1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
|
\documentstyle[11pt,a4,axodraw]{article}
\def\KeyWord#1{$\backslash$\IfColor{$\!\!$\textRed{#1}\textBlack}{#1}$\!\!$}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
{\Huge \IfColor{\textRed{A}\textOrange{X}\textYellow{O}\textGreen
{D}\textBlue{R}\textRoyalPurple{A}\textViolet{W}\textBlack$\!\!\!$}{AXODRAW}} \\
\vspace{3cm}
{\LARGE J.A.M.Vermaseren} \\
\vspace{4mm}
NIKHEF-H \\ P.O. Box 41882 \\ 1009 DB Amsterdam \\ \vspace{5mm}
\end{center}
\vspace{5cm}
\begin{abstract}
Axodraw is a set of drawing primitives for use in \LaTeX. These can be used
for the drawing of Feynman diagrams, flow charts and simple graphics.
Because it uses postscript for its drawing commands it works only in
combination with the dvips of Radical Eye Software which is presently the
most popular dvips program. More will be added in the future. It allows
whole articles including their pictures to be contained in a single file,
thereby making it easier to exchange the article file by e-mail. The
current version\footnote{An earlier version of Axodraw was published
in Comp. Phys. Comm. 83 (1994) 45.} supports color according to the scheme
implemented in the file colordvi.sty which comes with most \TeX{}
distributions.
\end{abstract}
\newpage
\section{Using Axodraw}
The file axodraw.sty is a style file for \LaTeX{}. It should be included
in the documentstyle statement at the beginning of the
document. An example would be: \IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[a4,11pt,axodraw]{article}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
Because axodraw.sty reads also the epsf.sty file that comes with many
implementations of \TeX{} and in particular those that rely on the dvips
program by Radical Eye Software for the printing, this file should be
present in the system. If this file is not available one should obtain it
from another system. The file colordvi.sty is also read, but if it is not
present there will be no error. The user should just not use color in that
case. The author feels in no way responsible for the problems that may
occur when a different dvi-to-postscript program is used.
The drawing is actually done in postscript. Because the above mentioned
dvi-to-postscript converter allows the inclusion of postscript code the
graphics primitives have been included in the file axodraw.sty in terms
of postscript. If another postscript converter is used, one may have to
adapt the syntax of the inclusion of this code to the local system.
The commands of Axodraw should be executed inside either the picture or the
figure environment. Inside this environment it is possible to place objects
at arbitrary positions and put text between them. In principle one could
try to draw objects with the facilities of \LaTeX{} itself, but it turns
out that the commands in the picture environment are not very powerful.
Axodraw gives good extensions of them. An example would be
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(300,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{Red}
\GlueArc(150,50)(40,0,180){5}{8}
\SetColor{Green}
\GlueArc(150,50)(40,180,360){5}{8}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Gluon(50,50)(110,50){5}{4} \Vertex(110,50){2}
\Gluon(190,50)(250,50){5}{4} \Vertex(190,50){2}
\end{picture} \\ {\sl A gluon loop diagram} \end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
This code would result in:
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(300,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{Red}
\GlueArc(150,50)(40,0,180){5}{8}
\SetColor{Green}
\GlueArc(150,50)(40,180,360){5}{8}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Gluon(50,50)(110,50){5}{4} \Vertex(110,50){2}
\Gluon(190,50)(250,50){5}{4} \Vertex(190,50){2}
\end{picture} \\ {\sl A gluon loop diagram} \end{center}
The syntax and the meaning of these command are explained in the next
section. One should note that all coordinates are presented in units of
1 point. There are 72 points in an inch. It is possible to use scale
transformations if these units are not convenient.
Currently the primitives are mainly useful for the drawing of Feynman
diagrams and the drawing of flowcharts. This means that the commands were
designed to draw a number of these graphs. Of course many more things can
be drawn with them, like scatter plots, histograms etc.
The current manual uses only those color commands that are safe on systems
that do not have the required colordvi.sty file. It should however be clear
from the examples how to use the other features. To allow the creation of
complicated color commands that will work also in the absence of the
colordvi.sty file there is a macro IfColor which is described below with
the other commands.
\section{The commands}
The commands that are currently available in Axodraw are (in alphabetic
order):
\begin{itemize}
\item \KeyWord{ArrowArc}(x,y)(r,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$) \hfill \\
Draws an arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. In the middle of the segment there will
be an arrow.
\item \KeyWord{ArrowArcn}(x,y)(radius,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$) \hfill \\
Draws an arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs clockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. In the middle of the segment there will
be an arrow.
\item \KeyWord{ArrowLine}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$) \hfill \\
Draws a line from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$). There will be an
arrow in the middle of the line.
\item \KeyWord{BBox}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$) \hfill \\
Draws a box of which the contents are blanked out. This means that
anything that was present at the position of the box will be
overwritten. The lower left corner of the box is at ($x_1$,$y_1$) and
($x_2$,$y_2$) is the upper right corner of the box.
