters to continue:
               </p>
               <div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="center">Key</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="576">Meaning</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">x</tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left">Stop immediately and e<strong>x</strong>it the program.
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">q</tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left">Carry on <strong>q</strong>uietly as best you can and
                           		  don't bother me with any more error
                           		  messages.
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">e</tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left">Stop the program but re-position the text in my
                           		  <strong>e</strong>ditor at the point
                           		  where you found the error.<sup><a href="#F1a"><i>a</i></a></sup></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">h</tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left">Try to give me more <strong>h</strong>elp.
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"><tt class="keycap">i</tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" width="576" align="left">(followed by a correction) means <strong>i</strong>nput the correction in
                           		  place of the error and carry on.<sup><a href="#F1b"><i>b</i></a></sup></td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
                  <div align="left">
                     <ol class="footnotes" type="a">
                        <li><a name="F1a">This only works if you're using an editor
                              		      which <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can communicate with.</a></li>
                        <li><a name="F1b">This is only a temporary fix to get the file
                              		      processed. You still have to make that
                              		      correction in the editor.</a></li>
                     </ol>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <p>Some systems (<i><a name="p126">Emacs</a></i> is one
                  	  example) run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> with a
                  	  &#8216;non-stop&#8217; switch turned on, so it
                  	  will always process through to the end of the file,
                  	  regardless of errors, or until a limit is reached.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="0"></ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.2 <a name="warn">Warnings</a></h3>
               <p>Warnings don't begin with an exclamation mark: they are
                  	just comments by <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> about things you might want to look
                  into, such as 
                  	overlong or underrun lines (often caused by unusual hyphenations, for
                  	example), pages running short or long, and other typographical
                  	niceties (most of which you can ignore until later).
               </p>
               <p>Unlike other systems, which try to hide unevennesses in
                  	the text&nbsp;&#8212; usually unsuccessfully&nbsp;&#8212; by interfering
                  	with the letter-spacing, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> takes the view that the
                  	author or editor should be able to contribute. While it is
                  	certainly possible to set <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s parameters so that
                  	the spacing is sufficiently sloppy that you will almost never
                  	get a warning about badly-fitting lines or pages, you will
                  	almost certainly just be delaying matters until you start to
                  	get complaints from your readers or publishers.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3 Examples
               </h3>
               <p>Only a few common error messages are given here: those
                  	  most likely to be encountered by beginners. If you find
                  	  another error message not shown here, and it's not
                  	  clear what you should do, ask for help.
               </p>
               <p>Most error messages are self-explanatory, but be aware
                  	  that the place where
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> spots and reports an error may be later in the file
                  	  than the place where it actually occurred. For example if
                  	  you forget to close a curly brace which encloses, say,
                  	  italics, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> won't report this until something else
                  	  occurs which can't happen until the curly brace is
                  	  encountered (eg the end of the document!) Some errors can
                  	  only be righted by humans who can read and understand what
                  	  the document is supposed to mean or look like.
               </p>
               <p>Newcomers should remember to check the list of special
                  	  characters in <a href="#specials" title="sect1"></a>: a very large
                  	  number of errors when you are learning <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> are due to
                  	  accidentally typing a special character when you didn't
                  	  mean to. This disappears after a few days as you get used to
                  	  them.
               </p>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3.1 <a name="toomany">Too many }'s</a></h4><a name="I63"></a><a name="I64"></a><blockquote><pre>
! Too many }'s.
l.6 \date December 2004}
	  </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>The reason <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> thinks there are too many
                     	    <code class="literal">}</code>'s here is that the opening curly
                     	    brace is missing after the <code class="command"><a name="c94">\date</a></code> control
                     	    sequence and before the word <code class="literal">December</code>,
                     	    so the closing curly brace is seen as one too many (which
                     	    it is!).
                  </p>
                  <p>In fact, there are other things which can follow the
                     	    <code class="command"><a name="c95">\date</a></code> command apart from a date in curly
                     	    braces, so <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> cannot possibly guess that
                     	    you've missed out the opening curly brace&nbsp;&#8212; until
                     	    it finds a closing one!
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3.2 <a name="undefcs">Undefined control sequence</a></h4><a name="I65"></a><a name="I66"></a><blockquote><pre>
! Undefined control sequence.
l.6 \dtae
         {December 2004}
	  </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>In this example, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is complaining that it has
                     	    no such command (&#8216;control
                     	      sequence&#8217;) as <code class="literal">\dtae</code>.
                     	    Obviously it's been mistyped, but only a human can
                     	    detect that fact: all <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> knows is
                     	    that <code class="literal">\dtae</code> is not a command it knows
                     	    about&nbsp;&#8212; it's undefined.
                  </p>
                  <p>Mistypings are the commonest source of error. If your
                     	    editor has drop-down menus to insert common commands and
                     	    environments, use them!
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3.3 <a name="runaway">Runaway argument</a></h4><a name="I67"></a><a name="I68"></a><blockquote><pre>
Runaway argument?
{December 2004 \maketitle 
! Paragraph ended before \date was complete.
&lt;to be read again&gt;
                   \par 
l.8 
	  </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>In this error, the closing curly brace has been
                     	    omitted from the date. It's the opposite of the error in
                     	    <a href="#toomany">section 4.2.3.1</a>, and it results in
                     	    <code class="command"><a name="c96">\maketitle</a></code> trying to format the title
                     	    page while <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is still expecting more text for the
                     	    date! As
                     	    <code class="command"><a name="c97">\maketitle</a></code> creates new paragraphs on the
                     	    title page, this is detected and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> complains that
                     	    the
                     	    previous paragraph has ended but <code class="command"><a name="c98">\date</a></code>
                     	    is not yet finished.
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3.4 <a name="underfull">Underfull hbox</a></h4><a name="I69"></a><a name="I70"></a><blockquote><pre>
Underfull \hbox (badness 1394) in paragraph 
at lines 28--30
[][]\LY1/brm/b/n/10 Bull, RJ: \LY1/brm/m/n/10 
Ac-count-ing in Busi-
[94]
	  </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>This is a warning that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> cannot stretch the
                     	    line wide enough to fit, without making the spacing bigger
                     	    than its currently permitted maximum. The
                     	    <b><i><a name="badness">badness</a></i></b> (0&#8211;10,000) indicates
                     	    how severe this is (here you can probably ignore a badness
                     	    of 1394). It says what lines of your file it was
                     	    typesetting when it found this, and the number in square
                     	    brackets is the number of the page onto which the
                     	    offending line was printed.
                  </p>
                  <p>The codes separated by slashes are the typeface and
                     	    font style and size used in the line. Ignore them for the
                     	    moment: details are in <a href="#fdfiles">step 11</a> if you're
                     	    curious.
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3.5 <a name="overfull">Overfull hbox</a></h4><a name="I71"></a><a name="I72"></a><blockquote><pre>
[101]
Overfull \hbox (9.11617pt too wide) in paragraph 
at lines 860--861
[]\LY1/brm/m/n/10 Windows, \LY1/brm/m/it/10 see 
\LY1/brm/m/n/10 X Win-
	  </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>And the opposite warning: this line is too
                     	    long by a shade over 9pt. The chosen hyphenation point
                     	    which minimises the error is shown at the end of the line
                     	    (<em>Win-</em>). Line numbers and page numbers
                     	    are given as before. In this case, 9pt is too much to
                     	    ignore (over 3mm or more than <span class="math">1/8</span>&#8243;), and a manual correction needs
                     	    making (such as a change to the hyphenation), or the
                     	    flexibility settings need changing (outside the scope of
                     	    this book).
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.2.3.6 <a name="nopkg">Missing package</a></h4><a name="I73"></a><a name="I74"></a><blockquote><pre>
! LaTeX Error: File `paralisy.sty' not found.

Type X to quit or &lt;RETURN&gt; to proceed,
or enter new name. (Default extension: sty)

Enter file name: 
	  </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>When you use the <code class="command"><a name="c99">\usepackage</a></code> command
                     	    to request <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to use a certain package, it will look
                     	    for a file with the specified name and the filetype
                     	    <code>.sty</code>. In this case the user has
                     	    mistyped the name of the <span class="package"><a name="m29">paralist</a></span>
                     	    package, so it's easy to fix. However, if you get the name
                     	    right, but the package is not installed on your machine,
                     	    you will need to download and install it before continuing
                     	    (see <a href="#ctan">Chapter 5</a>).
                  </p>
               </div>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#process"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.3 <a name="dvi">Screen preview</a></h2><a name="I75"></a><p>Once the file has been processed without errors (or even
               if there are still errors, but you want to see what it's
               doing with them), standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will have created a
               <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A92" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> file with the same name as your
               document but the filetype
               <code class="literal">.dvi</code>. If you're using
               <i><a name="p127">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, a <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A93" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file will have been created, and you
               can skip to
               <a href="#pdfview">section 4.3.3</a>.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.3.1 <a name="dvipreview">Previewing DVI output</a></h3>
               <p>To see the typeset output, click on the
                  <span class="guiicon">dvi</span> Preview toolbar icon or use the
                  	  <span class="guimenu">TeX</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">TeX View</span>
                  	  menu item. A <small><a href="#WYSIWYG" class="acroref" name="A94" title="What You See Is What You Get">WYSIWYG</a></small> preview window will appear with
                  	  your typeset display (see <a href="#dviview">Figure 4.1</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning">
                  <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="bitmappreview">Bitmap preview fonts in DVI viewers</a></h4>
                  <p>The first time you display your <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A95" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> output with a new installation of
                     <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, there may be a short pause if the previewer needs
                     	    to create the special bitmaps used for screen previews of
                     	    some fonts. These give greater accuracy on low-resolution
                     	    devices like screens. As you continue to work with
                     	    <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and your system accumulates these font files, the
                     	    pause for generating them will disappear. Recent versions
                     	    of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> work directly with Type&nbsp;1 fonts, however,
                     	    and don't have this delay.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 4.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="dviview">DVI preview</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="xdvi.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>Most previewers have a wide range of scaling, zooming,
                  	  and measuring functions, but remember this is a
                  	  <em>picture</em> of your output: you cannot edit
                  	  the image. To change it, you always edit your source text
                  	  and reprocess the file.
               </p>
               <p>With <i><a name="p128">xdvi</a></i> and its derivatives
                  	  like <i><a name="p129">dviview</a></i>, you can leave the
                  	  display window open, and after you've reprocessed your
                  	  document through <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, moving your mouse back into the
                  	  window will make the display update automatically (click
                  	  your mouse if your windowing system needs a
                  	  click to focus).
               </p>
               <p><a href="#dviview">Figure 4.1</a> shows
                  	  <i><a name="p130">xdvi</a></i> displaying a page. With a
                  	  standard three-button mouse you get three levels of
                  	  micro-zoom to let you inspect fine details.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.3.2 <a name="makeps">Previewing with PostScript</a></h3>
               <p><a name="t7">PostScript</a> is a page description
                  	  language invented by Adobe and used in laser printers and
                  	  high-end typesetters. It's been the universal standard
                  	  for electronically-formatted print files for nearly two
                  	  decades, and all printers and publishers are accustomed to
                  	  using it. <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A96" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> is a descendant of
                  	  PostScript, and is rapidly taking over, but
                  	  <a name="t8">PostScript</a> itself is still extremely
                  	  common, largely because it is very robust, and is usually an
                  	  <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A97" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> file, which makes it very
                  	  portable and easy to generate (it is actually a programming
                  	  language in its own right). The drawback is the large size
                  	  of <a name="t9">PostScript</a> files, especially if
                  	  they contain bitmapped graphics.
               </p>
               <p>The <i><a name="p131">dvips</a></i> program which comes
                  	  with all <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems is used to generate
                  	  <a name="t10">PostScript</a> files directly from your
                  	  <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A98" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> output. These
                  	  <code>.ps</code> files can be viewed, printed, sent
                  	  to a platemaker or filmsetter, or put online for
                  	  downloading.
               </p>
               <p><small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A99" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> viewers cannot render some
                  	  <a name="t11">PostScript</a> graphical manipulations
                  	  like rotating and deforming, so an alternative to viewing
                  	  the DVI file direct is to generate a
                  	  <a name="t12">PostScript</a> file and use a
                  	  <a name="t13">PostScript</a> viewer. You may have to to
                  	  do this for your publisher anyway, and many editors can be
                  	  configured to do this by default. Look for a
                  	  <span class="guiicon">dvips</span> toolbar icon or menu entry and
                  	  click on it.
               </p>
               <p>It's also very simple to do manually: let's
                  assume your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file was called
                  <code>mydoc.tex</code>, so processing it has created
                  <code>mydoc.dvi</code>. Just type:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
dvips -o mydoc.ps mydoc
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>in a command window (see <a href="#terminal">the example &#8216;Running <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in a terminal or console
                     window&#8217;  in section 4.1.2</a> for how to use one)
                  and <i><a name="p132">dvips</a></i> will create
                  <code>mydoc.ps</code> which can be used both for
                  previewing and printing.
               </p>
               <p>To view a <a name="t14">PostScript</a> file, you
                  	  need a <a name="t15">PostScript</a> previewer like
                  	  <i><a name="p133">GSview</a></i>, which works with the
                  	  <a name="t16">PostScript</a> interpreter
                  	  <i><a name="p134">Ghostscript</a></i>, which should have
                  	  been installed automatically along with your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> system
                  	  (if not, install both now: <i><a name="p135">GSview</a></i>
                  	  is separately licensed and cannot legally be included in
                  	  some older <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> distributions, so you may have to download
                  	  it yourself).
               </p>
               <p><i><a name="p136">GSview</a></i> can be set to watch
                  the <a name="t17">PostScript</a> file and automatically
                  update the display any time the file is changed, without you
                  even having to click on the window.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.3.3 <a name="pdfview">Previewing with PDF</a></h3>
               <p>The <a name="PDF" class="acroref">Portable Document Format</a>&nbsp;(<small>PDF</small>)
                  	  is a derivative of <a name="t18">PostScript</a>.
                  	  Whereas <a name="t19">PostScript</a> is a programming
                  	  language in itself, <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A101" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> is in effect
                  	  the <em>result</em> of processing a document
                  	  through <a name="t20">PostScript</a>: it's a binary
                  	  file format, extremely compact, and well-supported on all
                  	  platforms.
               </p>
               <p>If your system is configured to generate <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A102" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> files direct instead of <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A103" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> files, just open the
                  <code>.pdf</code> file using any <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A104" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> previewer or browser.
               </p>
               <p>Most editors are configured to display a toolbar icon
                  which will pop up <i><a name="p137">Acrobat Reader</a></i>
                  or some other viewer with the current <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A105" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> output file.
               </p>
               <p>Adobe's <i><a name="p138">Acrobat Reader</a></i>
                  cannot automatically update the view if you reprocess your
                  document, in the way that <i><a name="p139">xdvi</a></i>
                  	  and <i><a name="p140">GSview</a></i> can. You
                  have to close the display with <tt class="keycap">Ctrl</tt>&#8211;<tt class="keycap">W</tt>&nbsp; and reload the file with <tt class="keycap">Alt</tt>&#8211;<tt class="keycap">F</tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="keycap">1</tt>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning">
                  <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="">Bitmap preview fonts in Acrobat Reader</a></h4>
                  <p>Acrobat Reader is extremely poor at rendering
                     	    Type&nbsp;3 (bitmap) fonts. If you are using these (either
                     	    in an old <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> installation which has not been
                     	    upgraded to Type&nbsp;1, or with files using specialist
                     	    fonts only available in Type&nbsp;3 format), you will see
                     	    a very fuzzy display at low magnifications. It will print
                     	    perfectly, but Acrobat Reader's display is
                     	    disappointing. The solution is to use a better previewer
                     	    or to upgrade to the Type&nbsp;1 versions of the fonts
                     	    if possible, or both. If you need to
                     	    use Type&nbsp;3 fonts in <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A106" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>s,
                     	    you probably need to warn your readers to expect a fuzzy
                     	    display from Acrobat Reader (but good printout), and to
                     	    change to a better reader if they can.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#process"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>4.4 <a name="print">Printer output</a></h2><a name="I76"></a><p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems print on almost anything from the simplest
               	dot-matrix printers to the biggest phototypesetters, including
               	all the laser printers and a host of other devices in between.
               	<em>How</em> you do it varies slightly according
               	to how you do your typesetting and previewing:
            </p>
            <blockquote>
               <dl>
                  <dt><b>If you are using DVI</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>and you have a previewer which has a
                        	      <b>print</b> function configured for your
                        	      printer, you can use that. If not, create a
                        	      <a name="t21">PostScript</a> file and use
                        	      <i><a name="p141">GSview</a></i> instead.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>If you are using PDF</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>you can print directly from your <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A107" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> viewer.  Be careful about using
                        	      the &#8216;Fit to page&#8217; options, as they will
                        	      change the size of your document so all your
                        	      measurements will be different.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>Non-<a name="t22">PostScript</a> printers</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>You can create a <a name="t23">PostScript</a>
                        	      file with <i><a name="p142">dvips</a></i> (see <a href="#makeps">section 4.3.2</a>) and use
                        	      <i><a name="p143">GSview</a></i> to print it
                        	      (<i><a name="p144">GSview</a></i> can print
                        	      <a name="t24">PostScript</a> files to almost any
                        	      make or model of non-<a name="t25">PostScript</a>
                        	      printer).
                     </p>
                     <p></p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>If you have a real <a name="t26">PostScript</a>
                        	    printer</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>or you are using a system with built-in
                        	      <a name="t27">PostScript</a> printing support (such
                        	      as Linux or Mac), you can create and send
                        	      <a name="t28">PostScript</a> output directly from
                        	      your editor to the printer without the need to open it
                        	      in a previewer first. In
                        	      <i><a name="p145">Emacs</a></i>, for example, this is
                        	      what happens when you use the
                        	      <span class="guimenu"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                           		Print</span> menu item.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
               </dl>
            </blockquote>
            <p>Both the <i><a name="p146">dvips</a></i> program and all
               	the previewers that print tend to have facilities for printing
               	selected pages, printing in reverse, scaling the page size,
               <a name="I77"></a><a name="I78"></a><a name="I79"></a> and printing only odd or even pages for two-sided
               	work. If you are using <a name="t29">PostScript</a> there
               	are programs for manipulating the output
               	(<i><a name="p147">pstops</a></i>), for example to perform
               	page imposition to get 4, 8, or 16 pages to a sheet for making
               	booklets (<i><a name="p148">psnup</a></i>).
            </p>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 11</i>. Print it!
               </h4>
               <p>Show that you have understood the process of
                  	  typesetting, previewing, and printing, by displaying your
                  	  document and printing it.
               </p>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <p>If you need a
               	non-<a name="t30">PostScript</a>/<i><a name="p149">Ghostscript</a></i> 
               	solution, install a separate <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> print driver for your
               	printer. Some
               	may be supplied with your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> installation, and there are
               	dozens more on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A108" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>. Their names all
               	start with <code>dvi</code> and are followed by an
               	abbreviation for the printer make or model like
               	<i><a name="p150">dvieps</a></i> for Epson,
               	<i><a name="p151">dvihp</a></i> for Hewlett-Packard,
               	<i><a name="p152">dvialw</a></i> for Apple LaserWriters,
               	etc.. Configure the driver to print directly to the print
               	queue, or pipe it to the print queue manually. On Linux with
               	an HP printer, for example, this would be
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
dvihp mydoc | lpr 
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>Microsoft Windows has no easy way to bypass the print
               	spool, but you can do it from an MS-DOS command window
               	with (using a HP printer as an example):
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
dvihp mydoc -o mydoc.hp
copy /b mydoc.hp LPT1:
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>Read the documentation for the driver, as the options and
               	defaults vary.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="ctan">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">5</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>CTAN, packages, and online help</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#packages">Packages</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#pkginst">Downloading and installing packages</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#help">Online help</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>The <a name="CTAN" class="acroref">Comprehensive <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Archive
               	Network</a>&nbsp;(<small>CTAN</small>) is a repository of Web and <small><a href="#FTP" class="acroref" name="A110" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></small> servers worldwide which contain copies of
            almost every piece of free software related to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
         </p>
         <p><small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A111" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> is based on three main
            servers, and there are several online indexes available. There
            are complete <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems for all platforms,
            utilities for text and graphics processing, conversion programs
            into and out of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, printer drivers, extra typefaces, and
            (possibly the most important) the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages. The three
            main servers are:
         </p>
         <ul>
            <li>
               <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group: <a href="http://www.ctan.org/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/</tt></a></p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>UK <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/"><tt>http://www.tex.ac.uk/</tt></a></p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> e.V. (DANTE,
                  	  the German-speaking <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group); <a href="http://dante.ctan.org/"><tt>http://dante.ctan.org/</tt></a></p>
            </li>
         </ul>
         <div align="center" class="sidebar">
            <table width="75%">
               <tr>
                  <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                     <p><small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A112" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> should
                        	<em>always</em> be your first port of call when
                        	looking for a software update or a feature you want to use.
                        	Please don't ask the <a href="#help" title="sect1">network help
                           	  resources</a> until you have checked <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A113" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> and the <small><a href="#FAQ" class="acroref" name="A114" title="Frequently-Asked Questions">FAQ</a></small> (<a href="#faq">section 5.3.1</a>).
                     </p>
                  </td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#ctan"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.1 <a name="packages">Packages</a></h2><a name="I80"></a><p>Add-on features for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> are known as <b><i><a name="pack">packages</a></i></b>. Dozens of these are
               	pre-installed with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and can be used in your documents
               	immediately. They should all be stored in subdirectories of
               	<code>texmf/tex/latex</code> named after each package.
               	To find out what other packages are available and what they
               	do, you should use the <a href="http://www.ctan.org/search"><small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A115" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> search page</a> which includes a
               	link to Graham Williams' comprehensive package
               	catalogue.
            </p>
            <p>A package is a file or collection of files containing
               	extra <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands and programming which add new styling
               	features or modify those already existing. Installed package
               	files all end with <code>.sty</code> (there may be
               	  ancillary files as well).
            </p>
            <p>When you try to typeset a document which requires a
               	package which is not installed on your system, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will
               	warn you with an error message that it is missing (see <a href="#nopkg">section 4.2.3.6</a>), and you can
               	then download the package and install it using the
               	instructions in <a href="#pkginst">section 5.2</a>. You can also
               	download updates to packages you already have (both the ones
               	that were installed along with your version of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> as
               	well as ones you added).
            </p>
            <p>There is no limit to the number of packages you can have
               	installed on your computer (apart from disk space!), but there
               	is probably a physical limit to the number that can be used
               	inside any one <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document at the same time, although it
               	depends on how big each package is. In practice there is no
               	problem in having even a couple of dozen packages active (the
               	style file for this document uses over 30).
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.1.1 <a name="colorpkg">Using an existing package</a></h3>
               <p>To use a package already installed on your system,
                  	  insert a <code class="command"><a name="c100">\usepackage</a></code> command in your
                  	  document preamble with the package name in curly braces, as
                  	  we have already seen in earlier chapters. For example, to
                  	  use the <span class="package"><a name="m30">color</a></span> package, which lets
                  	  you typeset in colours (I warned you this was
                  	  coming!), you would type:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\usepackage{color}
\begin{document}
...
\end{document}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>You can include several package names in one
                  <code class="command"><a name="c101">\usepackage</a></code> command by separating the
                  names with commas, and you can have more than one
                  <code class="command"><a name="c102">\usepackage</a></code> command.
               </p>
               <p>Some packages allow optional settings in square
                  	  brackets. If you use these, you must give the package its
                  	  own separate <code class="command"><a name="c103">\usepackage</a></code> command, like
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m31">geometry</a></span> shown below:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\usepackage{pslatex,palatino,avant,graphicx,color}
\usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry}
\begin{document}

\title{\color{red}Practical Typesetting}
\author{\color{blue}Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{\color{green}December 2005}
\maketitle

\end{document}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>(Incidentally, this is a rather crude way to do colours in
                  	  titling on a once-off basis: if it's for a repeatable
                  	  style we'll see in <a href="#macros">Chapter 9</a> how it can
                  	  be automated and kept out of the author's way.)
               </p>
               <p>Many packages can have additional formatting
                  specifications in optional arguments in square brackets, in
                  the same way as <span class="package"><a name="m32">geometry</a></span> 
                  does. Read the documentation for the package concerned to
                  find out what can be done.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise"><a name="geoex"></a><hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 12</i>. Add colour
                  </h4>
                  <p>Use the <span class="package"><a name="m33">color</a></span> package to add
                     	    some colour to your document. Stick with primary colours
                     	    for the moment.
                  </p>
                  <p>Use the <span class="package"><a name="m34">geometry</a></span>
                     	    package to change the margins.
                  </p>
                  <p>Reprocess and print your document if you have a colour
                     	    printer (monochrome printers should print it in shades of
                     	    grey).
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <p><small><a href="#CMYK" class="acroref" name="A116" title="Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black">CMYK</a></small> and <small><a href="#RGB" class="acroref" name="A117" title="Red-Green-Blue">RGB</a></small> are not the only colour
                  	    models. <a name="ul">Uwe Kern</a>'s
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m35">xcolor</a></span> package defines half a
                  	    dozen, and includes facilities for converting colour
                  	    values from one model to another.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.1.2 <a name="packagedoc">Package documentation</a></h3><a name="I81"></a><p>To find out what commands a package provides (and thus
                  	  how to use it), you need to read the documentation. In the
                  	  <code>texmf/doc</code> subdirectory of your
                  	  installation there should be directories full of
                  	  <code>.dvi</code> files, one for every package
                  	  installed. These can be previewed or printed like any other
                  	  <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A118" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> file (see
                  <a href="#dvipreview">section 4.3.1</a>). If your installation
                  	  procedure has not installed the documentation, the <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A119" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> files can all be downloaded from
                  	  <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A120" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>.
               </p>
               <p>Before using a package, you should read the
                  documentation carefully, especially the subsection usually
                  called &#8216;User Interface&#8217;, which
                  describes the commands the package makes available. You
                  cannot just guess and hope it will work: you have to read it
                  and find out.
               </p>
               <p>See the next section for details of how to create the
                  documentation <code>.dvi</code> file for additional
                  packages you install yourself.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 13</i>. Read all about it
                  </h4>
                  <p>Find and view (or print) the documentation on the
                     <span class="package"><a name="m36">geometry</a></span> package you used in
                     <a href="#geoex">the example &#8216;Add colour&#8217;  in section 5.1.1</a>.
                  </p>
                  <p>Investigate some of the other package documentation
                     files in the directory.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#ctan"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.2 <a name="pkginst">Downloading and installing packages</a></h2><a name="I82"></a><a name="I83"></a><p>Once you have identified a package you need and
               	haven't already got (or you have got it and need to
               	update it), use the indexes on any <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A121" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> server to find the package you need
               	and the directory where it can be downloaded from.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.2.1 <a name="downloadpkg">Downloading packages</a></h3>
               <p>What you need to look for is always <em>two
                     	    files</em>, one ending in <code>.dtx</code>
                  	  and the other in <code>.ins</code>. The first is a
                  	  DOC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span><a name="I84"></a> file, which combines the package program and its
                  	  documentation in a single file. The second is the
                  	  installation routine (much smaller). You <em>must
                     	    always</em> download <em>both</em>
                  	  files.
               </p>
               <p>If the two files are not there, it means one of two
                  	  things:
               </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p><em>Either</em> the package is part of a
                        	      much larger bundle which you shouldn't normally update
                        	      unless you change version of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>;<sup><a href="#F29">1</a></sup></p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><em>or</em> it's one of a few rare or
                        	      unusual packages still supplied as a single
                        	      <code>.sty</code> file intended for the now
                        	      obsolete <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>&#8201;2.09.<sup><a href="#F30">2</a></sup></p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
               <p><a name="packinst"></a>Download both files to a <b><i><a name="tempdir">temporary directory</a></i></b>. If you use
                  	  Windows, keep a folder like <code>C:\tmp</code> or
                  	  <code>C:\temp</code> for this; Mac and Linux systems
                  	  already have a <code>/tmp</code> directory.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
                  <li><a name="F29">For example, there is no
                        		  <code>color.dtx</code> and
                        		  <code>color.ins</code> for the
                        		  <span class="package"><a name="m37">color</a></span> package because it
                        		  forms part of the <span class="package"><a name="m38">graphics</a></span>
                        		  bundle, which is installed on all <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> systems
                        		  anyway. Such packages change very rarely, as they
                        
                        		  form part of the core of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and are very
                        		  stable. In
                        		  general you should never try to update these
                        		  packages in isolation.</a></li>
                  <li><a name="F30">You can try to use these if you wish but they
                        		  are not guaranteed to work, and have now almost all
                        		  been replaced by <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span> versions. Always look for
                        		  the
                        		  <code>.dtx</code> and
                        		  <code>.ins</code> pair of files
                        		  first.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.2.2 <a name="installpkg">Installing a package</a></h3>
               <p>There are four steps to installing a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  package:
               </p><a name="I85"></a><ol>
                  <li><b><a name="extract">Extract the files</a></b><br><p>Run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> on the <code>.ins</code> file.
                        	      That is, open the file in your editor and process it as
                        	      if it were a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document (which is it), or if you
                        	      prefer, type <code class="literal">latex</code> followed by the
                        	      <code>.ins</code> filename in a command window
                        	      in your temporary directory.
                     </p>
                     <p>This will extract all the files needed from the
                        	      <code>.dtx</code> file (which is why you must
                        	      have both of them present in the temporary directory).
                        	      Note down or print the names of the files created if
                        	      there are a lot of them (read the log file if you want
                        	      to see their names again).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="dtxdoc">Create the documentation</a></b><br><p>Run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> on the <code>.dtx</code> file
                        	      twice. This will create a <code>.dvi</code> file
                        	      of documentation explaining what the package is for and
                        	      how to use it. Two passes through <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> are needed in
                        	      order to resolve any internal crossreferences in the
                        	      text (a feature we'll come onto later). If you
                        	      prefer to create <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A122" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> then run
                        	      <i><a name="p153">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> instead. View or
                        	      print this file in the usual manner (see <a href="#dvi">section 4.3</a>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Install the files</b><br><p>While the documentation is printing, move or copy
                        	      the files created in <a href="#extract">step 1</a>
                        	      from your temporary directory to the right place[s] in
                        	      your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&nbsp;<em>local</em> installation
                        	      directory tree&nbsp;&#8212; always your &#8216;local&#8217;
                        	      directory tree,  <i>a</i>)&nbsp;to prevent your new package accidentally
                        		    overwriting files in the main <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        		    directories;  and <i>b</i>)&nbsp;to avoid your newly-installed files being
                        		    overwritten when you next update your version of
                        		    <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>.
                     </p>
                     <div align="center" class="table">
                        <table>
                           <caption><i>Table 5.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="where">Where to put files from packages</a></caption>
                           <tr class="headfoot">
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Type</th>
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Directory (under
                                 		      <code>texmf-local/</code>)
                              </th>
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left" width="216">Description</th>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.cls</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">tex/latex/base</td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">Document class file</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.sty</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">tex/latex/<code><u>packagename</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">Style file: the normal package
                                 content
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.bst</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">bibtex/bst/<code><u>packagename</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;"><span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> style
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.mf</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">fonts/source/public/<code><u>typeface</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">METAFONT outline</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.fd</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">tex/latex/mfnfss</td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">Font Definition files for METAFONT fonts</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.fd</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">tex/latex/psnfss</td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">Font Definition files for PostScript
                                 Type&nbsp;1 fonts
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.pfb</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">/fonts/type1/<code><u>foundry</u></code>/<code><u>typeface</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">PostScript Type&nbsp;1 outline</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.afm</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">/fonts/afm/<code><u>foundry</u></code>/<code><u>typeface</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">Adobe Font Metrics for Type&nbsp;1
                                 fonts
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.tfm</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">/fonts/tfm/<code><u>foundry</u></code>/<code><u>typeface</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Font Metrics for METAFONT and
                                 Type&nbsp;1 fonts
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.vf</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">/fonts/vf/<code><u>foundry</u></code>/<code><u>typeface</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> virtual fonts
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.dvi</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">/doc</td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">package documentation</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code>.pdf</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">/doc</td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">package documentation</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">others</td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">tex/latex/<code><u>packagename</u></code></td>
                              <td valign="top" width="216" align="left" style="font-size:small;">other types of file unless instructed
                                 		      otherwise
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                     <p>&#8216;The right place&#8217; sometimes causes
                        	      confusion, especially if your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> installation is old
                        	      or does not conform to the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        		Directory Structure&nbsp;(UNDEFINED ACRONYM). For a <small><a href="#TDS" class="acroref" name="A124" title="Directory Structure">TDS</a></small>-conformant system, this is either
                        	     <i>a</i>)&nbsp;for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages, a suitably-named
                        		    subdirectory of
                        		    <code>texmf-local/tex/latex/</code><sup><a href="#F31">3</a></sup>;  or <i>b</i>)&nbsp;a suitably-named subdirectory of
                        		    <code>texmf-local/</code> for files like
                        <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> styles which are not just for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> but can
                        		    be used in other <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems.
                     </p>
                     <p>&#8216;Suitably-named&#8217; means sensible and
                        	      meaningful (and probably short). For a package like
                        	      <span class="package"><a name="m39">paralist</a></span>, for example, I'd call
                        	      the directory <code>paralist</code>.
                     </p>
                     <p>Often there is just a <code>.sty</code> file
                        	      to move but in the case of complex packages there may be
                        	      more, and they may belong in different locations. For
                        	      example, new <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages or font packages will
                        	      typically have several files to install. This is why it
                        	      is a good idea to create a subdirectory for the package
                        	      rather than dump the files into
                        	      <code>misc</code> along with other unrelated
                        	      stuff.
                     </p>
                     <p>If there are configuration or other files, read the
                        	      documentation to find out if there is a special or
                        	      preferred location to move them to.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="texindex">Update your index</a></b><br><a name="I86"></a><p>Finally, run your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> indexer program to update
                        	      the package database. This program comes with every
                        	      modern version of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and is variously called
                        	      <i><a name="p154">texhash</a></i>,
                        	      <i><a name="p155">mktexlsr</a></i>, or even
                        	      <i><a name="p156">configure</a></i>, or it might just
                        	      be a mouse click on a button or menu in your editor.
                        	      Read the documentation that came with your installation
                        	      to find out which it is.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">This last step is <em>utterly
                        	      essential</em>, otherwise nothing will
                     	    work.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <blockquote class="exercise"><a name="insttest"></a><hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 14</i>. Install a package
                  </h4>
                  <p>Download and install the
                     	    <span class="package"><a name="m40">paralist</a></span> package (which
                     	    implements inline lists).
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The reason this process has not been automated widely is
                  	  that there are still thousands of installations which do not
                  	  conform to the <small><a href="#TDS" class="acroref" name="A125" title="Directory Structure">TDS</a></small>, such as old
                  	  shared Unix systems and some Microsoft Windows systems, so
                  	  there is no way for an installation program to guess where
                  	  to put the files: <em>you</em> have to know
                  	  this. There are also systems where the owner, user, or
                  	  installer has chosen <em>not</em> to follow the
                  	  recommended <small><a href="#TDS" class="acroref" name="A126" title="Directory Structure">TDS</a></small> directory
                  	  structure, or is unable to do so for political or security
                  	  reasons (such as a shared system where she cannot write to a
                  	  protected directory).
               </p>
               <p>The reason for having the
                  	  <code>texmf-local</code> directory (called
                  	  <code>texmf.local</code> on some systems) is to
                  	  provide a place for local modifications or personal updates,
                  	  especially if you are a user on a shared or managed system
                  	  (Unix, Linux, VMS, Windows NT/2000/XP, etc.) where you may
                  	  not have write-access to the main <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  	  installation directory tree. You can also have a personal
                  	  <code>texmf</code> subdirectory in your own login
                  	  directory. Your installation must be configured to look in
                  	  these directories first, however, so that any updates to
                  	  standard packages will be found there
                  	  <em>before</em> the superseded copies in the
                  	  main <code>texmf</code> tree. All modern <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  	  installations should do this anyway, but if not, you can
                  	  edit <code>texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf</code> yourself.
                  	  There is an example in <a href="#cnf">this appendix</a>.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="3">
                  <li><a name="F31">See <a href="#rightplace">section 5.2.3</a> for how
                        			to create a parallel structure in your local
                        			directory if your installation didn't create
                        			one for you.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.2.3 <a name="rightplace">Replicating the TDS</a></h3>
               <p>The <a name="TDS" class="acroref"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Directory
                     	    Structure</a>&nbsp;(<small>TDS</small>) is documented at <a href="http://www.tug.org/tds/"><tt>http://www.tug.org/tds/</tt></a>. I find it useful to
                  	  make the directory structure of
                  	  <code>texmf-local</code> the same as that of
                  	  <code>texmf</code>. Examine the subdirectories of
                  	  <code>texmf/tex/latex/</code> for examples. For
                  	  updates of packages which came with your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  distribution (as distinct from new ones you are adding
                  	  yourself), you can then use the same subdirectory name and
                  	  position in <code>texmf-local/...</code> as the
                  	  original used in <code>texmf/...</code>.
               </p>
               <p>If you want to create the entire subdirectory structure
                  	  ready for use, you can do it under Unix with the following
                  	  commands:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
cd /usr/TeX/texmf
find . -type d -exec mkdir -p /usr/TeX/texmf-local/{} \;
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>If you are using Microsoft Windows, you can download
                  	  <i><a name="p157">Cygwin</a></i>, which provides you with
                  	  the standard Unix tools in a shell window. The above command
                  	  should also work on a Mac running OS&#8201;X. In all cases,
                  	  if your installation directory is not
                  	  <code>/usr/TeX</code>, you need to substitute the
                  	  actual paths to your <code>texmf</code> and
                  	  <code>texmf-local</code> directories.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#ctan"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.3 <a name="help">Online help</a></h2><a name="I87"></a><p>The indexes and documentation files on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A128" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> are the primary online resource for
               	self-help on specific packages, and you should read these
               	carefully before asking questions about packages.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.3.1 <a name="faq">The FAQ</a></h3>
               <p>For general queries you should read the <a name="FAQ" class="acroref">Frequently-Asked Questions</a>&nbsp;(<small>FAQ</small>) document so
                  	  that you avoid wasting online time asking about things for
                  	  which there is already an easily-accessible answer.
               </p>
               <p>The <small><a href="#FAQ" class="acroref" name="A130" title="Frequently-Asked Questions">FAQ</a></small> is managed by the UK
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group and can be found at <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq/"><tt>http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq/</tt></a>&#8201;.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.3.2 The <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>hax mailing list
               </h3>
               <p>Another support resource is the mailing list <a href="texhax@tug.org"><tt>texhax@tug.org</tt></a>. Again, feel free to ask
                  	  questions, but again, try to answer the question yourself
                  	  first (and say what you've tried in your
                  	  message).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.3.3 Web sites
               </h3>
               <p>The <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, as well as most local user
                  	  groups, maintains a web site (<a href="http://www.tug.org"><tt>http://www.tug.org</tt></a>) with lots of information
                  	  about various aspects of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  	  system.  See <a href="#tugform">this appendix</a> for information on
                  	  joining TUG.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.3.4 News
               </h3>
               <p>The Usenet newsgroup <a href="news:comp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a> is the principal forum for other
                  	  questions and answers about <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Feel free to ask
                  	  questions, but
                  	  please do not ask frequently-asked questions: read the
                  	  <small><a href="#FAQ" class="acroref" name="A131" title="Frequently-Asked Questions">FAQ</a></small> instead. The people who answer
                  	  the questions do so voluntarily, unpaid, and in their own
                  	  time, so please don't treat this as a commercial
                  	  support service.
               </p>
               <p>To access Usenet news, type the following <small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A132" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small> into your browser's
                  	  &#8216;Location&#8217; or
                  	  &#8216;Address&#8217; window:
                  	  <code>news:comp.text.tex</code> (if your browser
                  	  doesn't support Usenet news properly, change it for one
                  	  that does, like <a href="http://www.mozilla.org/"><i><a name="p158">Mozilla</a></i></a>), or download one of the many free newsreaders.<sup><a href="#F32">4</a></sup></p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
                  <li><a name="F32">Note that this means newsreaders for the Usenet News
                        	      (NNTP) service. It does <em>not</em> mean
                        	      syndication readers for RSS, which are a different thing
                        	      entirely&nbsp;&#8212; these are unfortunately also sometimes
                        	      referred to as &#8216;newsreaders&#8217;.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>5.3.5 Commercial support
               </h3>
               <p>If you need commercial levels of support, such as
                  	  24-hour phone contact, or macro-writing services, you can
                  	  buy one of the several excellent commercial versions of
                  	  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, or contact a consultancy which deals with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  	  (details on the TUG Web site).
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="otherdoc">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">6</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Other document structures</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#briefstruct">A little think about structure</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#lists">Lists</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#tables">Tables</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#figures">Figures</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#images">Images</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#verbatim">Verbatim text</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#boxes">Boxes, sidebars, and panels</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>It is perfectly possible to write whole documents using
            nothing but section headings and paragraphs. As mentioned in
            <a href="#sections">section 3.5</a>, novels, for example, usually consist
            just of chapters divided into paragraphs. However, it's more
            common to need other features as well, especially if the
            document is technical in nature or complex in structure.
         </p>
         <p>It's worth pointing out that
            &#8216;technical&#8217; doesn't necessarily mean
            &#8216;computer technical&#8217; or
            &#8216;engineering technical&#8217;: it just means it
            contains a lot of &#964;&#951;&#967;&#957;&#949; (<i>tekne</i>), the
            specialist material or artistry of its field. A literary
            analysis such as <cite><a href="#macnamara" name="C28">La Textualisation de Madame
                  Bovary</a></cite> (on the
            marginal notes in the manuscripts of Flaubert's novel) is every bit as
            technical in the literary or linguistic field as the maintenance
            manual for the Airbus 380 is in the aircraft engineering
            field.
         </p>
         <p>This chapter covers the most common features needed in
            writing structured documents: lists, tables, figures (including
            images), sidebars like boxes and panels, and verbatim text
            (computer program listings). In <a href="#texttools">Chapter 7</a> we
            will cover footnotes, cross-references, citations, and other
            textual tools.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.1 <a name="briefstruct">A little think about structure</a></h2>
            <p>It's very easy to sit down at a keyboard with a
               traditional wordprocessor and just start typing. If it's
               a very short document, or something transient or relatively
               unimportant, then you just want to type it in and make it look
               &#8216;right&#8217; by highlighting with the mouse
               and clicking on font styles and sizes.
            </p>
            <p>In doing so, you may achieve the effect you wanted, but
               	your actions have left no trace behind of
               	<em>why</em> you made these changes. This is
               	usually unimportant for trivial or short-term documents, but
               	if you write longer or more complex documents, or if you often
               	write documents to a regular pattern, then making them
               	consistent by manual methods becomes a nightmare.
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s facilities for automation are based on you
               	providing this &#8216;why&#8217;
               	information.
            </p>
            <p>If your documents have any of the features below, then you
               	have probably already started thinking about structure.
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>The document naturally divides into sections (parts,
                     chapters, etc.).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The document is long.</p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>There is lots of repetitive formatting in the
                     document.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The document is complex (intellectually or
                     visually).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>There are lots of figures or tables (or examples,
                     exercises, panels, sidebars, etc.).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Accuracy is important in formatting the
                     document.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>A master copy is needed for future reference or
                     reprinting.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>This is a formal or official document needing special
                     care and attention.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>It's <em>my</em> thesis, book,
                     leaflet, pamphlet, paper, article, etc.
                     <em>That</em>'s why I care.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The document (or part of it) may need ongoing or
                     occasional re-editing and republishing.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>If you've got that far, you're over half-way
               done. Using a structural editor&nbsp;&#8212; even a simple
               outliner&nbsp;&#8212; can make a huge difference to the quality of
               your thinking because you are consciously organising your
               thoughts before setting them down. And it can make just as big
               a difference to your formatting as well: more consistent,
               better presented, easier for the reader to navigate through,
               and more likely to be read and understood&nbsp;&#8212; which is
               presumably why you are writing the document in the first
               place.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2 <a name="lists">Lists</a></h2><a name="I88"></a><p>Lists are useful tools for arranging thoughts in a
               digestible format, usually a small piece of information at a
               time. There are four basic types of list, shown in <a href="#listtypes">Table 6.1</a>.
            </p>
            <div align="center" class="table">
               <table>
                  <caption><i>Table 6.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="listtypes">Types of lists</a></caption>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Random or arbitrary lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>(sometimes called
                              &#8216;itemized&#8217; or
                              &#8216;bulleted&#8217; lists) where the
                              order of items is unimportant. The
                              items are often prefixed with a bullet or other
                              symbol for clarity or decoration, but are
                              sometimes simply left blank, looking like
                              miniature paragraphs (when they are known as
                              &#8216;simple&#8217; or
                              &#8216;trivial&#8217; lists).
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Enumerated or sequential lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>(sometimes called
                              		    &#8216;numbered&#8217; lists) where the
                              		    order of items is critical, such as sequences of
                              		    instructions or rankings of importance. The
                              		    enumeration can be numeric (Arabic or Roman), or
                              		    lettered (uppercase or lowercase), and can even be
                              		    programmed to be hierarchical (1.a.viii, 2.3.6,
                              		    etc.).
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Descriptive or labelled lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>(sometimes called
                              &#8216;discussion&#8217; lists), which
                              are composed of subheadings or topic labels
                              (usually unnumbered but typographically distinct),
                              each followed by one or more indented paragraphs
                              of discussion or explanation.
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                     <td valign="top" width="48%" align="left" style="">
                        <dl>
                           <dt><b>Inline lists</b></dt>
                           <dd>which are sequential in nature, just like
                              		    enumerated lists, but are
                               <i>a</i>)&nbsp;formatted <em>within</em>
                              			  their paragraph;  and <i>b</i>)&nbsp;usually labelled with letters,&nbsp;like this example. The items
                              		    are often mutually inclusive or exclusive, with
                              		    the final item prefixed by
                              		    &#8216;and&#8217; or
                              		    &#8216;or&#8217; respectively.
                           </dd>
                        </dl>
                     </td>
                  </tr>
               </table>
            </div>
            <p>There are actually two other types, segmented lists and
               	reference lists, but these are much rarer, and outside the
               	scope of this document.
            </p><a name="I89"></a><p>The structure of lists in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is identical for each
               type, but with a different environment name. Lists are another
               example of this <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> technique (environments), where a pair
               of matched commands surrounds some text which needs special
               treatment.
            </p>
            <p>Within a list environment, list items are always
               identified by the command <code class="command"><a name="c104">\item</a></code> (followed by
               an item label in [square brackets] in the case of labelled
               lists). You don't type the bullet or the number or the
               formatting, it's all automated.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.1 Itemized lists
               </h3><a name="I90"></a><a name="I91"></a><p>To create an itemized list, use the the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e13">itemize</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{itemize}

