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<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "/dtds/html4t.dtd">
<!--Generated from beginlatex.XML.xml with typebook-html.xslt on 2005-04-04T01:03:06--><html>
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<title>Formatting information: Appendix C — The ASCII character set</title>
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<body>
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<th class="title" width="66%">
<h1><a name="doctitle">Formatting information</a></h1>
<h2>A beginner's introduction to typesetting with
<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></h2>
<h3>Appendix C — The ASCII character set</h3>
<h3>Peter Flynn</h3>
<h4>Silmaril Consultants<br>Textual Therapy Division
</h4><br>v. 3.6 (March 2005)
</th>
<td class="toc" width="33%">
<h4><a name="doctoc">Contents</a></h4>
<dl>
<dd class=""><a href="intro.html#intro">Introduction</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="foreword.html#foreword">Foreword</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="preface.html#preface">Preface</a></dd>
</dl>
<ol>
<li class=""><a href="chapter1.html#get">Installing <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter2.html#plaintext">Using your editor to create documents</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter3.html#basic">Basic document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter4.html#process">Typesetting, viewing and printing</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter5.html#ctan">CTAN, packages, and online help</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter6.html#otherdoc">Other document structures</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter7.html#texttools">Textual tools</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter8.html#typo">Fonts and layouts</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter9.html#macros">Programmability (macros)</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="chapter10.html#compat">Compatibility with other systems</a></li>
</ol>
<ol type="A">
<li class=""><a href="appendixA.html#cnf">Configuring <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> search paths</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixB.html#tugform"><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Users Group membership</a></li>
<li class="current"><a href="appendixC.html#asciicharset">The ASCII character set</a></li>
<li class=""><a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
</ol>
<dl>
<dd class=""><a href="bibliography.html#biblio">References</a></dd>
<dd class=""><a href="index.html#index">Index</a></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="credits">
<p>This edition of <cite>Formatting
Information</cite> was prompted by the generous help I
have received from <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> users too numerous to mention
individually. Shortly after TUGboat published the November
2003 edition, I was reminded by a spate of email of the
fragility of documentation for a system like <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> which is
constantly under development. There have been revisions to
packages; issues of new distributions, new tools, and new
interfaces; new books and other new documents; corrections to
my own errors; suggestions for rewording; and in one or two
cases mild abuse for having omitted package X which the author
felt to be indispensable to users. ¶ I am grateful as always to the people who sent me
corrections and suggestions for improvement. Please keep them
coming: only this way can this book reflect what people
want to learn. The same limitation still applies, however: no
mathematics, as there are already a dozen or more excellent
books on the market — as well as other online
documents — dealing with mathematical typesetting in
<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> in finer and better detail than I am
capable of. ¶ The structure remains the same, but I have revised and
rephrased a lot of material, especially in the earlier
chapters where a new user cannot be expected yet to have
acquired any depth of knowledge. Many of the screenshots have
been updated, and most of the examples and code fragments have
been retested. ¶ As I was finishing this edition, I was asked to review
an article for <cite><a href="http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/" name="C3">The Prac<span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Journal</a></cite>, which
grew out of the Practical <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> Conference in 2004. The
author specifically took the writers of documentation to task
for failing to explain things more clearly, and as I read
more, I found myself agreeing, and resolving to clear up some
specific problems areas as far as possible. It is very
difficult for people who write technical documentation to
remember how they struggled to learn what has now become a
familiar system. So much of what we do is second nature, and a
lot of it actually has nothing to do with the software, but
more with the way in which we view and approach information,
and the general level of knowledge of computing. If I have
obscured something by making unreasonable assumptions about
<em>your</em> knowledge, please let me know so
that I can correct it.
<p>Peter Flynn is author of <cite><a href="bibliography.html#htmlbook" name="C4">The HTML Handbook</a></cite> and <cite><a href="bibliography.html#sgmltools" name="C5">Understanding SGML and XML Tools</a></cite>, and editor of <cite><a href="http://www.ucc.ie/xml/" name="C6">The XML FAQ</a></cite>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
<td class="legal">
<p>
<p>This document is Copyright © 1999–2005 by
Silmaril Consultants under the terms of what is now the GNU
Free Documentation License (copyleft).
</p>
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify
this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled <cite><a href="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/fdl.html" name="C1">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></cite>.
</p>
<p>You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify it
without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the
conditions in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl-4">section D.5</a>. The author has
asserted his right to be identified as the author of this
document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to
inform the author so that the master copy can be updated. See
the full text of the License in <a href="appendixD.html#gfdl">Appendix D</a>.