\item \KeyWord{BBoxc}(x,y)(width,height) \hfill \\
Draws a box of which the contents are blanked out. This means that
anything that was present at the position of the box will be
overwritten. The center of the box is at (x,y). Width and height refer
to the full width and the full height of the box.
\item \KeyWord{BCirc}(x,y)\{r\} \hfill \\
Draws a circle of which the contents are blanked out. This means that
anything that was present at the position of the circle will be
overwritten. The center of the circle is at (x,y). r is its radius.
\item \KeyWord{Boxc}(x,y)(width,height) \hfill \\
Draws a box. The center of the box is at (x,y). Width and height refer
to the full width and the full height of the box.
\item \KeyWord{BText}(x,y)\{text\} \hfill \\
Draws a box with one line of centered postscript text in it. The box is
just big enough to fit around the text. The coordinates refer to the
center of the box. The box is like a BBox in that it blanks out
whatever was at the position of the box.
\item \KeyWord{B2Text}(x,y)\{text1\}\{text2\} \hfill \\
Draws a box with two lines of centered postscript text in it. The box is
just big enough to fit around the text. The coordinates refer to the
center of the box. The box is like a BBox in that it blanks out
whatever was at the position of the box.
\item \KeyWord{CArc}(x,y)(radius,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$) \hfill \\
Draws an arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees.
\item \KeyWord{CBox}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{color1\}\{color2\} \hfill \\
Draws a box. The lower left corner of the box is at ($x_1$,$y_1$) and
($x_2$,$y_2$) is the upper right corner of the box. The contents of
the box are lost. The color of the box will be color1 and the color of
the background inside the box will be color2.
\item \KeyWord{CBoxc}(x,y)(width,height)\{color1\}\{color2\} \hfill \\
Draws a box of which the contents are blanked out. This means that
anything that was present at the position of the box will be
overwritten. The center of the box is at (x,y). Width and height refer
to the full width and the full height of the box. The color of the box
will be color1 and the color of the background inside the box will be
color2.
\item \KeyWord{CCirc}(x,y)\{radius\}\{color1\}\{color2\} \hfill \\
Draws a circle around (x,y) with radius r. The contents of
the circle are lost. The color of the box will be color1 and the color
of the background inside the box will be color2.
\item \KeyWord{COval}(x,y)(h,w)($\phi$)\{color1\}\{color2\} \hfill \\
Draws an oval with an internal color indicated by color2. The oval
itself has the color color1. The center of the oval
is given by (x,y). Its height is h, and the width is w. In addition
the oval can be rotated counterclockwise over $\phi$ degrees. The
oval overwrites anything that used to be in its position.
\item \KeyWord{CText}(x,y)\{color1\}\{color2\}\{text\} \hfill \\
Draws a box with one line of centered postscript text in it. The
box is just big enough to fit around the text. The coordinates refer to
the center of the box. The box is like a CBox in that it blanks out
whatever was at the position of the box. The color of the box and the
text inside is color1 and the background inside has the color color2.
\item \KeyWord{C2Text}(x,y)\{color1\}\{color2\}\{text1\}\{text2\} \hfill \\
Draws a box with two lines of centered postscript text in it.
The box is just big enough to fit around the text. The coordinates
refer to the center of the box. The box is like a CBox in that it blanks
out whatever was at the position of the box. The color of the box and the
text inside is color1 and the background inside has the color color2.
\item \KeyWord{Curve}\{$(x_1,y_1)(x_2,y_2)\cdots(x_n,y_n)$\} \hfill \\
Draws a curve through the given points. The x-values are supposed to
be in ascending order. The curve is a combination of quadratic and
third order segments and is continuous in its first and second derivatives.
\item \KeyWord{DashArrowArc}(x,y)(r,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$)\{dashsize\} \hfill \\
Draws a dashed arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. In the middle of the segment there will
be an arrow. The size of the dashes is approximately equal to
`dashsize'.
\item \KeyWord{DashArrowArcn}(x,y)(radius,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$)\{dashsize\} \hfill \\
Draws a dashed arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs clockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. In the middle of the segment there will
be an arrow. The size of the dashes is approximately equal to
`dashsize'.
\item \KeyWord{DashArrowLine}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{dashsize\} \hfill \\
Draws a line from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$) with a dashed
pattern. The size of the black parts of the pattern is given by
`dashsize'. The alternating pieces have equal length. The size of
the pattern is adjusted so that both the begin and the end are
black. Halfway the line there is an arrow.
\item \KeyWord{DashCArc}(x,y)(radius,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$)\{dashsize\} \hfill \\
Draws a dashed arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. The size of the dashes is determined by
`dashsize'. This size is adjusted somewhat to make the result look
nice.
\item \KeyWord{DashCurve}\{$(x_1,y_1)(x_2,y_2)\cdots(x_n,y_n)$\}\{
dashsize\} \hfill \\
Draws a dashed curve through the given points. The x-values are
supposed to be in ascending order. The curve is a combination of
quadratic and third order segments. The size of the black parts and
the white parts will be approximately `dashsize' each. Some
adjustment takes place to make the pattern come out right at the
endpoints.