\item Itemized lists usually have a bullet;

\item Long items use `hanging indentation', 
whereby the text is wrapped with a margin 
which brings it clear of the bullet used in 
the first line of each item;

\item The bullet can be changed for any other 
symbol, for example from the \textsf{bbding} 
or \textsf{pifont} package.

\end{itemize}
          </pre><ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>Itemized lists usually have a bullet;</p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Long items use &#8216;hanging
                           indentation&#8217;, whereby the text is
                           wrapped with a margin which brings it clear of the
                           bullet used in the first line of each item;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>The bullet can be changed for any other symbol,
                           for example from the <span class="package"><a name="m41">bbding</a></span>
                           or <span class="package"><a name="m42">pifont</a></span> package.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The default list bullet is round and solid<sup><a href="#F33">1</a></sup> (&#33318;) which is also available with the
                  	  command <code class="command"><a name="c105">\textbullet</a></code> if you load the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m43">textcomp</a></span> package. See <a href="#bullets">section 9.6.1</a> for details of how to change the
                  	  settings for list item bullets.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
                  <li><a name="F33">If your browser font doesn't show it, don't
                        	      worry: most don't. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.2 Enumerated lists
               </h3><a name="I92"></a><a name="I93"></a><p>To create an enumerated list, use the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e14">enumerate</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{enumerate}

\item Enumerated lists use numbering on each 
item (can also be letters or roman numerals);

\item Long items use `hanging indentation' 
just the same as for itemized lists;

\item The numbering system can be changed for 
any level.

\end{enumerate}
          </pre><ol type="1">
                     <li>
                        <p>Enumerated lists use numbering on each
                           item (can also be letters or roman numerals);
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Long items use &#8216;hanging
                           indentation&#8217;, just the same as for
                           itemized lists;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>The numbering system can be changed for any
                           level.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ol>
               </blockquote>
               <p>See <a href="#numberschemes">section 6.2.6</a> for details of how
                  to change the numbering schemes for each level.
               </p>
               <p>In standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document classes, the vertical
                  	  spacing between items, and above and below the lists as a
                  	  whole, is more than between paragraphs. If you want
                  tightly-packed lists, use the
                  <span class="package"><a name="m44">mdwlist</a></span> package, which provides
                  &#8216;starred&#8217; versions
                  (<span class="environment"><a name="e15">itemize*</a></span>,
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e16">enumerate*</a></span>, etc).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.3 <a name="desc">Description lists</a></h3><a name="I94"></a><a name="I95"></a><p>To create a description list, use the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e17">description</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{description}

\item[Identification:] description lists 
require a topic for each item given in 
square brackets;

\item[Hanging indentation:] Long items use 
this in the same way as all other lists;

\item[Reformatting:] Long topics can be 
reprogrammed to fold onto multiple lines.

\end{description}
          </pre><blockquote>
                     <dl>
                        <dt><b>Identification:</b></dt>
                        <dd>
                           <p>description lists require a topic for each item
                              given in square brackets;
                           </p>
                        </dd>
                        <dt><b>Hanging indentation:</b></dt>
                        <dd>
                           <p>Long items use this in the same way as all other
                              lists;
                           </p>
                        </dd>
                        <dt><b>Reformatting:</b></dt>
                        <dd>
                           <p>Long topics can be reprogrammed to fold onto
                              multiple lines.
                           </p>
                        </dd>
                     </dl>
                  </blockquote>
               </blockquote>
               <p>All three of these types of lists can have multiple
                  	paragraphs per item: just type the additional paragraphs in
                  	the normal way, with a blank line between each. So long as
                  	they are still contained within the enclosing environment,
                  	they will automatically be indented to follow underneath their
                  	item.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.4 <a name="inlinelists">Inline lists</a></h3><a name="I96"></a><p>Inline lists are a special case as they require the use
                  	  of the <span class="package"><a name="m45">paralist</a></span> package which
                  	  provides the <span class="environment"><a name="e18">inparaenum</a></span> environment
                  	  (with an optional formatting specification in square
                  	  brackets):
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\usepackage{paralist}
...
\textbf{\itshape Inline lists}, which are 
sequential in nature, just like enumerated 
lists, but are \begin{inparaenum}[\itshape 
a\upshape)]\item formatted within their 
paragraph; \item usually labelled with 
letters; and \item usually have the final
item prefixed with `and' or 
`or'\end{inparaenum}, like this example. 
          </pre><p class="example"><b><i><a name="inlines">Inline lists</a></i></b>,
                     which are sequential in nature, just like enumerated
                     lists, but are  <i>a</i>)&nbsp;formatted within their paragraph;  <i>b</i>)&nbsp;usually labelled with letters;  and <i>c</i>)&nbsp;usually have the final
                     		  item prefixed with &#8216;and&#8217; or 
                     		  &#8216;or&#8217;, like this example.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <p>See <a href="#typo">Chapter 8</a> for details of the
                  	  font-changing commands used in the optional argument to
                  	  <span class="environment"><a name="e19">inparaenum</a></span>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 15</i>. List practice
                  </h4>
                  <p>Add some lists to your document. Pick any two of the
                     ones described here to practice with.
                  </p>
                  <p>If you successfully installed
                     <span class="package"><a name="m46">paralist</a></span> in <a href="#insttest">the example &#8216;Install a package&#8217;  in section 5.2.2</a> then you can use inline lists as
                     described in <a href="#inlinelists">section 6.2.4</a>.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.5 Reference lists and segmented lists
               </h3>
               <p>Reference lists are visually indistinguishable from
                  numbered or lettered lists, but the numbering or lettering
                  does <em>not</em> imply a sequence. The numbers
                  or letters are just used as labels so that the items can be
                  referred to from elsewhere in the text (as in &#8216;see
                  item 501(c)3&#8217;). In this sense they are really a
                  kind of sub-sectional division, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s
                  <code class="command"><a name="c106">\paragraph</a></code> or
                  <code class="command"><a name="c107">\subparagraph</a></code> commands (with appropriate
                  renumbering) would probably be a far better solution than
                  using a list. Label them and refer to them with
                  <code class="command"><a name="c108">\label</a></code> and <code class="command"><a name="c109">\ref</a></code> as for
                  any other cross-reference (see <a href="#xrefs">section 7.4</a>).
               </p>
               <p>Segmented lists are a highly specialised structure and
                  outside the scope of this document. For details of their
                  usage, see the the chapter &#8216;Segmentation and
                  Alignment&#8217; in <cite><a href="#teiguide" name="C30">Guidelines for the Text Encoding Initiative</a></cite>.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.2.6 <a name="numberschemes">Lists within lists</a></h3>
               <p>You can start a new list environment within the item of
                  an existing list, so you can embed one list inside another
                  up to four deep. The lists can be of any type, so you can
                  have a description list containing an item in which there is
                  a numbered sub-list, within which there is an item
                  containing a bulleted sub-sub-list. 
               </p>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>by default an outer enumerated list is numbered in
                        Arabic numerals;
                     </p>
                     <ol type="a">
                        <li>
                           <p>an embedded enumerated list is lettered in
                              lowercase;
                           </p>
                           <ol type="i">
                              <li>
                                 <p>a third level is numbered in lowercase Roman
                                    numerals;
                                 </p>
                                 <ol type="A">
                                    <li>
                                       <p>the fourth level uses uppercase
                                          alphabetic letters.
                                       </p>
                                    </li>
                                 </ol>
                              </li>
                           </ol>
                        </li>
                     </ol>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>Multiple embedded lists automatically change the bullet
                  or numbering scheme so that the levels don't get
                  confused, and the spacing between levels is adjusted to
                  become fractionally tighter for more deeply nested
                  levels.
               </p>
               <p>These are only defaults and can easily be changed by
                  redefining the relevant set of values. You could also add a
                  fifth and further levels, although I suspect that would mean
                  your document structure needed some careful analysis, as
                  lists embedded five deep will probably confuse your
                  readers.
               </p>
               <p>The values for lists come in pairs: for each level there
                  	  is a counter to count the items and a command to produce the
                  	  label:<sup><a href="#F34">2</a></sup></p>
               <div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="right">Level</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="center">Default</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Counter</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Label command</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">1</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">digit.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l21">enumi</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c110">\theenumi</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">2</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">(letter)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l22">enumii</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c111">\theenumii</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">3</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">roman.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l23">enumiii</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c112">\theenumiii</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">4</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">LETTER.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l24">enumiv</a></i></tt></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c113">\theenumiv</a></code></td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>Note that each counter and command ends with the Roman
                  numeral value of its level (this is to overcome the rule
                  that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> commands can only be made of
                  letters&nbsp;&#8212; digits wouldn't work here). To
                  change the format of a numbered list item counter, just
                  renew the meaning of its label:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}
\renewcommand{\theenumii}{\roman{enumii}}
\renewcommand{\theenumiii}{\arabic{enumiii}}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p><a name="thecounter"></a>This would make the
                  outermost list use uppercase letters, the second level use
                  lowercase roman, and the third level use ordinary Arabic
                  numerals. The fourth level would remain unaffected.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 16</i>. Nesting
                  </h4>
                  <p>Extend your use of lists by nesting one type inside a
                     different one.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
               <blockquote class="warning">
                  <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="">Lists: a caution to the unwary</a></h4>
                  <p>Treat lists with care: people sometimes use tables for
                     labelled information which is really a list and would be
                     better handled as such. They often do this because their
                     wordprocessor has no way to do what they want (usually to
                     place the item label level with the description or
                     explanation) <em>except</em> by using a table,
                     hence they are misled into believing that their text is
                     really a table when it's actually not.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
                  <li><a name="F34">In fact, any time you define a counter in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                        	      you automatically get a command to reproduce its value.
                        	      So if you defined a new counter <tt><i><a name="l19">example</a></i></tt> to use in a teaching
                        	      book, by saying <code class="literal">\newcounter{example}</code>,
                        	      that automatically makes available the command
                        	      <code class="literal">\theexample</code> for use when you want to
                        	      display the current value of <tt><i><a name="l20">example</a></i></tt>.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3 <a name="tables">Tables</a></h2><a name="I97"></a><p>Tabular typesetting is the most complex and time-consuming
               	of all textual features to get right. This holds true whether
               	you are typing in plain-text form, using a wordprocessor,
               	using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, using <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A133" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> or
               	<small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A134" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, using a <small><a href="#DTP" class="acroref" name="A135" title="desktop publishing">DTP</a></small> system, or some other text-handling
               	package. Fortunately, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> provides a
               	table model with a mixture of defaults and configurability to
               	let it produce very high quality tables with a minimum of
               	effort.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="warning">
               <h4><img src="warning.png" align="middle" alt="!!!"> &nbsp; <a name="">Terminology</a></h4>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, in common with standard typesetting
                  practice, uses the word &#8216;Table&#8217; to
                  mean a formal textual feature, numbered and with a caption,
                  referred to from the text (as in &#8216;See
                  Table&nbsp;5&#8217;). Sometimes you can get
                  &#8216;informal&#8217; tables, which simply occur
                  between two paragraphs, without caption or number.
               </p>
               <p>The arrangement of information in rows and columns
                  <em>within</em> either of these structures is
                  called a &#8216;tabulation&#8217; or
                  &#8216;tabular matter&#8217;.
               </p>
               <p>It is important to keep this distinction firmly in mind
                  for this section.
               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.1 <a name="floats">Floats</a></h3><a name="I98"></a><p>Tables and Figures are what printers refer to as
                  &#8216;floats&#8217;. This means they are not
                  part of the normal stream of text, but separate entities,
                  positioned in a part of the page to themselves (top, middle,
                  bottom, left, right, or wherever the designer specifies).
                  They always have a caption describing them and they are
                  always numbered so they can be referred to from elsewhere in
                  the text.
               </p>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> automatically floats Tables and Figures,
                  depending on how much space is left on the page at the point
                  that they are processed. If there is not enough room on the
                  current page, the float is moved to the top of the next
                  page. This can be changed by moving the Table or Figure
                  definition to an earlier or later point in the text, or by
                  adjusting some of the parameters which control automatic
                  floating.
               </p>
               <p>Authors sometimes have many floats occurring in rapid
                  	  succession, which raises the problem of how they are
                  	  supposed to fit on the page and still leave room for text.
                  	  In this case, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> stacks them all up and prints them
                  	  together if possible, or leaves them to the end of the
                  	  chapter in protest. The skill is to space them out within
                  	  your text so that they intrude neither on the thread of your
                  	  argument or discussion, nor on the visual balance of the
                  	  typeset pages. But this is a skill few authors have, and
                  	  it's one point at which professional typographic advice
                  	  or manual intervention may be needed.
               </p>
               <p>There is a <span class="environment"><a name="e20">float</a></span> package which lets
                  you create new classes of floating object (perhaps Examples
                  or Exercises).
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.2 Formal tables
               </h3>
               <p>To create a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Table, use the <span class="environment"><a name="e21">table</a></span>
                  environment containing a <code class="command"><a name="c114">\caption</a></code> command
                  where you type the caption, and a <code class="command"><a name="c115">\label</a></code>
                  command to give the Table a label by which you can refer to
                  it.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{table}
\caption{Project expenditure to year-end 2006}
\label{ye2006exp}
...
\end{table}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Numbering is automatic, but the <code class="command"><a name="c116">\label</a></code>
                  	  command <em>must follow</em> the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c117">\caption</a></code> command, not precede it. The
                  	  numbering automatically includes the chapter number in
                  	  document classes where this is appropriate (but this can of
                  	  course be overridden). The <code class="command"><a name="c118">\caption</a></code>
                  	  command has an optional argument to provide a short caption
                  	  if the full caption would be too long for the <a href="#loflot" title="para">List of Tables</a>:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\caption[Something short]{Some very long caption that 
will only look reasonable in the full figure.}
        </pre></blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.3 Tabular matter
               </h3>
               <p>Within a Table, you can either typeset the tabular
                  matter using <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, or include a table captured as an
                  image from elsewhere.  We will see how to include images in
                  <a href="#figures">section 6.4</a> on Figures, where they are more
                  common.
               </p>
               <p>To typeset tabular matter, use the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e22">tabular</a></span> environment. The 
                  <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}</code> command must be followed
                  by a compulsory second argument in curly braces giving the
                  alignment of the columns. These are specified for each
                  column using one of single letters <code class="literal">l</code>,
                  <code class="literal">c</code>, and <code class="literal">r</code> for
                  left-aligned, centered, or right-aligned text, or the letter
                  <code class="literal">p</code> followed by a width argument if you
                  want a long entry to wrap to several lines (a miniature
                  paragraph as a single cell on each row).
               </p>
               <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'s original tabular settings were designed
                  	  for classical numerical tabulations, where each cell
                  	  contains a single value. The <code class="literal">p</code>
                  	  specification allows a cell to be a miniature paragraph set
                  	  to a specific width. These are <code class="literal">p</code> column
                  	  specifications are <em>not</em> multi-row
                  	  entries, they are single cells which contain multiple lines
                  	  of typesetting: the distinction is very important.
                  	  Auto-adjusting space between columns is possible with the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m47">tabularx</a></span> package, but the
                  	  auto-resizing column widths used in web pages are not
                  	  available in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
               </p>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m48">array</a></span> package provides for
                  	  many other typographic variations such as left-aligned,
                  	  right-aligned, and centred multi-line columns, and  other
                  	  packages provide decimal-aligned columns, row-spanning and
                  	  column-spanning, multi-page, and rotated (landscape format)
                  	  tables.
               </p>
               <div align="center" class="table">
                  <table>
                     <caption><i>Table 6.1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="ye2006exp">Project expenditure to year-end 2006</a></caption>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="center"></th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Item</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="right">&#8364; Amount</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">a)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Salaries (2 research assistants)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">28,000</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Conference fees and travel expenses</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">14,228</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Computer equipment (5 workstations)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">17,493</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center"></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Software</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">3,562</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="center">b)</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Rent, light, heat, etc.</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">1,500</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="top" align="center"></th>
                        <th valign="top" align="left">Total</th>
                        <th valign="top" align="right">64,783</th>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
                  <div align="left">
                     <p><small>The Institute also contributes to (a) and
                           (b).</small></p>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <p>As an example, a tabular setting with three columns, the
                  first one centered, the second left-aligned, and the third
                  one right-aligned, would therefore be specified as
                  <code class="literal">{clr}</code>, as in the example below. Note the
                  use of indentation to make the elements of the table clear
                  for editing, and note also how the typeset formatting is
                  unaffected by this (see <a href="#ye2006exp">Table 6.1</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{table}
  \caption{Project expenditure to year-end 2006}
  \label{ye2006exp}
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{clr}
      &amp;Item&amp;\EUR\ Amount\\
    \hline
      a)&amp;Salaries (2 research assistants)&amp;28,000\\
      &amp;Conference fees and travel expenses&amp;14,228\\
      &amp;Computer equipment (5 workstations)&amp;17,493\\
      &amp;Software&amp;3,562\\
      b)&amp;Rent, light, heat, etc.&amp;1,500\\\cline{3-3}
      &amp;Total&amp;64,783
    \end{tabular}
    \par\medskip\footnotesize
The Institute also contributes to (a) and (b).
  \end{center}
\end{table}
          </pre></blockquote>
               <p>You do not need to format the tabular data in your
                  editor: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> does this for you when it typesets the
                  table, using the column specifications you provided. Extra
                  space is automatically added between columns, and can be
                  adjusted by changing the <tt>\<a name="d25">tabcolsep</a></tt> dimension.
                  <a name="tak">Takaaki Ota</a> provides an excellent Tables mode for
                  <i><a name="p159">Emacs</a></i> which provides a
                  spreadsheet-like interface and can generate <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> table
                  source code (see <a href="#tabmode">Figure 6.1</a>).
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 6.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="tabmode">Tables mode for
                        <i><a name="p160">Emacs</a></i></a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="table.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>It is conventional to centre the tabular setting within
                  the Table, using the <span class="environment"><a name="e23">center</a></span> environment
                  (note US spelling) or the <code class="command"><a name="c119">\centering</a></code>
                  command. The entries for each cell are separated by an
                  ampersand character (<code class="literal">&amp;</code>) and the end
                  of a row is marked by
                  the double-backslash (<code class="literal">\\</code>).
               </p>
               <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c120">\hline</a></code> command draws a rule across
                  all columns and the <code class="command"><a name="c121">\cline</a></code> command draws a
                  rule across a range of columns (here, under column three
                  only&nbsp;&#8212; the argument needs a range). If used, these commands <em>follow</em>
                  the
                  <code class="literal">\\</code> of the row they apply to. There are
                  some extra formatting commands after the tabular material in
                  the example. These are explained in
                  <a href="#typo">Chapter 8</a>.
               </p>
               <p>If there is no data for a cell, just don't type
                  anything&nbsp;&#8212; but you still need the
                  <code class="literal">&amp;</code> separating it from the next
                  column's data. The astute reader will already have
                  deduced that for a table of
                  <span class="math"><i>n</i></span> columns, there must always be
                  <span class="math"><i>n</i>&#8722;1</span> ampersands in each row. The exception to
                  this is when the  <code class="command"><a name="c122">\multicolumn</a></code> command is
                  used to create cells which span multiple columns. There is
                  also a package (<span class="environment"><a name="e24">multirow</a></span>) to enable
                  cells to span multiple rows, but both of these techniques
                  are outside the scope of this document.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.3.4 Tabular techniques for alignment
               </h3>
               <p>As mentioned earlier, it's also perfectly possible
                  to typeset tabular matter outside a formal Table, where you
                  want to lay out an informal tabulation between paragraphs
                  where a fully floating formal Table would be unnecessary
                  (these are usually quite short: there are several of them in
                  this document).
               </p>
               <p>Tabular mode can also be used wherever you need to align
                  material side by side, such as in designing letterheads,
                  where you may want your company logo and address on one side
                  and some other information on the other.
               </p>
               <p>By default, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesets
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e25">tabular</a></span> environments inline to the
                  surrounding text, so if you want your alignment displayed by
                  itself, put it inside a positioning environment like
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e26">center</a></span>,
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e27">flushright</a></span>, or
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e28">flushleft</a></span>, or leave a blank line or
                  <code class="command"><a name="c123">\par</a></code> before and after so it gets typeset
                  separately.
               </p>
               <p>There is much more to tabular setting:
                  full details are in the manuals mentioned in
                  <a href="#docs">the last paragraph  in the Foreword</a>. One final note to remind you of the
                  automated crossreferencing features: because the example
                  table is labelled, it can be referenced from anywhere in the
                  document as <a href="#ye2006exp">Table 6.1</a> just by using
                  <code class="literal">\ref{ye2006exp}</code>, regardless of how much
                  the surrounding document or structure is moved or
                  edited.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 17</i>. Create a tabulation
                  </h4>
                  <p>Create one of the following in your document:</p>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>a formal Table with a caption showing the number
                           of people in your class broken down by age and
                           sex;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>an informal tabulation showing the price for three
                           products;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>the logo <img src="y2klogo.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\setlength{\fboxsep}{-3pt}\setlength{\fboxrule}{.4pt} \fbox{\begin{tabular}{cc}\tiny YEAR\\[-.8em]\tiny 2 0 0 0\vrule depth1em width0pt\end{tabular}}" width="48"> (hint: <a href="#fbox">section 6.7.2</a>)
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.4 <a name="figures">Figures</a></h2><a name="I99"></a><a name="I100"></a><p>As explained in <a href="#floats">section 6.3.1</a>, Figures and
               Tables float to a vacant part of the page, as they are not
               part of the sequence of sentences making up your text, but
               illustrative objects that you refer to.
            </p>
            <p>Figures can contain text, diagrams, pictures, or any other
               kind of illustration. To create a figure, use the
               <span class="environment"><a name="e29">figure</a></span> environment: like Tables, they
               automatically get numbered, and must include a caption (with a
               label after the caption, if needed, exactly the same as for
               Tables)
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\begin{figure}
\caption{Total variable overhead variance (after 
         \citeauthor[p.191]{bull}}
\label{workeff}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.75\columnwidth]{diagram}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <div class="figure" align="center">
               <hr>
               <caption><i>Figure 6.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="workeff">Total variable overhead variance (after <a href="#bull" name="K31">Bull</a>&nbsp;(1972) p.191)</a></caption>
               <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="diagram.png" width="75%"></div>
               <hr>
            </div>
            <p>You can see that the structure is very similar to the
               <span class="environment"><a name="e30">table</a></span> environment, but in this case we
               have a graphic included. Details of this command
               (<code class="command"><a name="c124">\includegraphics</a></code>) are in the next section.
               Details of the bibliographic citation mechanism are in <a href="#bib">section 7.4.2</a></p>
            <p>The content of the Figure could of course also be textual,
               in the form of a list or a text diagram. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has a simple
               drawing environment called <span class="environment"><a name="e31">picture</a></span>, which
               lets you create a limited set of lines and curves, but for a
               diagram of any complexity, you should use a standard vector
               drawing program (see <a href="#graphictypes">section 6.5.1</a>).
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.5 <a name="images">Images</a></h2><a name="I101"></a><a name="I102"></a><p>Images (graphics) can be included anywhere in a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               	document, although in most cases of formal documents they will
               	occur in Figures (see preceding section). To use graphics, you
               	need to use the <span class="package"><a name="m49">graphicx</a></span> package in
               	your preamble:
               	<code class="literal">\usepackage{graphicx}</code><sup><a href="#F35">3</a></sup></p>
            <p>This enables the command
               	<code class="command"><a name="c125">\includegraphics</a></code> which is used to insert an
               	image in the document. The command is followed by the name of
               	your graphics file <em>without the filetype</em>,
               	for example: <code class="literal">\includegraphics{myhouse}</code>
               	(we'll see in a minute why you don't include the
               	filetype).
            </p>
            <p>In most cases you should just make sure the image file is
               	in the same folder (directory) as the document you use it in.
               	This avoids a lot of messing around remembering where you put
               	the files. If you have images you want to use in several
               	different documents in different places on your disk, there is
               	a way to tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> where to look (see <a href="#graphicsdir">section 6.5.2</a>).
            </p>
            <p>For standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> with
               	<i><a name="p161">dvips</a></i>, graphics files
               	<em>must</em> be in <a name="EPS" class="acroref">Encapsulated
                  	  PostScript</a>&nbsp;(<small>EPS</small>) format: this has been the publishing
               	industry standard for portable graphics for many years, and no
               	other format will work portably in standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.<sup><a href="#F36">4</a></sup></p>
            <p>All good graphics packages can save images as <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A141" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>, but be very careful because some
               	packages, especially on Microsoft Windows platforms, use a
               	very poor quality driver, which creates very poor quality
               	<small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A142" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> files. If in doubt, check with
               	an expert. If you find an <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A143" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>
               	graphic doesn't print, the chances are it's been
               	badly made by the graphics software. Download Adobe's own
               	PostScript driver from their Web site instead.
            </p>
            <p>For <i><a name="p162">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, graphics files
               	can be in <a name="PNG" class="acroref">Portable Network
                  	  Graphic</a>&nbsp;(<small>PNG</small>), <a name="JPG" class="acroref">Joint Photographic
                  	  Experts Group</a>&nbsp;(<small>JPG</small>), or <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A146" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>
               	format, <em>not</em>&nbsp;<small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A147" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>. This means if you want to use both
               	standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> as well
               	as <i><a name="p163">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, you need to keep
               	your graphics in two formats, <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A148" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>
               	and one of the others. This is why you don't include the
               	filetype in the filename you give with
               	<code class="command"><a name="c126">\includegraphics</a></code>: <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will assume
               	<small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A149" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> and
               	<i><a name="p164">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> will look for <small><a href="#JPG" class="acroref" name="A150" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPG</a></small>, <small><a href="#PNG" class="acroref" name="A151" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small> or
               	<small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A152" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> files matching the name.
            </p>
            <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c127">\includegraphics</a></code> command can take
               	optional arguments within square brackets before the filename
               	to specify either the height or width, and the other dimension
               	will automatically change to scale. If you specify both, the
               	image will be distorted to fit. You can scale an image by a
               	factor instead of specifying height or width; clip it to
               	specified coordinates; and rotate it in either direction.
               	Multiple optional arguments are separated with commas.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3cm]{twithcat}
\end{center}
      </pre><div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="twithcat.png" width="168"></div>
            </blockquote>
            <p>For details of all the arguments, see the documentation on
               	the <span class="package"><a name="m51">graphicx</a></span> package or a copy of the
               	<cite><a href="#companion" name="C32">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite>. This package also
               	includes commands to <img src="rotate.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\raisebox{1ex}{\rotatebox{180}{rotate}}">, 
               	<img src="mirror.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\scalebox{-1}[1]{mirror}">, and
               	<img src="scale.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\scalebox{2}[1]{scale}"> text.
               	<a name="I103"></a><a name="I104"></a><a name="I105"></a></p>
            <p>It is in fact possible to tell <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to generate the
               	right file format by itself, but this requires an external
               	command-line graphics converter, and as it gets done afresh
               	each time, it slows things down rather a lot.
            </p>
            <p><small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A153" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> files, especially bitmaps,
               	can be very large indeed, because they are stored in <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A154" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> format. 
               <a name="sw">Staszek Wawrykiewicz</a> has drawn my attention to a useful MS-DOS program to
               	overcome this, called <i><a name="p165">cep</a></i>
               	(&#8216;Compressed Encapsulated Postscript&#8217;) available
               	from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A155" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> in the
               	<code>support/pstools</code> directory, which can
               	compress <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A156" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> files to a fraction of
               	their original size. The original file can be replaced by the
               	new smaller version and still used directly with
               	<code class="command"><a name="c128">\includegraphics</a></code>.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="3">
               <li><a name="F35">You may find a lot of old files which use a package
                     	    called <span class="package"><a name="m50">epsf</a></span>. Don't use it.
                     	    It's obsolete.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
               <li><a name="F36">Some distributions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems allow other
                     	    formats to be used, such as <small><a href="#PNG" class="acroref" name="A137" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small>,
                     	    <a name="BMP" class="acroref">Microsoft Bitmap</a>&nbsp;(<small>BMP</small>) files,
                     	    Hewlett-Packard's <a name="PCL" class="acroref">Printer Control
                        	      Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>PCL</small>) files, and others; but you cannot
                     	    send such documents to other <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> users and expect
                     	    them to work if they don't have the same distribution
                     	    installed as you have. Stick to <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A140" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.5.1 <a name="graphictypes">Making images</a></h3>
               <p>There are two types of image: bitmaps and
                  	  vectors.
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b>Bitmaps</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Bitmap images are made of coloured dots, so if you
                           		enlarge them, they go jagged at the edges, and if you
                           		shrink them, they go blurry. Bitmaps are fine for
                           		photographs, where every dot is a different colour,
                           		and no-one will notice if you don't shrink or enlarge
                           		too much. Bitmaps for diagrams and drawings, however,
                           		are almost always the wrong choice, and
                           		often disastrously bad.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Vectors</b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>Vector drawings are made from instructions (eg
                           		&#8216;draw this from here to here, using a line this
                           		  thick&#8217;). They can be enlarged or shrunk as
                           		much as you like, and never lose accuracy, because
                           		they <em>get redrawn</em> automatically at
                           		any size. You can't do photographs as vectors, but
                           		it's the only acceptable method for drawings or
                           		diagrams.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
               <p>Vector graphic packages are also better suited for
                  	  saving your image directly in <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A157" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>
                  	  or <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A158" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> format (both of which use
                  	  vectors internally). All the major graphics-generating
                  	  packages in all disciplines output vector formats:
                  	  <i><a name="p166">AutoCAD</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p167">ChemDraw</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p168">MathCAD</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p169">Maple</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p170">Mathematica</a></i>,
                  	  <i><a name="p171">ArcInfo</a></i>, and so on. <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A159" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> is the universally-accepted format
                  	  for creating vector graphics for publication, with <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A160" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> a close second.  Most of the major
                  	  graphics (drawing) packages can also save as <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A161" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small>, such as
                  	  <i><a name="p172">PhotoShop</a></i>, <i><a name="p173">PaintShop
                        	    Pro</a></i>, Adobe
                  	  <i><a name="p174">Illustrator</a></i>, Corel
                  	  <i><a name="p175">Draw</a></i>, and
                  	  <i><a name="p176">GIMP</a></i>. There are also some free
                  	  vector plotting and diagramming packages available like
                  	  <i><a name="p177">tkPaint</a></i> and
                  	  <i><a name="p178">GNUplot</a></i> which do the same. Never,
                  	  ever (except in the direst necessity) save any
                  	  <em>diagram</em> as a bitmap.
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 6.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="">The diagram from <a href="#workeff">Figure 6.1</a> shrunk and
                        	  enlarged</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="diagram.png" style="border:thin solid black;" width="221.20000000000002"> &nbsp; <img src="diagram.png" style="border:thin solid black;"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>Bitmap formats like <small><a href="#JPG" class="acroref" name="A162" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPG</a></small> and
                  	  <small><a href="#PNG" class="acroref" name="A163" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small> are ideal for photographs, as
                  	  they are also able to compress the data substantially
                  	  without too much loss of quality. However, compressed
                  	  formats are bad for screenshots, if you are documenting
                  	  computer tasks, because too much compression makes them
                  	  blurry. The popular <a name="GIF" class="acroref">Graphics Interchange
                     	    Format</a>&nbsp;(<small>GIF</small>) is good for screenshots, but is not
                  	  supported by <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>: use <small><a href="#PNG" class="acroref" name="A165" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small>
                  	  instead, with the compression turned down to minimum. Avoid
                  	  uncompressible formats like <small><a href="#BMP" class="acroref" name="A166" title="Microsoft Bitmap">BMP</a></small> as
                  	  they produce enormous and unmanageable files. The <a name="TIFF" class="acroref">Tagged Image File Format</a>&nbsp;(<small>TIFF</small>), popular with
                  	  graphic designers, should also be avoided because far too
                  	  many companies have designed and implemented non-standard,
                  	  conflicting, proprietary extensions to the format, making it
                  	  virtually useless for transfer between different types of
                  	  computers (except in faxes, where it's still used in a
                  	  much stricter version).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 18</i>. Adding pictures
                  </h4>
                  <p>Add <code class="literal">\usepackage{graphicx}</code> to the
                     	    preamble of your document, and copy or download an image
                     	    you want to include. Make sure it is a <small><a href="#JPG" class="acroref" name="A168" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPG</a></small>, <small><a href="#PNG" class="acroref" name="A169" title="Portable Network Graphic">PNG</a></small>, or
                     	    <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A170" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> image if you use
                     	    <i><a name="p179">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, or an <small><a href="#EPS" class="acroref" name="A171" title="Encapsulated PostScript">EPS</a></small> image if you use standard
                     	    <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
                  </p>
                  <p>Add <code class="command"><a name="c129">\includegraphics</a></code> and the
                     	    filename in curly braces (without the filetype), and
                     	    process the document and preview or print it.
                  </p>
                  <p>Make it into a figure following the example in <a href="#figures">section 6.4</a>.
                  </p>
                  <p>Be aware that some <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A172" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small>
                     	    previewers are not able to display all types of graphics,
                     	    and some cannot display colour. For best results, use
                     	    <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A173" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> or
                     	    <a name="t31">PostScript</a> preview.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.5.2 <a name="graphicsdir">Graphics storage</a></h3>
               <p>I mentioned earlier that there was a way to tell
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> where to look if you had stored images centrally
                  	  for use in many different documents. The answer is in a
                  	  command <code class="command"><a name="c130">\graphicspath</a></code> which you supply
                  	  with an argument giving the name of an additional directory
                  	  path you want searched when a file uses the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c131">\includegraphics</a></code> command, for
                  	  example:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\graphicspath{c:\mypict~1\camera}
\graphicspath{/var/lib/images}
\graphicspath{HardDisk:Documents:Reports:Pictures}
	</pre></blockquote>
               <p>I've used the &#8216;safe&#8217;
                  	  (MS-DOS) form of the Windows <code>My
                     	    Pictures</code> folder because it's A Bad Idea to
                  	  use directory names containing spaces (see <a href="#filenames">the panel &#8216;Picking suitable filenames&#8217; in chapter 4</a>). Using
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c132">\graphicspath</a></code> does make your file less
                  	  portable, though, because file paths tend to be specific
                  	  both to an operating system and to your computer, like the
                  	  examples above.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.6 <a name="verbatim">Verbatim text</a></h2><a name="I106"></a><p>If you are documenting computer procedures, you probably
               need fixed-width type for examples of programming or data
               input or output. Even if you are writing about completely
               non-computer topics, you may often want to quote a <small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A174" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small> or email address which needs to be
               typeset specially. It is particularly important in these two
               examples to avoid hyphenating them if they have to break over
               a line-end, because the hyphen might be taken by the user as a
               part of the address.
            </p>
            <p>Standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> includes two features for handling
               fixed-format text, and there are many more available in
               packages.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.6.1 <a name="inlineverb">Inline verbatim</a></h3>
               <p>To specify a word or phrase as verbatim text in
                  typewriter type within a sentence, use the special command
                  <code class="command"><a name="c133">\verb</a></code>, followed by your piece of text
                  surrounded by any suitable character which does
                  <em>not</em> occur in the text itself. This is a
                  very rare exception to the rule that arguments go in curly
                  braces. I often use the plus sign for this, for example to
                  show a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> command, I type
                  <code class="literal">\verb+\includegraphics[width=3in]{myhouse}+</code>
                  in order to display
                  <code class="literal">\includegraphics[width=3in]{myhouse}</code>, but
                  sometimes I use the 
                  <b><i><a name="grave">grave accent</a></i></b> (<b><i><a name="backtick">backtick</a></i></b> or open-quote) or the
                  vertical bar when the phrase already has a plus sign in it,
                  like <code class="literal">\verb|\(y=a+2x^2\)|</code> when
                  illustrating the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> equation
                  <code class="literal">\(y=a+x^2\)</code>.
               </p>
               <p>This command has the advantage that it turns off all
                  special characters (see <a href="#specials">section 2.5</a>) except
                  the one you use as the delimiter, so you can easily quote
                  sequences of characters in any computer syntax without
                  problems. However, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will never break the argument of
                  <code class="command"><a name="c134">\verb</a></code> at a line-end when formatting a
                  paragraph, even if it contains spaces, so if it happens to
                  be long, and falls towards the end of a line, it will stick
                  out into the margin. See <a href="#hyph">section 2.8.2</a> for more
                  information on line-ends and hyphenation.
               </p>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m52">url</a></span> package avoids this by
                  providing the command <code class="command"><a name="c135">\url</a></code> which works in
                  the same way as <code class="command"><a name="c136">\verb</a></code>, with the argument
                  enclosed in a pair of characters, but performs a hyphenless
                  break at punctuation characters, as in <code>http://www.ucc.ie:8080/cocoon/cc/<br>docs/siteowner.xml</code>. 
                  It was designed for Web <small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A175" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>s,<sup><a href="#F37">5</a></sup> so it understands their syntax and will never
                  break mid-way through an unpunctuated word, only at slashes
                  and full points. Bear in mind, however, that spaces are
                  forbidden in <small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A179" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>s, so using spaces
                  in <code class="command"><a name="c137">\url</a></code> arguments will fail, as will using
                  other non-<small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A180" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>-valid
                  characters.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="5">
                  <li><a name="F37">The original term <a name="URL" class="acroref">Uniform Resource
                           Locator</a>&nbsp;(<small>URL</small>) is now strongly deprecated in the Web
                        community in favour of the more accurate <a name="URI" class="acroref">Uniform Resource Indicator</a>&nbsp;(<small>URI</small>). For
                        details see <a href="http://www.w3.org/Addressing/"><tt>http://www.w3.org/Addressing/</tt></a>.
                        Unfortunately the older term still persists, especially
                        in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A178" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
                        markup.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.6.2 Display verbatim
               </h3>
               <p>For longer (multiline) chunks of fixed-format text, use
                  the <span class="environment"><a name="e32">verbatim</a></span> environment:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper,oneside]{report}
\begin{document}