</p>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="chapter">
<table width="100%">
<tr>
<td align="center"><small><i class="chaphead"><b><a name="asciicharset">APPENDIX</a></b></i></small><br><table border="1">
<tr>
<td class="chapno">C</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td><pre class="spacing"></pre></td>
<td>
<p> </p>
<h1>The ASCII character set</h1>
</td>
<td class="toc">
<p> </p>
<ol></ol>
</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#doctoc"><img src="top.png" title="Table of Contents" width="32" alt="ToC" align="right" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The American Standard Code for Information Interchange was
invented in 1963, and after some redevelopment settled down in
1984 as standard X3.4 of <a name="ANSI" class="acroref">American National
Standards Institute</a> (<small>ANSI</small>). It represents the 95 basic
codes for the unaccented printable characters and punctuation of
the Latin alphabet, plus 33 internal ‘control
characters’ originally intended for the control of
computers, programs, and external devices like printers and
screens.
</p>
<p>Many other character sets (strictly speaking,
‘character repertoires’) have been standardised for
accented Latin characters and for all other non-Latin writing
systems, but these are intended for representing the symbols
people use when writing text on computers. Most programs and
computers use <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A302" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small> internally for all
their coding, the exceptions being <small><a href="chapter10.html#XML" class="acroref" name="A303" title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</a></small>-based languages like <small><a href="chapter10.html#XSLT" class="acroref" name="A304" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language [Transformations]">XSLT</a></small>, which are inherently designed to be
usable with any writing system, and a few specialist systems
like APL.
</p>
<p>Although the <span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span> and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span class="E">E</span>X</span></span> file formats can easily be
used with many other encoding systems (see the discussion of the
<span class="package"><a name="m90">inputenc</a></span> in <a href="chapter2.html#accents">section 2.7</a>), they are based on <small><a href="chapter2.html#ASCII" class="acroref" name="A305" title="American Standard Code for Information Interchange">ASCII</a></small>. It is therefore important to know
where to find <em>all</em> 95 of the printable
characters, as some of them are not often used in other
text-formatting systems. The following table shows all 128
characters, with their decimal, octal (base-8), and hexadecimal
(base-16) code numbers.
</p>
<div align="center" class="table">
<table>
<caption><i>Table 1</i>. <a name="asciicodes">The ASCII characters</a></caption>
<tr class="headfoot">
<th valign="bottom" align="right">Oct</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">0</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">1</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">2</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">3</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">4</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">5</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">6</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="center" width="56">7</th>
<th valign="bottom" align="left">Hex</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'00↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NUL</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SOH</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">STX</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETX</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EOT</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ENQ</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ACK</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BEL</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'01↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">BS</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">HT</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">LF</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">VT</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FF</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CR</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SO</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SI</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''0↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'02↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DLE</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC1</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC2</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC3</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DC4</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">NAK</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SYN</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ETB</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'03↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">CAN</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">EM</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">SUB</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">ESC</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">FS</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">GS</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">RS</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">US</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''1↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'04↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;"></td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">!</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">"</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">#</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">$</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">%</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">&</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">'</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'05↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">(</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">)</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">*</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">+</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">,</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">-</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">.</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">/</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''2↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'06↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">0</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">1</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">2</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">3</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">4</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">5</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">6</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">7</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'07↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">8</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">9</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">:</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">;</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;"><</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">=</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">></td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">?</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''3↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'10↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">@</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">A</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">B</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">C</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">D</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">E</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">F</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">G</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'11↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">H</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">I</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">J</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">K</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">L</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">M</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">N</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">O</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''4↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'12↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">P</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Q</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">R</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">S</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">T</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">U</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">V</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">W</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'13↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">X</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Y</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">Z</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">[</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">\</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">]</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">^</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">_</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''5↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'14↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">`</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">a</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">b</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">c</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">d</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">e</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">f</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">g</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'15↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">h</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">i</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">j</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">k</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">l</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">m</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">n</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">o</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''6↓</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'16↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">p</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">q</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">r</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">s</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">t</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">u</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">v</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">w</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7↑</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" style="">'17↑</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">x</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">y</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">z</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">{</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">|</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">}</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">˜</td>
<td valign="top" width="56" align="center" style="font-family:monospace;">DEL</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" style="">''7↓</td>
</tr>
<tr class="headfoot">
<th valign="top" align="right"></th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">8</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">9</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">A</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">B</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">C</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">D</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">E</th>
<th valign="top" width="1cm" align="center">F</th>
<th valign="top" align="left"></th>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>The index numbers in the first and last columns are for
finding the octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (base-16) values
respectively. Replace the arrow with the number or letter from
the top of the column (if the arrow points up) from the bottom
of the column(if the arrow points down).
</p>
<p>Example: The Escape character (ESC) is octal '033 (03 for
the row, 3 for the number at the top of the column because the
arrow points up) or hexadecimal "1B (1 for the row, B for the
letter at the bottom of the column because the arrow points
down).
</p>
<p>For the decimal value, multiply the Octal row number by
eight and add the column number from the top line (that makes
ESC 27).
</p>
</div>
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