\item \KeyWord{DashLine}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{dashsize\} \hfill \\
Draws a line from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$) with a dashed
pattern. The size of the black parts of the pattern is given by
`dashsize'. The alternating pieces have equal length. The size of
the pattern is adjusted so that both the begin and the end are
black.
\item \KeyWord{EBox}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$) \hfill \\
Draws a box. The lower left corner of the box is at ($x_1$,$y_1$) and
($x_2$,$y_2$) is the upper right corner of the box.
\item \KeyWord{IfColor}\{arg1\}\{arg2\} \hfill \\
If the file colordvi.sty is present the first argument will be
executed. If this file is not present the second argument will be
executed. For examples, see some of the figures. This command can also
be used in the regular text of the \LaTeX{} file.
\item \KeyWord{GBox}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{grayscale\} \hfill \\
Draws a box. The lower left corner of the box is at ($x_1$,$y_1$) and
($x_2$,$y_2$) is the upper right corner of the box. The contents of
the box are lost. They are overwritten with a color gray that is
indicated by the parameter `grayscale'. This parameter can have
values ranging from 0 (black) to 1 (white).
\item \KeyWord{GBoxc}(x,y)(width,height)\{grayscale\} \hfill \\
Draws a box. The center of the box is at (x,y). Width and height refer
to the full width and the full height of the box. The contents of
the box are lost. They are overwritten with a color gray that is
indicated by the parameter `grayscale'. This parameter can have
values ranging from 0 (black) to 1 (white).
\item \KeyWord{GCirc}(x,y)\{radius\}\{grayscale\} \hfill \\
Draws a circle around (x,y) with radius r. The contents of
the circle are lost. They are overwritten with a color gray that is
indicated by the parameter `grayscale'. This parameter can have
values ranging from 0 (black) to 1 (white).
\item \KeyWord{GlueArc}(x,y)(r,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$)\{amplitude\}\{windings\} \hfill \\
Draws a gluon on an arc-segment. The center of the arc is (x,y) and r
is its radius. The arc segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$
to $\phi_2$. The width of the gluon is twice `amplitude', and the
number of windings is given by the last parameter. Note that whether
the curls are inside or outside can be influenced with the sign of
the amplitude. When it is positive the curls are on the inside.
\item \KeyWord{Gluon}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{amplitude\}\{windings\} \hfill \\
Draws a gluon from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$). The width of the
gluon will be twice the value of `amplitude'. The number of windings
is given by the last parameter. If this parameter is not an integer
it will be rounded to an integer value. The side at which the
windings lie is determined by the order of the two coordinates. Also
a negative amplitude can change this side.
\item \KeyWord{GOval}(x,y)(h,w)($\phi$)\{grayscale\} Draws an oval with
an internal color indicated by grayscale. This parameter can have
values ranging from 0 (black) to 1 (white). The center of the oval
is given by (x,y). Its height is h, and the width is w. In addition
the oval can be rotated counterclockwise over $\phi$ degrees. The
oval overwrites anything that used to be in its position.
\item \KeyWord{GText}(x,y)\{grayscale\}\{text\} \hfill \\
Draws a gray box with one line of centered postscript text in it. The
box is just big enough to fit around the text. The coordinates refer to
the center of the box. The box is like a BBox in that it blanks out
whatever was at the position of the box.
\item \KeyWord{G2Text}(x,y)\{grayscale\}\{text1\}\{text2\} \hfill \\
Draws a gray box with two lines of centered postscript text in it.
The box is just big enough to fit around the text. The coordinates
refer to the center of the box. The box is like a BBox in that it
blanks out whatever was at the position of the box.
\item \KeyWord{LinAxis}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)($N_D$,$d$,hashsize
,offset,width) \hfill \\
This draws a line to be used as an axis in a graph. Along the axis
are hash marks. Going from the first coordinate to the second, the
hash marks are on the left side if `hashsize', which is the size of the
hash marks, is positive and on the right side if it is negative.
$N_D$ is the number of `decades', indicated by fat hash marks, and
$d$ is the number of subdivisions inside each decade. The offset
parameter tells to which subdivision the first coordinate
corresponds. When it is zero, this coordinate corresponds to a fat
mark of a decade. Because axes have their own width, this is
indicated with the last parameter.
\item \KeyWord{Line}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$) \hfill \\
Draws a line from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$).
\item \KeyWord{LogAxis}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)($N_L$,hashsize
,offset,width) \hfill \\
This draws a line to be used as an axis in a graph. Along the axis
are hash marks. Going from the first coordinate to the second, the
hash marks are on the left side if `hashsize', which is the size of the
hash marks, is positive and on the right side if it is negative.
$N_L$ is the number of orders of magnitude, indicated by fat
hash marks. The offset parameter tells to which integer subdivision
the first coordinate corresponds. When it is zero, this coordinate
corresponds to a fat mark, which is identical to when the value
would have been 1. Because axes have their own width, this is
indicated with the last parameter.