\title{Practical Typesetting}
\author{Peter Flynn\\Silmaril Consultants}
\date{December 2004}
\maketitle

\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Like <code class="command"><a name="c138">\verb</a></code>, this turns off all special
                  characters, so you can include anything at all in the
                  verbatim text except the exact line
                  <code class="literal">\end{verbatim}</code></p>
               <p>For more control over formatting, however, I recommend
                  	  the use of the <span class="package"><a name="m53">fancyvrb</a></span> package,
                  	  which provides a <span class="environment"><a name="e33">Verbatim</a></span> environment
                  	  (note the capital letter) which lets you draw a rule round
                  	  the verbatim text, change the font size, and even have
                  	  typographic effects inside the <span class="environment"><a name="e34">Verbatim</a></span>
                  	  environment. It can also be used in conjunction with the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m54">fancybox</a></span> package (see <a href="#fancybox">section 6.7.3</a>), and it can add reference line numbers
                  	  (useful for chunks of data or programming), and it can even
                  	  include entire external files.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="exercise">
                  <hr>
                  <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 19</i>. Try some fixed-format text
                  </h4>
                  <p>Add your email address and home page <small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A181" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small> using the <code class="command"><a name="c139">\verb</a></code>
                     and <code class="command"><a name="c140">\url</a></code> commands. You'll need to
                     <code class="literal">\usepackage{url}</code> for the latter.
                  </p>
                  <p>If you know some programming, try a few lines enclosed
                     in <span class="environment"><a name="e35">verbatim</a></span> and
                     <span class="environment"><a name="e36">Verbatim</a></span> environments.
                  </p>
                  <hr>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#otherdoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7 <a name="boxes">Boxes, sidebars, and panels</a></h2><a name="I107"></a><a name="I108"></a><a name="I109"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, like most typesetting systems, works by setting
               text into boxes. The default box is the width of the current
               page, and works like an old compositor's galley (tray)
               from the days of metal type: it accumulates typeset text until
               it's a bit longer than the specified page height. At this
               stage <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> works out how much of it really will fit on a
               page, snips it off and ships it out to the <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A182" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> or <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A183" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file,
               and puts the rest back into the galley to accumulate towards
               the following page.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7.1 <a name="boxtext">Boxes of text</a></h3>
               <p>Because of this &#8216;box&#8217; model,
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can typeset any text into a box of any width
                  wherever on the page you need it.
               </p>
               <p>The simplest command for small amounts of text is
                  <code class="command"><a name="c141">\parbox</a></code>. This command needs two arguments
                  in curly braces: the first is the width you want the text
                  set to, and the second is the text itself, for
                  example:
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\parbox{1in}{Please make sure you send in your 
             completed forms by January 1st 
             next year, or the penalty clause 
             2(a) will apply}
          </pre><div align="center">
                     <table>
                        <tr>
                           <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Please make sure you send in your completed
                              forms by January 1st next year, or the penalty
                              clause 2(a) will apply
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The text is typeset to the required width, and the box
                  is extended downwards for as long as is required to fit the
                  text. Note that the baseline of a <code class="command"><a name="c142">\parbox</a></code>
                  is set to the midpoint of the box; that is, if you include a
                  <code class="command"><a name="c143">\parbox</a></code> in mid-sentence, the centre of the
                  box will be lined up with the line of type currently being
                  set.<img src="parbox1.png" width="28" align="middle"> You can specify that it should be the top or
                  bottom by adding an optional <span class="option"><a name="o11">t</a></span> or
                  <span class="option"><a name="o12">b</a></span> in square brackets before the width. For
                  example,
                  <code class="literal">\parbox[t]{1in}{...}</code> will produce
                  <img src="parbox2.png" width="72" align="top"></p>
               <p>Notice that when setting very narrow measures with type
                  that is too large, the spacing may become uneven and there
                  may be too much hyphenation. Either use
                  <code class="command"><a name="c144">\raggedright</a></code> or reduce the type size, or
                  (in extreme cases) reword the text or break each line by
                  hand. It is rare for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to need this: the example above
                  was deliberately chosen to be obtuse as an
                  illustration.
               </p>
               <p>Where the contents is more extensive or more
                  complicated, you can use the <span class="environment"><a name="e37">minipage</a></span>
                  environment.
               </p>
               <p>Within this you can use virtually everything
                  that occurs in normal text (e.g.&nbsp;lists, paragraphs,
                  tabulations, etc.)&nbsp;with the exception of floats like
                  tables and figures. The <span class="environment"><a name="e38">minipage</a></span>
                  environment has an argument just like
                  <code class="command"><a name="c145">\parbox</a></code> does, and it means the same: the
                  width you want the text set to.
               </p>
               <p>Note that in <span class="environment"><a name="e39">minipage</a></span>s and
                  <code class="command"><a name="c146">\parbox</a></code>es, the paragraph indentation
                  (<tt>\<a name="d26">parindent</a></tt>) is
                  reset to zero. If you need to change it, set it inside the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e40">minipage</a></span> or <code class="command"><a name="c147">\parbox</a></code>
                  using the <code class="command"><a name="c148">\setlength</a></code> command (see <a href="#paragraphs">section 3.6</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{minipage}{3in}
Please make sure you send in your completed 
forms by January 1st next year, or the 
penalty clause 2(a) will apply.
\begin{itemize}
\item Incomplete forms will be returned to 
you unprocessed.
\item Forms must be accompanied by the 
correct fee.
\item There is no appeal. The adjudicators' 
decision is final.
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
          </pre><div align="center">
                     <table>
                        <tr>
                           <td valign="top" width="432" align="left">
                              <p>Please make sure you send in your
                                 completed forms by January 1st next year, or the
                                 penalty clause 2(a) will
                                 apply.
                              </p>
                              <ul>
                                 <li>
                                    <p>Incomplete forms will be returned to you
                                       unprocessed.
                                    </p>
                                 </li>
                                 <li>
                                    <p>Forms must be accompanied by the correct
                                       fee.
                                    </p>
                                 </li>
                                 <li>
                                    <p>There is no appeal. The
                                       adjudicators' decision is final.
                                    </p>
                                 </li>
                              </ul>
                           </td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </blockquote>
               <p>There are two other ways of typesetting text to widths
                  	  other than the normal text width: you can use a one-row,
                  	  one-cell <span class="environment"><a name="e41">tabular</a></span> environment with the
                  	  <code>p</code> column type specification, or you
                  	  can use the <code class="command"><a name="c149">\vbox</a></code> command, which is raw
                  	  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, and outside the scope of this document.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7.2 <a name="fbox">Framed boxes</a></h3>
               <p>To put a frame round <img src="fbox.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\fbox{some text}" width="64">, use the
                  <code class="command"><a name="c150">\fbox</a></code> command:
                  <code class="literal">\fbox{some text}</code>. This works for a few
                  words in mid-line, but the framed box and its contents
                  won't break over the end of a line. To typeset
                  multiline text in a box, put it in a
                  <code class="command"><a name="c151">\parbox</a></code>, or use a
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e42">minipage</a></span> or
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e43">tabular</a></span> environment as described above,
                  and enclose the whole thing in a
                  <code class="command"><a name="c152">\fbox</a></code>.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\fbox{\begin{minipage}{3in}
This multiline text is more flexible than 
a tabular setting:
\begin{itemize}
\item it can contain any type of normal 
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> typesetting;
\item it can be any specified width;
\item it can even have its own 
footnotes\footnote{Like this}.
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}}
          </pre><p>This multiline text is more flexible than a
                     tabular setting:
                  </p>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>it can contain any type of normal <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                           typesetting;
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>it can be any specified width;</p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>it can even have its own footnotes.<sup><a href="#F38">6</a></sup></p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The spacing between text and box is controlled by the
                  value of <tt>\<a name="d27">fboxsep</a></tt>, and
                  the thickness of the line by <tt>\<a name="d28">fboxrule</a></tt>. The following values
                  were used above:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\setlength{\fboxsep}{1em}
\setlength{\fboxrule}{2pt}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>As we saw before, setting justified text in narrow
                  	  measures will produce poor spacing: either use the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c153">\raggedright</a></code> command, or change the font
                  	  size, or add explicit extra hyphenation points.
               </p>
               <p>Note the <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}</code> and
                  	  <code class="literal">\begin{minipage}</code> commands still need the
                  	  width specifying: in the case of the
                  	  <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}</code> by the use of the
                  	  <code class="literal">p</code> column type with its width
                  	  specification, and in the case of
                  	  <code class="literal">\begin{minipage}</code> by the second
                  	  argument.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\fbox{\begin{tabular}{p{1in}}
Multiline text in a box typeset using 
\textsf{tabular}
\end{tabular}}
          </pre><div align="center">
                     <table border="1" cellpadding="6pt">
                        <tr>
                           <td valign="top" width="144" align="left">Multiline text in a box typeset using
                              <span class="package"><a name="m55">tabular</a></span></td>
                        </tr>
                     </table>
                  </div>
               </blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="6">
                  <li><a name="F38">Like this.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>6.7.3 <a name="fancybox">Sidebars and panels</a></h3>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m56">fancybox</a></span> package lets you
                  extend the principle of <code class="command"><a name="c154">\fbox</a></code> with
                  commands to surround text in square, oval (round-cornered),
                  and drop-shadow boxes (e.g. <code class="command"><a name="c155">\ovalbox</a></code>,
                  <code class="command"><a name="c156">\shadowbox</a></code>, etc.: see the documentation
                  for details).
               </p>
               <p>You can create panels of any size with these borders by
                  using the <span class="environment"><a name="e44">minipage</a></span> environment to
                  typeset the text inside a special <span class="environment"><a name="e45">Sbox</a></span>
                  environment which <span class="package"><a name="m57">fancybox</a></span> defines.
                  The <span class="environment"><a name="e46">minipage</a></span> formats the text but the
                  <span class="environment"><a name="e47">Sbox</a></span>&nbsp;&#8216;captures&#8217;
                  it, allowing you to put the frame round it as it
                  prints.
               </p>
               <p>The printed version of this document uses this extensively and
                  there is a useful example shown in <a href="#macenv">section 9.5</a>.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="texttools">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">7</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Textual tools</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#quotations">Quotations</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes and end-notes</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#marginals">Marginal notes</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#xrefs">Cross-references</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#indexes">Indexes and glossaries</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#multicols">Multiple columns</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table><a name="I110"></a><p>Every text-handling system needs to support a repertoire of
            tools for doing things with text. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> implements many
            dozens, of which a small selection of the most frequently used
            is given here:
         </p>
         <ul>
            <li>
               <p>offset quotations (sometimes called &#8216;block
                  quotes&#8217;);
               </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>footnotes and end-notes;</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>marginal notes;</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>cross-references, both normal ones and bibliographic
                  citations;
               </p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>indexes and glossaries;</p>
            </li>
            <li>
               <p>typesetting in multiple columns.</p>
            </li>
         </ul>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#texttools"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.1 <a name="quotations">Quotations</a></h2>
            <p>Direct speech and short quotes within a sentence
               	&#8216;like this&#8217; are done with simple
               	quotation marks as described in <a href="#quotes">section 2.6</a>. Sometimes, however, you may want longer
               	quotations set as a separate paragraph. Typically these are
               	indented from the surrounding text. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has two
               	environments for doing this.
            </p>
            <p>Such quotations are often set in a smaller size of type,
               	although this is not the default, hence the use of the
               	<code class="command"><a name="c157">\small</a></code> command in the second example. The
               	inclusion of the bibliographic citation at the end is
               	optional: here it is done with a non-standard command
               	<code class="command"><a name="c158">\citequote</a></code> which I invented for this example
               	(there is more about how to do things like this in <a href="#macros">Chapter 9</a>).
            </p>
            <blockquote>
               <dl>
                  <dt><b>The <span style="font-weight:normal; "><span class="package"><a name="m58">quote</a></span></span>
                        environment</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>is for up to a line of text each per (short)
                        quotation, with the whole thing indented from the
                        previous paragraph but with no additional indentation on
                        each quote;
                     </p>
                     <blockquote class="example"><pre>

