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<!DOCTYPE html
  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">

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      <title>Formatting information: Appendix C&nbsp;&#8212; The ASCII character set</title>
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   <body>
      <table width="100%">
         <tr>
            <th class="title" width="66%">
               <h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
               <h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
                  <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
               <h3>Appendix C&nbsp;&#8212; The ASCII character set</h3>
               <h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
               <h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
               </h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
            </th>
            <td class="toc" width="33%">
               <h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
               </dl>
               <ol>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
               </ol>
               <ol type="A">
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
                  <li class="current"><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
                  <li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
               </ol>
               <dl>
                  <dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
                  <dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
               </dl>
            </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td class="credits">
               <p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
                     	  Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
                  	have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
                  	individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
                  	2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
                  	fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
                  	constantly under development. There have been revisions to
                  	packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
                  	interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
                  	my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
                  	cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
                  	felt to be indispensable to users. &para;&nbsp;I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
                  	corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
                  	coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
                  	want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
                  	mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
                  	books on the market&nbsp;&#8212; as well as other online
                  	documents&nbsp;&#8212; dealing with mathematical typesetting in
                  <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
                  	capable of. &para;&nbsp;The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
                  	rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
                  	chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
                  	acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
                  	been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
                  	been retested. &para;&nbsp;As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
                  	an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
                  	grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
                  	author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
                  	for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
                  	more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
                  	specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
                  	difficult for people who write technical documentation to
                  	remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
                  	familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
                  	lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
                  	more with the way in which we view and approach information,
                  	and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
                  	obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
                  	<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
                  	that I can correct&nbsp;it. 
                  <p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
                  </p>
               </p>
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            <td class="legal">
               <p>
                  <p>This document is Copyright &copy; 1999&#8211;2005 by
                     Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
                     Free Documentation License (copyleft).
                  </p>
                  <p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
                     this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
                     License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
                     Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
                     Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
                     license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
                  </p>
                  <p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
                     without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
                     conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
                     asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
                     document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
                     inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
                     the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
                     
                  </p>
               </p>
            </td>
         </tr>
      </table>
      <div class="chapter">
         <table width="100%">
            <tr>
               <td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="asciicharset">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
                     <tr>
                        <td class="chapno">C</td>
                     </tr>
                  </table>
               </td>
               <td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
               <td>
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <h1>The ASCII character set</h1>
               </td>
               <td class="toc">
                  <p>&nbsp;</p>
                  <ol></ol>
               </td>
               <td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
            </tr>
         </table>
         <p>The American Standard Code for Information Interchange was
            invented in 1963, and after some redevelopment settled down in
            1984 as standard X3.4 of <a name="ANSI" class="acroref">American National
               	Standards Institute</a>&nbsp;(<small>ANSI</small>). It represents the 95 basic
            codes for the unaccented printable characters and punctuation of
            the Latin alphabet, plus 33 internal &#8216;control
            	characters&#8217; originally intended for the control of
            computers, programs, and external devices like printers and
            screens.
         </p>
         <p>Many other character sets (strictly speaking,
            &#8216;character repertoires&#8217;) have been standardised for
            accented Latin characters and for all other non-Latin writing
            systems, but these are intended for representing the symbols
            people use when writing text on computers. Most programs and
            computers use <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A302" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> internally for all
            their coding, the exceptions being <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A303" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>-based languages like <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A304" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small>, which are inherently designed to be
            usable with any writing system, and a few specialist systems
            like APL.
         </p>
         <p>Although the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file formats can easily be
            used with many other encoding systems (see the discussion of the
            <span class="package"><a name="m90">inputenc</a></span> in <a href="chapter2.html#accents">section 2.7</a>), they are based on <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A305" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small>. It is therefore important to know
            where to find <em>all</em> 95 of the printable
            characters, as some of them are not often used in other
            text-formatting systems. The following table shows all 128
            characters, with their decimal, octal (base-8), and hexadecimal
            (base-16) code numbers.
         </p>
         <div align="center" class="table">
            <table>
               <caption><i>Table 1</i>.&nbsp;<a name="asciicodes">The ASCII characters</a></caption>
               <tr class="headfoot">
                  <th valign="bottom" align="right">Oct</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">0</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">1</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">2</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">3</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">4</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">5</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">6</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">7</th>
                  <th valign="bottom" align="left">Hex</th>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'00&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NUL</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SOH</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">STX</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETX</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EOT</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ENQ</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ACK</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BEL</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'01&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">HT</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">LF</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">VT</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FF</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CR</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SO</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SI</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'02&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DLE</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC1</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC2</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC3</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC4</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NAK</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SYN</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETB</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'03&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CAN</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EM</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SUB</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ESC</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">GS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">RS</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">US</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'04&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;"></td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">!</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">"</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">#</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">$</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">%</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&amp;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">'</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'05&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">(</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">)</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">*</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">+</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">,</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">-</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">.</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">/</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'06&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">0</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">1</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">2</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">3</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">4</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">5</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">6</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">7</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'07&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">8</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">9</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">:</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&lt;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">=</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&gt;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">?</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'10&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">@</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">A</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">B</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">C</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">D</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">E</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">F</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">G</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'11&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">H</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">I</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">J</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">K</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">L</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">M</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">N</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">O</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'12&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">P</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Q</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">R</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">S</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">T</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">U</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">V</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">W</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'13&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">X</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Y</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Z</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">[</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">\</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">]</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">^</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">_</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'14&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">`</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">a</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">b</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">c</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">d</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">e</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">f</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">g</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'15&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">h</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">i</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">j</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">k</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">l</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">m</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">n</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">o</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'16&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">p</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">q</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">r</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">s</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">t</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">u</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">v</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">w</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7&#8593;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr>
                  <td valign="top" align="right" style="">'17&#8593;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">x</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">y</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">z</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">{</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">|</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">}</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&#732;</td>
                  <td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DEL</td>
                  <td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7&#8595;</td>
               </tr>
               <tr class="headfoot">
                  <th valign="top" align="right"></th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">8</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">9</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">A</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">B</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">C</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">D</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">E</th>
                  <th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">F</th>
                  <th valign="top" align="left"></th>
               </tr>
            </table>
         </div>
         <p>The index numbers in the first and last columns are for
            finding the octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (base-16) values
            respectively. Replace the arrow with the number or letter from
            the top of the column (if the arrow points up) from the bottom
            of the column(if the arrow points down).
         </p>
         <p>Example: The Escape character (ESC) is octal '033 (03 for
            the row, 3 for the number at the top of the column because the
            arrow points up) or hexadecimal "1B (1 for the row, B for the
            letter at the bottom of the column because the arrow points
            down).
         </p>
         <p>For the decimal value, multiply the Octal row number by
            eight and add the column number from the top line (that makes
            ESC 27).
         </p>
      </div>
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