\item \KeyWord{LongArrow}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$) \hfill \\
Draws a line from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$). There will be an
arrow at the end of the line.
\item \KeyWord{LongArrowArc}(x,y)(r,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$) \hfill \\
Draws an arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. At the end of the segment there will
be an arrow.
\item \KeyWord{LongArrowArcn}(x,y)(radius,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$) \hfill \\
Draws an arc segment centered around (x,y). The radius is r. The
arc-segment runs clockwise from $\phi_1$ to $\phi_2$. All
angles are given in degrees. At the end of the segment there will
be an arrow.
\item \KeyWord{Oval}(x,y)(h,w)($\phi$) Draws an oval.
The center of the oval
is given by (x,y). Its height is h, and the width is w. In addition
the oval can be rotated counterclockwise over $\phi$ degrees. The
oval does not overwrite its contents.
\item \KeyWord{Photon}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{amplitude\}\{wiggles\} \hfill \\
Draws a photon from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$). The width of the
photon will be twice the value of `amplitude'. The number of wiggles
is given by the last parameter. If twice this parameter is not an integer
it will be rounded to an integer value. Whether the first wiggle
starts up or down can be influenced with the sign of the amplitude.
\item \KeyWord{PhotonArc}(x,y)(r,$\phi_1$,$\phi_2$)\{amplitude\}\{wiggles\} \hfill \\
Draws a photon on an arc-segment. The center of the arc is (x,y) and r
is its radius. The arc segment runs counterclockwise from $\phi_1$
to $\phi_2$. The width of the photon is twice `amplitude', and the
number of wiggles is given by the last parameter. Note that
the sign of the amplitude influences whether the photon starts going
outside (positive) or starts going inside (negative). If one likes
the photon to reach both endpoints from the outside the number of
wiggles should be an integer plus 0.5.
\item \KeyWord{PText}(x,y)($\phi$)$[$mode$]$\{text\} \hfill \\
Places a postscript text. The focal point is (x,y). The text is the last
parameter. The mode parameter tells how the text should be
positioned with respect to the focal point. If this parameter is
omitted the center of the text will correspond to the focal point.
Other options are: l for having the left side correspond to the
focal point, r for having the right side correspond to it, t for
having the top at the focal point and b for the bottom. One may
combine two letters as in $[$bl$]$, as long as it makes sense. The
parameter $\phi$ is a rotation angle. The text is written in the
current postscript font. This font can be set with the SetPFont
command.
\item \KeyWord{rText}(x,y)$[$mode$][$rotation$]$\{text\} \hfill \\
Places a rotated text. The focal point is (x,y). The text is the last
parameter. If the rotation parameter is the character l the text
will be rotated left by 90 degrees, if it is an r it will be rotated
to the right by 90 degrees and when it is the character u the text
will be rotated by 180 degrees. When there is no character there is
no rotation and the command is identical to the Text command.
The mode parameter tells how the resulting box should be
positioned with respect to the focal point. If this parameter is
omitted the center of the box will correspond to the focal point.
Other options are: l for having the left side correspond to the
focal point, r for having the right side correspond to it, t for
having the top at the focal point and b for the bottom. One may
combine two letters as in $[$bl$]$, as long as it makes sense.
\item \KeyWord{SetColor}\{NameOfColor\} \hfill \\
Sets the color for the next commands. This command onlt affects the
current picture. In addition it does not affect the text commands that
write in \TeX{} mode. Also the commands that draw gray boxes are not
affected. For influencing the color of the \TeX{} or \LaTeX{} output
one can use the commands mentioned in the colordvi.sty file.
\item \KeyWord{SetPFont}\{fontname\}\{fontsize\} \hfill \\
Sets the postscript font to a given type and scale.
\item \KeyWord{SetScale}\{scalevalue\} \hfill \\
Changes the scale of all graphics operations. Unfortunately it does
not change the scale of the text operations (yet?). A `scalevalue' of
1 is the default. It is allowed to use floating point values.
\item \KeyWord{SetOffset}(x\_offset,y\_offset) \hfill \\
Adds the offset values to all coordinates at the \TeX{} level. This
makes it easier to move figures around.
\item \KeyWord{SetScaledOffset}(x\_offset,y\_offset) \hfill \\
Adds the offset values to all coordinates at the postscript level.
This is done after scaling has been applied. Hence one can work with
the scaled coordinates. This can be very handy when drawing curves.
\item \KeyWord{SetWidth}\{widthvalue\} \hfill \\
Changes the linewidth in all graphics operations. It does
not change the linewidth of the text operations. That is a matter of
font selection. A `widthvalue' of
0.5 is the default. It is allowed to use floating point values.
\item \KeyWord{Text}(x,y)$[$mode$]$\{text\} \hfill \\
Places a text. The focal point is (x,y). The text is the last
parameter. The mode parameter tells how the text should be
positioned with respect to the focal point. If this parameter is
omitted the center of the text will correspond to the focal point.