\begin{quote}
Do, Ronny, Do. \textit{Nancy Reagan}

Da Do Ron Ron. \textit{The Crystals}
\end{quote}
              </pre><p class="example">Do, Ronny, Do. <span style="font-style:italic; ">Nancy
                              Reagan</span></p>
                        <p class="example">Da Do Ron Ron. <span style="font-style:italic; ">The
                              Crystals</span></p>
                     </blockquote>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>The <span style="font-weight:normal; "><span class="package"><a name="m59">quotation</a></span></span>
                        environment</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>is for longer passages (a paragraph or more) of a
                        single quotation, where not only is the block of text
                        indented, but each paragraph of it also has its own
                        extra indentation on the first line.
                     </p>
                     <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{quotation}\small
At the turn of the century William Davy, 
a Devonshire parson, finding errors in 
the first edition of his \titleof{davy}, 
asked for a new edition to be printed. 
His publisher refused and Davy purchased 
a press, type, and paper. He harnessed 
his gardener to the press and apprenticed 
his housemaid to the typesetting. After 
twelve years' work, a new edition 
of fourteen sets of twenty-six volumes 
was issued---which surely indicates that, 
when typomania is coupled with religious 
fervour, anything up to a miracle may be 
achieved.\citequote[p.76]{ryder}
\end{quotation}
              </pre><blockquote class="citation"><a name="K33">&nbsp;</a><p>At the turn of the century William Davy, a
                              Devonshire parson, finding errors in the first
                              edition of his <cite><a href="#davy" name="C34">A System of Divinity</a></cite>,
                              asked for a new edition to be printed. His publisher
                              refused and Davy purchased a press, type, and paper.
                              He harnessed his gardener to the press and
                              apprenticed his housemaid to the typesetting. After
                              twelve years' work, a new edition of fourteen
                              sets of twenty-six volumes was issued---which surely
                              indicates that, when typomania is coupled with
                              religious fervour, anything up to a miracle may be
                              achieved.
                           </p>
                           <p class="citation">John Ryder (1976), <cite><a href="#ryder">Printing for Pleasure</a></cite>, p.76
                           </p>
                        </blockquote>
                     </blockquote>
                  </dd>
               </dl>
            </blockquote>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#texttools"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.2 <a name="footnotes">Footnotes and end-notes</a></h2><a name="I111"></a><p>The command <code class="command"><a name="c159">\footnote</a></code>, followed by the
               text of the footnote in curly braces, will produce an
               auto-numbered footnote with a raised small number where you
               put the command, and the numbered text automatically printed
               at the foot of the page.<sup><a href="#F39">1</a></sup> The number is reset to&nbsp;1 at the start of each
               chapter (but you can override that and make them run
               continuously throughout the document, or even restart at&nbsp;1 on
               each page or section).
            </p>
            <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> automatically creates room for the footnote, and
               automatically reformats it if you change your document in such
               a way that the point of attachment and the footnote would move
               to the next (or preceding) page.
            </p>
            <p>Because of the way <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> reads the whole footnote before
               doing anything with it, you can't use
               <code class="command"><a name="c160">\verb</a></code> (<a href="#inlineverb">section 6.6.1</a>) alone
               in footnotes: either precede it with
               <code class="command"><a name="c161">\protect</a></code> or use [abuse?] the
               <code class="command"><a name="c162">\url</a></code> command instead, which you should be
               using for Web and email addresses in any case).
            </p>
            <p>Footnotes inside minipages (see <a href="#boxes">section 6.7</a>) produce lettered notes instead of
               numbered ones, and they get printed at the bottom of the
               minipage, <em>not</em> the bottom of the physical
               page (but this too can be changed).
            </p>
            <p>There is a package to hold over your footnotes and make
               	them print at the end of the chapter instead
               	(<span class="package"><a name="m60">endnote</a></span>) or at the end of the whole
               	document, and there is a package to print many short footnotes
               	in a single footnoted paragraph so they take up less space
               	(<span class="package"><a name="m61">fnpara</a></span>). It is also possible to have
               	several separate series of footnotes active simultaneously,
               	which is useful in critical editions or commentaries: a
               	numbered series may be used to refer to an original
               	author's notes; a lettered series can be used for notes
               	by a commentator or authority; and a third series is available
               	for your own notes. It is also possible to format footnotes
               	within footnotes.
            </p>
            <p>If your footnotes are few and far between, you may want to
               use footnote symbols instead of numbers. You can do this by
               redefining the output of the footnote counter to be the
               <code class="command"><a name="c163">\fnsymbol</a></code> command:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>There are also ways to refer more than once to the
               same footnote, and to defer the positioning of the footnote if
               it occurs in a float like a Table or Figure, where it might
               otherwise need to move to a different page.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F39">Like this.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#texttools"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.3 <a name="marginals">Marginal notes</a></h2><a name="I112"></a><table width="100%">
               <tr>
                  <td width="95%" valign="top">You can add marginal notes to your text<a href="#M6" title="See margin">&#8606;</a> instead of
                     (or as well as) footnotes. You need to make sure that you have
                     a wide-enough margin, of course: use the
                     <span class="package"><a name="m62">geometry</a></span> package (see <a href="#colorpkg">section 5.1.1</a>) to allocate enough space, otherwise
                     the notes will be too cramped. There are several packages to
                     help with formatting marginal notes, but the simplest way is
                     to define it yourself. Add this new command to your
                     preamble:
                  </td>
                  <td width="5%" valign="top"><small><a name="M6">Like this.</a></small></td>
               </tr>
            </table>
            <blockquote><pre>
\newcommand{\marginal}[1]{%
      \leavevmode\marginpar{\tiny\raggedright#1\par}}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <table width="100%">
               <tr>
                  <td width="95%" valign="top">Then you can use <code class="literal">\marginal{Some
                        	  text}</code><a href="#M7" title="See margin">&#8606;</a> Be careful, however, because marginal
                     	notes are aligned with the line where the command starts, so a
                     	very long one followed too closely by another will cause
                     	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to try and
                     	adjust the position so they don't overlap.
                  </td>
                  <td width="5%" valign="top"><small><a name="M7">Some text where you need
                           	    it.</a></small></td>
               </tr>
            </table>
            <p>We're jumping ahead a bit here, as we haven't
               covered how to define your own commands yet. I won't even
               try to explain it here, although the attentive reader can
               probably deduce some of it by inspection. See <a href="#macros">Chapter 9</a> for more information about making up your
               own commands.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#texttools"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4 <a name="xrefs">Cross-references</a></h2><a name="I113"></a><p>This is one of the most powerful features of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. You
               can label any point in a document with a name you make up, and
               then refer to it by that name from anywhere else in the
               document, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will always work out the cross-reference
               number for you, no matter how much you edit the text or move
               it around.
            </p>
            <p>A similar method is used to cite documents in a
               bibliography or list of references, and there are packages to
               sort and format these in the correct manner for different
               journals.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.1 <a name="normalxref">Normal cross-references</a></h3>
               <p>You label a place in your document by using the command
                  <code class="command"><a name="c164">\label</a></code> followed by a short name you make
                  up, in curly braces:<sup><a href="#F40">2</a></sup> we've already seen this done for labelling
                  Figures and Tables.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\section{New Research}
\label{newstuff}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>You can then refer to this point from anywhere in the
                  same document with the command <code class="command"><a name="c165">\ref</a></code>
                  followed by the name you used, e.g.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
In \S~\ref{newstuff} there is a list of recent 
projects.
	  </pre><p class="example">In <a href="#normalxref">&sect;&nbsp;7.4.1</a>
                     	    there is a list of recent projects.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <p>(The <code class="command"><a name="c166">\S</a></code> command produces a section
                  	  sign (&sect;) and the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c167">\P</a></code> command produces a paragraph sign
                  	  (&para;).)
               </p>
               <p>If the label is in normal text, the reference will
                  provide the current chapter or section number or both
                  (depending on the current document
                  class).<sup><a href="#F41">3</a></sup> If the label
                  was inside a Table or Figure, the reference provides the
                  Table number or Figure number prefixed by the chapter
                  number. A label in an enumerated list will provide a
                  reference to the item number. If there is no apparent
                  structure to this part of the document, the reference will
                  be null. Labels must be unique (that is, each value must
                  occur only <em>once</em> as a label within a
                  single document), but you can have as many references to
                  them as you like.
               </p>
               <p>Note the use of the unbreakable space
                  (<code class="literal">~</code>) between the <code class="command"><a name="c168">\ref</a></code>
                  and the word before it. This prints a space but prevents the
                  line ever breaking at that point, should it fall close to
                  the end of a line.
               </p>
               <p>The command <code class="command"><a name="c169">\pageref</a></code> followed by any
                  of your label values will provide the page number where the
                  label occurred, regardless of the document structure. This
                  makes it possible to refer to something by page number as
                  well as its <code class="command"><a name="c170">\ref</a></code> number, which is useful
                  to readers in very long documents.
               </p>
               <p>Unresolved references are printed as two question
                  marks, and also cause a warning message at the end of the
                  log file. There's never any harm in having
                  <code class="command"><a name="c171">\label</a></code>s you don't refer to, but using
                  <code class="command"><a name="c172">\ref</a></code> when you don't have a matching
                  <code class="command"><a name="c173">\label</a></code> is an error.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
                  <li><a name="F40">This section is labelled
                        &#8216;<code>normalxref</code>&#8217;, 
                        for example.</a></li>
                  <li><a name="F41">Thus I can
                        refer here to
                        <code class="literal">\ref{normalxref}</code> and get the
                        value&nbsp;<a href="#normalxref">section 7.4.1</a>.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.2 <a name="bib">Bibliographic references</a></h3><a name="I114"></a><a name="I115"></a><p>The mechanism used for references to reading lists and
                  bibliographies is almost identical to that used for normal
                  cross-references. Although it is possible to type the
                  details of each citation manually, there is a companion
                  program to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> called <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, which manages
                  bibliographic references automatically. This reduces the time
                  needed to maintain and format them, and dramatically
                  improves accuracy. Using <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> means you only ever have
                  to type the bibliographic details of a work once. You can
                  then cite it in any document you write, and it will get
                  formatted automatically to the style you specify.
               </p>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.2.1 <a name="citation">Citing references</a></h4>
                  <p><span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> works exactly the same way as other
                     bibliographic databases: you keep details of every
                     document you want to refer to in a separate file, using
                     <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s own format (see example below). Many
                     writers make a habit of adding the details of every book
                     and article they read, so that when they write a document,
                     these entries are always available for reference. You give
                     each entry a short label, just like you do with normal
                     cross-references (see <a href="#normalxref">section 7.4.1</a>), and
                     it is this label you use to refer to in your own documents
                     when you cite the work using the <code class="command"><a name="c174">\cite</a></code>
                     command:
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
...as has clearly been shown by Fothergill~\cite{fg}.
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>By default, this creates a cross-reference number in
                     square brackets&nbsp;[1] which is a common style in the
                     Natural Sciences (see <a href="#othercite">section 7.4.2.5</a> for
                     details of how to change this). There are dozens of
                     alternative citation formats in extra packages, including
                     the popular author/year format:
                  </p>
                  <blockquote class="example"><pre>
...as has clearly been shown 
by~\citeauthoryear{fg}.
            </pre><p class="example">...as has clearly been shown by&nbsp;<a href="#fg" name="K35">Fothergill</a>&nbsp;(1929).
                     </p>
                  </blockquote>
                  <p>Note that in this case you don't type the
                     author's name because it is automatically extracted
                     by <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. There are lots of variants on this technique
                     in many packages, allowing you to phrase your sentences
                     with references in as natural a way as possible, and rely
                     on <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to insert the right data. (If you examine the
                     source of this document you'll find I use some
                     homebrew commands like <code class="command"><a name="c175">\authorof</a></code> and
                     <code class="command"><a name="c176">\titleof</a></code> which I use for a similar
                     purpose.)
                  </p>
                  <p>To print the bibliographic listing (usually called
                     &#8216;References&#8217; in articles and
                     &#8216;Bibliography&#8217; in books and
                     reports), add these two lines towards the end of your
                     document, or wherever you want it printed, substituting
                     the name of your own <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file and the name of your
                     chosen bibliography style:
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
\bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
\bibliography{mybib}
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c177">\bibliography</a></code> command is
                           followed by the filename of your <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file
                           <em>without</em> the
                           <code>.bib</code> extension.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c178">\bibliographystyle</a></code> command
                           is followed by the name of any of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s
                           supported bibliography styles, of which there are many
                           dozens available from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A184" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>.<sup><a href="#F42">4</a></sup></p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
                  <p>The styles <span class="option"><a name="o13">plain</a></span> and
                     <span class="option"><a name="o14">alpha</a></span> are two common generic styles used
                     for drafts. The example above uses <a name="IEEETR" class="acroref">Transactions of the Institute of Electrical
                        and Electronics Engineers</a>&nbsp;(<small>IEEETR</small>).
                  </p>
                  <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
                     <li><a name="F42">The style
                           shown in the example here provides formatting
                           according to the specifications for Transactions
                           of the IEEE (revised).</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.2.2 <a name="bibtex">Running <i><a name="p180">bibtex</a></i></a></h4>
                  <p>When you run the <i><a name="p181">bibtex</a></i>
                     	    program, the details of every document you have cited will
                     	    be extracted from your database, formatted according to
                     	    the style you specify, and stored in a temporary
                     	    bibliographic (<code>.bbl</code>) file with a
                     	    label corresponding to the one you used in your citation,
                     	    ready for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to use. This is entirely automatic: all
                     	    you do is cite your references in your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> document
                     	    using the labels you gave the entries in your <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                     	    file, and run the <i><a name="p182">bibtex</a></i>
                     	    program.
                  </p>
                  <p>After processing your file with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, run
                     	    <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> on it by clicking on the
                     	    <span class="guiicon"><span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></span> toolbar icon (if your editor
                     	    has one), or use the
                     	    <span class="guimenu">TeX</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">BibTeX
                        	      File</span> menu entry, or type the command
                     	    <code class="literal">bibtex</code> followed by the name of your
                     	    document (without the <code>.tex</code>
                     	    extension). When you run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> again it will use the
                     	    <code>.bbl</code> file which <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> created,
                     	    and subsequent runs of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will format the correct
                     	    citation numbers (or author/year, or whatever format you
                     	    are using).
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
$ latex mybook
$ bibtex mybook
$ latex mybook
$ latex mybook
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>Because of this three-stage process, you always get a
                     	    warning message about an &#8216;unresolved
                     	      reference&#8217; the first time you add a new
                     	    reference to a previously uncited work. This will
                     	    disappear after subsequent runs of
                     	    <i><a name="p183">bibtex</a></i> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
                  </p>
                  <p>In practice, authors tend to run <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from time to
                     	    time during writing anyway, so they can preview the
                     	    document. Just run <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> after adding a new
                     	    <code class="command"><a name="c179">\cite</a></code> command, and subsequent runs of
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will incrementally incorporate all references
                     	    without you having to worry about it. You only need to
                     	    follow the full formal sequence (<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>) when you have finished writing and
                     	    want to ensure that all references have been
                     	    resolved.
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.2.3 <a name="bibspec"><span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> format</a></h4>
                  <p>The format for the <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file is specified in the
                     <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documentation (see <a href="#packagedoc">section 5.1.2</a>
                     for how to find and print it). You create a file with a
                     name ending in <code>.bib</code>, and add your
                     entries, for example:
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
@book{fg,
   title        = {{An Innkeeper's Diary}},
   author       = {John Fothergill},
   edition      = {3rd},
   publisher    = {Penguin},
   year         = 1929,
   address      = {London}
}
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>There is a prescribed set of fields for each of a
                     dozen or so types of document: book, article (in a
                     journal), article (in a collection), chapter (in a book),
                     thesis, report, paper (in a Proceedings), etc. Each entry
                     identifies the document type after the
                     &#8216;<code class="literal">@</code>&#8217; sign,
                     followed by the entry label that you make up, and then
                     each field (in any order), using the format:
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
keyword = {value},
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>Most <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>-sensitive editors have a <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> mode
                     which understands these entries.
                     <i><a name="p184">Emacs</a></i> automatically uses its
                     <code>bibtex-mode</code> whenever you open a
                     filename ending in <code>.bib</code>. When editing
                     <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> databases, the rules are simple:
                  </p>
                  <ul>
                     <li>
                        <p>Omit the comma after the last field in the entry
                           (only&nbsp;&#8212; eg after <code class="literal">{London}</code> in
                           the example).
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Titles may have their case changed in some styles:
                           to prevent this, enclose the title in double curly
                           braces as in the example.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Values which are purely numeric (e.g.&nbsp;years)
                           may omit the curly braces.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Fields can occur in any order but the format must
                           		otherwise be strictly observed.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Fields which are not used do not have to be
                           		included (so if your editor automatically inserts them
                           		as blank or prefixed by <code class="literal">OPT</code>
                           		[optional], you can safely delete them as unused
                           		lines).
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ul>
                  <p>To help with this, there are several interfaces to
                     	    creating and maintaining <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> files, such as
                     	    <i><a name="p185">tkbibtex</a></i> (see <a href="#tkbibtex">Figure 7.1</a>), or
                     	    <i><a name="p186">pybliographic</a></i>.
                  </p>
                  <div class="figure" align="center">
                     <hr>
                     <caption><i>Figure 7.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="tkbibtex">tk<span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, one of several graphical interfaces to
                           <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> databases</a></caption>
                     <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="tkbibtex.png" width="75%"></div>
                     <hr>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.2.4 <a name="bibstyle">Changing the layout</a></h4>
                  <p>To change the title printed over the reference
                     listing, just change the value of
                     <code class="command"><a name="c180">\refname</a></code> (articles) or
                     <code class="command"><a name="c181">\bibname</a></code> (books and reports) by adding a
                     line like this in your preamble:
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\bibname}{Reading List}
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p>The formatting specifications (<span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> styles) are
                     based on standard settings for journals and books from
                     dozens of publishers: you just pick the one you want by
                     name. The <code>texmf/bib/bst</code> subdirectory
                     of your installation contains the ones installed by
                     default, and you can search on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A186" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>
                     for others (look for <code>.bst</code> files).
                     Many of them are named after university press styles
                     (e.g. <i><a name="p187">harvard</a></i>,
                     <i><a name="p188">oxford</a></i>) or the publisher or
                     journal which specified them (e.g.
                     <i><a name="p189">elsevier</a></i>,
                     <i><a name="p190">kluwer</a></i>, etc.).
                  </p>
                  <p>Some of them have an accompanying package
                     (<code>.sty</code>) file which
                     you need to include with the normal
                     <code class="command"><a name="c182">\usepackage</a></code> command in your preamble. In
                     this case the format may be distributed as
                     <code>.dtx</code> and <code>.ins</code>
                     files and will need installing in the same way as any
                     other package (see <a href="#pkginst">section 5.2</a>). Always read
                     the documentation, because most of the formats are very
                     specific to the journal they were designed for, and may have
                     fairly absolute requirements.
                  </p>
                  <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">If you are writing for a specific publisher, you
                        should remember that the rules or formats are laid down
                        by the typographic designer of that journal or
                        publisher: you cannot arbitrarily change the format just
                        because you don't happen to like it: it's not
                        your choice!
                     </p>
                  </blockquote>
                  <p>It is also possible to write your own <span class="BIBTEX">B<span class="I">I</span>B<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                     (<code>.bst</code>) style files, although it uses
                     a language of its own which really needs a computer
                     science background to understand. However, this is
                     rendered unnecessary in most cases: there is an extensive
                     program (actually written in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>) called
                     <i><a name="p191">makebst</a></i>, which makes
                     <code>.bst</code> files by asking you a (long)
                     series of questions about exactly how you want your
                     citations formatted. Just type 
                     <code class="literal">latex makebst</code> in a command window, but
                     give it a dummy run first, because some of the questions
                     are very detailed, so you need to have thought through how
                     you want your citations to appear before you start.
                  </p>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.4.2.5 <a name="othercite">Other modes of citation</a></h4>
                  <p>The method of citing a work by numeric reference is
                     	    common in the Natural Sciences but is not used in Law or
                     	    the Humanities. In these fields, citations are usually
                     	    done with short references (author/short-title/year) in a
                     	    numbered footnote. Sometimes they are actually called
                     	    &#8216;footnotes&#8217; to the exclusion of
                     	    ordinary footnotes, although they are really citations
                     	    which happen by convention to be
                     	    <em>displayed</em> as footnotes: an important
                     	    distinction rarely appreciated by authors until they come
                     	    to need a normal footnote.
                  </p>
                  <p>For these fields, the bibliography at the back of the
                     	    document is printed <em>unnumbered</em> in
                     	    alphabetic order of author, or perhaps chronologically if
                     	    the time-frame is very large. This unnumbered format is
                     	    why it is conventionally called
                     	    &#8216;References&#8217; rather than
                     	    &#8216;Bibliography&#8217;: a sufficient working
                     	    citation has already been provided in the footnote, and
                     	    the list at the back is for reference purposes only;
                     	    whereas in the Natural Sciences, the citation is just a
                     	    number, or possibly an author and year only, so the full
                     	    listing is called a Bibliography.
                  </p>
                  <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m63">jurabib</a></span> package
                     	    (originally intended for German law articles but now
                     	    extended to other fields in the Humanities, and to other
                     	    languages) has extensive features for doing this style of
                     	    citation and is strongly recommended.
                  </p>
               </div>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
                  <li><a name="F42">The style
                        shown in the example here provides formatting
                        according to the specifications for Transactions
                        of the IEEE (revised).</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#texttools"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.5 <a name="indexes">Indexes and glossaries</a></h2><a name="I116"></a><a name="I117"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has a powerful, automated indexing facility which
               uses the standard <i><a name="p192">makeindex</a></i>
               program. To use indexing, use the package
               <span class="package"><a name="m64">makeidx</a></span> and include the
               <code class="command"><a name="c183">\makeindex</a></code> command in your preamble:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\usepackage{makeidx}
\makeindex
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>When you want to index something, using the command
               <code class="command"><a name="c184">\index</a></code> followed by the entry in curly
               braces, as you want it to appear in the index, using one of
               the following formats:
            </p>
            <blockquote>
               <dl>
                  <dt><b>Plain entry</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>Typing <code class="literal">\index{beer}</code> will create
                        an entry for &#8216;beer&#8217; with the
                        current page
                        number.<a name="I118"></a></p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>Subindex entry</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>For an entry with a subentry use an exclamation mark
                        to separate them:
                        <code class="literal">\index{beer!lite}</code>.<a name="I119"></a> Subsubentries like
                        <code class="literal">\index{beer!lite!American}</code> work to
                        another level deep.<a name="I120"></a></p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>Cross-references</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>&#8216;See&#8217; entries are done with
                        the vertical bar (one of the rare times it does
                        <em>not</em> get interpreted as a math
                        character):
                        <code class="literal">\index{Microbrew|see{beer}}</code></p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b><a name="indextypo">Font changes</a></b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>To change the style of an entry, use the @-sign
                        followed by a font change command:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
\index{beer!Rogue!Chocolate 
       Stout@\textit{Chocolate Stout}}
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>This example<a name="I122"></a> indexes &#8216;<i><a name="p193">Chocolate
                              Stout</a></i>&#8217; and italicises it
                        at the same time. Any of the standard
                        <code class="literal">\text...</code> font-change commands work
                        here: see <a href="#fontcmds">the table  in section 8.2.3</a> for details.
                     </p>
                     <p>You can also change the font of the index number on
                        	      its own, as for first-usage references, by using the
                        	      vertical bar in a similar way to the
                        	      &#8216;see&#8217; entries above, but
                        	      substituting a font-change command name
                        	      (<em>without</em> a backslash) such as
                        	      <code class="literal">textbf</code> for bold-face text (see the
                        	      index)<a name="I123"></a>:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
\index{beer!Rogue!Chocolate Stout|textbf}
	    </pre></blockquote>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>Out of sequence</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>The same method can be used as for font changes,
                        but using the alternate index word instead of the font
                        command name, so
                        <code class="literal">\index{Oregon Brewing Company@Rogue}</code><a name="I124"></a> will add an entry for
                        &#8216;Rogue&#8217; in the
                        &#8216;O&#8217; section of the index, as if
                        it was spelled &#8216;Oregon Brewing
                        Company&#8217;.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
               </dl>
            </blockquote>
            <p>When the document has been processed through <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> it
               will have created a <code>.idx</code> file, which you
               run through the <i><a name="p194">makeindex</a></i> program
               by typing (for example):
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
makeindex&nbsp;mythesis
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>Some editors may have a button or menu entry for this. The
               program will look for the <code>.idx</code> file and
               output a <code>.ind</code> file. This gets used by the
               command <code class="command"><a name="c185">\printindex</a></code> which you put at the end
               of your document, where you want the index printed. The
               default index format is two columns.
            </p>
            <p>Glossaries are done in a similar manner using the command
               <code class="command"><a name="c186">\makeglossary</a></code> in the preamble and the
               command <code class="command"><a name="c187">\glossary</a></code> in the same way as
               <code class="command"><a name="c188">\index</a></code>. There are some subtle differences in
               the way glossaries are handled: both the books by <a href="#latexbook" name="K36">Lamport</a>&nbsp;(1994) and by <a href="#companion" name="K37">Mittelbach <i>et al</i></a>&nbsp;(2004) duck the issue, but
               there is some documentation on <code>glotex</code> on
               <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A187" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#texttools"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>7.6 <a name="multicols">Multiple columns</a></h2><a name="I125"></a><p>Use the <span class="package"><a name="m65">multicol</a></span> package: the
               environment is called <span class="environment"><a name="e48">multicols</a></span> (note the
               plural form) and it takes the number of columns as a separate
               argument in curly braces:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\usepackage{multicol}
...
\begin{multicols}{3}
...
\end{multicols}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has built-in support for two-column typesetting
               via the <code class="literal">twocolumn</code> option in the standard
               Document Class Declarations, but it is relatively inflexible
               in that you cannot change from full-width to double-column
               and back again on the same page, and the final page does not
               balance the column heights. However, it does feature special
               <span class="environment"><a name="e49">figure*</a></span> and <span class="environment"><a name="e50">table*</a></span>
               environments which typeset full-width figures and tables
               across a double-column setting.
            </p>
            <p>The more extensive solution is the
               	  <span class="package"><a name="m66">multicol</a></span> package, which will set up
               	  to 10 columns, and allows the number of columns to be
               	  changed or reset to one in mid-page, so that full-width
               	  graphics can still be used. It also balances the height of
               	  the final page so that all columns are the same
               	  height&nbsp;&#8212; if possible: it's not always
               	  achievable&nbsp;&#8212; and you can control the width of the gutter
               	  by setting the <code class="command"><a name="c189">\columnsep</a></code> length to a new
               	  dimension.
            </p>
            <p>Multi-column work needs some skill in typographic
               	  layout, though: the narrowness of the columns makes
               	  typesetting less likely to fit smoothly because it's hard to
               	  hyphenate and justify well when there is little space to
               	  man&#339;uvre in.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="typo">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">8</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Fonts and layouts</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#layouts">Changing layout</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#fontuse">Using fonts</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#instfonts">Installing new fonts</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table><a name="I126"></a><p>This is the chapter that most users want first, because they
            come to structured documents from a wordprocessing environment
            where the <em>only</em> way to convey different
            types of information is to fiddle with the font and size
            drop-down menus.
         </p>
         <p>As I hope you have seen, this is normally completely
            unnecessary in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, which does most of the hard work for you
            automatically. However, there are occasions when you need to
            make manual typographic changes, and this chapter is about how
            to do them.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#typo"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.1 <a name="layouts">Changing layout</a></h2>
            <p>The design of the page can be a very subjective matter,
               and also rather a subtle one. Many organisations large and
               small pay considerable sums to designers to come up with page
               layouts to suit their purposes. Styles in page layouts change
               with the years, as do fashions in everything else, so what may
               have looked attractive in 1991 may look rather dated in
               2011.
            </p>
            <p>As with most aspects of typography, making the document
               readable involves making it consistent, so the reader is not
               interrupted or distracted too much by apparently random
               changes in margins, widths, or placement of objects. However,
               there are a number of different occasions where the layout
               usually <em>does</em> change, related to the
               frequency with which the format appears.
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>The title page, the half-title, copyright page,
                     dedication, and other one-page preliminaries (if you use
                     them) are usually designed individually, as the information
                     on it only occurs once in that format anywhere in the
                     document.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The table of contents and other related lists like
                     figures and tables all need to share one
                     design.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The prelims like Foreword, Introduction, and Preface
                     should likewise follow the same format between
                     them.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Chapter and Appendix start pages usually share a
                     layout.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Other (normal) pages have a single layout, but it may
                     specify individual variations to handle tables, lists,
                     figures, sidebars, exercises, footnotes, etc.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>If you are going to design a whole document, it's
               probably a good idea to read a couple of books on layout
               design first, to get a feel for the conventions which
               contribute to making the reader comfortable reading.
            </p>
            <p>While unusual or radical layouts have an important role in
               attention-grabbing, or in making a socio-political statement
               (<cite><a href="#wired" name="C38">WIRED</a></cite> magazine is an obvious
               recent example), they are usually out of place in business
               reports, white papers, books, theses, and journals. In
               ephemera, on the other hand, as in advertising, they are
               probably critical.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.1.1 <a name="spacing">Spacing</a></h3><a name="I127"></a><a name="I128"></a><p>We mentioned in <a href="#marginals">section 7.3</a> and
                  elsewhere the existence of the
                  <span class="package"><a name="m67">geometry</a></span> package which lets you
                  change margins. It also lets you set the text-area height
                  and width and a lot of other layout settings: read the
                  documentation for details (see <a href="#packagedoc">section 5.1.2</a> for how to read package
                  documentation).
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\usepackage[left=2cm,top=1cm,bottom=2cm,right=3cm,
            nohead,nofoot]{geometry}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>The spacing around the individual textual components
                  (headings, paragraphs, lists, footnotes, etc.)&nbsp;can
                  also be changed on a document-wide basis, as we saw with
                  paragraph spacing and indentation in <a href="#paraspace">the text in section 3.6</a>.
               </p>
               <p>Changing the spacing of section headings for the whole
                  	  document can be done with the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m68">sectsty</a></span> package, designed to let
                  	  you adjust section-head spacing without having to know about
                  	  the internal <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> coding, which is quite complex.
               </p>
               <p>The spacing for lists can be adjusted with the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m69">mdwlist</a></span> package. In both cases the
                  	  user with highly specific requirements such as a
                  	  publisher's Compositor's Specification should read
                  	  the relevant sections in the <cite><a href="#companion" name="C39">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite> or ask for expert help, as
                  	  there are many internal settings which can also be changed
                  	  to fine-tune your design, but which need some knowledge of
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internals.
               </p>
               <p>All the above are for automating changes so that they
                  occur every time in a consistent manner. You can also make
                  manual changes whenever you need:
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b>Flexible vertical space</b></dt>
                     <dd><a name="I130"></a><p>There are three commands
                           <code class="command"><a name="c190">\smallskip</a></code>,
                           <code class="command"><a name="c191">\medskip</a></code>, and
                           <code class="command"><a name="c192">\bigskip</a></code>. These output flexible
                           (dynamic, or &#8216;rubber&#8217;) space,
                           approximately 3pt, 6pt, and 12pt high respectively,
                           and they will automatically compress or expand a
                           little, depending on the demands of the rest of the
                           page (for example to allow one extra line to fit, or a
                           heading to be moved to the next page without anyone
                           except a typographer noticing the change). These
                           commands can only be used after a paragraph break (a
                           blank line or the command
                           <code class="command"><a name="c193">\par</a></code>).
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Fixed vertical space</b></dt>
                     <dd><a name="I131"></a><a name="I132"></a><p>For a fixed-height space which will
                           		<em>not</em> stretch or shrink, use the
                           		command <code class="command"><a name="c194">\vspace</a></code> followed by a length
                           		in curly braces, e.g. <code class="literal">\vspace{18pt}</code>
                           		(again, this has to be after a paragraph break). Bear
                           		in mind that extra space which ends up at a page-break
                           		when the document is formatted <em>will get
                              		  discarded entirely</em> to make the bottom and
                           		top lines fall in the correct places. To force a
                           		vertical space to remain and be taken into account
                           		even after a page break (very rare), use the starred
                           		variant <code class="command"><a name="c195">\vspace*</a></code>, e.g.
                           		<code class="literal">\vspace*{19pt}</code>.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Double spacing</b></dt>
                     <dd><a name="I133"></a><a name="I134"></a><p>Double-spacing normal lines of text is usually a
                           		bad idea, as it looks very ugly.  It is still
                           		unfortunately a requirement in some universities for
                           		thesis submission, a historical relic from the days of
                           		typewriters. Nowadays, 1&#8531; or 1&frac12; line
                           		spacing is considered acceptable, according to your
                           		font size. If your institution still thinks they
                           		should have double line spacing, they are probably
                           		wrong, and just don't understand that the world has
                           		moved on since the typewriter. Show them this
                           		paragraph and explain that they need to enter the 21st
                           		century and adapt to the features of computer
                           		typesetting.  If they still insist, use the
                           		<span class="package"><a name="m70">setspace</a></span> package,which has
                           		commands for double line-spacing and one-and-a-half
                           		line spacing, but be prepared for some very ugly
                           		output (so warn your supervisor and extern).
                        </p>
                        <p>The space between lines is defined by the value of
                           		the length variable <tt>\<a name="d29">baselineskip</a></tt> multiplied
                           		by the value of the <code class="command"><a name="c196">\baselinestretch</a></code>
                           		command. In general, <em>don't meddle with
                              		  <tt>\<a name="d30">baselineskip</a></tt> at
                              		  all</em>, and with
                           		<code class="command"><a name="c197">\baselinestretch</a></code> only if you know
                           		what you are doing. (Both can, however, safely be used
                           		as reference values in commands like
                           		<code class="literal">\vspace{\baselineskip}</code> to leave a
                           		whole line space.)
                        </p>
                        <p>The value of <tt>\<a name="d31">baselineskip</a></tt> changes with
                           		the font size (see <a href="#fontsize">section 8.2.4</a>) but is conventionally set to
                           		1.2 times the current nominal font size. This is a
                           		value derived from long experience: only change it if
                           		you understand what it means and what effect it will
                           		have.
                        </p>
                        <p>Quite separately, there are some perfectly genuine
                           		and normal reasons for wanting wide line spacing, 
                           		 for example when typesetting a proof of a
                           		critical or variorum edition, where editors and
                           		contributors are going to want to add notes manually
                           		by writing between the lines, or where the text is
                           		going to be overprinted by something else like
                           		Braille, or in advertising or display text for special
                           		effects.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b>Horizontal space</b></dt>
                     <dd><a name="I137"></a><p>There is a horizontal equivalent to the
                           <code class="command"><a name="c198">\vspace</a></code> command:
                           <code class="command"><a name="c199">\hspace</a></code>, which works in the same
                           way, so I can force a 1&#8243; space like
                           this<img src="whitespace.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="\hspace*{1in}" width="72">in
                           mid-paragraph. There are also some predefined
                           (shorter) spaces available:
                        </p>
                        <ul>
                           <li>
                              <p><code class="command"><a name="c200">\thinspace</a></code>&nbsp;(1/6em), 
                                 which we saw between single and double quotes in
                                 <a href="#thinspace">the last paragraph  in section 2.6</a>. It's also
                                 sometimes used between the full point after
                                 abbreviations and a following number, as in page
                                 references like p.&#8201;199, where a word space
                                 would look too big, and setting it solid would
                                 look too tight.
                              </p>
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              <p><code class="command"><a name="c201">\enspace</a></code>&nbsp;(&frac12;em).
                                 There is no direct equivalent predefined in
                                 <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> for mid and thick spaces as used by metal
                                 typesetters, although it would be possible to
                                 define them. The en as a unit is often used as the
                                 width of a single digit in some fonts, as a
                                 convenience so that tables of figures are easy to
                                 line up.
                              </p>
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              <p><code class="command"><a name="c202">\quad</a></code>&nbsp;(1em).
                              </p>
                           </li>
                           <li>
                              <p><code class="command"><a name="c203">\qquad</a></code>&nbsp;(2em).
                              </p>
                           </li>
                        </ul>
                        <p>Beyond this, all horizontal space within
                           		paragraphs is automatically flexible,
                           <a name="I139"></a> as this is what
                           <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses to achieve justification. Never be
                           		tempted to try and change the spacing between letters
                           		unless you have some professional training in
                           		typography. Some systems use letterspacing
                           		(incorrectly called &#8216;tracking&#8217;) as an aid
                           		to justification and it is almost always wrong to do
                           		so (and looks it). While it <em>is</em>
                           		possible to change letterspacing (with the
                           		<span class="package"><a name="m71">soul</a></span> package), it should only
                           		be done by a typographer, and then only very rarely,
                           		as the settings are very subtle and beyond the scope
                           		of this book.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.1.2 <a name="runningheads">Headers and footers</a></h3>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has built-in settings to control the page style
                  	  of its default page layouts. These are implemented with the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c204">\pagestyle</a></code> command, which can take one of
                  	  the following arguments.
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o15">plain</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>for a page number centered at the bottom;</p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o16">empty</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>for nothing at all, not even a page number;</p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o17">headings</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>for running heads based on the current chapter and
                           		section;
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="option"><a name="o18">myheadings</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>which lets you use your own reprogrammed
                           		definitions of how <code class="command"><a name="c205">\markright</a></code> and
                           		<code class="command"><a name="c206">\markboth</a></code> commands, which control
                           		how chapter and section titles get into page
                           		headers.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
               <p>The command <code class="command"><a name="c207">\thispagestyle</a></code> (taking the
                  	  same arguments) can be used to force a specific style for
                  	  the current page only.
               </p>
               <p>However, the easiest way is to use the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m72">fancyhdr</a></span> package, which lets you
                  	  redefine the left-hand, centre, and right-hand page headers
                  	  and footers for both odd and even pages (twelve objects in
                  	  all). These areas can contain a page number, fixed text,
                  	  variable text (like the current chapter or section title, or
                  	  the catch-words of a dictionary), or even a small image.
                  	  They can also be used to do page backgrounds and frames, by
                  	  making one of them the top corner of an invisible box which
                  	  &#8216;hangs&#8217; text or images down over the whole
                  	  page.
               </p>
               <p>The settings for the downloadable version of this
                  	  document can be used as an example: for the whole story you
                  	  have to read the documentation.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\pagestyle{fancy}\fancyhead{}
\renewcommand\headrulewidth{.1pt}
\fancyhead[LO,RE]{\footnotesize\sffamily\lite\leftmark}
\fancyhead[LE,RO]{\footnotesize\sffamily\lite\itshape
                  \rightmark}
\fancyfoot[C]{}
\fancyfoot[LE,RO]{\setlength{\fboxsep}{2pt}\ovalbox%
                  {\footnotesize\sffamily\thepage}}
\fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\footnotesize\sffamily\lite\@title}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhf{}
    \fancyfoot[R]{\setlength{\fboxsep}{2pt}\ovalbox{%
                  \footnotesize\sffamily\thepage}}
    \fancyfoot[L]{\footnotesize\sffamily\lite\@title}
    \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>This is probably more complex than most documents, but
                  	  it illustrates some common requirements:
               </p>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>Settings are prefixed by making the
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c208">\pagestyle</a></code>&nbsp;&#8216;fancy&#8217;
                        	      and setting the <code class="command"><a name="c209">\fancyhead</a></code> to
                        	      null to zap any predefined values.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The thickness of the rule at the top of the page can
                        	      be changed (or set to 0pt to make it disappear).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The header and footer settings are specified with L,
                        	      C, and R for left, centre, and right; and with O and E
                        	      for Odd and Even numbered pages. In each setting, the
                        	      typeface style, size, and font can be specified along
                        	      with macros which implement various dynamic texts (here,
                        	      the current chapter and section titles, which <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                        	      stores in <code class="command"><a name="c210">\rightmark</a></code> and
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c211">\leftmark</a></code>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The &#8216;plain&#8217; variant is used for chapter
                        	      starts, and resets some of the parameters
                        	      accordingly.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#typo"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2 <a name="fontuse">Using fonts</a></h2><a name="I140"></a><p>The default typeface in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is <a name="CM" class="acroref">Computer Modern</a>&nbsp;(<small>CM</small>). This typeface was
               	designed by Knuth for use with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> because it is a book
               	face, and he designed <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> originally for typesetting books.
               	Because it is one of the very few book typefaces with a
               	comprehensive set of fonts, including a full suite of
               	mathematics, it has remained the default, rather than the
               	Times you find in wordprocessors, because until recently the
               	mathematical symbols for Times were a commercial product often
               	unavailable to users of free software.
            </p>
            <p><a name="I141"></a><a name="I142"></a><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:12ptpt; "><img src="cmr.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></p>
            <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">If you are reading this in a web browser, the above
                  	  paragraph is only a low-resolution copy because browsers
                  	  don't usually have the Computer Modern font available.
                  	  All the rest of this document is set in your current browser serif font, with
                  	  your current browser sans-serif font for some of the headings and your current browser monospace font for the
                  	  fixed-width type.
               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <p>In addition to <small><a href="#CM" class="acroref" name="A189" title="Computer Modern">CM</a></small>, there are
               	many other METAFONT fonts which can be downloaded from
               	<small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A190" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>, including a large collection
               	of historical, symbol, initial, and non-Latin fonts. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               	also comes with the &#8216;Adobe 35&#8217;
               	typefaces which are built into laser printers and other
               	<small><a href="#DTP" class="acroref" name="A191" title="desktop publishing">DTP</a></small> systems, and some more fonts
               	donated by the X&nbsp;Consortium. Plus, of course, standard
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can use any of the thousands of
               	Type&nbsp;1 fonts available, and
               	<i><a name="p195">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> can use any of the
               	thousands of TrueType fonts as well.
            </p>
            <p>In the following lists, if there is a package available,
               	its name is given in parentheses after the name of the
               	typeface. The font-family name is shown on the right-hand
               	side. If a non-standard font-encoding is needed, its name is
               	shown before the font-family name.
            </p><a name="I143"></a><a name="I144"></a><a name="I145"></a><a name="I146"></a><div align="center" class="sampler"><a name="fontable-mf"></a><h3 align="left" class="tablehead">Latin-alphabet typefaces (METAFONT)</h3>
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Computer Modern Roman</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>cmr</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-01.png" alt="Sample of cmr" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Computer Modern Sans</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>cmss</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-02.png" alt="Sample of cmss" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Computer Modern Typewriter</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>cmtt</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-03.png" alt="Sample of cmtt" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Pandora</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>panr</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-04.png" alt="Sample of panr" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Pandora Sans</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pss</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-05.png" alt="Sample of pss" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Pandora Typewriter</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pntt</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-05.png" alt="Sample of pntt" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Universal</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>uni</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-06.png" alt="Sample of uni" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Concrete</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>ccr</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-07.png" alt="Sample of ccr" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>&Eacute;&#305;reannach</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>eiad</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-10.png" alt="Sample of eiad" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Rustic</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>rust</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-15.png" alt="Sample of rust" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Uncial</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>uncl</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-17.png" alt="Sample of uncl" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>D&uuml;rer</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>zdu</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-18.png" alt="Sample of zdu" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Fraktur</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>yfrak</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-19.png" alt="Sample of yfrak" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Gothic</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>ygoth</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-20.png" alt="Sample of ygoth" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Schw&auml;bische</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>yswab</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-21.png" alt="Sample of yswab" width="100%"><hr>
            </div>
            <div align="center" class="sampler"><a name="fontable-adobe"></a><h3 align="left" class="tablehead">Latin-alphabet typefaces (PostScript Type 1) from
                  	  Adobe
               </h3>
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Avant Garde</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pag</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-26.png" alt="Sample of pag" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Bookman</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pbk</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-22.png" alt="Sample of pbk" width="100%">Uses Avant Garde as the sans-serif and Courier for
               	    monospace.
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Courier</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pcr</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-29.png" alt="Sample of pcr" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Helvetica</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>phv</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-27.png" alt="Sample of phv" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>New Century Schoolbook</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pnc</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-23.png" alt="Sample of pnc" width="100%">Uses Helvetica as the sans-serif font and Courier
               	    for monospace.
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Palatino</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>ppl</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-24.png" alt="Sample of ppl" width="100%">Uses Avant Garde as the sans-serif and Courier for
               	    monospace.
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Symbol</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>psy</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-31.png" alt="Sample of psy" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Times New Roman</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>ptm</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-25.png" alt="Sample of ptm" width="100%">Uses Helvetica as the sans-serif font and Courier
               	    for monospace. Mathematical symbols for Times are
               	    available both free and commercially.
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Zapf Chancery</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pzc</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-28.png" alt="Sample of pzc" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Zapf Dingbats</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>pzd</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-30.png" alt="Sample of pzd" width="100%"><hr>
            </div>
            <p>As mentioned in <a href="#print">section 4.4</a>, the 
               	&#8216;Adobe 35&#8217; fonts can be used with any
               	printer, not just a laser printer or typesetter. The
               	<i><a name="p196">Ghostscript</a></i> interpreter and the
               	<i><a name="p197">GSview</a></i> viewer come with a large set
               	of printer drivers, so you just create PostScript output and
               	print from <i><a name="p198">GSview</a></i>.
            </p>
            <p>Incidentally, the 35 refers to the total number of fonts
               	for the 10 typefaces, including their bold, italic, and
               	bold-italic variants.
            </p>
            <p>Postscript Type 1 fonts have been the mainstay of the
               	graphic arts industries for many years, as they allow much
               	better definition of variance
               	(&#8216;hinting&#8217;) than most other formats.
               	However, the font format remains proprietary to Adobe, even
               	though they have released it for public use, which means they
               	could change it without warning.  A new format called
               	&#8216;OpenType&#8217; is designed to overcome
               	this, and some versions of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> are
               	already able to use OpenType fonts.
            </p>
            <div align="center" class="sampler"><a name="fontable-x"></a><h3 align="left" class="tablehead">Latin-alphabet fonts (PostScript Type 1) from the X
                  	    Consortium
               </h3>
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Charter</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>bch</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-32.png" alt="Sample of bch" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Nimbus Roman</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>unm</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-33.png" alt="Sample of unm" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Nimbus Sans</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>unms</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-34.png" alt="Sample of unms" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>URW Antiqua</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>uaq</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-35.png" alt="Sample of uaq" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>URW Grotesk</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>ugq</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-36.png" alt="Sample of ugq" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Utopia</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>put</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-37.png" alt="Sample of put" width="100%">Removed from recent distributions as it is not
               	    free.
               <hr>
            </div>
            <div align="center" class="sampler"><a name="fontable-nonlat"></a><h3 align="left" class="tablehead">Non-Latin-alphabet typefaces (METAFONT)</h3>
               <hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>BB Dingbats</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>ding</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-08.png" alt="Sample of ding" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Cypriot</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>cypr</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-09.png" alt="Sample of cypr" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Etruscan</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>etr</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-11.png" alt="Sample of etr" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Linear `B'</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>linb</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-12.png" alt="Sample of linb" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Phoenician</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>phnc</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-13.png" alt="Sample of phnc" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Runic</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>fut</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-14.png" alt="Sample of fut" width="100%"><hr>
               <table width="100%">
                  <tr>
                     <th align="left"><small>Bard</small></th>
                     <td align="right"><small>zba</small></td>
                  </tr>
               </table><img src="p70-16.png" alt="Sample of zba" width="100%"><hr>
            </div>
            <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">Just to make it clear: standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses only
                  	  METAFONT and <a name="t32">PostScript</a> Type&nbsp;1
                  	  fonts. <i><a name="p199">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> can use TrueType
                  	  fonts as well.
               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2.1 Changing the default font family
               </h3><a name="I147"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> expects to work with three font families as
                  	  defaults:
               </p><a name="I148"></a><div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Font family</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Code</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Roman (serif, with tails on the uprights), the
                           		  default
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">rm</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Sans-serif, with no tails on
                           		  the uprights
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">sf</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Monospace (fixed-width or
                           		  typewriter)
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;">tt</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>The start-up default for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> equates the
                  	  <code class="literal">rm</code> default with the
                  	  <i><a name="v32">cmr</a></i> font-family (Computer Modern Roman),
                  	  <code class="literal">sf</code> with <i><a name="v33">cmss</a></i>, and
                  	  <code class="literal">tt</code> with <i><a name="v34">cmtt</a></i>. If you
                  	  use one of the packages listed in <a href="#fontable-mf">the table  in section 8.2</a>, it will
                  	  replace the defaults of the same type: for example,
                  	  <code class="literal">\usepackage{bookman}</code> makes the default
                  	  <code class="literal">rm</code> font-family Bookman
                  	  (<i><a name="v35">pbk</a></i>), but leaves the sans-serif
                  	  (<code class="literal">sf</code>) and monospace
                  	  (<code class="literal">tt</code>) families untouched. Equally,
                  	  <code class="literal">\usepackage{helvet}</code> changes the default
                  	  sans-serif family to Helvetica but leaves the serif (Roman)
                  	  and monospace families untouched. Using both commands will
                  	  change both defaults because they operate
                  	  independently.
               </p>
               <p><em>However</em>...as it is common to
                  	  want to change all three defaults at the same time, some of
                  	  the most common &#8216;suites&#8217; of typefaces
                  	  are provided as packages:
               </p>
               <blockquote>
                  <dl>
                     <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m73">times</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>changes to Times/Helvetica/Courier.</p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m74">pslatex</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>same as <span class="package"><a name="m75">times</a></span> but uses a
                           		specially narrowed Courier to save space (normal
                           		Courier is rather inelegantly wide). This is the
                           		preferred setting if you want Times.<sup><a href="#F43">1</a></sup></p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m78">newcent</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>changes to New Century
                           		Schoolbook/Helvetica/Courier.
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m79">palatino</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>changes to Palatino/Avant Garde/Courier.</p>
                     </dd>
                     <dt><b><span class="package"><a name="m80">palatcm</a></span></b></dt>
                     <dd>
                        <p>changes the roman to Palatino only, but with
                           		<small><a href="#CM" class="acroref" name="A192" title="Computer Modern">CM</a></small> mathematics
                        </p>
                     </dd>
                  </dl>
               </blockquote>
               <p>Where no package name is given in <a href="#fontable-mf">the table  in section 8.2</a>, it means the
                  	  font is rarely used as a default by itself except in special
                  	  cases like users' own homebrew packages. To use such a
                  	  font you have to specify it manually, or make a little macro
                  	  for yourself if you use it more than once.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
                  <li><a name="F43">The <span class="package"><a name="m76">pslatex</a></span> package
                        		    is also said to be outdated by some experts
                        		    because it implements rather long-windedly what
                        		    can now be done in three commands. However, until
                        		    these replace the current version, I recommend
                        		    continuing to use <span class="package"><a name="m77">pslatex</a></span>
                        		    when you want Times with Helvetica and narrow
                        		    Courier.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2.2 <a name="fontfam">Changing the font-family temporarily</a></h3><a name="I149"></a><p>To shift to another font family on a temporary basis,
                  	  use the commands <code class="command"><a name="c212">\fontencoding</a></code> (if
                  	  needed), <code class="command"><a name="c213">\fontfamily</a></code>, and
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c214">\selectfont</a></code>, and <em>enclose the
                     	    commands <span class="normal">and</span> the text in curly
                     	    braces</em>. Note that this is a
                  	  <em>different</em> way of using curly braces to
                  	  how we have used them before: it limits the effect of a
                  	  change to the material inside the braces.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="example"><pre>
{\fontfamily{phv}\selectfont 
Helvetica looks like this}: 
{\fontencoding{OT1}\fontfamily{bch}\selectfont
Charter looks like this}.
          </pre><p class="example"><span style="font-family:Helvetica; ">Helvetica
                        	      looks like this</span>: <span style="font-family:; ">Charter looks like
                        	      this</span>.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <p>In this example, the <code class="command"><a name="c215">\fontencoding</a></code>
                  	  command has been used to ensure that the typeface will work
                  	  even if the sentence is used in the middle of something
                  	  typeset in a different encoding (like this
                  	  document).<sup><a href="#F44">2</a></sup></p>
               <div align="center" class="sidebar">
                  <table width="75%">
                     <tr>
                        <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                           <h3><img src="ktip.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <a name="grouping">Grouping</a></h3><a name="I150"></a><p>Note carefully this use of curly braces to restrict
                              	    the scope of a change rather than delimit the argument to
                              	    a command. This is called
                              	    &#8216;grouping&#8217; and it makes the effect
                              	    any changes made <em>inside</em> the braces
                              	    local, so that they do not interfere with the text
                              	    following. Any changes to fonts or other values made
                              	    within the curly braces cease when the closing curly brace
                              	    is processed.
                           </p>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>In a normal document, of course, random typeface changes
                  	  like this are rather rare. You select your typeface[s] once
                  	  at the start of the document, and stick with them.
               </p>
               <p>Most cases where people want to do unusual typeface
                  	  changes involve things like special symbols on a repetitive
                  	  basis, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> provides much easier programmable ways
                  	  to make these changes into shorthand commands (called
                  	  macros: see <a href="#macros">Chapter 9</a>). You could, for
                  	  example, make a macro called <code class="command"><a name="c216">\product</a></code>
                  	  which would let you typeset product names in a distinct
                  	  typeface:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
Andlinger, Inc., has replaced \product{Splosh} with 
\product{SuperSplosh}.
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>This is one of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s most powerful features.
                  	  It means that if you needed to change your
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c217">\product</a></code> command at some later stage to
                  	  use a different font, you only have to change three
                  	  characters in the macro (the font-family name), and
                  	  you don't need to edit your document text at all!
                  	  What's more, a macro could do other things at the same time,
                  	  like add an entry to an index of products.
               </p>
               <p>However, vastly more common are changes to type
                  	  <em>style</em>, while staying with the same
                  	  font-family.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
                  <li><a name="F44">Test for the observant reader: in what typeface will
                        	  the colon (:) in the example be set?</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2.3 Changing font style
               </h3><a name="I151"></a><p>Within each typeface or font family there are usually
                  	  several different &#8216;looks&#8217; to the type
                  	  design. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> distinguishes between font <b><i><a name="family">family</a></i></b>, font <b><i><a name="shape">shape</a></i></b>, and font <b><i><a name="series">series</a></i></b>:
               </p>
               <div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Type style</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Command</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Example (using Computer Modern)</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Upright</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c218">\upshape</a></code>*
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; "><img src="p71-01.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Italic</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c219">\itshape</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-style:italic; "><img src="p71-02.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Slanted</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c220">\slshape</a></code>*
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-style:italic; "><img src="p71-03.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Small Capitals</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c221">\scshape</a></code>*
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-style:smallcaps; "><small>THE QUICK BROWN FOX
                                 		    JUMPS OVER THE</small></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Bold</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c222">\bfseries</a></code>*
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-weight:bold; "><img src="p71-05.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Bold Extended</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c223">\bfseries</a></code>&#8224;
                        </td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-weight:bold; "><img src="p71-06.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Sans-serif</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c224">\sffamily</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Helvetica; "><img src="p71-07.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Monospace</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="command"><a name="c225">\ttfamily</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Courier; "><img src="p71-08.png" width="100%" class="invisible"></span></td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
                  <div align="left">
                     <dl><small>
                           <dd><i>*</i>) Not all typefaces have all
                              		variants! Some only have bold and italics.
                           </dd>
                           <dd><i>&#8224;</i>) Some typefaces do not have
                              		both bold and bold extended: by default <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses
                              		<code class="command"><a name="c226">\bfseries</a></code> for bold
                              		extended.
                           </dd></small></dl>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <p>These &#8216;shape&#8217;,
                  	  &#8216;series&#8217;, and
                  	  &#8216;family&#8217; commands are <b><i><a name="commutative">commutative</a></i></b>, so you can
                  	  combine a shape with a series and/or a family, without the
                  	  need to use <code class="command"><a name="c227">\selectfont</a></code>:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
This gives you {\bfseries\itshape\sffamily bold 
italic sans-serif type}, but beware
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>This gives you <span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; ">bold italic sans-serif type</span>, but
                  	  beware of pushing your fonts beyond their limits unless you
                  	  are a typographer. It is not normally meaningful to combine
                  	  one shape or series class with another of the same class,
                  	  such as trying to get slanted-italics. It's an
                  	  impossibility to combine one family with another (such as a
                  	  seriffed sans-serif typeface!). Slanted plus italics, for
                  	  example, doesn't make sense, as italics are already
                  	  slanted (although it is technically possible); and while
                  	  some typefaces may well possess italic small caps, they are
                  	  not in common use. Sans-serif and monospace (typewriter) are
                  	  different fonts, and often different typeface families
                  	  entirely.<sup><a href="#F45">3</a></sup></p>
               <p>There is an alternative syntax for the most common type
                  	  shape and series commands which uses curly braces in the
                  	  normal &#8216;argument&#8217; manner:
               </p>
               <div align="center"><a name="fontcmds"></a><table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Type style</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Command</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Example</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Italic</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="literal">\textit{text}</code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">puts <span style="font-style:italic; ">text</span>
                           		  into italics
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Slanted</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="literal">\textsl{text}</code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">puts <span style="font-family:Times; font-style:italic; ">text</span> into
                           		  slanted type*
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Small Capitals</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="literal">\textsc{text}</code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">puts <span style="font-style:smallcaps; "><small>TEXT</small></span> into
                           		  small caps
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Bold</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="literal">\textbf{text}</code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">puts <span style="font-weight:bold; ">text</span> into
                           		  bold type
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Sans-serif</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="literal">\textsf{text}</code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">puts <span style="font-family:sans-serif; ">text</span>
                           		  into sans-serif type
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Monospace</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-family:monospace;"><code class="literal">\texttt{text}</code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">puts <span style="font-family:monospace; ">text</span> into
                           		  typewriter type
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
                  <div align="left">
                     <dl><small>
                           <dd><i>*</i>) If slanted is available separately
                              		from italics.
                           </dd></small></dl>
                  </div>
               </div>
               <p>You can nest these inside one another too:</p>
               <blockquote><pre>
...\textbf{\itshape\textsf{bold italic 
sans-serif type}}...
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p><a name="uline"></a>Underlining isn't a font, and it is extremely
                  	  rare in typography except for special purposes. If you think
                  	  you need it, use the <span class="package"><a name="m81">ulem</a></span> package
                  	  with the <code class="literal">normalem</code> option, and the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c228">\uline</a></code> command.
               </p>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="3">
                  <li><a name="F45">Although if you're a typographer wanting to
                        	      experiment with typewriter typefaces with and without
                        	      serifs, you can use METAFONT to do exactly this kind
                        	      of thing. But that's way outside the scope of this
                        	      document.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2.4 <a name="fontsize">Font sizes</a></h3><a name="I152"></a><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has built into its defaults a set of predefined
                  	  font size steps corresponding more or less to the
                  	  traditional sizes available to metal typesetters. This is
                  	  deliberate, as these sizes have grown up over 500 years of
                  	  printing as those which go best together for book-work,
                  	  which is where <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> originated.
               </p>
               <p>These sizes are also reflected in the size steps at
                  	  which Computer Modern was designed. It often comes as a
                  	  surprise to new users that many typefaces are not designed
                  	  as a single font and just scaled up or down, but specially
                  	  drawn at different sizes to make them more legible.
               </p>
               <p>As an example, <img src="cmr12-12.png" align="middle" alt="here's 12pt Computer Modern" height="12pt">, and <img src="cmr5-12.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="{\font\cmbig=cmr5 at12pt\cmbig here's 5pt Computer Modern scaled up to 12pt}">, and
                  	  <img src="cmr17-12.png" align="middle" height="10px" alt="{\font\cmsmall=cmr17 at12pt\cmsmall here's 17pt Computer Modern scaled down to 12pt}"> so you can see there really is a
                  	  significant difference. In general, you probably don't
                  	  want to go scaling fonts too much beyond their design size
                  	  because they will start to look very odd.
               </p>
               <p>The default sizes (and the commands that operate them)
                  	  are based on the use of a 10pt font, which is the normal
                  	  size for most texts. Using the larger defaults (11pt and
                  	  12pt) for the body font will use 11pt and 12pt designs, with
                  	  other sizes (eg headings) resized to match. The exact sizes
                  	  used are listed in the macros in the Class Option files
                  	  <code>size10.clo</code>,
                  	  <code>size11.clo</code> and
                  	  <code>size12.clo</code>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'s default fonts
                  	  above 10pt are in fact scaled by a factor of 1.2, as shown
                  	  in the fourth column of the table below.
               </p>
               <div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Command</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Example</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Nominal point
                           		  size
                        </th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Exact point
                           		  size
                        </th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c229">\tiny</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:5pt; ">The quick brown fox
                              		    jumps over the lazy dog</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">5</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">5</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c230">\scriptsize</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:7pt; ">The quick brown
                              		    fox jumps over the laz</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">7</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">7</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c231">\footnotesize</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:8pt; ">The quick
                              		    brown fox jumps over the l</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">8</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">8</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c232">\small</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:9pt; ">The quick brown fox
                              		    jumps over th</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">9</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">9</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c233">\normalsize</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:10pt; ">The quick
                              		    brown fox jumps over</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">10</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">10</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c234">\large</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:12pt; ">The quick brown fox
                              		    jumps</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">12</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">12</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c235">\Large</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:14pt; ">The quick brown fox
                              		    ju</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">14</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">14.40</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c236">\LARGE</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:18pt; ">The quick brown
                              fo</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">18</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">17.28</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c237">\huge</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:20pt; ">The quick
                              brown</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">20</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">20.74</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c238">\Huge</a></code></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-family:Times; font-size:24pt; ">The quick
                              bro</span></td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">24</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="right">24.88</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>While these &#8216;shorthand&#8217; commands
                  	  relieve the beginner of having to worry about the
                  	  &#8216;right&#8217; size for a given task, when
                  	  you need a specific size there is the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c239">\fontsize</a></code> command:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\fontsize{22}{28}\selectfont This is 22pt 
type 6pt leaded
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>&#8216;Leading&#8217; comes from the old metal-type
                  practice of adding a lead strip between lines to increase the
                  spacing.
               </p>
               <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c240">\fontsize</a></code> command takes two
                  	  arguments: the point size and the baseline distance. The
                  	  above example gives you 22pt type on a 28pt baseline
                  	  (i.e.&nbsp;with 6pt extra space or
                  	  &#8216;leading&#8217; between the lines).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">Computer Modern fonts (the default) come fixed at the
                     	    named size steps shown in the table, and if you try to use
                     	    an odd size in between, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> will pick the closest
                     	    step instead. If you really need to use <small><a href="#CM" class="acroref" name="A193" title="Computer Modern">CM</a></small> at arbitrary sizes there is a
                     	    package <span class="package"><a name="m82">type1cm</a></span> which lets you
                     	    override the default steps. If you use
                     	    <a name="t33">PostScript</a> (Type&nbsp;1) fonts, the
                     	    step sizes do not apply and the font scaling is infinitely
                     	    variable.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2.5 Logical markup
               </h3>
               <p>All this playing around with fonts is very pretty but
                  	  you normally only do it for a reason, even if that reason is
                  	  just to be decorative. Italics, for example, are used for
                  	  many things:
               </p>
               <div align="center">
                  <table>
                     <tr class="headfoot">
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Cause</th>
                        <th valign="bottom" align="left">Effect</th>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Foreign words</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">ex officio</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Scientific names</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">Ranunculus ficaria</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Emphasis</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">must not</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Titles of documents</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Product names</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">Corel's WordPerfect</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Variables in maths</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="math"><i>E=mc</i><sup>2</sup></span></td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Subtitles or headings</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">How to get started</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr>
                        <td valign="top" align="left">Decoration</td>
                        <td valign="top" align="left" style="font-style:italic;">FREE UPGRADE!!!</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
               <p>Humans usually have no problem telling the difference
                  	  between these reasons, because they can read and understand
                  	  the meaning and context. Computers cannot (yet), so it has
                  	  become conventional to use descriptive names which make the
                  	  distinction explicit, even though the appearance may be the
                  	  same.
               </p>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has some of these built in, like
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c241">\emph</a></code>, which provides
                  	  <em>emphasis</em>. This has a special feature
                  	  because <span style="font-style:italic; ">when the surrounding text is
                     	    already italic, <span class="normal">emphasis</span>
                     	    automatically reverts to <span class="normal">upright
                        	      type</span></span>, which is the normal practice
                  	  for typesetting.
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
This has a special feature because {\itshape when the 
surrounding text is already italic, \emph{emphasis} 
automatically reverts to upright type, which is the
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p><a name="emph"></a>This sensitivity to logic is programmed into
                  	  the definition of <code class="command"><a name="c242">\emph</a></code> and it's not
                  	  hard to make up other commands of your own which could do
                  	  the same, such as <code class="command"><a name="c243">\foreign</a></code> or
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c244">\product</a></code>.
               </p>
               <p>But why would you bother? In a short document it's
                  	  probably not important, but if you're writing a long
                  	  report, or a formal document like an article, a book, or a
                  	  thesis, it makes writing and editing hugely easier if you
                  	  can control whole groups of special effects with a single
                  	  command, such as italicising, indexing, or cross-referencing
                  	  to a glossary. If a format needs changing, you only have to
                  	  change the definition, and every occurrence automatically
                  	  follows suit.
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">Beware of this &#8216;vaine conceipt of simple men,
                     	      which judge things by ther effects, and not by ther
                     	      causes&#8217;. (Edmund Spenser, 1633) &nbsp;It's hugely
                     	    more efficient to have control of the cause than the
                     	    effect.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <p>It also makes it possible to find and act on groups of
                  	  meanings&nbsp;&#8212; such as making an index of scientific names
                  	  or product names (as in this document)&nbsp;&#8212; if they are
                  	  identified with a special command. Otherwise you'd
                  	  spend weeks hunting manually through every
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c245">\textit</a></code> command to find the ones you
                  	  wanted. This is the importance of automation: it can save
                  	  you time and money.
               </p>
               <p>In <a href="#macros">Chapter 9</a> we will see how to make your
                  	  own simple commands like this.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.2.6 Colour
               </h3><a name="I153"></a><a name="I154"></a><p>You can typeset anything in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in any colour you
                  	  want using the <span class="package"><a name="m83">color</a></span> package.
                  	  First, you need to add the command
                  	  <code class="literal">\usepackage{color}</code> to your preamble (note
                  	  the US spelling of color!). This makes available a default
                  	  palette of primary colours: <span style="color:red; ">red</span>, <span style="color:green; ">green</span>, and <span style="color:blue; ">blue</span> for the <small><a href="#RGB" class="acroref" name="A194" title="Red-Green-Blue">RGB</a></small> colour model used for emitted light
                  	  (television screens), and <span style="color:cyan; ">cyan</span>, <span style="color:magenta; ">magenta</span>, <span style="color:yellow; ">yellow</span>, and black for the
                  	  <small><a href="#CMYK" class="acroref" name="A195" title="Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black">CMYK</a></small> colour model used for
                  	  reflected light (printing).
               </p>
               <p>For the occasional word or phrase in colour, use the
                  	  command <code class="command"><a name="c246">\textcolor</a></code> with two arguments, the
                  	  colour name and the text: <code class="literal">\textcolor{red}{like
                     	    this}</code>. There is a <code class="command"><a name="c247">\color</a></code>
                  	  command as well, for use within groups:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
...{\color{blue}some text in blue}...
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>If you have the <a name="t34">PostScript</a>
                  	  printer driver <i><a name="p200">dvips</a></i> installed,
                  	  you also get a separate 64-colour palette of predefined
                  	  <b><i><a name="colornames">color names</a></i></b>. These
                  	  represent approximately the colours in the big box of
                  	  <i><a name="p201">Crayola</a></i> colouring pencils much
                  	  favoured by artists and designers. This adds a new colour
                  	  model called &#8216;<code class="literal">named</code>&#8217;, so if
                  	  you want the <i><a name="p202">Crayola</a></i> colour
                  	  <span style="color:#FF00DD; ">RubineRed</span>, you can use the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c248">\color</a></code> or <code class="command"><a name="c249">\textcolor</a></code>
                  	  commands with a preceding optional argument
                  	  &#8216;<span class="option"><a name="o19">named</a></span>&#8217;:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\color[named]{RubineRed}
\textcolor[named]{RubineRed}{some red text}
</pre></blockquote>
               <p>As some of the &#8216;<code class="literal">named</code>&#8217;
                  	  colour names are quite long, you can create a short name of
                  	  your own for colours you use frequently, using the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c250">\definecolor</a></code> command:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\definecolor{mb}{named}{MidnightBlue} 
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c251">\definecolor</a></code> command needs three
                  arguments: your shorthand name, the name of the colour model,
                  	  and the colour specification. In the case of the
                  	  &#8216;<code class="literal">named</code>&#8217; model, the last
                  argument is one of the 64 colour names. To
                  	  use these names with <i><a name="p203">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>,
                  	  you need to use the <span class="option"><a name="o20">pdftex</a></span> option to the
                  	  <span class="package"><a name="m84">color</a></span> package.
               </p>
               <p>Using the <code class="command"><a name="c252">\definecolor</a></code> command, you
                  	  can define any colour you want by giving it a name,
                  	  specifying which colour model, and providing the <a name="RGB" class="acroref">Red-Green-Blue</a>&nbsp;(<small>RGB</small>) or <a name="CMYK" class="acroref">Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black</a>&nbsp;(<small>CMYK</small>) colour
                  	  values expressed as decimals, separated by commas. For
                  	  example, an <small><a href="#RGB" class="acroref" name="A198" title="Red-Green-Blue">RGB</a></small> shade given as
                  	  (37,125,224) in decimal (#250FE0 in hexadecimal as used
                  	  on the Web) can be given as
                  <blockquote><pre>
\definecolor{midblue}{rgb}{0.145,0.490,0.882} 
        </pre></blockquote> (divide each value by 255, the maximum for
                  	  each of the hues in the Red-Green-Blue colour model). You
                  	  can then use <code class="command"><a name="c253">\textcolor</a></code> with your new
                  	  colour name: <span style="color:midblue; ">the midblue looks like
                     	    this if you're reading in colour.</span></p>
               <p>The <span class="package"><a name="m85">color</a></span> package also provides
                  	  a colour version of <code class="command"><a name="c254">\fbox</a></code> (see <a href="#fbox">section 6.7.2</a>) called
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c255">\colorbox</a></code>:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\colorbox{midblue}{\color{magenta}Magenta on midblue}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p><span style="background-color:#257DE2;color:magenta; ">Magenta on midblue</span>: you can
                  	    see how careful you need to be with colours!
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#typo"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.3 <a name="instfonts">Installing new fonts</a></h2><a name="I155"></a><p>Different fonts come in a variety of packagings: the three
               most common used with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems are
               <a name="t35">PostScript</a> fonts, TrueType fonts, and
               METAFONT fonts. How you install them and where they go
               depends on how you installed <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: all I can deal with here
               are the standard locations within the <small><a href="#TDS" class="acroref" name="A199" title="Directory Structure">TDS</a></small>.
            </p>
            <p>Typefaces come supplied as one or more font
               	&#8216;outline&#8217; files and a number of
               	ancillary files:
            </p>
            <blockquote>
               <dl>
                  <dt><b>METAFONT typefaces</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>have a number of <code>.mf</code> source
                        	      (outline) files, possibly also some
                        	      <code>.fd</code> (font definition) files and a
                        	      <code>.sty</code> (style) file. The
                        	      <code>.tfm</code> (<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> font metric) files are
                        	      not needed, as they can be generated from the
                        	      outlines.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>PostScript typefaces</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>come as a pair of files: a <code>.pfb</code>
                        	      (PostScript font binary) or <code>.pfa</code>
                        	      (PostScript font <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A200" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small>)
                        	      outline, and an <code>.afm</code> (Adobe font
                        	      metric) file. There may also be
                        	      <code>.inf</code> and other files but these are
                        	      not needed for use with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
                  <dt><b>TrueType typefaces</b></dt>
                  <dd>
                     <p>are a single <code>.ttf</code> file, which
                        	      combines outline and metrics in one.
                     </p>
                  </dd>
               </dl>
            </blockquote>
            <p>The instructions here assume the use of the <a name="NFSS" class="acroref">New Font Selection Scheme</a>&nbsp;(<small>NFSS</small>) used in
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>. If you are running the obsolete <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> 2.09,
               upgrade it now.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.3.1 <a name="mffonts">Installing METAFONT fonts</a></h3>
               <p>This is the simplest installation. When you download
                  	  METAFONT fonts from <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A202" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>,
                  	  you'll usually find a large number of outline files
                  	  (<code>.mf</code> files) and maybe some other types
                  	  as well (see below).
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 8.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="mkfontdir">Creating a new subdirectory for a font</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="public.png" width="75%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <ol>
                  <li>
                     <p>Create a new subdirectory named after the typeface
                        	      you're installing in
                        	      <code>texmf-local/fonts/source/public/</code>:
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Copy all the <code>.mf</code> 
                        	      files to this directory.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Copy the <code>.fd</code> (Font Definition)
                        	      file[s] and the <code>.sty</code> (style) file
                        	      to your <code>texmf/tex/latex/mfnfss</code>
                        	      directory.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Run your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> indexer program (see <a href="#texindex">step 4 in the procedure in section 5.2.2</a>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>That's it. Unlike <a name="t36">PostScript</a>
                  	  fonts, METAFONT fonts can be used to generate the font
                  	  metric file (<code>.tfm</code> files) automatically
                  	  on-the-fly the first time the typeface is used, so there
                  	  should be nothing else to install.
               </p>
               <p>Now you can put a <code class="command"><a name="c256">\usepackage</a></code> command
                  	  in your preamble with whatever name the
                  	  <code class="literal">.sty</code> file was called, and read the
                  	  documentation to see what commands it gives to use the font
                  	  (refer to <a href="#packinst">the last paragraph  in section 5.2.1</a> and <a href="#dtxdoc">step 2</a>).
               </p>
               <p>If the font came <em>without</em><code>.fd</code> or <code>.sty</code> files,
                  	  you'll need to find someone who can make them for you
                  	  (or follow the outline in <a href="#psfonts">section 8.3.2</a>, <a href="#fdfiles">step 11</a>).
               </p>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.3.1.1 Pre-generated metrics (optional)
                  </h4>
                  <p>Some METAFONT fonts come with pre-generated
                     	    <code>.tfm</code> files which you can install if
                     	    your system is slow at generating them itself:
                  </p>
                  <ol>
                     <li>
                        <p>Create a new subdirectory within
                           		<code>texmf-local/fonts/tfm/public/</code>
                           		named the same as the one you created for the
                           		<code>.mf</code> files above.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Copy all the <code>.tfm</code> files into
                           		this subdirectory.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Run your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> indexer program (see <a href="#texindex">step 4 in the procedure in section 5.2.2</a>).
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ol>
               </div>
               <div class="sect3">
                  <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.3.1.2 Pre-generated bitmaps (optional)
                  </h4>
                  <p>In some rare cases, pre-generated packed bitmap fonts
                     	    (<code>.pk</code> files) are also available from
                     	    <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A203" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> (normally your previewer
                     	    and print driver creates these automatically, but you can
                     	    use the pre-generated ones if you have a very slow
                     	    system). If you really want to install these, it's a
                     	    similar procedure to the <code>.tfm</code>
                     	    files:
                  </p>
                  <ol>
                     <li>
                        <p>Create a new subdirectory within
                           		<code>texmf-local/fonts/pk/modeless/</code>
                           		named the same as the one you created for the
                           		<code>.mf</code> and <code>.tfm</code>
                           		files above.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Copy all the <code>.nnnpk</code> files
                           		into this subdirectory (<i>nnn</i> is
                           		a number reflecting the dot-density of the bitmap). On
                           		Microsoft systems the files may just end in
                           		<code>.pk</code> and be kept in subdirectories
                           		named after the dot-density, e.g.
                           		<code>dpi360</code>.
                        </p>
                     </li>
                     <li>
                        <p>Run your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> indexer program (see <a href="#texindex">step 4 in the procedure in section 5.2.2</a>).
                        </p>
                     </li>
                  </ol>
               </div>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.3.2 <a name="psfonts">Installing PostScript fonts</a></h3><a name="I156"></a><p>Lots of people will tell you that
                  <a name="t37">PostScript</a> fonts and PostScript
                  output are dead and that TrueType or OpenType fonts and PDF
                  output are the way to go. While this is true for many cases,
                  standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> does not work with TrueType fonts and does
                  not produce <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A204" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> directly. Only
                  <i><a name="p204">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> does that, and there are
                  still many printers whose typesetters and platemakers use
                  <a name="t38">PostScript</a> rather than <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A205" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small>. In addition, operating system
                  support for scalable fonts is still very poor on Unix
                  systems (including Linux), despite the advances in recent
                  years, so in many cases it still makes sense to use
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'s built-in support for PostScript.
               </p>
               <p>Two files are needed for each font: the
                  	  <code>.afm</code><a name="AFM" class="acroref">Adobe Font
                     	    Metric</a>&nbsp;(<small>AFM</small>) and the <code>.pfb</code><a name="PFB" class="acroref">PostScript Font Binary</a>&nbsp;(<small>PFB</small>) files.
                  	  <em>You must have both for each font before you
                     	    start.</em> If you only have the near-obsolete
                  	  <code>.pfa</code><a name="PFA" class="acroref">PostScript Font
                     	    ASCII</a>&nbsp;(<small>PFA</small>) files, it may be possible to generate the
                  	  <code>.pfb</code> files using the
                  	  <i><a name="p205">t1binary</a></i> program from the
                  	  <i><a name="p206">t1utils</a></i> suite (see <a href="http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/t1utils.htm"><tt>http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/t1utils.htm</tt></a>) 
                  	  or the excellent <i><a name="p207">PFAedit</a></i> font
                  	  editor (from <a href="http://pfaedit.sourceforge.net"><tt>http://pfaedit.sourceforge.net</tt></a>). There are
                  	  unfortunately still some companies distributing Type&nbsp;1
                  	  fonts in <code>.pfa</code> format (Mathematica is
                  	  one reported recently).
               </p>
               <blockquote class="warning"><a name=""></a><p><img src="warning.png" align="left" alt="!!!">The installation method I described in earlier
                     editions has worked perfectly for me for years, but I have
                     updated it here to use the facilities of the
                     <i><a name="p208">updmap</a></i> program (which comes
                     with your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> installation). This removes the need for
                     one of the steps I gave before, which required editing the
                     <code>psfonts.map</code> file, as this is now
                     recreated by <i><a name="p209">updmap</a></i>. The
                     procedure below is <em>not</em> the official
                     way (that's <i><a name="p210">fontinst</a></i>), but
                     it is the basis for a script I am working on called
                     <i><a name="p211">Gutta-Percha</a></i><sup><a href="#F46">4</a></sup>, which automates the whole process.
                  </p>
               </blockquote>
               <p>I'll repeat this: before you start, make sure you
                  have all the <code>.afm</code> and
                  <code>.pfb</code> files for the typeface you want.
                  In the example below, I'm going to use a single font
                  from an imaginary typeface called Foo, so I have
                  <code class="literal">foo.afm</code> and
                  <code class="literal">foo.pfb</code> files.
               </p>
               <ol>
                  <li><b>Put the files in your temporary directory</b><br><p>This is <code>/tmp</code> on Linux, and
                        should be <code>C:\tmp</code> or
                        <code>C:\temp</code> or even
                        <code>C:\Windows\temp</code> on Microsoft
                        Windows.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Decide on the short font name to use
                        inside <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.</b><br><p>This is <em>not</em> the full
                        	      descriptive name (e.g.&nbsp;Baskerville Italic Bold
                        	      Extended) but an encoded font name in the format
                        	      <code class="literal">fnnsseec</code>, devised by <a name="N18">Karl Berry</a>, which stores the same information in no
                        	      more than eight characters for compatibility with
                        	      systems which cannot handle long filenames. The letters
                        	      in the format above have the following meanings (see the
                        	      <i><a name="p212">fontname</a></i> documentation on
                        	      your computer for more details):
                     </p>
                     <div align="center">
                        <table>
                           <tr class="headfoot">
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Letter</th>
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Meaning</th>
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Examples</th>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">f</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">foundry</td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">b</code>=Bitstream,
                                 <code class="literal">m</code>=Monotype,
                                 <code class="literal">p</code>=Adobe
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">nn</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">typeface</td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">ba</code>=Baskerville,
                                 <code class="literal">tm</code>=Times,
                                 <code class="literal">pl</code>=Palatino
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">ss</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">series/shape</td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">r</code>=roman,
                                 <code class="literal">bi</code>=bold italic, etc.
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">ee</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">encoding</td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">8a</code>=default 8-bit ANSI,
                                 <code class="literal">ly</code>=Y&amp;Y's
                                 <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'n'ANSI
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold; "><code class="literal">c</code></span></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">[small]caps</td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">(this is a literal
                                 &#8216;c&#8217; character, used only
                                 if needed)
                              </td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                     <p>The <code>texmf/fontname</code> directory in
                        your installation of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has files for several
                        foundries giving fully-formed names like these for
                        common fonts (e.g. <code class="literal">ptmr8a</code> is [Adobe]
                        <u><b>P</b></u>ost&shy;Script
                        <u><b>T</b></u>i<u><b>m</b></u>es
                        <u><b>R</b></u>oman in an
                        <u><b>8</b></u>&#8211;bit <u><b>A</b></u>NSI
                        encoding;
                        <code class="literal">bgslly</code> is <u><b>B</b></u>itstream
                        <u><b>G</b></u>ill <u><b>S</b></u>ans
                        <u><b>L</b></u>ight in Y&amp;Y's
                        <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'n'ANSI encoding
                        [<u><b>LY</b></u>1]).<sup><a href="#F47">5</a></sup> Read the documentation in <cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname/" name="C40">Fontname: Filenames for <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> fonts</a></cite> to find out how to make up
                        your own short names if the foundry and font you want is
                        not shown in the <code>fontname</code>
                        directory.
                     </p>
                     <p>In this example we'll call our mythical example
                        typeface &#8216;zork&#8217; (standing for
                        <u><b>Z</b></u>fonts <u><b>Or</b></u>dinary
                        Boo<u><b>k</b></u>face, because
                        <code>k</code> is the letter used for Book
                        fonts, <code>b</code> being already the code
                        for bold) and we'll assume the font comes in the two
                        files <code>foo.afm</code> and
                        <code>foo.pfb</code> that I mentioned
                        above.
                     </p>
                     <p>While the <i><a name="p213">fontname</a></i>
                        directories have ready-made lists of these names for
                        popular collections of typefaces, making them up
                        requires some knowledge of typographic terms and a
                        careful reading of the
                        <i><a name="p214">fontname</a></i>
                        documentation.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Decide on your encoding</b><br><p>This is what tripped me up the first few times until
                        someone pointed me at Y&amp;Y's<sup><a href="#F48">6</a></sup><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'n'ANSI encoding which (to me) seems to
                        be the only one that includes the glyphs I want where I
                        want them.<sup><a href="#F49">7</a></sup><a name="I157"></a> Your mileage may vary. This encoding is
                        referred to as <code class="literal">LY1</code> within <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and
                        the encoding file is in
                        <code>texmf/dvips/base/texnansi.enc</code>.
                        Encoding is needed because Adobe fonts store their
                        characters in different places to the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        standard.
                     </p>
                     <p>Copy this encoding file to the temporary directory
                        where you're doing all this stuff. If you're
                        using the 8a or 8r encoding (or some other encoding),
                        then copy that file instead
                        (<code>8a.enc</code>,
                        <code>8r.enc</code>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="idfile">Convert <code>.afm</code> files to
                           <code>.tfm</code></a></b><br><p>The <i><a name="p215">afm2tfm</a></i> program is a
                        standard utility in the <code>bin</code>
                        directory of your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> installation. If it's not,
                        update your installation.
                     </p>
                     <p>In a command window, type:</p>
                     <blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
afm2tfm foo.afm -v zorkly.vpl -p texnansi.enc \
rzorkly.tfm &gt;zork.id
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>(Here and elsewhere I have sometimes had to break
                        	      the line to fit it on the printed page. It's actually
                        	      all typed as one long line if you omit the
                        	      backslash.)
                     </p>
                     <p>This creates a special &#8216;raw&#8217;<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Font Metric file (hence the special
                        <code class="literal">r</code> prefix) that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can use, with
                        a list of all its properties encoded with LY1 (the
                        <code>.vpl</code> or Virtual Property List
                        file). Many people will tell you that virtual fonts are
                        dead and that this is the wrong way to do it, but no-one
                        has ever shown me an alternative that works, so I stick
                        with it.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="sc">Small caps (optional)</a></b><br><p>If you want a small caps variant faked up (perhaps
                        because the typeface family doesn't have a special
                        small-caps font), repeat the medicine like this:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
afm2tfm foo.afm -V zorklyc.vpl -p texnansi.enc \
rzorkly.tfm &gt;&gt;zork.id
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>Note the capital <code class="literal">V</code> option here.
                        Yes, it <em>does</em> overwrite the
                        <code>rzorkly.tfm</code> created in the first
                        command. Let it. And those are <em>two</em>
                        of the &#8216;greater-than&#8217; signs
                        before the <code>zork.id</code> filename because
                        we want to append to it, not overwrite it.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Create the virtual font</b><br><p>Turn the <code>.vpl</code> files into
                        <code>.vf</code> and <code>.tfm</code>
                        pairs. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses these to convert from Adobe's
                        encoding to its own. 
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
vptovf zorkly.vpl zorkly.vf zorkly.tfm
vptovf zorklyc.vpl zorklyc.vf zorklyc.tfm
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>Again, the <code>vptovf</code> program is a
                        standard part of your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> distribution.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Make directories to hold the files</b><br><div class="figure" align="center">
                        <hr>
                        <caption><i>Figure 8.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="mksubdir">Making subdirectories to hold the files</a></caption>
                        <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="fonts.png" width="75%"></div>
                        <hr>
                     </div>
                     <p>Under your <code>texmf-local</code>
                        directory there should be a <code>fonts</code>
                        directory, and in there there should be
                        <code>afm</code>, <code>tfm</code>,
                        <code>type1</code>, and <code>vf</code>
                        directories. Create them if they do not already
                        exist.
                     </p>
                     <p>In each of these four, create a directory for the
                        foundry, and within them create a directory for the
                        typeface (using a human-readable typeface name, not the
                        short <a name="N19">Karl  Berry</a> fontname). In our example, this
                        means:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
cd /usr/TeX/texmf-local/fonts
mkdir -p afm/zfonts/ordinary
mkdir -p tfm/zfonts/ordinary
mkdir -p type1/zfonts/ordinary
mkdir -p vf/zfonts/ordinary
cd /tmp
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>Or if you're lazy like me:</p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
(cd /usr/TeX/texmf-local/fonts;\
for d in afm tfm type1 vf;\
do mkdir -p $d/zfonts/ordinary;done)
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>For Microsoft Windows users, the path before
                        <code>texmf-local</code> may look something like
                        <code class="literal">C:\Program Files\TeXLive\</code>, depending
                        on how and where you have installed your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        system.
                     </p>
                     <p>The <code class="literal">-p</code> is a Unix feature: it
                        automatically creates any missing intervening
                        subdirectories. If your directory-making command
                        doesn't do this, you'll have to make the
                        intervening directories by hand first.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Copy the files to their rightful places</b><br><p>Copy the four groups of files to the four new
                        directories:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
cp *.afm /usr/TeX/texmf/fonts/afm/zfonts/ordinary/
cp *.tfm /usr/TeX/texmf/fonts/tfm/zfonts/ordinary/
cp *.pfb /usr/TeX/texmf/fonts/type1/zfonts/ordinary/
cp *.vf /usr/TeX/texmf/fonts/vf/zfonts/ordinary/
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>You can of course do all this with a directory
                        window and mouse if you find it easier.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Create a font map</b><br><p>The font map is what tells
                        <i><a name="p216">dvips</a></i> which <small><a href="#PFB" class="acroref" name="A209" title="PostScript Font Binary">PFB</a></small> file to use for which font. The
                        configuration file for <i><a name="p217">dvips</a></i>
                        is <code>texmf/dvips/config/config.ps</code> and
                        it gets its entries from the program
                        <i><a name="p218">updmap</a></i> which reads map files
                        for each typeface. The configuration file for
                        <i><a name="p219">updmap</a></i> is
                        <code>texmf-var/web2c/updmap.cfg</code><sup><a href="#F50">8</a></sup>, so it needs an entry for our new font,
                        using the three-letter font family abbreviation (the
                        first three letters of the Berry fontname (here
                        &#8216;<code class="literal">zor</code>&#8217;):
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
Map zor.map
            </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>We also have to create this map file
                        (<code>zor.map</code>) in a subdirectory of
                        <code>texmf-local/dvips/config/</code> named
                        after the foundry, so we need to create
                        <code>texmf-local/dvips/config/zfonts</code> as
                        well.
                     </p>
                     <ol>
                        <li>
                           <p>Open
                              <code>/usr/TeX/texmf-var/web2c/updmap.cfg</code>
                              in your editor.
                           </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>At the bottom, add the line:
                              <code class="literal">Map zor.map</code></p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Save and close the file.</p>
                        </li>
                     </ol>
                     <p>The font entries in our 
                        <code class="literal">zor.map</code> will be on a
                        <em>single</em> line each, with no
                        line-wrapping. Each entry gives the short name of the
                        font, the long (Adobe) name, the
                        <a name="t39">PostScript</a> encoding parameters
                        (in quotes), and then two filenames prefixed by input
                        redirects (less-than signs): the encoding file and the
                        <a name="t40">PostScript</a> outline file.
                     </p>
                     <ol>
                        <li>
                           <p>First create the directory if it doesn't already
                              exist:
                           </p>
                           <blockquote><pre>
mkdir -p /usr/TeX/texmf-local/dvips/config/zfonts
                </pre></blockquote>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Use your editor to open (create) the file
                              <code>/usr/TeX/texmf-local/dvips/config/zfonts/zor.map</code>.
                           </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Insert the line:</p>
                           <blockquote><pre class="scriptsize">
rzorkly Ordinary-Blackface "TeXnANSIEncoding ReEncodeFont" &lt;texnansi.enc &lt;foo.pfb
                  </pre></blockquote>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Save and close the file.</p>
                        </li>
                     </ol>
                     <p>You get the full font name (here,
                        &#8216;Ordinary-Blackface&#8217;) from the
                        <code class="literal">zork.id</code> which was created back in
                        <a href="#idfile">step 4</a> when we ran
                        <i><a name="p220">afm2tfm</a></i>. You must get this
                        exactly right, because it's the
                        &#8216;official&#8217; full name of the font,
                        and <a name="t41">PostScript</a> files using this
                        font need to match it.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Create a style file</b><br><p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> needs a style file to implement the
                        interface to the font. Call it after the typeface or
                        something related; in this example we'll call it
                        <code>foozork.sty</code>. In it go some details
                        of the name and date we did this, what version of
                        <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> it needs, and any other command necessary to
                        operate the font, like the font encoding and whether it
                        is to supersede the current default Roman font.
                     </p>
                     <ol>
                        <li>
                           <p>Use your editor to open (create)
                              		  <code>foozork.sty</code> in your
                              		  <code>texmf-local/tex/latex/psnfss</code>
                              		  directory.
                           </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Insert the following lines:</p>
                           <blockquote><pre>
% foozork - created from foo for Zork
\def\fileversion{1.0}
\def\filedate{2002/12/03}
\def\docdate{2002/12/03}
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesPackage{foozork}
 [\filedate\space\fileversion\space 
  Zfonts Ordinary PSNFSS2e package]
\RequirePackage[LY1]{fontenc}
\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{zor}
\endinput
                </pre></blockquote>
                           <p>Note the following:</p>
                           <ul>
                              <li>
                                 <p>The first argument to
                                    <code class="command"><a name="c257">\ProvidesPackage</a></code>&nbsp;
                                    <em>must</em> be the same as this
                                    style file name; and that the font family is
                                    referred to as <code class="literal">zor</code>, being the
                                    foundry letter plus the fontname abbreviation.
                                    This acts as a prefix for any/all font variants
                                    (bold, italic, etc.).
                                 </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                 <p>If you are not using Y&amp;Y encoding,
                                    omit the line referring to LY1 font
                                    encoding.
                                 </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                 <p>If this is a typewriter font, make the
                                    renewed command <code class="command"><a name="c258">\rmdefault</a></code>
                                    into <code class="command"><a name="c259">\ttdefault</a></code>.
                                 </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                 <p>If it's a sans-serif font, make it
                                    <code class="command"><a name="c260">\sfdefault</a></code> instead.
                                 </p>
                              </li>
                              <li>
                                 <p>Omit the command completely if you
                                    don't want the style file to supersede the
                                    current defaults but simply to make the font
                                    available. If you do this, you probably want to
                                    write a new command or two to use it, typically
                                    one for grouped use and one for argument
                                    use:
                                 </p>
                              </li>
                           </ul>
                           <blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
\newcommand{\zorkfamily}{\fontencoding{LY1}%
            \fontfamily{zor}\selectfont}
\newcommand{\textzork}[1]{{\zorkfamily#1}}
                </pre></blockquote>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Save and close the file.</p>
                        </li>
                     </ol>
                  </li>
                  <li><b><a name="fdfiles">Create the Font Definition file</a></b><br><p>The last file to create is the <b><i><a name="fontdef">font definition</a></i></b>
                        (<code>.fd</code>) file.  This is named
                        following the pattern <code class="literal">eeefnn.fd</code>,
                        using the same conventions as before, by prepending the
                        (lowercase) encoding abbreviation to the foundry letter
                        and fontname abbreviation, so our example would be
                        <code class="literal">ly1zor.fd</code> for the LY1 encoding and
                        the <code class="literal">zor</code> short font name.
                     </p>
                     <ol>
                        <li>
                           <p>Use your editor to open (create)
                              <code>texmf-local/tex/latex/psnfss/ly1zor.fd</code></p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Enter the following lines:</p>
                           <blockquote><pre>
\ProvidesFile{ly1zor.fd}[2002/03/03 v0.1 manual 
              font definitions for LY1/zor.]