Other options are: l for having the left side correspond to the
focal point, r for having the right side correspond to it, t for
having the top at the focal point and b for the bottom. One may
combine two letters as in $[$bl$]$, as long as it makes sense.
\item \KeyWord{Vertex}(x,y)\{r\} \hfill \\
Draws a fat dot at (x,y). The radius of the dot is given by r.
\item \KeyWord{ZigZag}($x_1$,$y_1$)($x_2$,$y_2$)\{amplitude\}\{wiggles\} \hfill \\
Draws a zigzag line from ($x_1$,$y_1$) to ($x_2$,$y_2$). The width of the
zigzagging will be twice the value of `amplitude'. The number of zigzags
is given by the last parameter. If twice this parameter is not an integer
it will be rounded to an integer value. Whether the first zigzag
starts up or down can be influenced with the sign of the amplitude.
\end{itemize}
A note about color. The names of the colors can be found in the local file
colordvi.sty or colordvi.tex. This file gives also the commands that allow
the user to change the color of the text.
\section{Examples}
Although the previous section contains all the commands and their proper
syntax a few examples may be helpful.
\subsection{Text modes}
The meaning of the mode characters in the text commands can best be
demonstrated. The statements
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(300,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{BrickRed}
\CArc(50,75)(2,0,360) \Text(50,75)[lt]{left-top}
\CArc(50,50)(2,0,360) \Text(50,50)[l]{left-center}
\CArc(50,25)(2,0,360) \Text(50,25)[lb]{left-bottom}
\CArc(150,75)(2,0,360) \Text(150,75)[t]{center-top}
\CArc(150,50)(2,0,360) \Text(150,50)[]{center-center}
\CArc(150,25)(2,0,360) \Text(150,25)[b]{center-bottom}
\CArc(250,75)(2,0,360) \Text(250,75)[rt]{right-top}
\CArc(250,50)(2,0,360) \Text(250,50)[r]{right-center}
\CArc(250,25)(2,0,360) \Text(250,25)[rb]{right-bottom}
\end{picture} \end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
produce 9 texts and for each the focal point is indicated by a little
circle. It looks like
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(300,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{BrickRed}
\CArc(50,75)(2,0,360) \Text(50,75)[lt]{left-top}
\CArc(50,50)(2,0,360) \Text(50,50)[l]{left-center}
\CArc(50,25)(2,0,360) \Text(50,25)[lb]{left-bottom}
\CArc(150,75)(2,0,360) \Text(150,75)[t]{center-top}
\CArc(150,50)(2,0,360) \Text(150,50)[]{center-center}
\CArc(150,25)(2,0,360) \Text(150,25)[b]{center-bottom}
\CArc(250,75)(2,0,360) \Text(250,75)[rt]{right-top}
\CArc(250,50)(2,0,360) \Text(250,50)[r]{right-center}
\CArc(250,25)(2,0,360) \Text(250,25)[rb]{right-bottom}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
This illustrates exactly all the combinations of the mode characters and
what their effects are. The commands $\backslash$Text and
$\backslash$rText give a tex according to \LaTeX{}. This text is
insensitive to the scaling commands, and the color of the text should be
set with the regular color commands given in colordvi.sty. The text in the
$\backslash$PText command (and the various boxes with text) is a postscript
text. Such text is sensitive to the scaling commands and in addition the
color is set with the $\backslash$SetColor command or in the command itself
(in the case of the boxes). In the case of \LaTeX{} text
it can of course contain different fonts,
math mode and all those little things that are usually easier in
\LaTeX{} than in postscript.
\subsection{The windings of a gluon}
Gluons are traditionally represented by a two dimensional projection of
a helix. Actually close inspection of some pretty gluons reveals that
it is usually not quite a helix. Hence the gluons in Axodraw are also
not quite helices. In addition one may notice that the begin and end
points deviate slightly from the regular windings. This makes it more in
agreement with hand drawn gluons. When a gluon is drawn, one needs not
only its begin and end points but there is an amplitude connected to
this almost helix, and in addition there are windings. The number of
windings is the number of curls that the gluon will have. Different
people may prefer different densities of curls. This can effect the
appearance considerably:
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(330,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{Red}
\Gluon(25,15)(25,95){5}{4} \Text(25,7)[]{4 windings}
\Gluon(95,15)(95,95){5}{5} \Text(95,7)[]{5 windings}
\Gluon(165,15)(165,95){5}{6} \Text(165,7)[]{6 windings}
\Gluon(235,15)(235,95){5}{7} \Text(235,7)[]{7 windings}
\Gluon(305,15)(305,95){5}{8} \Text(305,7)[]{8 windings}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
This code results in:
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(330,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{Red}
\Gluon(25,15)(25,95){5}{4} \Text(25,7)[]{4 windings}
\Gluon(95,15)(95,95){5}{5} \Text(95,7)[]{5 windings}
\Gluon(165,15)(165,95){5}{6} \Text(165,7)[]{6 windings}
\Gluon(235,15)(235,95){5}{7} \Text(235,7)[]{7 windings}
\Gluon(305,15)(305,95){5}{8} \Text(305,7)[]{8 windings}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
The influence of the amplitude is also rather great. The user should
experiment with it. There is however an aspect to the amplitude that
should be discussed. For a straight gluon the amplitude can determine on
which side the curls are. So does the direction of the gluon:
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(325,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{Red}
\Gluon(50,15)(50,95){5}{6}
\Text(50,7)[]{amp $> 0$} \Text(40,50)[]{$\uparrow$}
\Gluon(125,95)(125,15){5}{6}
\Text(125,7)[]{amp $> 0$} \Text(115,50)[]{$\downarrow$}
\Gluon(200,15)(200,95){-5}{6}
\Text(200,7)[]{amp $< 0$} \Text(190,50)[]{$\uparrow$}
\Gluon(275,95)(275,15){-5}{6}
\Text(275,7)[]{amp $< 0$} \Text(265,50)[]{$\downarrow$}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
The picture gets the following appearance:
\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(325,100)(0,0)
\SetColor{Red}
\Gluon(50,15)(50,95){5}{6}
\Text(50,7)[]{amp $> 0$} \Text(40,50)[]{$\uparrow$}
\Gluon(125,95)(125,15){5}{6}
\Text(125,7)[]{amp $> 0$} \Text(115,50)[]{$\downarrow$}
\Gluon(200,15)(200,95){-5}{6}
\Text(200,7)[]{amp $< 0$} \Text(190,50)[]{$\uparrow$}
\Gluon(275,95)(275,15){-5}{6}
\Text(275,7)[]{amp $< 0$} \Text(265,50)[]{$\downarrow$}
\end{picture}
\end{center}
For straight gluons one does not need the option of the negative
amplitude. It is however necessary for gluons on an arc segment. In that
case the arc is always drawn in an anticlockwise direction. Hence the
direction is fixed and only the amplitude is left as a tool for
determining the side with the curls.
\subsection{Scaling}
Sometimes it is much easier to design a figure on a larger scale than it
is needed in the eventual printing. In that case one can use a scale
factor, either during the design or in the final result. We use the
figure in the first section as an example:
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\vspace{-10pt} \hfill \\
\SetScale{0.3}
\begin{picture}(70,30)(0,13)
\SetColor{Red}
\GlueArc(120,50)(40,0,180){5}{8}
\SetColor{Green}
\GlueArc(120,50)(40,180,360){5}{8}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Gluon(20,50)(80,50){5}{4} \Vertex(80,50){2}
\Gluon(160,50)(220,50){5}{4} \Vertex(160,50){2}
\end{picture} $+$ others
$ = C_A(\frac{5}{3}+\frac{31}{9}\epsilon)
+ n_F(-\frac{2}{3}-\frac{10}{9}\epsilon)$
\vspace{10pt} \hfill \\
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
We have lowered the figure by 13 points (the (0,13) in the picture
statement) to make it look nice with respect to the equal sign. The
result is
\vspace{-10pt} \hfill \\
\SetScale{0.3}
\begin{picture}(70,30)(0,13)
\SetColor{Red}
\GlueArc(120,50)(40,0,180){5}{8}
\SetColor{Green}
\GlueArc(120,50)(40,180,360){5}{8}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Gluon(20,50)(80,50){5}{4} \Vertex(80,50){2}
\Gluon(160,50)(220,50){5}{4} \Vertex(160,50){2}
\end{picture} $+$ others
$ = C_A(\frac{5}{3}+\frac{31}{9}\epsilon)
+ n_F(-\frac{2}{3}-\frac{10}{9}\epsilon)$
\vspace{10pt} \hfill \\
\SetScale{1}
This way it is rather straightforward to make whole pictorial equations.
Of course some things are not scale invariant. The appreciation of a
figure may be somewhat different when the scale is changed. In the above
case one might consider changing the amplitude of the gluons a little
bit. Changing this from 5 to 7 and at the same time reducing the number
of windings from 4 to 3 for the straight gluons and from 8 to 7 for the
gluons in the arcs gives
\vspace{-10pt} \hfill \\
\SetScale{0.3}
\begin{picture}(70,30)(0,13)
\SetColor{Red}
\GlueArc(120,50)(40,0,180){7}{7}
\SetColor{Green}
\GlueArc(120,50)(40,180,360){7}{7}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Gluon(20,50)(80,50){7}{3} \Vertex(80,50){2}
\Gluon(160,50)(220,50){7}{3} \Vertex(160,50){2}
\end{picture} $+$ others
$ = C_A(\frac{5}{3}+\frac{31}{9}\epsilon)
+ n_F(-\frac{2}{3}-\frac{10}{9}\epsilon)$
\vspace{10pt} \hfill \\
\SetScale{1}
At this scale this may please the eye more.
There is one problem with scaling. Currently it is only possible to have
text scale with the rest of a figure when the text has been printed with
the PText command. This makes the typesetting more complicated, but the
scaling of the \TeX{} pixel fonts would give rather poor results anyway.