\DeclareFontFamily{LY1}{zor}{}

\DeclareFontShape{LY1}{zor}{k}{n}{&lt;-&gt; zorkly}{}
\DeclareFontShape{LY1}{zor}{k}{sc}{&lt;-&gt; zorklyc}{}
                  </pre></blockquote>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                           <p>Save and close the file.</p>
                        </li>
                     </ol>
                     <p>FD files typically use one
                        <code class="command"><a name="c261">\DeclareFontFamily</a></code> command which
                        specifies the encoding and the short font name. Then as
                        many pairs of <code class="command"><a name="c262">\DeclareFontShape</a></code>
                        commands as you converted fonts (assuming you did both
                        normal and small caps for each font: see
                        <a href="#sc">step 5</a>; if you didn't, then only one
                        such command per font is needed here). The arguments to
                        the <code class="command"><a name="c263">\DeclareFontShape</a></code> command to watch
                        are the 3rd (weight/width), 4th (shape), and 5th (font
                        outline name): the rest are static for each
                        <code>.fd</code> file and simply identify the
                        encoding and the font family.
                     </p>
                     <p>The codes to use are given on
                        pages&nbsp;414&#8211;15 of the <cite><a href="#companion" name="C41">The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</a></cite> and should also be in
                        your copies of
                        <code>texmf/fontnames/weight.map</code> and
                        <code>texmf/fontnames/width.map</code>.  The
                        rules for combining weight and width need care: <small><a href="#RTFM" class="acroref" name="A210" title="Read The Fine Manual">RTFM</a></small> for
                        <span class="package"><a name="m86">fontname</a></span>. There is no
                        <code>shape.map</code> in
                        <span class="package"><a name="m87">fontname</a></span> because it's not
                        part of font file names, it's purely a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                        creation, so here's what the same book says:
                     </p>
                     <div align="center">
                        <table>
                           <tr class="headfoot">
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Character</th>
                              <th valign="bottom" align="left">Meaning</th>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">n</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">normal (upright)</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">it</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">italic</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">sl</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">slanted</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">sc</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">small caps</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">ui</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">upright italic</td>
                           </tr>
                           <tr>
                              <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="literal">ol</code></td>
                              <td valign="top" align="left">outline</td>
                           </tr>
                        </table>
                     </div>
                     <p>Add your own for other oddities, but be consistent:
                        I use <code class="literal">cu</code> for cursive (scripts), for
                        example, and <code class="literal">k</code> for blackletter faces
                        (not to be confused with <code class="literal">k</code> as a
                        <em>width</em> for
                        &#8216;book&#8217;).
                     </p>
                     <p>The default fontspec
                        	      <code class="literal">&lt;-&gt;</code> in the 5th argument
                        	      in the <code class="command"><a name="c264">\DeclareFontShape</a></code> command means
                        	      that all sizes are to come from the same font outline
                        	      (remember if this was a METAFONT font with different
                        	      design sizes like <small><a href="#CM" class="acroref" name="A211" title="Computer Modern">CM</a></small> it would
                        	      be much more complex).
                     </p>
                     <p>If the face has only a few variants, you can create
                        any other entries for bold, italic, slanted, etc. with
                        the relevant weight and width and shape values pointing
                        at the relevant outline file.
                     </p>
                     <p>If you want one font to substitute for a missing one
                        (for example italics to substitute for slanted in a
                        typeface which has no slanted variant of its own) give
                        the
                        <code class="literal">ssub</code> (&#8216;silent
                        substitution&#8217;) command in the fontspec:
                        for example to make all references to
                        <code class="literal">sl</code> (slanted) type use an existing
                        italic font, make the 5th argument like this:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
{&lt;-&gt; ssub * zor/m/it}
              </pre></blockquote>
                     <p>If you find the x-height of a font too big or too
                        small to sort well with another font you are using, you
                        can specify an <code class="literal">s</code>
                        (&#8216;scale&#8217;) factor in this argument
                        instead: this example will shrink the result to
                        80% of normal:
                     </p>
                     <blockquote><pre>
{&lt;-&gt; s * [0.8] zorkly}
              </pre></blockquote>
                  </li>
                  <li><b>Update the index and the map files</b><br><p>Run your <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> indexer program (see <a href="#texindex">step 4 in the procedure in section 5.2.2</a>) so that
                        <i><a name="p221">updmap</a></i> can find the files it
                        needs.
                     </p>
                     <p>Then run <i><a name="p222">updmap</a></i> (just
                        type <code>updmap</code>). This updates the
                        maps and runs the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> indexer program again
                        automatically.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>Now you can <code class="literal">\usepackage{foozork}</code> in
                  your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file to make it the default font. To use the
                  font incidentally instead of as the default, you can
                  say:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
This is {\zorkfamily ZORK} or \textzork{ZORK}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <ol class="footnotes" start="4">
                  <li><a name="F46">Yes, as in rubber.</a></li>
                  <li><a name="F47">Confusingly, Bitstream fonts (and others from
                        similar sources) mostly have different names from
                        the original fonts, so what they call Humanist 521
                        is actually Gill Sans. Until recently, US law only
                        allowed the <em>names</em> of typefaces
                        to be copyrighted, not the font designs themselves,
                        leading to widespread piracy.</a></li>
                  <li><a name="F48">Sadly, Y&amp;Y, Inc has ceased trading and
                        		  their <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> distribution is not longer available,
                        		  although there is email support at <a href="http://lists.ucc.ie/lists/archives/yandytex.html"><tt>http://lists.ucc.ie/lists/archives/yandytex.html</tt></a>, 
                        		  and their encoding files continue to be used.</a></li>
                  <li><a name="F49">The only one I still have problems with is
                        		  &#8216;&oslash;&#8217;, which for some weird
                        		  reason isn't catered for in this encoding.</a></li>
                  <li><a name="F50">There is another one of these at
                        <code>texmf/web2c/updmap.cfg</code>, but
                        that contains the map references for the fonts which
                        came with your distribution of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, so you should
                        not interfere with it.</a></li>
               </ol>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>8.3.3 <a name="type1cm">Installing the Type&nbsp;1 Computer Modern
                     fonts</a></h3>
               <p>Most new distributions of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> use the
                  	  <a name="t42">PostScript</a> Type&nbsp;1 versions of
                  	  the Computer Modern fonts. If your <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> installation
                  	  uses the METAFONT (bitmap) versions of <small><a href="#CM" class="acroref" name="A212" title="Computer Modern">CM</a></small>, you may want to switch to the
                  	  Type&nbsp;1 version, especially if you are going to be using
                  	  <i><a name="p223">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> instead of standard
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, because Acrobat Reader makes such a hames of
                  	  displaying Type3 fonts. <i><a name="p224">GSview</a></i>
                  	  and <i><a name="p225">pdfview</a></i> handle them
                  	  correctly.
               </p>
               <p>To do this, install one of the sets of <small><a href="#CM" class="acroref" name="A213" title="Computer Modern">CM</a></small> PostScript fonts. There are several
                  	  available:
               </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p>The fonts from BlueSky Research at <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bluesky/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bluesky/</tt></a></p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><a name="bkm">Basil&nbsp;K. Malyshev</a>'s &#8216;BaKoMa&#8217;
                        	      fonts at <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bakoma/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/cm/ps-type1/bakoma/</tt></a></p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><a name="vv">Vladimir Volovich</a>'s CM-Super  at <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/"><tt>http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/cm-super/</tt></a></p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><a name="bj">Bogus&#322;aw Jackowski</a>'s Latin Modern at <a href="ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/lm.tar.gz"><tt>ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/fonts/ps-type1/lm.tar.gz</tt></a></p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
               <p>The BaKoMa fonts include the <a name="AMS" class="acroref">American
                     Mathematical Society</a>&nbsp;(<small>AMS</small>) fonts for extended
                  mathematics, but are more complex to install because they
                  come with a special set of TFM files.
               </p>
               <p>The BlueSky fonts are just <small><a href="#PFB" class="acroref" name="A215" title="PostScript Font Binary">PFB</a></small>
                  and AFM files, and are a drop-in replacement requiring no
                  further changes, as they use the same TFM files as the
                  METAFONT version. Follow the <code>README</code>
                  file in the downloadable archive for installation
                  instructions.
               </p>
               <p>The Latin Modern and CM-Super fonts are new and I
                  haven't tested them but they are well spoken of.
                  Feedback on this is very welcome.
               </p>
               <p>The <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live and <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Collection distributions use
                  	  Type&nbsp;1 versions of Computer Modern by default. There
                  	  are more details in the FAQ at <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=uselmfonts"><tt>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=uselmfonts</tt></a>&#8201;.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="macros">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">9</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Programmability (macros)</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#replacement">Simple replacement macros</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#macinf">Macros using information gathered previously</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#macargs">Macros with arguments</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#macnest">Nested macros</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#macenv">Macros and environments</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#reprog">Reprogramming <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internals</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table><a name="I158"></a><p>We've touched several times on the ability of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            to be reprogrammed. This is one of its central features, and one
            that still, after nearly a quarter of a century, puts it well
            above many other typesetting systems, even those with macro
            systems of their own. It's also the one that needs most
            foreknowledge, which is why this chapter is in this
            position.
         </p>
         <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is in fact itself just a collection of
            macros&nbsp;&#8212; rather a big collection&nbsp;&#8212; written in
            <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>'s internal typesetting language. These <b><i><a name="macs">macros</a></i></b> are little program-like sets of
            instructions with a name which can be used as shorthand for an
            operation you wish to perform more than once.
         </p>
         <p>Macros can be arbitrarily complex. Many of the ones used in
            the standard <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages are several pages long, but as we
            will see, even short ones can very simply automate otherwise
            tedious chores and allow the author to concentrate on
            <em>writing</em>.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#macros"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.1 <a name="replacement">Simple replacement macros</a></h2>
            <p>In its simplest form, a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> macro can just be a
               straightforward text replacement of a phrase to avoid
               misspelling something each time you need it, e.g.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\newcommand{\ef}{European Foundation for the 
    Improvement of Living and Working Conditions}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>Put this in your preamble, and you can then use
               <code class="command"><a name="c265">\ef</a></code> in your document and it will typeset it
               as the full text. Remember that after a command ending in a
               letter you need to leave a space to avoid the next word
               getting gobbled up as part of the command (see
               <a href="#swallow">the first paragraph  in section 2.4.1</a>). And when you want to force a space
               to be printed, use a backslash followed by a space,
               e.g.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
The \ef\ is an institution of the Commission of the 
 European Union.
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>As you can see from this example, the
               <code class="command"><a name="c266">\newcommand</a></code> command takes two arguments:
                <i>a</i>)&nbsp;the name you want to give the new command;  and <i>b</i>)&nbsp;the expansion to be performed when you use it, so there are always two sets of curly braces
               after <code class="command"><a name="c267">\newcommand</a></code>.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#macros"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.2 <a name="macinf">Macros using information gathered previously</a></h2>
            <p>A more complex example is the macro
               <code class="command"><a name="c268">\maketitle</a></code> which is used in almost every
               formal document to format the title block. In the basic
               document classes (book, report, and article) it performs small
               variations on the layout of a centred block with the title
               followed by the author followed by the date, as we saw in
               <a href="#titling">section 3.3</a>.
            </p>
            <p>If you inspect one of these document class files, such as
               <code>texmf/tex/latex/base/report.cls</code> you will
               see <code class="command"><a name="c269">\maketitle</a></code> defined (and several variants
               called <code class="command"><a name="c270">\@maketitle</a></code> for use in different
               circumstances). It uses the values for the title, author, and
               date which are assumed already to have been stored in the
               internal macros <code class="command"><a name="c271">\@title</a></code>,
               <code class="command"><a name="c272">\@author</a></code>, and <code class="command"><a name="c273">\@date</a></code> by
               the author using the matching <code class="command"><a name="c274">\title</a></code>,
               <code class="command"><a name="c275">\author</a></code>, and <code class="command"><a name="c276">\date</a></code>
               commands in the document.
            </p>
            <p>This use of one command to store the information in
               another is a common way of gathering the information from the
               user. The use of macros containing the
               <code class="literal">@</code> character prevents their accidental
               misuse by the user: in fact to use them in your preamble we
               have to allow the <code class="literal">@</code> sign to become a
               &#8216;letter&#8217; so it can be recognised in a
               command name, and remember to turn it off again afterwards
               (see <a href="#makeat">item 1</a> below).
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\makeatletter
\renewcommand{\maketitle}{%
   \begin{flushleft}%
      \sffamily
      {\Large\bfseries\color{red}\@title\par}%
      \medskip
      {\large\color{blue}\@author\par}%
      \medskip
      {\itshape\color{green}\@date\par}%
      \bigskip\hrule\vspace*{2pc}%
   \end{flushleft}%
}
\makeatother
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>Insert this in the sample file on <a href="#oldtitle"></a> immediately before the
               <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> and remove the
               <code class="literal">\color{...}</code> commands from the title,
               author, and date. Re-run the file through <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and you
               should get something like this:
            </p>
            <div align="center" style="margin:1cm"><img src="newtitle.png" width="75%"></div>
            <p>In this redefinition of <code class="command"><a name="c277">\maketitle</a></code>,
               we've done the following:
            </p>
            <ol type="1">
               <li>
                  <p><a name="makeat"></a>Enclosed the changes in
                     <code class="command"><a name="c278">\makeatletter</a></code> and
                     <code class="command"><a name="c279">\makeatother</a></code> to allow us to use the
                     <code class="literal">@</code> sign in command names;<sup><a href="#F51">1</a></sup></p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Used <code class="command"><a name="c280">\renewcommand</a></code> and put
                     <code class="command"><a name="c281">\maketitle</a></code> in curly braces after
                     it;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Opened a pair of curly braces to hold the new
                     definition. The closing curly brace is immediately before
                     the <code class="command"><a name="c282">\makeatother</a></code>;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Inserted a <span class="environment"><a name="e51">flushleft</a></span> environment
                     so the whole title block is left-aligned;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Used <code class="command"><a name="c283">\sffamily</a></code> so the whole title
                     block is in the defined sans-serif typeface;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>For each of <code class="command"><a name="c284">\@title</a></code>,
                     <code class="command"><a name="c285">\@author</a></code>, and <code class="command"><a name="c286">\@date</a></code>,
                     we have used some font variation and colour, and enclosed
                     each one in curly braces to restrict the changes just to
                     each command. The closing <code class="command"><a name="c287">\par</a></code> makes
                     sure that multiline title and authors and dates get
                     typeset with the relevant line-spacing;
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Added some flexible space between the lines, and
                     around the <code class="command"><a name="c288">\hrule</a></code> (horizontal rule) at
                     the end;
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ol>
            <p>Note the <code class="literal">%</code> signs after any line ending
               in a curly brace, to make sure no intrusive white-space find
               its way into the output. These aren't needed after simple
               commands where there is no curly brace because excess
               white-space gets gobbled up there anyway.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F51">If you move all this preamble into a style file of
                     your own, you don't need these commands: the use
                     of <code class="literal">@</code> signs in command names is
                     allowed in style and class files.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#macros"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.3 <a name="macargs">Macros with arguments</a></h2>
            <p>But macros are not limited to text expansion. They can
               take arguments of their own, so you can define a command to do
               something with specific text you give it. This makes them much
               more powerful and generic, as you can write a macro to do
               something a certain way, and then use it hundreds of times
               with a different value each time.
            </p>
            <p>We looked earlier (<a href="#emph">the text in section 8.2.5</a>) at making new
               commands to put specific classes of words into certain fonts,
               such as product names into italics, keywords into bold, and so
               on. Here's an example for a command
               <code class="command"><a name="c289">\product</a></code>, which also indexes the product
               name and adds a trademark sign:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\newcommand{\product}[1]{%
        \textit{#1}\texttrademark%
        \index{#1@\textit{#1}}%
}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>If I now type <code class="literal">\tmproduct{Velcro}</code> then I
               get <i><a name="p226">Velcro</a></i>&#8482; typeset, and if
               you look in the index, you'll find this page referenced
               under &#8216;<span style="font-style:italic; ">Velcro</span>&#8217;. Let's
               examine what this does:
            </p>
            <ol type="1">
               <li>
                  <p>The macro is specified as having one argument
                     (that's the <code class="literal">[1]</code> in the
                     definition). This will
                     be the product name you type in curly braces when you use
                     <code class="command"><a name="c290">\product</a></code>. Macros can have up to nine
                     arguments.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The expansion of the macro is contained in the second
                     set of curly braces, spread over several lines (see <a href="#macrolines">item 5</a> for why).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>It prints the value of the first argument (that's
                     the <code class="literal">#1</code>) in italics, which is
                     conventional for product names, and adds the
                     <code class="command"><a name="c291">\texttrademark</a></code> command.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Finally, it creates an index entry using the same
                     value (<code class="literal">#1</code>), making sure that it's
                     italicised in the index (see <a href="#indextypo">the item &#8216;Font changes&#8217; in section 7.5</a> to remind yourself of how indexing
                     something in a different font works).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><a name="macrolines"></a>Typing this macro over several lines makes it easier
                     for humans to read. I could just as easily have
                     typed
                  </p>
                  <blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
\newcommand{\product}[1]{\textit{#1}\index{#1@\textit{#1}}}
          </pre></blockquote>
                  <p><a name="macrolines"></a>but it wouldn't have been as clear what I was
                     doing.
                  </p>
                  <p><a name="macrolines"></a>One thing to notice is that to prevent unwanted spaces
                     creeping into the output when <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> reads the macro, I
                     ended each line with a comment character
                     (<code>%</code>). <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> normally treats
                     newlines as spaces when formatting (remember <a href="#comment">the first paragraph  in section 2.5.1</a>), so this stops the end of line
                     being turned into an unwanted space when the macro is
                     used. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> always ignores spaces at the
                     <em>start</em> of macro lines anyway, so
                     indenting lines for readability is fine.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ol>
            <p>In <a href="#hyph" title="sect2"></a> we mentioned the problem
               of frequent use of unbreakable text leading to poor
               justification or to hyphenation problems. A solution is to
               make a macro which puts the argument into an
               <code class="command"><a name="c292">\mbox</a></code> with the appropriate font change, but
               precedes it all with a conditional
               <code class="command"><a name="c293">\linebreak</a></code> which will make it more
               attractive to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> to start a new line.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\newcommand{\var}[1]{\linebreak[3]\mbox{\ttfamily#1}}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>This only works effectively if you have a reasonably wide
               setting and paragraphs long enough for the differences in
               spacing elsewhere to get hidden. If you have to do this in
               narrow journal columns, you may have to adjust wording and
               spacing by hand occasionally.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#macros"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.4 <a name="macnest">Nested macros</a></h2>
            <p>Here's a slightly more complex example, where one
               macro calls another. It's common in normal text to refer
               to people by their forename and surname (in that order), for
               example <a name="N23">Don  Knuth</a>, but to have them indexed as <em>surname,
                  forename</em>. This pair of macros,
               <code class="command"><a name="c294">\person</a></code> and <code class="command"><a name="c295">\reindex</a></code>,
               automates that process to minimize typing and indexing.
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\newcommand{\person}[1]{#1\reindex #1\sentinel}
\def\reindex #1 #2\sentinel{\index{#2, #1}}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <ol type="1">
               <li>
                  <p>The digit 1 in square brackets means that
                     <code class="command"><a name="c296">\person</a></code> has one argument, so you put the
                     whole name in a single set of curly braces, e.g.
                     <code class="literal">\person{Don Knuth}</code>.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The first thing the macro does is output
                     <code class="literal">#1</code>, which is the value of what you typed,
                     just as it stands, so the whole name gets typeset exactly
                     as you typed it.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>But then it uses a special feature of Plain <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                     macros (which use <code class="command"><a name="c297">\def</a></code> instead of
                     <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s <code class="command"><a name="c298">\newcommand</a></code><sup><a href="#F52">2</a></sup>): they too can have multiple arguments but you
                     can separate them with other characters (here a space) to
                     form a pattern which <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> will recognise when reading the
                     arguments.
                  </p>
                  <p>In this example (<code class="command"><a name="c301">\reindex</a></code>) it's
                     expecting to see a string of characters
                     (<code class="literal">#1</code>) followed by a space, followed by
                     another string of characters (<code class="literal">#2</code>)
                     followed by a dummy command (<code class="command"><a name="c302">\sentinel</a></code>).
                     In effect this makes it a device for splitting a name into
                     two halves on the space between them, so the two halves
                     can be handled separately. The <code class="command"><a name="c303">\reindex</a></code>
                     command can now read the two halves of the name
                     separately.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>The <code class="command"><a name="c304">\person</a></code> command invokes
                     <code class="command"><a name="c305">\reindex</a></code> and follows it with the name
                     you typed plus the dummy command
                     <code class="command"><a name="c306">\sentinel</a></code> (which is just there to signal
                     the end of the name). Because <code class="command"><a name="c307">\reindex</a></code>
                     is expecting two arguments separated by a space and
                     terminated by a <code class="command"><a name="c308">\sentinel</a></code>, it sees
                     &#8216;<code class="literal">Don</code> and
                     <code class="literal">Knuth</code>&#8217; as two separate
                     arguments.
                  </p>
                  <p>It can therefore output them using
                     <code class="command"><a name="c309">\index</a></code> in reverse order, which is
                     exactly what we want.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ol>
            <p>A book or report with a large number of personal names to
               print and index could make significant use of this to allow
               them to be typed as
               <code class="literal">\person{Leslie Lamport}</code> and printed as
               <a name="ll">Leslie Lamport</a>, but have them indexed as
               &#8216;Lamport,&nbsp;Leslie&#8217; with virtually no effort
               on the author's part at all.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="exercise">
               <hr>
               <h4><img src="kwrite.png" align="middle"> &nbsp; <i>Exercise 20</i>. Other names
               </h4>
               <p>Try to work out how to make this
                  <code class="command"><a name="c310">\person</a></code> feature work with names
                  like:
               </p>
               <dl>
                  <dd>Blanca Maria Bartosova de Paul</dd>
                  <dd>Patricia Maria Soria de Miguel</dd>
                  <dd>Arnaud de la Vill&egrave;sbrunne</dd>
                  <dd>Prince</dd>
                  <dd>Pope John Paul II</dd>
               </dl>
               <p>Hints: the command <code class="command"><a name="c311">\space</a></code> produces a
                  normal space, and one way around <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s requirements
                  on spaces after command names ending with a letter is to
                  follow such commands with an empty set of curly braces
                  <code class="literal">{}</code>.
               </p>
               <hr>
            </blockquote>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
               <li><a name="F52">Don't try this at home alone, children! This
                     one is safe enough, but you should strictly avoid
                     <code class="command"><a name="c299">\def</a></code> for a couple of years. Stick to
                     <code class="command"><a name="c300">\newcommand</a></code> for now.</a></li>
            </ol>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#macros"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.5 <a name="macenv">Macros and environments</a></h2>
            <p>As mentioned in <a href="#fancybox">section 6.7.3</a>, it is possible
               to define macros to capture text in an environment and reuse
               it afterwards. This avoids any features of the subsequent use
               affecting the formatting of the text.
            </p>
            <p>One example of this uses the facilities of the
               <span class="package"><a name="m88">fancybox</a></span> package, which defines a
               variety of framed boxes to highlight your text, and a special
               environment <span class="environment"><a name="e52">Sbox</a></span> which
               &#8216;captures&#8217; your text for use in these
               boxes.
            </p>
            <blockquote class="example"><pre>
\begin{Sbox}
\begin{minipage}{3in}
This text is formatted to the specifications 
of the minipage environment in which it 
occurs.

Having been typeset, it is held in the Sbox 
until it is needed, which is after the end 
of the minipage, where you can (for example) 
align it and put it in a special framed box.
\end{minipage}
\end{Sbox}
\begin{flushright}
\shadowbox{\theSbox}
\end{flushright}
        </pre><div align="center" class="sidebar">
                  <table width="75%">
                     <tr>
                        <td align="left" class="sidebar">
                           <p>This text is formatted to the specifications of the
                              minipage environment in which it occurs.
                           </p>
                           <p>Having been typeset, it is held in the Sbox until it
                              is needed, which is after the end of the minipage, where
                              you can (for example) centre it and put it in a special
                              framed box.
                           </p>
                        </td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </div>
            </blockquote>
            <p>By putting the text (here in a
               <span class="environment"><a name="e53">minipage</a></span> environment because we want to
               change the width) inside the <span class="environment"><a name="e54">Sbox</a></span>
               environment, it is typeset into memory and stored in the macro
               <code class="command"><a name="c312">\theSbox</a></code>. It can then be used afterwards as
               the argument of the <code class="command"><a name="c313">\shadowbox</a></code> command (and
               in this example it has also been centred).
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#macros"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.6 <a name="reprog">Reprogramming <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internals</a></h2>
            <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internal macros can also be reprogrammed or
               even rewritten entirely, although doing this can require a
               considerable degree of expertise. Simple changes, however, are
               easily done.
            </p>
            <p>Recall that <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s default document structure for
               the Report document class uses Chapters as the main unit of
               text, whereas in reality most reports are divided into
               Sections, not Chapters (<a href="#repchap">footnote 24 in section 3.5</a>). The result
               of this is that if you start off your report with
               <code class="literal">\section{Introduction}</code>, it will print
               as
            </p>
            <p><span style="font-size:big; font-weight:bold; ">0.1&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction</span></p>
            <p>which is not at all what you want. The zero is
               caused by it not being part of any chapter. But this numbering
               is controlled by macros, and you can redefine them. In this
               case it's a macro called <code class="literal">\thesection</code>
               which reproduces the current section number counter (see <a href="#thecounter">the last paragraph  in section 6.2.6</a>). It's redefined afresh in each
               document class file, using the command
               <code class="command"><a name="c314">\renewcommand</a></code> (in this case in
               <code>texmf/tex/latex/base/report.cls</code>):
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand \thesection 
   {\thechapter.\@arabic\c@section}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>You can see it invokes <code class="command"><a name="c315">\thechapter</a></code>
               (which is defined elsewhere to reproduce the value of the
               <tt><i><a name="l36">chapter</a></i></tt> counter), and it
               then prints a dot, followed by the Arabic value of the counter
               called <tt><i><a name="l37">section</a></i></tt> (that
               <code class="literal">\c@</code> notation is <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internal way
               of referring to counters). You can redefine this in your
               preamble to simply leave out the reference to chapters:
            </p>
            <blockquote><pre>
\renewcommand{\thesection}{\arabic{section}}
      </pre></blockquote>
            <p>I've used the more formal method of enclosing the
               command being redefined in curly braces. For largely
               irrelevant historical reasons these braces are often omitted
               in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internal code (as you may have noticed in
               the example earlier). And I've also used the
               &#8216;public&#8217; macro
               <code class="command"><a name="c316">\arabic</a></code> to output the value of <tt><i><a name="l38">section</a></i></tt> (<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s internals
               use a &#8216;private&#8217; set of control
               sequences containing <code class="literal">@</code>-signs, designed to
               protect
               them against being changed accidentally).
            </p>
            <p>Now the introduction to your report will start
               with:
            </p>
            <p><span style="font-size:big; font-weight:bold; ">1&nbsp;&nbsp;Introduction</span></p>
            <p>What's important is that you <em>don't
                  ever</em> need to alter the original document class
               file <code>report.cls</code>: you just copy the
               command you need to change into your own document preamble,
               and modify that instead. It will then override the
               default.
            </p>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>9.6.1 <a name="bullets">Changing list item bullets</a></h3>
               <p>As mentioned <a href="#labelitem" title="itemizedlist">earlier</a>,
                  here's how to redefine a bullet for an itemized list,
                  with a slight tweak:
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre>
\usepackage{bbding}
\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{%
        \raisebox{-.25ex}{\PencilRight}}
        </pre></blockquote>
               <p>Here we use the <span class="package"><a name="m89">bbding</a></span> package
                  which has a large selection of
                  &#8216;dingbats&#8217; or little icons, and we
                  make the label for top-level itemized lists print a
                  right-pointing pencil (the names for the icons are in the
                  package documentation: see <a href="#packagedoc">section 5.1.2</a> for
                  how to get it).
               </p>
               <p>In this case, we are using the
                  <code class="command"><a name="c317">\raisebox</a></code> command within the redefinition
                  because it turns out that the symbols in this font are
                  positioned slightly too high for the typeface we're
                  using. The <code class="command"><a name="c318">\raisebox</a></code> command takes two
                  arguments: the first is a dimension, how much to raise the
                  object by (and a negative value means
                  &#8216;lower&#8217;: there is no need for a
                  <code class="literal">\lowerbox</code> command); and the second is
                  the text you want to affect. Here, we are shifting the
                  symbol down by &frac14;ex (see <a href="#dimensions">section 2.8.1</a>
                  for a
                  list of dimensions <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> can use).
               </p>
               <p>There is a vast number of symbols available: see
                  <cite><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/" name="C42">A comprehensive list of symbols in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a></cite> for a
                  comprehensive list.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="compat">CHAPTER</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">10</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Compatibility with other systems</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#tolatex">Converting into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                     <li><a href="#latexto">Converting out of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>As we saw in <a href="#plaintext">Chapter 2</a>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> uses
            plain-text files, so they can be read and written by any
            standard application that can open text files. This helps
            preserve your information over time, as the plain-text format
            cannot be obsoleted or hijacked by any manufacturer or sectoral
            interest, and it will always be readable on any computer, from
            your handheld (yes, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is available for some <small><a href="#PDA" class="acroref" name="A216" title="Personal Digital Assistant">PDA</a></small>s, see <a href="#zaurus">Figure 10.1</a>) to the
            biggest supercomputer.
         </p>
         <div class="figure" align="center">
            <hr>
            <caption><i>Figure 10.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="zaurus"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> editing and processing on the Sharp Zaurus 5500
                  	PDA</a></caption>
            <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="zedit.png" width="30%"> &nbsp; <img src="zlatex.png" width="30%"> &nbsp; <img src="qpdf.png" width="30%"></div>
            <hr>
         </div>
         <p>However, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is intended as the last stage of the
            editorial process: formatting for print or display. If you have
            a requirement to re-use the text in some other
            environment&nbsp;&#8212; a database perhaps, or on the Web or a
            <small>CD-ROM</small> or <small><a href="#DVD" class="acroref" name="A218" title="Digital Versatile Disk">DVD</a></small>, or in Braille or voice output&nbsp;&#8212; then
            it should probably be edited, stored, and maintained in
            something neutral like the <a name="XML" class="acroref" href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/">Extensible Markup
               	Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>XML</small>), and only converted to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> when a
            typeset copy is needed.
         </p>
         <p>Although <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has many structured-document features in
            common with <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A220" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> and <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A221" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, it can still only be processed by the
            <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and <i><a name="p227">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i> programs.
            Because its macro features make it almost infinitely
            redefinable, processing it requires a program which can unravel
            arbitrarily complex macros, and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> and its siblings are
            the only programs which can do that effectively. Like other
            typesetters and formatters (Quark
            <i><a name="p228">XPress</a></i>,
            <i><a name="p229">PageMaker</a></i>,
            <i><a name="p230">FrameMaker</a></i>, Microsoft
            <i><a name="p231">Publisher</a></i>, <i><a name="p232">3B2</a></i> etc.), <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is largely a
            one-way street leading to typeset printing or display
            formatting.
         </p>
         <p>Converting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to some other format therefore means you
            will unavoidably lose some formatting, as <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> has features
            that others systems simply don't possess, so they cannot be
            translated&nbsp;&#8212; although there are several ways to minimise
            this loss. Similarly, converting other formats into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
            often means editing back the stuff the other formats omit
            because they only store appearances, not structure.
         </p>
         <p>However, there are at least two excellent systems for
            converting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> directly to <a name="HTML" class="acroref">HyperText
               	Markup Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>HTML</small>) so you can publish it on the web, as
            we shall see in <a href="#latexto">section 10.2</a>.
         </p>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#compat"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.1 <a name="tolatex">Converting into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></h2>
            <p>There are several systems which will save their text in
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> format. The best known is probably the <span class="LYX">L<span class="Y">Y</span>X</span> editor
               	(see <a href="#lyxwin">Figure 2.1</a>), which is a wordprocessor-like
               	interface to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> for Windows and Unix. Both the
               	<i><a name="p233">AbiWord</a></i> and
               	<i><a name="p234">Kword</a></i> wordprocessors on Linux
               	systems have a very good <b>Save
                  	  As</b>...<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> output, so they can be used to
               	open Microsoft <i><a name="p235">Word</a></i> documents and
               	convert to
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Several maths packages like the
               	<i><a name="p236">EuroMath</a></i> editor, and the
               	<i><a name="p237">Mathematica</a></i> and
               	<i><a name="p238">Maple</a></i> analysis packages, can also
               	save material in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> format.
            </p>
            <p>In general, most other wordprocessors and DTP systems
               	either don't have the level of internal markup
               	sophistication needed to create a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file, or they lack
               	a suitable filter to enable them to output what they do have.
               	Often they are incapable of outputting any kind of structured
               	document, because they only store what the text looks like,
               	not why it's there or what role it fulfills. There are
               	two ways out of this:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>Use the <span class="guimenu">File</span>&#8594;<span class="guimenuitem">Save
                        	      As...</span> menu item to save the
                     	    wordprocessor file as <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A223" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>,
                     	    rationalise the <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A224" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> using
                     <a name="raggett">Dave  Raggett</a>'s <a href="http://tidy.sourceforge.net/"><i><a name="p239">HTML
                              		Tidy</a></i></a>, and convert the resulting
                     	    <a name="XHTML" class="acroref">Extensible HyperText Markup
                        	      Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>XHTML</small>) to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> with any of the standard
                     	    <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A226" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> tools (see below).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Use a specialist conversion tool like EBT's
                     	    <i><a name="p240">DynaTag</a></i> (supposedly available
                     	    from Enigma, if you can persuade them they have a copy to
                     	    sell you; or you may still be able to get it from <a href="http://www.rbii.com/">Red Bridge
                        	      Interactive</a> in Providence, RI). It's
                     	    expensive and they don't advertise it, but for bulk
                     	    conversion of consistently-marked
                     	    <i><a name="p241">Word</a></i> files into XML it beats
                     	    everything else hands down. The
                     	    <i><a name="p242">Word</a></i> files
                     	    <em>must</em> be consistent, though, and must
                     	    use named styles from a stylesheet, otherwise no system on
                     	    earth is going to be able to guess what it means.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>There is of course a third way, suitable for large volumes
               	only: send it off to the Pacific Rim to be retyped into XML or
               	<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. There are hundreds of companies from India to
               	Polynesia who do this at high speed and low cost with very
               	high accuracy. It sounds crazy when the document is already in
               	electronic form, but it's a good example of the problem
               	of low quality of wordprocessor markup that this solution
               	exists at all.
            </p>
            <p>You will have noticed that most of the solutions lead to
               	one place: <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A227" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small><sup><a href="#F53">1</a></sup> or <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A231" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>. As explained
               	above and elsewhere, these formats are the only ones devised
               	so far capable of storing sufficient information in
               	machine-processable, publicly-accessible form to enable your
               	document to be recreated in multiple output formats.  Once
               	your document is in <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A232" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, there is a
               	large range of software available to turn it into other
               	formats, including <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Processors in any of the common
               	<small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A233" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small>/<small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A234" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
               	processing languages like the <a name="DSSSL" class="acroref">Document
                  	  Style Semantics and Specification Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>DSSSL</small>), the
               	<a name="XSLT" class="acroref">Extensible Stylesheet Language
                  	  [Transformations]</a>&nbsp;(<small>XSLT</small>),
               	<i><a name="p243">Omnimark</a></i>,
               	<i><a name="p244">Metamorphosis</a></i>,
               	<i><a name="p245">Balise</a></i>, etc. can easily be written
               	to output <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and this approach is extremely
               	common.
            </p>
            <p>Much of this will be simplified when wordprocessors
               	support native, arbitrary <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A237" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>/<small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A238" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> as a
               	standard feature, because <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> output will become much
               	simpler to produce.
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>Sun's <i><a name="p246">Star Office</a></i> and
                     	    its Open Source sister,
                     	    <i><a name="p247">OpenOffice</a></i>, have used XML as
                     	    their native file format for several years, and there is a
                     	    project at the <a name="OASIS" class="acroref">Organisation for the
                        	      Advancement of Structured Information Systems</a>&nbsp;(<small>OASIS</small>)
                     	    for developing a common <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A240" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
                     	    office file format based on those used by these two
                     	    packages, which has been proposed to the <a name="ISO" class="acroref">International Organization for
                        	      Standardization</a>&nbsp;(<small>ISO</small>) in Geneva as a candidate for
                     	    an International Standard.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><i><a name="p248">WordPerfect</a></i> has also had a
                     	    native <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A242" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> (and now <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A243" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>) editor for many years, which will
                     	    work with any <a name="DTD" class="acroref">Document Type
                        	      Definition</a>&nbsp;(<small>DTD</small>) (but not a Schema; and at the time
                     	    of writing (2005) it still used a proprietary stylesheet
                     	    format).
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Microsoft has had a half-hearted &#8216;Save
                     	      As...XML&#8217; for a while, using an
                     	    internal and formerly largely undocumented Schema
                     	    (recently published at last). The
                     	    &#8216;Professional&#8217; versions of
                     	    <i><a name="p249">Word</a></i> and
                     	    <i><a name="p250">Excel</a></i> in
                     	    <i><a name="p251">Office&nbsp;11</a></i> (Office 2003 for
                     	    XP) now have full support for arbitrary Schemas and a real
                     	    <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A245" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> editor, albeit with a rather
                     	    primitive interface, but there is no conversion to or from
                     	    <i><a name="p252">Word</a></i>'s
                     	    <code>.doc</code> format.<sup><a href="#F54">2</a></sup></p>
                  <p>However, help comes in the shape of <a name="rd">Ruggero Dambra</a>'s
                     	    <i><a name="p256">WordML2<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, which is an
                     	    <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A250" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> stylesheet to transform an
                     	    <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A251" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> document in this internal
                     	    Schema (WordML) into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span> format.
                     	    Download it from any <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A252" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> server
                     	    in <code>/support/WordML2LaTeX</code>.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><a name="rtf2latex2e"></a>Among the conversion programs on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A253" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> is <a name="us">Ujwal Sath&shy;yam</a>'s
                     	    <i><a name="p257">rtf2latex2e</a></i>, which converts
                     	    <a name="RTF" class="acroref">Rich Text Format</a>&nbsp;(<small>RTF</small>) files (output
                     	    by many wordprocessors) to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>. The package
                     	    description says it has support
                     	    for figures and tables, equations are read as figures, and
                     	    it can the handle the latest <small><a href="#RTF" class="acroref" name="A255" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a></small>
                     	    versions from Microsoft Word 97/98/2000, StarOffice, and
                     	    other wordprocessors. It runs on Macs, Linux, other Unix
                     	    systems, and Windows.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <p>When these efforts coalesce into generalised support for
               	arbitrary <small><a href="#DTD" class="acroref" name="A256" title="Document Type Definition">DTD</a></small>s and Schemas, it will
               	mean a wider choice of editing interfaces, and when they
               	achieve the ability to run <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A257" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small>
               	conversion into
               <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from within these editors,  such as is done at the
               	moment with <i><a name="p258">Emacs</a></i> or
               	<i><a name="p259">XML Spy</a></i>, we will have full
               	convertability.
            </p>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="1">
               <li><a name="F53">The <a name="SGML" class="acroref">Standard Generalized Markup
                        	      Language</a>&nbsp;(<small>SGML</small>) itself is little used now for new
                     	    projects, as the software support for its daughter
                     	    <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A229" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> is far greater, but there
                     	    are still hundreds of large document repositories in
                     	    <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A230" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> still growing their
                     	    collection by adding documents.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <ol class="footnotes" start="2">
               <li><a name="F54">Which is silly, given that Microsoft used to make
                     		one of the best
                     		<i><a name="p253">Word</a></i>-to-<small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A246" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> converters ever, which was
                     		bi-directional (yes, it could round-trip
                     		<i><a name="p254">Word</a></i> to <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A247" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small> and back to
                     		<i><a name="p255">Word</a></i> and back into <small><a href="#SGML" class="acroref" name="A248" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a></small>). But they dropped it on the
                     		floor when <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A249" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
                     		arrived.</a></li>
            </ol>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.1.1 Getting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> out of XML
               </h3>
               <p>Assuming you can get your document out of its
                  	  wordprocessor format into <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A258" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> by
                  	  some method, here is a very brief example of how to turn it
                  	  into <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
               </p>
               <p>You can of course buy and install a fully-fledged
                  	  commercial <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A259" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> editor with
                  	  <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A260" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> support, and run this
                  	  application within it. However, this is beyond the reach of
                  	  many users, so to do this unaided you just need to install
                  	  three pieces of software: <a href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html"><i><a name="p260">Java</a></i></a>, 
                  	  <a href="http://saxon.sourceforge.net/"><i><a name="p261">Saxon</a></i></a> 
                  	  and the <a href="http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.2/index.html">DocBook
                     	    4.2 DTD</a> (<small><a href="#URI" class="acroref" name="A261" title="Uniform Resource Indicator">URI</a></small>s are
                  	  correct at the time of writing). None of these has a visual
                  	  interface: they are run from the command-line in the same
                  	  way as is possible with <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>.
               </p>
               <p>As an example, let's take the above paragraph, as
                  	  typed or imported into <i><a name="p262">AbiWord</a></i>
                  	  (see
                  	<a href="#abidoc">Figure 10.1</a>). This is stored as a single
                  	  paragraph with highlighting on the product names (italics),
                  	  and the names are also links to their Internet sources, just
                  	  as they are in this document. This is a convenient way to
                  	  store two pieces of information in the same place.
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 10.1</i>:&nbsp;<a name="abidoc">Sample paragraph in
                        	    <i><a name="p263">AbiWord</a></i> converted to <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A262" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small></a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="abiword.png" width="100%"></div>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p><i><a name="p264">AbiWord</a></i> can export in DocBook
                  	  format, which is an <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A263" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> vocabulary
                  	  for describing technical (computer)
                  	  documents&#8211;it's what I use for this book.
                  	  <i><a name="p265">AbiWord</a></i> can also export <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>,
                  	  but we're going make our own
                  	  version, working from the <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A264" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
                  	  (Brownie points for the reader who can guess why I'm
                  	  not just accepting the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> conversion output).
               </p>
               <p>Although <i><a name="p266">AbiWord</a></i>'s
                  	  default is to output an <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A265" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>&nbsp;book document
                  	  type, we'll convert it to a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> article document
                  	  class. Notice that <i><a name="p267">AbiWord</a></i> has
                  	  correctly output the expected section and title markup
                  	  empty, even though it's not used. Here's the
                  	  <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A266" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> output (I've changed the
                  	  linebreaks to keep it within the bounds of this page
                  	  size):
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre class="tiny">
&lt;!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" 
        "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd"&gt;
&lt;book&gt;
&lt;!-- ===================================================================== --&gt;
&lt;!-- This DocBook file was created by AbiWord.                    --&gt;
&lt;!-- AbiWord is a free, Open Source word processor.                --&gt;
&lt;!-- You may obtain more information about AbiWord at www.abisource.com --&gt;
&lt;!-- ===================================================================== --&gt;
  &lt;chapter&gt;
    &lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;
    &lt;section role="unnumbered"&gt;
      &lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;
      &lt;para&gt;You can of course buy and install a fully-fledged commercial XML 
editor with XSLT support, and run this application within it. However, this 
is beyond the reach of many users, so to do this unaided you just need to 
install three pieces of software: &lt;ulink
url="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html"&gt;&lt;emphasis&gt;Java&lt;/emphasis&gt;&lt;/ulink&gt;,
&lt;ulink 
url="http://saxon.sourceforge.net"&gt;&lt;emphasis&gt;Saxon&lt;/emphasis&gt;&lt;/ulink&gt;, and 
the &lt;ulink url="http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.2/index.html"&gt;DocBook 4.2 DTD&lt;/ulink&gt; 
(URIs are correct at the time of writing). None of these has a visual 
interface: they are run from the command-line in the same way as is possible 
with L&lt;superscript&gt;A&lt;/superscript&gt;T&lt;subscript&gt;E&lt;/subscript&gt;X.&lt;/para&gt; 
    &lt;/section&gt;
  &lt;/chapter&gt;
&lt;/book&gt;
	  </pre></blockquote>
               <p>The <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A267" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> language lets us
                  	  create templates for each type of element in an <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A268" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small> document. In our example, there are
                  	  only three which need handling, as we did not create chapter
                  	  or section titles (DocBook requires them to be present, but
                  	  they don't have to be used).
               </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p>para, for the
                        	      paragraph[s];
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>ulink, for the URIs;</p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>emphasis, for the
                        	      italicisation.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
               <p>I'm going to cheat over the superscripting and
                  	  subscripting of the letters in the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> logo, and use my
                  	  editor to replace the whole thing with the
                  	  <code class="command"><a name="c319">\LaTeX</a></code> command. In the other three cases,
                  	  we already know how <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> deals with these, so we can
                  	  write our templates (see <a href="#xslcode">Figure 10.2</a>).
               </p>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 10.2</i>:&nbsp;<a name="xslcode"><small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A269" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> script to convert the
                        	    paragraph</a></caption>
                  <blockquote><pre class="footnotesize">
&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?&gt;
&lt;xsl:stylesheet 
 xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
 version="1.0"&gt;
  &lt;xsl:output method="text"/&gt;

  &lt;xsl:template match="/"&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{url}&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
    &lt;xsl:apply-templates/&gt;
  &lt;/xsl:template&gt;

  &lt;xsl:template match="book"&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;\begin{document}&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
    &lt;xsl:apply-templates/&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;\end{document}&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
  &lt;/xsl:template&gt;

  &lt;xsl:template match="para"&gt;
    &lt;xsl:apply-templates/&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;&amp;#x000A;&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
  &lt;/xsl:template&gt;

  &lt;xsl:template match="ulink"&gt;
    &lt;xsl:apply-templates/&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;\footnote{\url{&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
    &lt;xsl:value-of select="@url"/&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;}}&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
  &lt;/xsl:template&gt;

  &lt;xsl:template match="emphasis"&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;\emph{&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
    &lt;xsl:apply-templates/&gt;
    &lt;xsl:text&gt;}&lt;/xsl:text&gt;
  &lt;/xsl:template&gt;

&lt;/xsl:stylesheet&gt;
	    </pre></blockquote>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>If you run this through
                  	  <i><a name="p268">Saxon</a></i>, which is an <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A270" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> processor, you can output a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  file which you can process and view (see <a href="#paraview">Figure 10.3</a>).
               </p>
               <blockquote><pre class="scriptsize">
$ java -jar /usr/local/saxonb8-0/saxon8.jar -o para.ltx \
para.dbk para.xsl
$ latex para.ltx
This is TeX, Version 3.14159 (Web2C 7.3.7x)
(./para.ltx
LaTeX2e &lt;2001/06/01&gt;
Loading CZ hyphenation patterns: Pavel Sevecek, v3, 1995
Loading SK hyphenation patterns: Jana Chlebikova, 1992
Babel &lt;v3.7h&gt; and hyphenation patterns for english, 
dumylang, nohyphenation, czech, slovak, german, ngerman, 
danish, spanish, catalan, finnish, french, ukenglish, greek, 
croatian, hungarian, italian, latin, mongolian, dutch, 
norwegian, polish, portuguese, russian, ukrainian, 
serbocroat, swedish, loaded. 
(/usr/TeX/texmf/tex/latex/base/article.cls
Document Class: article 2001/04/21 v1.4e Standard LaTeX 
document class (/usr/TeX/texmf/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))
(/usr/TeX/texmf/tex/latex/ltxmisc/url.sty) (./para.aux) 
[1] (./para.aux) )
Output written on para.dvi (1 page, 1252 bytes).
Transcript written on para.log.
$ xdvi para &amp;
	  </pre></blockquote>
               <div class="figure" align="center">
                  <hr>
                  <caption><i>Figure 10.3</i>:&nbsp;<a name="paraview">Displaying the typeset paragraph</a></caption>
                  <div align="center" style="margin:12px"><img src="para.png" width="60%"></div>
                  <blockquote><pre class="scriptsize">
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{url}\begin{document}
      
      You can of course buy and install a fully-fledged commercial 
XML editor with XSLT support, and run this application within it. 
However, this is beyond the reach of many users, so to do this 
unaided you just need to install three pieces of software: 
\emph{Java}\footnote{\url{http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/download.html}},
\emph{Saxon}\footnote{\url{http://saxon.sourceforge.net}}, and the 
DocBook 4.2 DTD\footnote{\url{http://www.docbook.org/xml/4.2/index.html}} 
(URIs are correct at the time of writing). None of these has a visual 
interface: they are run from the command-line in the same way as is 
possible with \LaTeX.
  