\subsection{Photons}
When drawing photons one should take care that the number of wiggles is
selected properly. Very often this number should be an integer plus
$0.5$. This can be seen in the following example:
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}\begin{picture}(300,56)(0,0)
\Vertex(180,10){1.5} \Vertex(120,10){1.5}
\SetColor{Red}
\ArrowLine(100,10)(200,10)
\SetColor{Green}
\LongArrowArc(150,10)(20,60,120)
\SetColor{Brown}
\PhotonArc(150,10)(30,0,180){4}{8.5} % 8.5 wiggles
\end{picture} \end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
This gives the `proper' picture as it would usually drawn by hand:
\begin{center}\begin{picture}(300,56)(0,0)
\Vertex(180,10){1.5} \Vertex(120,10){1.5}
\SetColor{Red}
\ArrowLine(100,10)(200,10)
\SetColor{Green}
\LongArrowArc(150,10)(20,60,120)
\SetColor{Brown}
\PhotonArc(150,10)(30,0,180){4}{8.5} % 8.5 wiggles
\end{picture} \end{center}
When the number of wiggles is reduced to 8 we obtain:
\begin{center}\begin{picture}(300,56)(0,0)
\Vertex(180,10){1.5} \Vertex(120,10){1.5}
\SetColor{Red}
\ArrowLine(100,10)(200,10)
\SetColor{Green}
\LongArrowArc(150,10)(20,60,120)
\SetColor{Brown}
\PhotonArc(150,10)(30,0,180){4}{8} % 8 wiggles
\end{picture} \end{center}
This is not as nice. Somehow the symmetry is violated. One should also
take care that the wiggles start in the proper way. If we make the
amplitude negative we see that the photons are not `right' either:
\begin{center}\begin{picture}(300,56)(0,0)
\Vertex(180,10){1.5} \Vertex(120,10){1.5}
\SetColor{Red}
\ArrowLine(100,10)(200,10)
\SetColor{Green}
\LongArrowArc(150,10)(20,60,120)
\SetColor{Brown}
\PhotonArc(150,10)(30,0,180){-4}{8.5} % 8.5 wiggles
\end{picture} \end{center}
Sometimes these things require some experimenting.
\subsection{Flowcharts}
There are several commands for creating boxes with text in them. This can
be a box with either one line of text or with two lines of text. The rest
is just a matter of drawing lines and circle segments with arrows. If the
text is to scale with the picture one needs to use the postscript fonts.
The result of scaling the {\TeX} fonts is usually rather ugly, because
these fonts are pixel fonts. Here we present an example. It might describe
a system for the automatic computation of cross-sections:
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(320,320)(0,0)
\SetPFont{Helvetica}{10}
\SetScale{0.8}
\SetColor{Magenta}
\ArrowLine(200,40)(200,10) \ArrowLine(200,100)(200,40)
\ArrowLine(200,150)(200,100) \ArrowLine(100,130)(200,100)
\ArrowLine(85,95)(200,100) \ArrowLine(260,105)(200,100)
\ArrowLine(250,135)(200,100) \ArrowLine(160,75)(200,100)
\ArrowLine(200,100)(250,70) \ArrowLine(200,185)(200,150)
\ArrowLine(200,220)(200,185) \ArrowLine(200,250)(200,220)
\ArrowLine(240,263)(200,250) \ArrowLine(240,237)(200,250)
\ArrowLine(200,285)(200,250) \ArrowLine(200,310)(200,285)
\ArrowLine(200,335)(200,310) \ArrowLine(180,360)(200,335)
\ArrowLine(200,385)(180,360) \ArrowLine(50,370)(180,360)
\ArrowArc(200,247.5)(62.5,90,180)
\ArrowArc(200,247.5)(62.5,180,270)
\ArrowLine(210,385)(300,360) \ArrowLine(210,335)(300,360)
\ArrowLine(80,300)(80,130) \ArrowLine(190,335)(80,300)
\ArrowLine(190,385)(80,300) \ArrowLine(50,335)(80,300)
\ArrowLine(300,360)(340,340) \ArrowArcn(205,347.5)(37.5,90,270)
\SetColor{Blue}
\BCirc(200,100){10} \BCirc(200,100){5}
\BCirc(200,40){7.5} \BCirc(200,250){10}
\BCirc(200,250){5} \BCirc(200,310){7.5}
\BCirc(180,360){7.5} \BCirc(80,300){7.5}
\BCirc(300,360){7.5}
\IfColor{\CCirc(200,185){7.5}{Blue}{Yellow}
}{\GCirc(200,185){7.5}{0.9}}
\SetColor{Red}
\BText(200,285){Form program} \BText(200,335){Diagrams}