\end{document}
	    </pre></blockquote>
                  <hr>
               </div>
               <p>Writing <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A271" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> is not hard, but
                  	  requires a little learning. The output method here is
                  	  <code class="literal">text</code>, which is <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>'s file
                  	  format (<small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A272" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small> can also output
                  	  <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A273" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> and other formats of
                  	  XML).
               </p>
               <ol type="1">
                  <li>
                     <p>The first template matches
                        	      &#8216;<code class="literal">/</code>&#8217;, which is
                        	      the document root (before the book
                        	      start-tag). At this stage we output the text
                        	      <code class="literal">\documentclass{article}</code> and
                        	      <code class="literal">\usepackage{url}</code>. The
                        	      &#8216;<code class="literal">apply-templates</code>&#8217; 
                        	      instructions tells the processor to carry on processing,
                        	      looking for more matches. <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A274" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>
                        	      comments get ignored, and any elements which don't
                        	      match a template simply have their contents passed
                        	      through until the next match occurs.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The book template outputs the
                        	      <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> and the
                        	      <code class="literal">\end{document}</code> commands, and between
                        	      them to carry on processing.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The para template just outputs
                        	      its content, but follows it with a linebreak (using the
                        	      hexadecimal character code <code class="literal">x000A</code> (see
                        	      the <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A275" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> chart in <a href="#asciicodes">Table C.1</a>).
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The ulink template outputs its
                        	      content but follows it with a footnote using the
                        	      <code class="command"><a name="c320">\url</a></code> command to output the value of
                        	      the url attribute.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>The emphasis template surrounds
                        	      its content with <code class="literal">\emph{</code> and
                        	      <code class="literal">}</code>.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ol>
               <p>This is a relatively trivial example, but it serves to
                  	  show that it's not hard to output <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from
                  	  <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A276" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>. In fact there is a set of
                  	  templates already written to produce <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> from a DocBook
                  	  file at
                  	  <a href="http://www.dpawson.co.uk/docbook/tools.html#d4e2905"><tt>http://www.dpawson.co.uk/docbook/tools.html#d4e2905</tt></a></p>
            </div>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#compat"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2 <a name="latexto">Converting out of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></h2>
            <p>This is much harder to do comprehensively. As noted
               	earlier, the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file format really requires the <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
               	program itself in order to process all the packages and
               	macros, because there is no telling what complexities authors
               	have added themselves (what a lot of this book is
               	about!).
            </p>
            <p>Many authors and editors rely on custom-designed or
               	homebrew converters, often written in the standard shell
               	scripting languages (Unix shells, Perl, Python, Tcl, etc).
               	Although some of the packages presented here are also written
               	in the same languages, they have some advantages and
               	restrictions compared with private conversions:
            </p>
            <ul>
               <li>
                  <p>Conversion done with the standard utilities (eg awk,
                     	    tr, sed, grep, detex, etc) can be faster for
                     	    <i>ad hoc</i> translations, but it
                     	    is easier to obtain consistency and a more sophisticated
                     	    final product using
                     	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A277" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> or
                     	    <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht&nbsp;&#8212; or one of the other systems
                     	    available.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Embedding additional non-standard control sequences in
                     	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> source code may make it harder to edit and
                     	    maintain, and will definitely make it harder to port to
                     	    another system.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p>Both the above methods (and others) provide a fast and
                     	    reasonable reliable way to get documents authored in
                     	    <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> onto the Web in an acceptable&nbsp;&#8212; if not
                     	    optimal&nbsp;&#8212; format.
                  </p>
               </li>
               <li>
                  <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A278" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> was written to
                     	    solve the problem of getting <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>-with-mathematics
                     	    onto the Web, in the days before MathML and math-capable
                     	    browsers.
                     	    <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht was written to turn <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents into Web
                     	    hypertext&nbsp;&#8212; mathematics or not.
                  </p>
               </li>
            </ul>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.1 Conversion to <i><a name="p269">Word</a></i></h3>
               <p>There are several programs on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A279" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> to do
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>-to-<i><a name="p270">Word</a></i> and similar
                  	  conversions, but they do not all handles everything <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  can throw at them, and some only handle a subset of the
                  	  built-in commands of default
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>. Two in particular, however, have a good
                  	  reputation, although I haven't used either of them (I
                  	  stay as far away from <i><a name="p271">Word</a></i> as
                  	  possible):
               </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p><i><a name="p272">latex2rtf</a></i> by <a name="wh">Wilfried Hennings</a>, <a name="fd">Fernando Dorner</a>, and <a name="ag">Andreas Granzer</a> translates
                        	      <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> into <small><a href="#RTF" class="acroref" name="A280" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a></small>&nbsp;&#8212; the
                        	      opposite of the <i><a name="p273">rtf2latex2e</a></i>
                        	      mentioned in <a href="#rtf2latex2e">the 4th item</a>. <small><a href="#RTF" class="acroref" name="A281" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a></small> can be read by most
                        	      wordprocessors, and this program preserves layout and
                        	      formatting for most <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents using standard
                        	      built-in commands.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p><a name="kac">KirillA Chikrii</a>'s <i><a name="p274"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>2Word</a></i> for
                        	      Microsoft Windows is a converter plug-in for
                        	      <i><a name="p275">Word</a></i> to let it open <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                        	      and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> documents. The author's company claims
                        	      that &#8216;virtually any existing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>/<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                        		package can be supported by <i><a name="p276"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>2Word</a></i>&#8217;
                        	      because it is customisable.
                     </p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
               <p>One easy route into wordprocessing, however, is the
                  	  reverse of the procedures suggested in the preceding
                  	  section: convert <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> to <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A282" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>,
                  	  which many wordprocessors read easily. The following
                  	  sections cover two packages for this.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.2 <i><a name="p277"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2HTML</a></i></h3>
               <p>As its name suggests, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A283" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> is a system to convert <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>
                  	  structured documents to <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A284" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>. Its
                  	  main task is to reproduce the document structure as a set of
                  	  interconnected <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A285" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> files. Despite
                  	  using Perl,
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A286" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> relies very heavily
                  	  on standard Unix facilities like the
                  	  <i><a name="p278">NetPBM</a></i> graphics package and the
                  	  pipe syntax. Microsoft Windows is not well suited to this
                  	  kind of composite processing, although all the required
                  	  facilities are available for download in various forms and
                  	  should in theory allow the package to run&nbsp;&#8212; but reports
                  	  of problems are common.
               </p>
               <ul>
                  <li>
                     <p>The sectional structure is preserved, and
                        	      navigational links are generated for the standard Next,
                        	      Previous, and Up directions.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Links are also used for the cross-references,
                        	      citations, footnotes, ToC, and lists of figures and
                        	      tables.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Conversion is direct for common elements like lists,
                        	      quotes, paragraph-breaks, type-styles, etc, where there
                        	      is an obvious <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A287" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>
                        	      equivalent.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>Heavily formatted objects such as math and diagrams
                        	      are converted to images.
                     </p>
                  </li>
                  <li>
                     <p>There is no support for homebrew macros.</p>
                  </li>
               </ul>
               <p>There is, however, support for arbitrary hypertext
                  	  links, symbolic cross-references between &#8216;evolving
                  	    remote documents&#8217;, conditional text, and the
                  	  inclusion of raw <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A288" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>. These are
                  	  extensions to
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, implemented as new commands and
                  	  environments.
               </p>
               <p><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A289" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small> outputs a
                  	  directory named after the input filename, and all the output
                  	  files are put in that directory, so the output is
                  	  self-contained and can be uploaded to a server as it
                  	  stands.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.3 <i><a name="p279"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht</a></i></h3>
               <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>4ht operates differently from
                  	  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>2<small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A290" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>: it uses the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
                  	  program to process the file, and handles conversion in a set
                  	  of postprocessors for the common <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> packages. It can
                  	  also output to <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A291" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>, including
                  	  <a name="TEI" class="acroref">Text Encoding Initiative</a>&nbsp;(<small>TEI</small>) and
                  	  DocBook, and the OpenOffice and WordXML formats, and it can
                  	  create <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>info format
                  	  manuals.
               </p>
               <p>By default, documents retain the single-file structure
                  	  implied by the original, but there is again a set of
                  	  additional configuration directives to make use of the
                  	  features of hypertext and navigation, and to split files for
                  	  ease of use.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.4 Extraction from PS and PDF
               </h3>
               <p>If you have the full version of Adobe
                  	  <i><a name="p280">Acrobat</a></i>, you can open a <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A293" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file created by
                  	  <i><a name="p281">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></i>, select and copy all
                  	  the text, and paste it into <i><a name="p282">Word</a></i>
                  	  and some other wordprocessors, and retain some common
                  	  formatting of headings, paragraphs, and lists. Both
                  	  solutions still require the wordprocessor text to be edited
                  	  into shape, but they preserve enough of the formatting to
                  	  make it worthwhile for short documents. Otherwise, use the
                  	  <i><a name="p283">pdftotext</a></i> program to extract
                  	  everything from the <small><a href="#PDF" class="acroref" name="A294" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a></small> file as
                  	  plain (paragraph-formatted) text.
               </p>
            </div>
            <div class="sect2">
               <h3><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>10.2.5 Last resort: strip the markup
               </h3>
               <p>At worst, the <i><a name="p284">detex</a></i> program
                  	  on <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A295" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> will strip a <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file
                  	  of all markup and leave just the raw unformatted text, which
                  	  can then be re-edited. There are also programs to extract
                  	  the raw text from <small><a href="#DVI" class="acroref" name="A296" title="device-independent">DVI</a></small> and <a name="PS" class="acroref">PostScript</a>&nbsp;(<small>PS</small>) files.
               </p>
            </div>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="cnf">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">A</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths
                  </h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol></ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> systems run on a huge variety of platforms, and are
            typically made up of a large number of rather small files. Some
            computer operating systems have problems with packages like
            this, as their built-in methods for searching for a file when
            needed are poor.
         </p>
         <p>To get around this, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> uses a technique borrowed from the
            Unix world, based on a simple hash index for each directory they
            need to look in. This is known as the ls-R database, from the
            Unix command (<code class="literal">ls -R</code>) which creates it. The
            program which does this for <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> is actually called after this
            command: <i><a name="p285">mktexlsr</a></i>, although it may be
            renamed <i><a name="p286">texhash</a></i> or something else on
            your system. This is the program referred to in <a href="#texindex">step 4</a>.
         </p>
         <p>However, to know where to make these indexes, and thus where
            to search, <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> needs to be told about them. In a standard
            <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> installation this information is in
            <code>texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf</code>. The file is similar
            to a Unix shell script, but the only lines of significance for
            the search paths are the following (this is how they appear in
            the default Unix installation, omitting the comments):
         </p>
         <blockquote><pre>
TEXMFMAIN = /usr/TeX/texmf
TEXMFLOCAL = /usr/TeX/texmf-local
HOMETEXMF = $HOME/texmf
TEXMF = {$HOMETEXMF,!!$TEXMFLOCAL,!!$TEXMFMAIN}
SYSTEXMF = $TEXMF
VARTEXFONTS = /var/lib/texmf
TEXMFDBS = $TEXMF;$VARTEXFONTS
    </pre></blockquote>
         <p>As you can see, this defines where the main <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>/METAFONT
            directory is, where the local one is, and where the user's
            personal (home) one is. It then defines the order in which they
            are searched, and makes this the system-wide list. A temporary
            directory for bitmap fonts is set up, and added to the list,
            defining the places in which <i><a name="p287">texhash</a></i>
            or <i><a name="p288">mktexlsr</a></i> creates its
            databases.
         </p>
         <p>In some installations, the local directory is set up in
            <code>/usr/local/share/texmf</code> or
            <code>/usr/share/texmf.local</code> or similar
            variations, so you would substitute this name for
            <code>/usr/TeX/texmf-local</code>. Under Microsoft
            Windows, the names will be full paths such as
            <code>C:\Program Files\TeXLive\texmf</code>. On an Apple
            Mac, it might be <code>Hard
               Disk:TeX:texmf</code>.
         </p>
         <p>If you edit plain-text configuration files with anything
            other than a plain-text editor (e.g.&nbsp;a wordprocessor), or
            if you edit them with a plain-text editor which has been set to
            word-wrap long lines, make sure you turn line-wrapping
            <em>off</em> so that any long lines are preserved in
            their correct format.
         </p>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="tugform">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">B</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership
                  </h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol></ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>The <a name="TUG" class="acroref"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group</a>&nbsp;(<small>TUG</small>) was
            founded in 1980 for educational and scientific purposes: to
            provide an organization for those who have an interest in
            typography and font design, and are users of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
            typesetting system invented by Donald Knuth.
            TUG is run by and for its members and represents the interests
            of <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users worldwide.
         </p>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>TUG membership benefits
            </h4>
            <p>Members of TUG help to support and promote the use of
               <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, METAFONT, and related systems worldwide. All members
               receive <cite><a href="#tugboat" name="C43">TUGboat</a></cite>,
               the journal of the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Live software
               distribution (a runnable <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> system), and the <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A299" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> software distribution (containing most
               of the <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A300" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small> archive).
            </p>
            <p>In addition, TUG members vote in TUG elections, and
               receive discounts on annual meeting fees, store purchases, and
               TUG-sponsored courses. TUG membership (less benefits) is
               tax-deductible, at least in the USA.  See the TUG Web site for
               details.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Becoming a TUG member
            </h4>
            <p>Please see the forms and information at <a href="http://www.tug.org/join.html"><tt>http://www.tug.org/join.html</tt></a>.  You can join
               online, or by filling out a paper form. The NTG (Dutch) and
               UKTUG (United Kingdom) <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> user groups have joint membership
               agreements with TUG whereby you can receive a discount for
               joining both user groups.  To do this, please join via <a href="http://www.ntg.nl/newmember.html"><tt>http://www.ntg.nl/newmember.html</tt></a> (the NTG
               membership page) or <a href="http://uk.tug.org/Membership/"><tt>http://uk.tug.org/Membership/</tt></a> (the UKTUG
               page), respectively, and select the option for joint
               membership.
            </p>
            <p>Each year's membership entitles you to the software and
               TUGboat produced for that year (even if it is produced in a
               subsequent calendar year, as is currently the case with
               TUGboat).  You can order older issues of TUGboat and <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>
               memorabilia through the TUG store (<a href="http://www.tug.org/store"><tt>http://www.tug.org/store</tt></a>).
            </p>
            <p>The current TUG membership fee is $65 (US) per year
               for individuals and $35 for students and seniors. Add
               $10 to the membership fee after May 31 to cover
               additional shipping and processing costs. The current rate for
               non-voting subscription memberships (for libraries, for
               example) is $85. The current institutional rate is
               $500, which includes up to seven individual
               memberships.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="section">
            <h4><a href="#doctoc"><img src="up.png" title="Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>Privacy
            </h4>
            <p>TUG uses your personal information only to mail you
               products, publications, notices, and (for voting members)
               official ballots. Also, if you give explicit agreement, we may
               incorporate it into a membership directory which will be made
               available only to TUG members.
            </p>
            <p>TUG neither sells its membership list nor provides it to
               anyone outside of its own membership.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="asciicharset">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">C</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>The ASCII character set</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol></ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>The American Standard Code for Information Interchange was
            invented in 1963, and after some redevelopment settled down in
            1984 as standard X3.4 of <a name="ANSI" class="acroref">American National
               	Standards Institute</a>&nbsp;(<small>ANSI</small>). It represents the 95 basic
            codes for the unaccented printable characters and punctuation of
            the Latin alphabet, plus 33 internal &#8216;control
            	characters&#8217; originally intended for the control of
            computers, programs, and external devices like printers and
            screens.
         </p>
         <p>Many other character sets (strictly speaking,
            &#8216;character repertoires&#8217;) have been standardised for
            accented Latin characters and for all other non-Latin writing
            systems, but these are intended for representing the symbols
            people use when writing text on computers. Most programs and
            computers use <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A302" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> internally for all
            their coding, the exceptions being <small><a href="#XML" class="acroref" name="A303" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>-based languages like <small><a href="#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A304" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small>, which are inherently designed to be
            usable with any writing system, and a few specialist systems
            like APL.
         </p>
         <p>Although the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file formats can easily be
            used with many other encoding systems (see the discussion of the
            <span class="package"><a name="m90">inputenc</a></span> in <a href="#accents">section 2.7</a>), they are based on <small><a href="#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A305" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small>. It is therefore important to know
            where to find <em>all</em> 95 of the printable
            characters, as some of them are not often used in other
            text-formatting systems. The following table shows all 128
            characters, with their decimal, octal (base-8), and hexadecimal
            (base-16) code numbers.
         </p>
         <div align="center" class="table">
            <table>
               <caption><i>Table 1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="asciicodes">The ASCII characters</a></caption>
               <tr class="headfoot">
                  <th valign="bottom" align="right">Oct</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">0</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">1</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">2</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">3</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">4</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">5</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">6</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">7</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="left">Hex</th>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'00&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NUL</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SOH</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">STX</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETX</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EOT</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ENQ</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ACK</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BEL</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'01&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">HT</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">LF</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">VT</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FF</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CR</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SO</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SI</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'02&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DLE</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC1</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC2</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC3</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC4</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NAK</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SYN</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETB</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'03&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CAN</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EM</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SUB</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ESC</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">GS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">RS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">US</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'04&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;"></td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">!</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">"</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">#</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">$</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">%</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&amp;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">'</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'05&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">(</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">)</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">*</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">+</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">,</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">-</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">.</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">/</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'06&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">0</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">1</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">2</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">3</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">4</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">5</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">6</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">7</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'07&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">8</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">9</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">:</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&lt;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">=</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&gt;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">?</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'10&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">@</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">A</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">B</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">C</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">D</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">E</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">F</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">G</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'11&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">H</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">I</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">J</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">K</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">L</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">M</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">N</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">O</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'12&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">P</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Q</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">R</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">S</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">T</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">U</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">V</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">W</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'13&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">X</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Y</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Z</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">[</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">\</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">]</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">^</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">_</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'14&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">`</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">a</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">b</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">c</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">d</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">e</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">f</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">g</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'15&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">h</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">i</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">j</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">k</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">l</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">m</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">n</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">o</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'16&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">p</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">q</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">r</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">s</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">t</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">u</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">v</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">w</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'17&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">x</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">y</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">z</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">{</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">|</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">}</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&#732;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DEL</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr class="headfoot">
                  <th valign="top" align="right"></th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">8</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">9</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">A</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">B</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">C</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">D</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">E</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">F</th>
                  <th valign="top" align="left"></th>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <p>The index numbers in the first and last columns are for
            finding the octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (base-16) values
            respectively. Replace the arrow with the number or letter from
            the top of the column (if the arrow points up) from the bottom
            of the column(if the arrow points down).
         </p>
         <p>Example: The Escape character (ESC) is octal '033 (03 for
            the row, 3 for the number at the top of the column because the
            arrow points up) or hexadecimal "1B (1 for the row, B for the
            letter at the bottom of the column because the arrow points
            down).
         </p>
         <p>For the decimal value, multiply the Octal row number by
            eight and add the column number from the top line (that makes
            ESC 27).
         </p>
      </div>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="gfdl">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">D</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>GNU Free Documentation License</h1>
                  <h2>Version 1.2, November 2002</h2>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-0">PREAMBLE</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-1">APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-2">VERBATIM COPYING</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-3">COPYING IN QUANTITY</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-4">MODIFICATIONS</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-5">COMBINING DOCUMENTS</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-6">COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-7">AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT
                           WORKS</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-8">TRANSLATION</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-9">TERMINATION</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-10">FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
                           LICENSE</a></li>
                     <li><a href="#gfdl-addendum">ADDENDUM: How to use this License
                           for your documents</a></li>
                  </ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <blockquote class="citation"><a name="K43">&nbsp;</a><p>Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002  Free Software Foundation,
               Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
               Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
               of this license document, but changing it is not
               allowed.
            </p>
         </blockquote>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.1 <a name="gfdl-0">PREAMBLE</a></h2>
            <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
               or other functional and useful document &#8216;free&#8217; in
               the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom
               to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
               either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
               License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
               credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
               for modifications made by others.
            </p>
            <p>This License is a kind of &#8216;copyleft&#8217;, which
               means that derivative works of the document must themselves be
               free in the same sense.  It complements the GNU General Public
               License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
               software.
            </p>
            <p>We have designed this License in order to use it for
               manuals for free software, because free software needs free
               documentation: a free program should come with manuals
               providing the same freedoms that the software does.  But this
               License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for
               any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it
               is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
               principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
               reference.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.2 <a name="gfdl-1">APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</a></h2>
            <p><a name="gfdl-doc"></a>This License applies to any manual or other
               work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the
               copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms
               of this License.  Such a notice grants a world-wide,
               royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work
               under the conditions stated herein.  The
               &#8216;Document&#8217;, below, refers to any such manual or
               work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
               addressed as &#8216;you&#8217;.  You accept the license if
               you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring
               permission under copyright law.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-mod-ver"></a>A &#8216;Modified Version&#8217; of the
               Document means any work containing the Document or a portion
               of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or
               translated into another language.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-secnd-sect"></a>A &#8216;Secondary Section&#8217; is
               a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
               that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers
               or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
               subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that
               could fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if
               the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary
               Section may not explain any mathematics.)  The relationship
               could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or
               with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical,
               ethical or political position regarding them.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-inv-sect"></a>The &#8216;Invariant Sections&#8217;
               are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as
               being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says
               that the Document is released under this License.  If a
               section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
               is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document
               may contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not
               identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-cov-text"></a>The &#8216;Cover Texts&#8217; are
               certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
               Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the
               Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text
               may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most
               25 words.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-transparent"></a>A &#8216;Transparent&#8217; copy of
               the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a
               format whose specification is available to the general public,
               that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly
               with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels)
               generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
               drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
               formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
               formats suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in
               an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence
               of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
               subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  An
               image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial
               amount of text.  A copy that is not &#8216;Transparent&#8217;
               is called &#8216;Opaque&#8217;.
            </p>
            <p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies
               include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format,
               LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
               DTD, and standard-conforming simple <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A306" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>,
               <a name="t43">PostScript</a> or PDF designed for human
               modification.  Examples of transparent image formats include
               PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats
               that can be read and edited only by proprietary word
               processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing
               tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
               <small><a href="#HTML" class="acroref" name="A307" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a></small>, <a name="t44">PostScript</a> or PDF produced by
               some word processors for output purposes only.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-title-page"></a>The &#8216;Title Page&#8217; means,
               for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following
               pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
               License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
               formats which do not have any title page as such, &#8216;Title
               Page&#8217; means the text near the most prominent
               appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning
               of the body of the text.
            </p>
            <p><a name="gfdl-entitled"></a>A section &#8216;Entitled XYZ&#8217;
               means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is
               precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text
               that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for
               a specific section name mentioned below, such as
               &#8216;Acknowledgements&#8217;, &#8216;Dedications&#8217;,
               &#8216;Endorsements&#8217;, or &#8216;History&#8217;.)  To
               &#8216;Preserve the Title&#8217; of such a section when you
               modify the Document means that it remains a section
               &#8216;Entitled XYZ&#8217; according to this
               definition.
            </p>
            <p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the
               notice which states that this License applies to the Document.
               These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by
               reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming
               warranties: any other implication that these Warranty
               Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning
               of this License.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.3 <a name="gfdl-2">VERBATIM COPYING</a></h2>
            <p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
               either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
               License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying
               this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all
               copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to
               those of this License.  You may not use technical measures to
               obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
               copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
               compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a
               large enough number of copies you must also follow the
               conditions in section 3.
               
            </p>
            <p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
               above, and you may publicly display copies.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.4 <a name="gfdl-3">COPYING IN QUANTITY</a></h2>
            <p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that
               commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more
               than 100, and the Document's license notice requires
               Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
               clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts
               on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.
               Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
               publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present the
               full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
               visible.  You may add other material on the covers in
               addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long
               as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
               conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
               respects.
            </p>
            <p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous
               to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many
               as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest
               onto adjacent pages.
            </p>
            <p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
               numbering more than 100, you must either include a
               machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy,
               or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network
               location from which the general network-using public has
               access to download using public-standard network protocols a
               complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added
               material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
               reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of
               Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
               copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until
               at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
               copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
               edition to the public.
            </p>
            <p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
               authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
               number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
               updated version of the Document.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.5 <a name="gfdl-4">MODIFICATIONS</a></h2>
            <p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
               Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,
               provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
               this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of
               the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of
               the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.  In
               addition, you must do these things in the Modified
               Version:
            </p>
            <ol type="1">
               <li>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers,
                  if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and
                  from those of previous versions (which should, if there
                  were any, be listed in the History section of the
                  Document).  You may use the same title as a previous
                  version if the original publisher of that version gives
                  permission.
                  
               </li>
               <li>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or
                  more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the
                  modifications in the Modified Version, together with at
                  least five of the principal authors of the Document (all
                  of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
                  unless they release you from this requirement.
                  
               </li>
               <li>State on the Title page the name of the
                  publisher of the Modified Version, as the
                  publisher.
               </li>
               <li>Preserve all the copyright notices of the
                  Document.
                  
               </li>
               <li>Add an appropriate copyright notice for
                  your modifications adjacent to the other copyright
                  notices.
                  
               </li>
               <li>Include, immediately after the copyright
                  notices, a license notice giving the public permission to
                  use the Modified Version under the terms of this License,
                  in the form shown in the <a href="#gfdl-addendum" title="sect1">Addendum</a> below.
                  
               </li>
               <li>Preserve in that license notice the full
                  lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given
                  in the Document's license
                  notice.
               </li>
               <li>Include an unaltered copy of this License.
                  
               </li>
               <li>Preserve the section Entitled
                  &#8216;History&#8217;, Preserve its Title, and add to it
                  an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
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               <li>Preserve the network location, if any,
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               <li>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the
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               <li>Delete any section Entitled
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            </ol>
            <p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
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            <p>You may add a section Entitled
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            <p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
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            <p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
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            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.6 <a name="gfdl-5">COMBINING DOCUMENTS</a></h2>
            <p>You may combine the Document with other documents released
               under this License, under the terms defined in <a href="#gfdl-4" title="sect1">section 4</a> above for modified
               versions, provided that you include in the combination all of
               the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
               unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
               combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
               their Warranty Disclaimers.
            </p>
            <p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this
               License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
               replaced with a single copy.  If there are multiple Invariant
               Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
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               same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
               Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
            </p>
            <p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
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               forming one section Entitled &#8216;History&#8217;; likewise
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               and any sections Entitled &#8216;Dedications&#8217;.  You
               must delete all sections Entitled
               &#8216;Endorsements&#8217;.
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         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.7 <a name="gfdl-6">COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</a></h2>
            <p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
               other documents released under this License, and replace the
               individual copies of this License in the various documents
               with a single copy that is included in the collection,
               provided that you follow the rules of this License for
               verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
               respects.
            </p>
            <p>You may extract a single document from such a collection,
               and distribute it individually under this License, provided
               you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document,
               and follow this License in all other respects regarding
               verbatim copying of that document.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.8 <a name="gfdl-7">AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT
                  WORKS</a></h2>
            <p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with
               other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a
               volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
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               compilation's users beyond what the individual works
               permit.  When the Document is included an aggregate, this
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            <p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable
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            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.9 <a name="gfdl-8">TRANSLATION</a></h2>
            <p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you
               may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
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               those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement
               between the translation and the original version of this
               License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
               prevail.
            </p>
            <p>If a section in the Document is Entitled
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               or &#8216;History&#8217;, the requirement (section 4) to
               Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing
               the actual title.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.10 <a name="gfdl-9">TERMINATION</a></h2>
            <p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
               Document except as expressly provided for under this License.
               Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute
               the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your
               rights under this License.  However, parties who have received
               copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have
               their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in
               full compliance.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.11 <a name="gfdl-10">FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
                  LICENSE</a></h2>
            <p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
               versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to
               time.  Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
               present version, but may differ in detail to address new
               problems or concerns.  See
               http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
            </p>
            <p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
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               following the terms and conditions either of that specified
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               does not specify a version number of this License, you may
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               Software Foundation.
            </p>
         </div>
         <div class="sect1">
            <h2><a href="#gfdl"><img src="up.png" title="Chapter Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a>D.12 <a name="gfdl-addendum">ADDENDUM: How to use this License
                  for your documents</a></h2>
            <p>To use this License in a document you have written,
               include a copy of the License in the document and put the
               following copyright and license notices just after the title
               page:
            </p>
            <blockquote class="citation"><a name="K43">&nbsp;</a><p>
                  Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to
                  copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
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                  later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
                  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
                  Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
                  section entitled &#8216;GNU Free Documentation
                  License&#8217;.
                  
               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and
               Back-Cover Texts, replace the
               &#8216;with...Texts.&#8217; line with this:
            </p>
            <blockquote class="citation"><a name="K43">&nbsp;</a><p>
                  with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
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               </p>
            </blockquote>
            <p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or
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               alternatives to suit the situation.
            </p>
            <p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
               code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under
               your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General
               Public License, to permit their use in free software.
            </p>
         </div>
      </div>
      <div class="bib">
         <h2><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="biblio">References</a></h2>
         <p><b><a name="mathguide">American Mathematical Society</a>: </b><cite>Short Math Guide for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></cite>. AMS, Providence, RI, <tt><a href="http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html">http://www.ams.org/tex/short-math-guide.html</a></tt>, 2001. [<a href="#K13">(Introduction)</a>] [<a href="#K19">(Foreword)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="">Anon</a>: </b>T&aacute;in b&oacute; C&uacute;ailnge55<cite>Leabhar na h-Uidhri: The Book of the Dun Cow</cite>. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 1100. [<a href="#K23">(2.1)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="gnufdl">Free Software Foundation</a>: </b><cite>The GNU Free Documentation License</cite>. Free Software Foundation, Boston, MA, <tt><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html">http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html</a></tt>, 2003/02/10
            23:42:49. [<a href="#K1">(UNKNOWN DIV)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="begin"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group</a>: </b><cite>Getting Started with <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>, <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, and friends</cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, Portland, OR, <tt><a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html">http://www.tug.org/begin.html</a></tt>, November 2003. [<a href="#K9">(Introduction)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="wired">Anderson, Chris</a> (Ed.): </b><cite>WIRED</cite>. Cond&eacute; Nast, San Francisco, CA, 1059-1028, 1993--. [<a href="#K38">(8.1)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="tugboat">Beeton, Barbara</a> (Ed.): </b><cite>TUGboat</cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, Portland, OR, 0896-3207, Since 1980. [<a href="#K7">(Release Info)</a>] [<a href="#K8">(Revision Info)</a>] [<a href="#K43">(B)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="fontname">Berry, Karl</a>: </b><cite>Fontname: Filenames for  fonts</cite>. , <tt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname/">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/fontname/</a></tt><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, Portland, OR, June 2001. [<a href="#K40">(8.3.2)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="bull">Bull, RJ</a>: </b><cite>Accounting in Business</cite>. Butterworths, London, 1972, 0-406-70651-4. [<a href="#K31">(6.4)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="teiguide"><b>Burnard, Lou</b><b> and Sperberg-McQueen, Michael</b>: </a><cite>Guidelines for the Text Encoding Initiative</cite>. OUP, Oxford, 1995. [<a href="#K30">(6.2.5)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="practex"><b>Carnes, Lance</b><b> and Berry, Karl</b> (Eds.): </a><cite>The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, Portland, OR, <tt><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/">http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/</a></tt>, 2004. [<a href="#K3">(UNKNOWN DIV)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="davy">Davy, William</a>: </b><cite>A System of Divinity</cite>. Published by the author, Lustleigh, Devon, 1806. [<a href="#K34">(7.1)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="gentle">Doob, Michael <span class="affil">(University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)</span></a>: </b><cite>A Gentle Introduction to <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>: A Manual for Self-Study</cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, Portland, OR, 2002, <tt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/gentle/</a></tt>. [<a href="#K11">(Introduction)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="bovary">Flaubert, Gustave</a>: </b><cite>Madame Bovary</cite>. , Paris, 1857. [<a href="#K29">(6)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="htmlbook">Flynn, Peter</a>: </b><cite>The HTML Handbook</cite>. International Thompson Computer
            Press, London, 1-85032-205-8, 1995. [<a href="#K4">(UNKNOWN DIV)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="xmlfaq">Flynn, Peter</a>: </b><cite>The XML FAQ</cite>. University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, <tt><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/">http://www.ucc.ie/xml/</a></tt>, January 2005. [<a href="#K6">(UNKNOWN DIV)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="sgmltools">Flynn, Peter</a>: </b><cite>Understanding SGML and XML Tools</cite>. Kluwer, Boston, 0-7923-8169-6, 1998. [<a href="#K5">(UNKNOWN DIV)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="fg">Fothergill, John</a>: </b><cite>An Innkeeper's Diary</cite>. Penguin, London3rd, 1929. [<a href="#K35">(7.4.2.1)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="graphicscomp"><b>Goossens, Michel</b><b>; Rahtz, Sebastian</b><b>;  and Mittelbach, Frank</b>: </a><cite>The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Graphics Companion</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 0-201-85469-4, 1997. [<a href="#K17">(Foreword)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="webcomp"><b>Goossens, Michel</b><b>; Rahtz, Sebastian</b><b>; Moore, Ross</b><b>;  and Sutor, Bob</b>: </a><cite>The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Web Companion</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 0-201-43311-7, 1999. [<a href="#K18">(Foreword)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="">Goreham, Anthony</a>: </b>Re: Installing a new font: PFM, PFB&#8216;<a href="newscomp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a>&#8217;. , <i>m3r8qj42o3.fsf@micawber.queens.ox.ac.uk</i>, (all pages), 28 November 2001. 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="">Heller, Robert</a>: </b>New To <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>...Unlearning Bad Habits&#8216;<a href="newscomp.text.tex"><tt>comp.text.tex</tt></a>&#8217;. , <i>MPG.18d82140d65ddc5898968c@news.earthlink.net</i>, (all pages), 11 March 2003. [<a href="#K20">(Preface)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="fontinst"><b>Jeffrey, Alan</b><b> and McDonnell, Rowland</b>: </a><cite>Font installation software for <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></cite>. , <tt><a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/fonts/utilities/fontinst/">http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/fonts/utilities/fontinst/</a></tt><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, 30 June 1998. 
         </p>
         <p><a name="mathwrite"><b>Knuth, Donald E</b><b>; Larrabee, Tracey</b><b>;  and Roberts, Paul M</b>: </a><cite>Mathematical Writing</cite>. Mathematical Association of America, Washington, DCMAA Notes 14, 0-88385-063-X, 1989. [<a href="#K22">(Preface)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="aocs">Knuth, Donald Ervin</a>: </b><cite>The Art of Computer Programming</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA2nd<b>1</b>, 0-201-89685-0, 1980. [<a href="#K21">(Preface)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="latexbook">Lamport, Leslie</a>: </b><cite><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span>: A Document Preparation System</cite>. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 0-201-52983-12nd, 1994. [<a href="#K15">(Foreword)</a>] [<a href="#K27">(3.6)</a>] [<a href="#K36">(7.5)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="macnamara">Mac Namara, Matthew</a>: </b><cite>La Textualisation de Madame
               Bovary</cite>. Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2003. [<a href="#K28">(6)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="companion"><b>Mittelbach, Frank</b><b>; Goossens, Michel</b><b>; Braams, Johannes</b><b>; Carlisle, David</b><b>;  and Rowley, Chris</b>: </a><cite>The <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Companion</cite>. Addison-Wesley/Pearson Education, Boston, MA2, 0-201-36299-6, 2004. [<a href="#K16">(Foreword)</a>] [<a href="#K26">(3.1)</a>] [<a href="#K32">(6.5)</a>] [<a href="#K37">(7.5)</a>] [<a href="#K39">(8.1.1)</a>] [<a href="#K41">(8.3.2)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><a name="lshort"><b>Oetiker, Tobias</b><b>; Partl, Hubert</b><b>; Hyna, Irene</b><b>;  and Schlegl, Elisabeth</b>: </a><cite>The (Not So) Short Guide to <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span>:  in 131 Minutes</cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, <tt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/</a></tt>, 20013.2. [<a href="#K10">(Introduction)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="symbol-list">Pakin, Scott <span class="affil">(University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)</span></a>: </b><cite>A comprehensive list of symbols in <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, <tt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/</a></tt>, 2002. [<a href="#K14">(Introduction)</a>] [<a href="#K42">(9.6.1)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="">Rawlings, Marjorie Kinnan</a>: </b>Varmints&#8216;Scribner's Magazine&#8217;. , 1936. [<a href="#K24">(2.1)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="imported">Reckdahl, Keith</a>: </b><cite>Using imported graphics in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>&#949;</span></cite>. <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group, <tt><a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf/">http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/epslatex.pdf/</a></tt>, 19972.0. [<a href="#K12">(Introduction)</a>] 
         </p>
         <p><b><a name="ryder">Ryder, John</a>: </b><cite>Printing for Pleasure</cite>. Bodley Head, London, 0-370-10443-9, 1976. [<a href="#K33">(7.1)</a>] 
         </p>
      </div>
      <div class="ind">
         <h2><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a><a name="index">Index</a></h2>
         <p>The same fonts are used here as in the text of the book
            (see <a href="#symbols">section 8</a>) to distinguish between different
            meanings:
         </p>
         <div align="center">
            <table>
               <tr class="headfoot">
                  <th valign="bottom" align="left">Notation</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="left">Meaning</th>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A308" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left">Acronyms (small caps in some typefaces)</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><code class="command"><a name="c321">\command</a></code></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> control sequences (monospace font)
                  </td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; ">term</span></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left">Defining instance of a specialist term (bold
                     italics)
                  </td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><i><a name="p289">product</a></i></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left">program or product name (italics)</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="environment"><a name="e55">environment</a></span></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> environment (sans-serif bold)
                  </td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="package"><a name="m91">package</a></span></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> package (sans-serif; all available from
                     <small><a href="#CTAN" class="acroref" name="A309" title="Comprehensive Archive Network">CTAN</a></small>)
                  </td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><span class="option"><a name="o21">options</a></span></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left">Options to environments (sans-serif oblique)</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="left"><tt><i><a name="l39">variables</a></i></tt></td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left">Variables (monospace oblique)</td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <p>In the online version, the entries below are all hyperlinked
            to their source, with subsequent multiple occurrences giving the
            section number or name. Page or section numbers in <span style="font-weight:bold; ">bold type</span> indicate a defining
            instance.
         </p>
         <hr>
         <div align="center">
            <table>
               <tr>
                  <td><a href="#A">A</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#B">B</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#C">C</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#D">D</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#E">E</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#F">F</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#G">G</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#H">H</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#I">I</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#J">J</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#K">K</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#L">L</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#M">M</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#N">N</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#O">O</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#P">P</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#Q">Q</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#R">R</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#S">S</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#T">T</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#U">U</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#V">V</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#W">W</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#X">X</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#Y">Y</a></td>
                  <td><a href="#Z">Z</a></td>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <hr>
         <h4><a name="A">A</a></h4>
         <br><a class="option-first" href="#o1">a4paper</a> (3.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p233">AbiWord</a> (10.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p262">(10.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e8">abstract</a> (3.4)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c60">\abstractname</a> (3.4)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I53">abstracts</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I22">accents</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p280">Acrobat</a>&nbsp;(10.2.4)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p28">Acrobat Reader</a> (1.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p123">(4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p137">(4.3.3)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c92">\addcontentsline</a>&nbsp;(3.7)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c52">\affiliation</a>&nbsp;(3.3)
         <br><a href="#AFM" class="acroid">AFM</a>&nbsp;(Adobe Font
         	    Metric)&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p215">afm2tfm</a> (8.3.2)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o14">alpha</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.1)
         <br><a href="#AMS" class="acroid">AMS</a>&nbsp;(American
         Mathematical Society)&nbsp;(8.3.3)
         <br><a href="#ANSI" class="acroid">ANSI</a>&nbsp;(American National
         	Standards Institute)&nbsp;(C)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I13">Apple Mac</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p39">apt-get</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c316">\arabic</a>&nbsp;(9.6)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p171">ArcInfo</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#arguments" class="firstterm">arguments</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.4.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m48">array</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m14">article</a> (3.1)
         <br><a href="#ASCII" class="acroid">ASCII</a>&nbsp;(American Standard Code for Information
         	    Interchange)&nbsp;(2), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A11">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A78">(2.7)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A79">(2.9)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A97">(4.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A154">(6.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A200">(8.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A275">(10.1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A302">(C)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#asynchronous" class="firstterm">asynchronous typographic
                  display</a></i></b>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p111">AUC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>&nbsp;(2.3.6)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c47">\author</a> (3.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c275">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c175">\authorof</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p166">AutoCAD</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p51">Autorun</a> (1.4)
         <h4><a name="B">B</a></h4>
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o12">b</a>&nbsp;(6.7.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m9">babel</a> (2.8.6),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m27">(3.6)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#backslash" class="firstterm">backslash</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.4)
         <br><b><i><a href="#backtick" class="firstterm">backtick</a></i></b>&nbsp;(6.6.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#badness" class="firstterm"></a></i></b>&nbsp;(4.2.3.4)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p245">Balise</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v29">baselineskip</a> (8.1.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c196">\baselinestretch</a> (8.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p45">bash</a>&nbsp;(1.3)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m41">bbding</a> (6.2.1),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m89">(9.6.1)</a>
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I118">beer</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I119">lite</a>&nbsp;(7.5)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="tertiary" href="#I120">American</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c44">\begin</a>&nbsp;(3.2)
         <br><a href="#kb" class="personname">Berry, Karl</a>&nbsp;(1), <a class="personname" href="#kb">(8.3.2)</a>
         <br><a href="#" class="personname">Berry, Karl</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c222">\bfseries</a> (8.2.3)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I114">bibliographies</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c177">\bibliography</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c178">\bibliographystyle</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c181">\bibname</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p180">bibtex</a> (7.4.2.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c192">\bigskip</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a href="#BMP" class="acroid">BMP</a>&nbsp;(Microsoft Bitmap)&nbsp;(6.5), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A166">(6.5.1)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m15">book</a> (3.1),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m23">(3.5)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I107">boxes</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I33">bp (big points)</a>
         <br>braces, see curly bracescurly braces
         <h4><a name="C">C</a></h4>
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v5">C</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c114">\caption</a> (6.3.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I36">cc (Ciceros)</a>
         <br><a href="#CD-ROM" class="acroid">CD-ROM</a>&nbsp;(Compact Disc Read-Only Memory)&nbsp;(Revision Info), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A217">(10)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e23">center</a> (6.3.3),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e26">(6.3.4)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c119">\centering</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p165">cep</a>&nbsp;(6.5)
         <br><a href="#CGI" class="acroid">CGI</a>&nbsp;(Common Gateway Interface)&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c69">\chapter</a> (3.5)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v36">chapter</a>&nbsp;(9.6)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p116">charmap</a>&nbsp;(2.7)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p167">ChemDraw</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a href="#kac" class="personname">Chikrii, Kirill</a>&nbsp;(10.2.1)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I122">Chocolate Stout</a>,
         <a class="primary" href="#I123">(7.5)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p193">Chocolate
            Stout</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c174">\cite</a> (7.4.2.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c179">(7.4.2.2)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c158">\citequote</a>&nbsp;(7.1)
         <br><a href="#CLI" class="acroid">CLI</a>&nbsp;(Command-Line Interface)&nbsp;(Introduction), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A46">(Preface)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c121">\cline</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a href="#CM" class="acroid">CM</a>&nbsp;(Computer Modern)&nbsp;(8.2), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A4">(Revision Info)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A5">(Revision Info)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A189">(8.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A192">(8.2.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A193">(8.2.4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A211">(8.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A212">(8.3.3)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I40">cm (centimeters)</a>
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v32">cmr</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v33">cmss</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v34">cmtt</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a href="#CMYK" class="acroid">CMYK</a>&nbsp;(Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black)&nbsp;(8.2.6), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A116">(5.1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A195">(8.2.6)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m30">color</a> (5.1.1),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m37">(5.2.1)</a>,
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m83">(8.2.6)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c247">\color</a> (8.2.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c255">\colorbox</a>&nbsp;(8.2.6)
         <br><b><i><a href="#colornames" class="firstterm">color names</a></i></b>&nbsp;(8.2.6)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I153">colour</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I125">columns</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c189">\columnsep</a>&nbsp;(7.6)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c1">\command</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c321">(Index)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#commentchar" class="firstterm">comment character</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I4">commercial implementations</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#commutative" class="firstterm">commutative</a></i></b>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p156">configure</a>&nbsp;(5.2.2)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v3">counter</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p24">Crayola</a> (Preface),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p201">(8.2.6)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I113">cross-references</a>
         <br><a href="#CTAN" class="acroid">CTAN</a>&nbsp;(Comprehensive  Archive
         	Network)&nbsp;(5), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A15">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A47">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A50">(1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A57">(1.4.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A68">(2.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A71">(2.3.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A72">(2.3.4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A108">(4.4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A111">(5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A115">(5.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A120">(5.1.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A121">(5.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A128">(5.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A155">(6.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A184">(7.4.2.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A186">(7.4.2.4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A187">(7.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A190">(8.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A202">(8.3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A203">(8.3.1.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A252">(10.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A279">(10.2.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A295">(10.2.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A299">(B)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A308">(Index)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#curly" class="firstterm">curly
                  braces</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.4.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p157">Cygwin</a>&nbsp;(5.2.3)
         <h4><a name="D">D</a></h4>
         <br><a href="#rd" class="personname">Dambra, Ruggero</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c48">\date</a> (3.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c94">(4.2.3.1)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c98">(4.2.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c276">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I35">dd (Didot points)</a>
         <br><a href="#DEC" class="acroid">DEC</a>&nbsp;(Digital Equipment
         Corporation)&nbsp;(Preface)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c261">\DeclareFontFamily</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c262">\DeclareFontShape</a> (8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c297">\def</a> (9.4)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c250">\definecolor</a> (8.2.6)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e17">description</a>&nbsp;(6.2.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p284">detex</a>&nbsp;(10.2.5)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I27">dimension</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#dimension" class="firstterm">dimension</a></i></b>&nbsp;(3.6)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I23">dimensions</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I84">DOC<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p19">DocBook</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e6">document</a> (3.2),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e7">(3.3)</a>,
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e12">(3.4)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#documentclass" class="firstterm">document
                  	class</a></i></b>&nbsp;(3)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c43">\documentclass</a> (3.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c62">(3.4)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I49">document class</a>
         <br><a href="#fd" class="personname">Dorner, Fernando</a>&nbsp;(10.2.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I134">double-spacing</a>
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o8">draft</a>&nbsp;(3.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p175">Draw</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a href="#DSSSL" class="acroid">DSSSL</a>&nbsp;(Document
         	  Style Semantics and Specification Language)&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a href="#DTD" class="acroid">DTD</a>&nbsp;(Document Type
         	      Definition)&nbsp;(10.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A26">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A256">(10.1)</a>
         <br><a href="#DTP" class="acroid">DTP</a>&nbsp;(desktop publishing)&nbsp;(Preface), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A45">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A135">(6.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A191">(8.2)</a>
         <br><a href="#DVD" class="acroid">DVD</a>&nbsp;(Digital Versatile Disk)&nbsp;(Revision Info), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A218">(10)</a>
         <br><a href="#DVI" class="acroid">DVI</a>&nbsp;(device-independent)&nbsp;(4.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A42">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A51">(1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A61">(2.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A66">(2.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A91">(4.1.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A92">(4.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A95">(4.3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A98">(4.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A103">(4.3.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A118">(5.1.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A172">(6.5.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A182">(6.7)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A296">(10.2.5)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p152">dvialw</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p150">dvieps</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p151">dvihp</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p131">dvips</a> (4.3.2),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p142">(4.4)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p161">(6.5)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p200">(8.2.6)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p216">(8.3.2)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p129">dviview</a>&nbsp;(4.3.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p240">DynaTag</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <h4><a name="E">E</a></h4>
         <br><a href="#ECDL" class="acroid">ECDL</a>&nbsp;(European Computer Driving
         	  Licence)&nbsp;(Introduction), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A14">(Introduction)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I15">editors</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c265">\ef</a>&nbsp;(9.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#element" class="firstterm">element</a></i></b>&nbsp;(3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p189">elsevier</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I37">em (relative
            measure)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p10">Emacs</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p43">(1.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p77">(1.4.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p88">(2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p95">(2.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p106">(2.3.6)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p114">(2.6)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p124">(4.1.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p126">(4.2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p145">(4.4)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p159">(6.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p184">(7.4.2.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p258">(10.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c241">\emph</a> (8.2.5)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o16">empty</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c45">\end</a>&nbsp;(3.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m60">endnote</a>&nbsp;(7.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c201">\enspace</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e14">enumerate</a>&nbsp;(6.2.2)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e16">enumerate*</a>&nbsp;(6.2.2)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v21">enumi</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v22">enumii</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v23">enumiii</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v24">enumiv</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e1">environment</a> (Introduction)
         <br><b><i><a href="#environment" class="firstterm">environment</a></i></b>&nbsp;(3.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I89">environment</a>,
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e55">(Index)</a>
         <br><a href="#EPS" class="acroid">EPS</a>&nbsp;(Encapsulated
         	  PostScript)&nbsp;(6.5), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A140">(6.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A157">(6.5.1)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m50">epsf</a>&nbsp;(6.5)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e5">equation</a>&nbsp;(2.9)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I74">File not found</a>&nbsp;(4.2.3.6)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I72">Overfull hbox</a>&nbsp;(4.2.3.5)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I68">Runaway argument</a>&nbsp;(4.2.3.3)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I64">Error messages</a><a class="secondary" href="#I64">Too many }'s</a>&nbsp;(4.2.3.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I66">Undefined control sequence</a>&nbsp;(4.2.3.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I70">Underfull hbox</a>&nbsp;(4.2.3.4)
         <br><a href="#esser" class="personname">Esser, Thomas</a>&nbsp;(1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c17">\EUR</a>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><font color="red">sortas:euro</font>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p236">EuroMath</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I38">ex (relative
            measure)</a>
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v19">example</a> (6.2.6)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p250">Excel</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <h4><a name="F">F</a></h4>
         <br><b><i><a href="#family" class="firstterm">family</a></i></b>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m54">fancybox</a> (6.6.2),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m56">(6.7.3)</a>,
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m88">(9.5)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m72">fancyhdr</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c209">\fancyhead</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m53">fancyvrb</a>&nbsp;(6.6.2)
         <br><a href="#FAQ" class="acroid">FAQ</a>&nbsp;(Frequently-Asked Questions)&nbsp;(5.3.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A32">(Foreword)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A114">(5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A130">(5.3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A131">(5.3.4)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c150">\fbox</a> (6.7.2),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c154">(6.7.3)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c254">(8.2.6)</a>
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v28">fboxrule</a>&nbsp;(6.7.2)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v27">fboxsep</a>&nbsp;(6.7.2)
         <br><a href="#tf" class="personname">Feuerstack, Thomas</a>&nbsp;(1)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e29">figure</a>&nbsp;(6.4)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e49">figure*</a>&nbsp;(7.6)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I99">figures</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I62">filenames</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I73">File not found</a>
         <br><a href="#jf" class="personname">Fine, Jonathan</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e20">float</a>&nbsp;(6.3.1)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I98">floats</a>,
         <a class="primary" href="#I100">(6.4)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e28">flushleft</a> (6.3.4),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e51">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e27">flushright</a>&nbsp;(6.3.4)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m61">fnpara</a>&nbsp;(7.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c163">\fnsymbol</a>&nbsp;(7.2)
         <br><b><i><a href="#fontdef" class="firstterm">font definition</a></i></b>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c212">\fontencoding</a> (8.2.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c213">\fontfamily</a>&nbsp;(8.2.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p210">fontinst</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p212">fontname</a> (8.3.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m86">fontname</a> (8.3.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I149">changing temporarily</a>&nbsp;(8.2.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I147">changing the default</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I154">colour</a>&nbsp;(8.2.6)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I142">Computer Modern</a>&nbsp;(8.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I157">encoding</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I148">families</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I140">in general</a>&nbsp;(8.2),
         <a class="primary" href="#I155">(8.3)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c239">\fontsize</a> (8.2.4)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I141">METAFONT</a>&nbsp;(8.2),
         <a class="primary" href="#I144">(8.2)</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I145">PostScript</a>&nbsp;(8.2),
         <a class="primary" href="#I156">(8.3.2)</a>
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I51">fonts</a><a class="secondary" href="#I51">sizes</a>&nbsp;(3.1.1),
         <a class="primary" href="#I152">(8.2.4)</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I151">styles</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I143">TrueType</a>&nbsp;(8.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I146">Type&nbsp;1</a>&nbsp;(8.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c159">\footnote</a>&nbsp;(7.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I111">footnotes</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c231">\footnotesize</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c243">\foreign</a>&nbsp;(8.2.5)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p6">fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I6">fp<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>
         <br><font color="red">sortas:fptex</font>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p230">FrameMaker</a>&nbsp;(10)
         <br><a href="#FTP" class="acroid">FTP</a>&nbsp;(File
         Transfer Protocol)&nbsp;(Introduction), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A110">(5)</a><h4><a name="G">G</a></h4>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m31">geometry</a> (5.1.1),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m36">(5.1.2)</a>,
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m62">(7.3)</a>,
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m67">(8.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p134">Ghostscript</a> (4.3.2),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p149">(4.4)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p196">(8.2)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p56">GhostScript</a> (1.4.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p33">GhostView</a>&nbsp;(1.1)
         <br><a href="#GIF" class="acroid">GIF</a>&nbsp;(Graphics Interchange
         	    Format)&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p176">GIMP</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I117">glossaries</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c187">\glossary</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a href="#GNU" class="acroid">GNU</a>&nbsp;(GNU's Not
         		  Unix)&nbsp;(2.3.6), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A30">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A74">(2.3.6)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p178">GNUplot</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a href="#ag" class="personname">Granzer, Andreas</a>&nbsp;(10.2.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m38">graphics</a>&nbsp;(5.2.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I102">graphics</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c130">\graphicspath</a> (6.5.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m49">graphicx</a> (6.5)
         <br><b><i><a href="#grave" class="firstterm">grave accent</a></i></b>&nbsp;(6.6.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I150">grouping</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p26">GSview</a> (1.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p57">(1.4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p119">(4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p133">(4.3.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p140">(4.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p141">(4.4)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p197">(8.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p224">(8.3.3)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p82">GSView</a> (1.4.2)
         <br><a href="#GUI" class="acroid">GUI</a>&nbsp;(Graphical User Interface)&nbsp;(Introduction), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A23">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A35">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A89">(4.1.2)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p211">Gutta-Percha</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p34">gv</a>&nbsp;(1.1)
         <h4><a name="H">H</a></h4>
         <br>H&amp;J, see hyphenation, justificationhyphenation, justification
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I44">hard space</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p187">harvard</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <br><b><i><a href="#hash" class="firstterm">hash mark</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o17">headings</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I87">help</a>
         <br><a href="#wh" class="personname">Hennings, Wilfried</a>&nbsp;(10.2.1)
         <br><font color="red">sortas:hj</font>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c120">\hline</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c288">\hrule</a>&nbsp;(9.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c199">\hspace</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a href="#HTML" class="acroid">HTML</a>&nbsp;(HyperText
         	Markup Language)&nbsp;(10), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A2">(Release Info)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A27">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A60">(2.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A82">(3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A85">(3.6)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A133">(6.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A223">(10.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A273">(10.1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A277">(10.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A282">(10.2.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A283">(10.2.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A290">(10.2.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A306">(D.2)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p239">HTML
            		Tidy</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c237">\huge</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c238">\Huge</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I24">hyphenation</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c25">\hyphenation</a>&nbsp;(2.8.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I43">discretionary</a>&nbsp;(2.8.2)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I42">hyphens</a><a class="secondary" href="#I42">soft</a>&nbsp;(2.8.2)
         <h4><a name="I">I</a></h4>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c22">\i</a>&nbsp;(2.7)
         <br><a href="#IBM" class="acroid">IBM</a>&nbsp;(International Business Machines)&nbsp;(Revision Info), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A29">(Introduction)</a>
         <br><a href="#IDE" class="acroid">IDE</a>&nbsp;(Integrated Development
         Environment)&nbsp;(1.4.1)
         <br><a href="#IEEETR" class="acroid">IEEETR</a>&nbsp;(Transactions of the Institute of Electrical
         and Electronics Engineers)&nbsp;(7.4.2.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p174">Illustrator</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p47">I<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>Mac</a>&nbsp;(1.3)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I101">images</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I41">in (inches)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c124">\includegraphics</a> (6.4),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c125">(6.5)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c129">(6.5.1)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c131">(6.5.2)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c184">\index</a> (7.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c309">(9.4)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I116">indexes</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#inlines" class="firstterm">Inline lists</a></i></b>&nbsp;(6.2.4)
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e18">inparaenum</a> (6.2.4)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m5">inputenc</a> (2.7),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m12">(2.9)</a>,
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m90">(C)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p18">Instant
            Preview</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a href="#ISO" class="acroid">ISO</a>&nbsp;(International Organization for
         	      Standardization)&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p96">ispell</a>&nbsp;(2.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c104">\item</a>&nbsp;(6.2)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e13">itemize</a>&nbsp;(6.2.1)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e15">itemize*</a>&nbsp;(6.2.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c219">\itshape</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <h4><a name="J">J</a></h4>
         <br><a href="#bj" class="personname">Jackowski, Bogus&#322;aw</a>&nbsp;(8.3.3)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p21">Java</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p260">(10.1.1)</a>
         <br><a href="#JPG" class="acroid">JPG</a>&nbsp;(Joint Photographic
         	  Experts Group)&nbsp;(6.5), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A150">(6.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A162">(6.5.1)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m63">jurabib</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.5)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I25">justification</a><h4><a name="K">K</a></h4>
         <br><a href="#dk" class="personname">Kastrup, David</a>&nbsp;(Introduction), <a class="personname" href="#dk">(9.4)</a>
         <br><a href="#mk" class="personname">Kay, Michael</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a href="#ul" class="personname">Kern, Uwe</a>&nbsp;(5.1.1)
         <br><a href="#tk" class="personname">Kiffe, Tom</a>&nbsp;(1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p190">kluwer</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <br><a href="#knuth" class="personname">Knuth, Don</a>&nbsp;(Preface)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m19">komascript</a> (3.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p234">Kword</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <h4><a name="L">L</a></h4>
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v6">L</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c108">\label</a> (6.2.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c115">(6.3.2)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c164">(7.4.1)</a>
         <br><a href="#ll" class="personname">Lamport, Leslie</a>&nbsp;(9.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c234">\large</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c235">\Large</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c236">\LARGE</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c319">\LaTeX</a>&nbsp;(10.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p272">latex2rtf</a>&nbsp;(10.2.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c211">\leftmark</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v1">length</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><b><i><a href="#length" class="firstterm">length</a></i></b>&nbsp;(3.6)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m16">letter</a> (3.1)
         <br><a class="option-first" href="#o2">letterpaper</a> (3.1.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I139">letterspacing</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c293">\linebreak</a>&nbsp;(9.3)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I9">Linux</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c87">\listoffigures</a>&nbsp;(3.7)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c88">\listoftables</a>&nbsp;(3.7)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I88">lists</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I91">bulleted</a>&nbsp;(6.2.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I94">description</a>&nbsp;(6.2.3)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I95">discussion</a>&nbsp;(6.2.3)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I93">enumerated</a>&nbsp;(6.2.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I96">inline</a>&nbsp;(6.2.4)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I90">itemized</a>&nbsp;(6.2.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I92">numbered</a>&nbsp;(6.2.2)
         <br><a href="#ml" class="personname">Lotz, Manfred</a>&nbsp;(1)
         <h4><a name="M">M</a></h4>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I12">Mac OS X</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I158">macros</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#macs" class="firstterm">macros</a></i></b>&nbsp;(9)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c278">\makeatletter</a>&nbsp;(9.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c279">\makeatother</a> (9.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p191">makebst</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c186">\makeglossary</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m64">makeidx</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p9">makeindex</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p192">(7.5)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c183">\makeindex</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c50">\maketitle</a> (3.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c58">(3.4)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c96">(4.2.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c268">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a href="#bkm" class="personname">Malyshev, Basil&nbsp;K.</a>&nbsp;(8.3.3)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p169">Maple</a> (6.5.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p238">(10.1)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I112">marginal notes</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I128">margins</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c206">\markboth</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c205">\markright</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><b><i><a href="#markup" class="firstterm">markup</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m4">marvosym</a>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p168">MathCAD</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I47">math characters</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p170">Mathematica</a> (6.5.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p237">(10.1)</a>
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I3">mathematics</a>,
         <a class="primary" href="#I46">(2.9)</a>
         <br><a href="#em" class="personname">Matthes, Eberhard</a>&nbsp;(1.4.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c26">\mbox</a> (2.8.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c292">(9.3)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m44">mdwlist</a> (6.2.2),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m69">(8.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c191">\medskip</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m18">memoir</a> (3.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#metacharacters" class="firstterm">metacharacters</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.5)
         <br><b><i><a href="#metadata" class="firstterm"></a></i></b>&nbsp;(3.3)
         <br><b><i><a href="#metainformation" class="firstterm"></a></i></b>&nbsp;(3.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p244">Metamorphosis</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br>Microbrew, see beerbeer
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I11">Microsoft Windows</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I8">MiK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p53">MIK<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a> (1.4.1)
         <br><font color="red">sortas:miktex</font>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e37">minipage</a> (6.7.1),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e42">(6.7.2)</a>,
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e44">(6.7.3)</a>,
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e53">(9.5)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I104">mirror</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p40">mkfs</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p155">mktexlsr</a> (5.2.2),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p285">(A)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I39">mm (millimeters)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p158">Mozilla</a>&nbsp;(5.3.4)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m65">multicol</a> (7.6)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e48">multicols</a>&nbsp;(7.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c122">\multicolumn</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e24">multirow</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p50">My
            Computer</a>&nbsp;(1.4)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o18">myheadings</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <h4><a name="N">N</a></h4>
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o19">named</a>&nbsp;(8.2.6)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p278">NetPBM</a>&nbsp;(10.2.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m78">newcent</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c266">\newcommand</a> (9.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c298">(9.4)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c2">\newpage</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a href="#NFSS" class="acroid">NFSS</a>&nbsp;(New Font Selection Scheme)&nbsp;(8.3)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p12"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a> (Introduction)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I7"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nicCenter</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p55">(1.4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p85">(2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p99">(2.3.4)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p92"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>nic
            	  Center</a>&nbsp;(2.3)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c233">\normalsize</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p4">Notepad</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p105">(2.3.5)</a>
         <br><a href="#NTS" class="acroid">NTS</a>&nbsp;(New Typesetting System)&nbsp;(Preface)
         <h4><a name="O">O</a></h4>
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v7">O</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a href="#OASIS" class="acroid">OASIS</a>&nbsp;(Organisation for the
         	      Advancement of Structured Information Systems)&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#octothorpe" class="firstterm">octothorpe</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p251">Office&nbsp;11</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p243">Omnimark</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o5">oneside</a>&nbsp;(3.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p1">OpenOffice</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p247">(10.1)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p122">Opera</a>&nbsp;(4.1)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o21">options</a>&nbsp;(Index)
         <br><font color="red">sortas:Oregon Brewing                   Company</font>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I14">OS X</a>
         <br><a href="#tak" class="personname">Ota, Takaaki</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c155">\ovalbox</a>&nbsp;(6.7.3)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I71">Overfull hbox</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p188">oxford</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <h4><a name="P">P</a></h4>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c167">\P</a>&nbsp;(7.4.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#pack" class="firstterm">packages</a></i></b>&nbsp;(5.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m2">package</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m91">(Index)</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I81">documentation</a>&nbsp;(5.1.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I82">downloading</a>&nbsp;(5.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I86">indexing</a>&nbsp;(5.2.2)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I83">installing</a>&nbsp;(5.2),
         <a class="primary" href="#I85">(5.2.2)</a>
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I80">packages</a><a class="secondary" href="#I80">using</a>&nbsp;(5.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p229">PageMaker</a>&nbsp;(10)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c169">\pageref</a>&nbsp;(7.4.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I127">margins</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I77">page size</a><a class="secondary" href="#I77">scaling</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c204">\pagestyle</a> (8.1.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p173">PaintShop
            	    Pro</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m80">palatcm</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m79">palatino</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I109">panels</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I50">paper sizes</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c123">\par</a> (6.3.4),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c193">(8.1.1)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c287">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c73">\paragraph</a> (3.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c106">(6.2.5)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m29">paralist</a> (4.2.3.6),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m39">(5.2.2)</a>,
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m45">(6.2.4)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c141">\parbox</a> (6.7.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c151">(6.7.2)</a>
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v16">parindent</a> (3.6),
         <a class="varname-subseq" href="#v26">(6.7.1)</a>
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v2">parskip</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="varname-subseq" href="#v13">(3.6)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m28">parskip</a>&nbsp;(3.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c68">\part</a>&nbsp;(3.5)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c78">\part*</a>&nbsp;(3.5.1)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v35">pbk</a>&nbsp;(8.2.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I31">pc (picas)</a>
         <br><a href="#PCL" class="acroid">PCL</a>&nbsp;(Printer Control
         	      Language)&nbsp;(6.5)
         <br><a href="#PDA" class="acroid">PDA</a>&nbsp;(Personal Digital Assistant)&nbsp;(Introduction), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A48">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A216">(10)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p89">pdf<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a> (2.2),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p98">(2.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p117">(3.1.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p118">(4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p125">(4.1.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p127">(4.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p153">(5.2.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p162">(6.5)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p179">(6.5.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p195">(8.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p203">(8.2.6)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p204">(8.3.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p223">(8.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p227">(10)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p281">(10.2.4)</a>
         <br><a href="#PDF" class="acroid">PDF</a>&nbsp;(Portable Document Format)&nbsp;(4.3.3), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A3">(Release Info)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A43">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A52">(1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A67">(2.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A70">(2.3.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A73">(2.3.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A77">(2.6)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A84">(3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A88">(4.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A90">(4.1.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A93">(4.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A96">(4.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A101">(4.3.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A107">(4.4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A122">(5.2.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A146">(6.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A158">(6.5.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A183">(6.7)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A204">(8.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A293">(10.2.4)</a>
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o20">pdftex</a>&nbsp;(8.2.6)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p283">pdftotext</a>&nbsp;(10.2.4)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p225">pdfview</a>&nbsp;(8.3.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p120">PDFview</a>&nbsp;(4.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c294">\person</a> (9.4)
         <br><a href="#PFA" class="acroid">PFA</a>&nbsp;(PostScript Font
         	    ASCII)&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p207">PFAedit</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a href="#PFB" class="acroid">PFB</a>&nbsp;(PostScript Font Binary)&nbsp;(8.3.2), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A209">(8.3.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A215">(8.3.3)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p172">PhotoShop</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I32">picas</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e31">picture</a>&nbsp;(6.4)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m42">pifont</a>&nbsp;(6.2.1)
         <br><a class="option-first" href="#o13">plain</a> (7.4.2.1),
         <a class="option-subseq" href="#o15">(8.1.2)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#plain-text" class="firstterm">plain-text</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2)
         <br><a href="#PNG" class="acroid">PNG</a>&nbsp;(Portable Network
         	  Graphic)&nbsp;(6.5), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A137">(6.5)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A163">(6.5.1)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I30">points</a>
         <br><a class="trademark-first" href="#t1">PostScript</a> (Release Info),
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t2">(Preface)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t3">(1.1)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t5">(2.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t6">(2.3.5)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t7">(4.3.2)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t18">(4.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t21">(4.4)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t31">(6.5.1)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t32">(8.2)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t33">(8.2.4)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t34">(8.2.6)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t35">(8.3)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t36">(8.3.1)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t37">(8.3.2)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t42">(8.3.3)</a>,
         <a class="trademark-subseq" href="#t43">(D.2)</a>
         <br><font color="red">sortas:pound</font>
         <br><b><i><a href="#pre" class="firstterm">preamble</a></i></b>&nbsp;(3.4)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I75">preview</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m1">preview-latex</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c185">\printindex</a>&nbsp;(7.5)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I61">printing</a>,
         <a class="primary" href="#I76">(4.4)</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I78">reverse order</a>&nbsp;(4.4)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I79">selected pages</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p23">product</a> (Introduction)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c216">\product</a> (8.2.2),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c244">(8.2.5)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c289">(9.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p289">(Index)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p7">pro<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>t</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p61">(1.4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p102">(2.3.5)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c161">\protect</a>&nbsp;(7.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c257">\ProvidesPackage</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a href="#PS" class="acroid">PS</a>&nbsp;(PostScript)&nbsp;(10.2.5)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m74">pslatex</a> (8.2.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p148">psnup</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p147">pstops</a>&nbsp;(4.4)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I29">pt (points)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p231">Publisher</a>&nbsp;(10)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p186">pybliographic</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.3)
         <h4><a name="Q">Q</a></h4>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c203">\qquad</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c23">\quad</a> (2.8.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c202">(8.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m59">quotation</a>&nbsp;(7.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I21">quotation marks</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m58">quote</a>&nbsp;(7.1)
         <h4><a name="R">R</a></h4>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m8">ragged2e</a>&nbsp;(2.8.5)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c28">\raggedleft</a>&nbsp;(2.8.5)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e3">raggedleft</a>&nbsp;(2.8.5)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c27">\raggedright</a> (2.8.5)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e2">raggedright</a>&nbsp;(2.8.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c144">(6.7.1)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c153">(6.7.2)</a>
         <br><a href="#sr" class="personname">Rahtz, Sebastian</a>&nbsp;(1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c317">\raisebox</a> (9.6.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c109">\ref</a> (6.2.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c165">(7.4.1)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I115">references</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c180">\refname</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c295">\reindex</a> (9.4)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c59">\renewcommand</a> (3.4),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c280">(9.2)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c314">(9.6)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m13">report</a> (3.1),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m24">(3.5)</a>
         <br><a href="#RGB" class="acroid">RGB</a>&nbsp;(Red-Green-Blue)&nbsp;(8.2.6), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A117">(5.1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A194">(8.2.6)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c210">\rightmark</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c258">\rmdefault</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I124">Rogue</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I103">rotate</a>
         <br><a href="#RTF" class="acroid">RTF</a>&nbsp;(Rich Text Format)&nbsp;(10.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A255">(10.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A280">(10.2.1)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p257">rtf2latex2e</a> (10.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p273">(10.2.1)</a>
         <br><a href="#RTFM" class="acroid">RTFM</a>&nbsp;(Read The Fine
         Manual)&nbsp;(1.2), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A210">(8.3.2)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I67">Runaway argument</a><h4><a name="S">S</a></h4>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c166">\S</a>&nbsp;(7.4.1)
         <br><a href="#us" class="personname">Sath&shy;yam, Ujwal</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p20">Saxon</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p261">(10.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e45">Sbox</a> (6.7.3),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e52">(9.5)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I105">scale</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p49">ScanDisk</a>&nbsp;(1.4)
         <br><a href="#cs" class="personname">Schenk, Christian</a>&nbsp;(1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p16">Scientific Word</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c230">\scriptsize</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c221">\scshape</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v4">secnumdepth</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="varname-subseq" href="#v9">(3.5.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c70">\section</a> (3.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c83">(3.6)</a>
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v37">section</a> (9.6)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I56">section numbering</a>
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I48">sections</a>,
         <a class="primary" href="#I55">(3.5)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m26">sectsty</a> (3.5),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m68">(8.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c214">\selectfont</a> (8.2.2),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c227">(8.2.3)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c302">\sentinel</a> (9.4)
         <br><b><i><a href="#series" class="firstterm">series</a></i></b>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c77">\setcounter</a>&nbsp;(3.5.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c80">\setlength</a> (3.6),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c148">(6.7.1)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m70">setspace</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c260">\sfdefault</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c224">\sffamily</a> (8.2.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c283">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a href="#SGML" class="acroid">SGML</a>&nbsp;(Standard Generalized Markup
         	      Language)&nbsp;(10.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A59">(2.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A81">(3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A220">(10)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A227">(10.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c156">\shadowbox</a> (6.7.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c313">(9.5)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#shape" class="firstterm">shape</a></i></b>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p11"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>shell</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p84">(2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p90">(2.3)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p46"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span>Shop</a>&nbsp;(1.3)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I108">sidebars</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c220">\slshape</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c157">\small</a> (7.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c232">(8.2.4)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c190">\smallskip</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m7">so</a>&nbsp;(2.8.5)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m71">soul</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I34">sp (scaled points)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c311">\space</a>&nbsp;(9.4)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v8">spaceskip</a>&nbsp;(2.8.2)
         <br>space, see white-spacewhite-space
         <br>spacing, see double-spacingdouble-spacing
         <br>spacing, see white-spacewhite-space
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I18">special characters</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m25">ssection</a>&nbsp;(3.5)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p246">Star Office</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c74">\subparagraph</a> (3.5),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c107">(6.2.5)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c79">\subparagraph*</a>&nbsp;(3.5.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c71">\subsection</a>&nbsp;(3.5)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c72">\subsubsection</a>&nbsp;(3.5)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I54">summaries</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#synchronous" class="firstterm">synchronous
                  typographic interface</a></i></b>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <h4><a name="T">T</a></h4>
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o11">t</a>&nbsp;(6.7.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p205">t1binary</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p206">t1utils</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v25">tabcolsep</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e21">table</a> (6.3.2),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e30">(6.4)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e50">table*</a>&nbsp;(7.6)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c3">\tableofcontents</a> (2.4),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c4">(2.4.1)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c85">(3.7)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c93">(4.2.1)</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I58">adding manual entry</a>&nbsp;(3.7)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I57">table of contents</a><a class="secondary" href="#I57">automated entries</a>&nbsp;(3.7)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I97">tables</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e22">tabular</a> (6.3.3),
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e25">(6.3.4)</a>,
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e41">(6.7.1)</a>,
         <a class="modespec-subseq" href="#e43">(6.7.2)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m55">tabular</a>&nbsp;(6.7.2)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m47">tabularx</a>&nbsp;(6.3.3)
         <br><a href="#TDS" class="acroid">TDS</a>&nbsp;( Directory
         	    Structure)&nbsp;(5.2.3), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A123">(5.2.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A199">(8.3)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p5">te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I5">te<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>
         <br><a href="#TEI" class="acroid">TEI</a>&nbsp;(Text Encoding Initiative)&nbsp;(10.2.3)
         <br><b><i><a href="#tempdir" class="firstterm">temporary directory</a></i></b>&nbsp;(5.2.1)
         <br><b><i><a href="#term" class="firstterm">term</a></i></b>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><font color="red">sortas:tetex</font>
         <br><font color="red">sortas:texcollection</font>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p41">texconfig</a> (1.2)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p154">texhash</a> (5.2.2),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p286">(A)</a>
         <br><font color="red">sortas:texlive</font>
         <br><font color="red">sortas:texniccenter</font>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c5">\textbackslash</a>&nbsp;(2.5)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c29">\textbrokenbar</a>&nbsp;(2.9)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c105">\textbullet</a>&nbsp;(6.2.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c246">\textcolor</a> (8.2.6)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m3">textcomp</a> (2.5.1)
         <br><a class="modespec-single" href="#e4">textcomp</a>&nbsp;(2.9),
         <a class="methodname-subseq" href="#m43">(6.2.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c34">\textdegree</a>&nbsp;(2.9)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c16">\texteuro</a>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c245">\textit</a>&nbsp;(8.2.5)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c30">\textlangle</a>&nbsp;(2.9)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c31">\textrangle</a>&nbsp;(2.9)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c15">\textsterling</a>&nbsp;(2.5.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c291">\texttrademark</a>&nbsp;(9.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p15">Textures</a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c315">\thechapter</a>&nbsp;(9.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c110">\theenumi</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c111">\theenumii</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c112">\theenumiii</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c113">\theenumiv</a>&nbsp;(6.2.6)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c312">\theSbox</a>&nbsp;(9.5)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c18">\thinspace</a> (2.6),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c200">(8.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c207">\thispagestyle</a>&nbsp;(8.1.2)
         <br><a href="#TIFF" class="acroid">TIFF</a>&nbsp;(Tagged Image File Format)&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-first" href="#m73">times</a> (8.2.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c229">\tiny</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c46">\title</a> (3.3),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c274">(9.2)</a>
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c176">\titleof</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.1)
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o7">titlepage</a>&nbsp;(3.1.1)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I52">titles</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p185">tkbibtex</a>&nbsp;(7.4.2.3)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p177">tkPaint</a>&nbsp;(6.5.1)
         <br><a class="varname-first" href="#v10">tocdepth</a> (3.5.1),
         <a class="varname-subseq" href="#v18">(3.7)</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I110">tools</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I63">Too many }'s</a>
         <br>tracking, see letterspacingletterspacing
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p97">tsconfig</a>&nbsp;(2.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c259">\ttdefault</a>&nbsp;(8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c225">\ttfamily</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a href="#TUG" class="acroid">TUG</a>&nbsp;( Users Group)&nbsp;(B), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A33">(Foreword)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A36">(Preface)</a>
         <br><a class="option-single" href="#o6">twoside</a>&nbsp;(3.1.1)
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m82">type1cm</a>&nbsp;(8.2.4)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I59">typesetting</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I126">typographics</a><h4><a name="U">U</a></h4>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m81">ulem</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c228">\uline</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I65">Undefined control sequence</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I69">Underfull hbox</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I28">units</a>
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I10">Unix</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p38">up2date</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p208">updmap</a> (8.3.2)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c218">\upshape</a>&nbsp;(8.2.3)
         <br><a href="#URI" class="acroid">URI</a>&nbsp;(Uniform Resource Indicator)&nbsp;(6.6.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A86">(4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A132">(5.3.4)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A174">(6.6)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A175">(6.6.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A181">(6.6.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A261">(10.1.1)</a>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m52">url</a>&nbsp;(6.6.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c135">\url</a> (6.6.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c140">(6.6.2)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c162">(7.2)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c320">(10.1.1)</a>
         <br><a href="#URL" class="acroid">URL</a>&nbsp;(Uniform Resource
         Locator)&nbsp;(6.6.1)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c67">\usepackage</a> (3.4),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c99">(4.2.3.6)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c100">(5.1.1)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c182">(7.4.2.4)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c256">(8.3.1)</a><h4><a name="V">V</a></h4>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p17">V<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></a>&nbsp;(Introduction)
         <br><a class="varname-single" href="#v39">variables</a>&nbsp;(Index)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c149">\vbox</a>&nbsp;(6.7.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p226">Velcro</a>&nbsp;(9.3)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c133">\verb</a> (6.6.1),
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c138">(6.6.2)</a>,
         <a class="command-subseq" href="#c160">(7.2)</a>
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e32">verbatim</a> (6.6.2)
         <br><a class="modespec-first" href="#e33">Verbatim</a> (6.6.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I106">verbatim text</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p44">vi</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <br><a class="soloindex" href="#I60">viewing</a>
         <br><a href="#vv" class="personname">Volovich, Vladimir</a>&nbsp;(8.3.3)
         <br><a class="command-first" href="#c194">\vspace</a> (8.1.1)
         <br><a class="command-single" href="#c195">\vspace*</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <h4><a name="W">W</a></h4>
         <br><a href="#sw" class="personname">Wawrykiewicz, Staszek</a>&nbsp;(6.5)
         <br><a class="headword" href="#I17">white-space</a><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I133">double-spacing</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I45">hard</a>&nbsp;(2.8.3)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="secondary" href="#I137">horizontal</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="tertiary" href="#I132">disappearing</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="tertiary" href="#I131">fixed</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a class="tertiary" href="#I130">flexible</a>&nbsp;(8.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p48">Windows Update</a>&nbsp;(1.4)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p104">Winedt</a>&nbsp;(2.3.5)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p14">WinEdt</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p31">(1.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p54">(1.4.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p81">(1.4.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p87">(2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p93">(2.3)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p100">(2.3.5)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p13">WinShell</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p80">(1.4.2)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p86">(2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p91">(2.3)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p3">Word</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p235">(10.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p269">(10.2.1)</a>,
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p282">(10.2.4)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p256">WordML2<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p2">WordPerfect</a> (Introduction),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p248">(10.1)</a>
         <br><b><i><a href="#wsp" class="firstterm">white-space</a></i></b>&nbsp;(2.4.1)
         <br><a href="#WYSIWYG" class="acroid">WYSIWYG</a>&nbsp;(What You See Is
         	    What You Get)&nbsp;(2.3.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A41">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A62">(2.2)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A94">(4.3.1)</a>
         <br><a href="#WYSIWYM" class="acroid">WYSIWYM</a>&nbsp;(What You See Is
         	    What You Mean)&nbsp;(2.3.1)
         <h4><a name="X">X</a></h4>
         <br><a class="methodname-single" href="#m35">xcolor</a>&nbsp;(5.1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-first" href="#p128">xdvi</a> (4.3.1),
         <a class="productname-subseq" href="#p139">(4.3.3)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p78">Xemacs</a>&nbsp;(1.4.2)
         <br><a href="#XHTML" class="acroid">XHTML</a>&nbsp;(Extensible HyperText Markup
         	      Language)&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p115">xkeycaps</a>&nbsp;(2.7)
         <br><a href="#XML" class="acroid">XML</a>&nbsp;(Extensible Markup
         	Language)&nbsp;(10), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A17">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A34">(Foreword)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A49">(Preface)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A76">(2.3.6)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A83">(3.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A134">(6.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A178">(6.6.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A221">(10)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A226">(10.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A258">(10.1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A291">(10.2.3)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A303">(C)</a>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p259">XML Spy</a>&nbsp;(10.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p27">xpdf</a>&nbsp;(1.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p121">Xpdf</a>&nbsp;(4.1)
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p228">XPress</a>&nbsp;(10)
         <br><a href="#XSLT" class="acroid">XSLT</a>&nbsp;(Extensible Stylesheet Language
         	  [Transformations])&nbsp;(10.1), <a class="acrorefs" href="#A1">(Release Info)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A9">(Revision Info)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A28">(Introduction)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A238">(10.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A260">(10.1.1)</a>, <a class="acrorefs" href="#A304">(C)</a><h4><a name="Y">Y</a></h4>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p37">yum</a>&nbsp;(1.2)
         <h4><a name="Z">Z</a></h4>
         <br><a class="productname-single" href="#p25">Zaurus</a>&nbsp;(Preface)
      </div>
   </body>
</html>