\BText(200,385){Model} \BText(200,10){events}
\BText(80,95){Axolib} \BText(350,335){Pictures}
\IfColor{\CText(137.5,247.5){Blue}{Yellow}{instructions}
}{\GText(137.5,247.5){0.9}{instructions}}
\B2Text(260,70){Cross-sections}{Histograms}
\B2Text(140,75){Monte Carlo}{Routine}
\B2Text(275,105){FF}{1 loop integrals}
\IfColor{\C2Text(260,135){Blue}{Yellow}{Spiderlib}{Fortran/C}
}{\G2Text(260,135){0.9}{Spiderlib}{Fortran/C}}
\IfColor{\C2Text(200,150){Blue}{Yellow}{Matrix}{Element}
}{\G2Text(200,150){0.9}{Matrix}{Element}}
\B2Text(80,130){Kinematics}{Configuration}
\IfColor{\C2Text(200,220){Blue}{Yellow}{Output}{Formula}
}{\G2Text(200,220){0.9}{Output}{Formula}}
\IfColor{\C2Text(260,263){Blue}{Yellow}{Spiderlib}{Form part}
}{\G2Text(260,263){0.9}{Spiderlib}{Form part}}
\IfColor{\C2Text(260,237){Blue}{Yellow}{FF support}{library}
}{\G2Text(260,237){0.9}{FF support}{library}}
\B2Text(40,370){Reaction}{selection}
\B2Text(40,340){Specification}{Cuts, etc.}
\SetColor{Orange}
\PText(211,36)(0)[lb]{Event Generator}
\PText(211,181)(0)[lb]{Code Generator}
\PText(162,258)(0)[lb]{FORM}
\PText(211,301)(0)[lb]{Form program construction}
\PText(191,362)(0)[lb]{Diagram}
\PText(191,352)(0)[lb]{Generator}
\PText(311,370)(0)[lb]{Postscript}
\PText(311,360)(0)[lb]{Generator}
\PText(91,292)(0)[lb]{Kinematics}
\PText(91,282)(0)[lb]{Generator}
\end{picture} \end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
This gives the chart
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(320,320)(0,0)
\SetPFont{Helvetica}{10}
\SetScale{0.8}
\SetColor{Magenta}
\ArrowLine(200,40)(200,10) \ArrowLine(200,100)(200,40)
\ArrowLine(200,150)(200,100) \ArrowLine(100,130)(200,100)
\ArrowLine(85,95)(200,100) \ArrowLine(260,105)(200,100)
\ArrowLine(250,135)(200,100) \ArrowLine(160,75)(200,100)
\ArrowLine(200,100)(250,70) \ArrowLine(200,185)(200,150)
\ArrowLine(200,220)(200,185) \ArrowLine(200,250)(200,220)
\ArrowLine(240,263)(200,250) \ArrowLine(240,237)(200,250)
\ArrowLine(200,285)(200,250) \ArrowLine(200,310)(200,285)
\ArrowLine(200,335)(200,310) \ArrowLine(180,360)(200,335)
\ArrowLine(200,385)(180,360) \ArrowLine(50,370)(180,360)
\ArrowArc(200,247.5)(62.5,90,180)
\ArrowArc(200,247.5)(62.5,180,270)
\ArrowLine(210,385)(300,360) \ArrowLine(210,335)(300,360)
\ArrowLine(80,300)(80,130) \ArrowLine(190,335)(80,300)
\ArrowLine(190,385)(80,300) \ArrowLine(50,335)(80,300)
\ArrowLine(300,360)(340,340) \ArrowArcn(205,347.5)(37.5,90,270)
\SetColor{Blue}
\BCirc(200,100){10} \BCirc(200,100){5}
\BCirc(200,40){7.5} \BCirc(200,250){10}
\BCirc(200,250){5} \BCirc(200,310){7.5}
\BCirc(180,360){7.5} \BCirc(80,300){7.5}
\BCirc(300,360){7.5}
\IfColor{\CCirc(200,185){7.5}{Blue}{Yellow}
}{\GCirc(200,185){7.5}{0.9}}
\SetColor{Red}
\BText(200,285){Form program} \BText(200,335){Diagrams}
\BText(200,385){Model} \BText(200,10){events}
\BText(80,95){Axolib} \BText(350,335){Pictures}
\IfColor{\CText(137.5,247.5){Blue}{Yellow}{instructions}
}{\GText(137.5,247.5){0.9}{instructions}}
\B2Text(260,70){Cross-sections}{Histograms}
\B2Text(140,75){Monte Carlo}{Routine}
\B2Text(275,105){FF}{1 loop integrals}
\IfColor{\C2Text(260,135){Blue}{Yellow}{Spiderlib}{Fortran/C}
}{\G2Text(260,135){0.9}{Spiderlib}{Fortran/C}}
\IfColor{\C2Text(200,150){Blue}{Yellow}{Matrix}{Element}
}{\G2Text(200,150){0.9}{Matrix}{Element}}
\B2Text(80,130){Kinematics}{Configuration}
\IfColor{\C2Text(200,220){Blue}{Yellow}{Output}{Formula}
}{\G2Text(200,220){0.9}{Output}{Formula}}
\IfColor{\C2Text(260,263){Blue}{Yellow}{Spiderlib}{Form part}
}{\G2Text(260,263){0.9}{Spiderlib}{Form part}}
\IfColor{\C2Text(260,237){Blue}{Yellow}{FF support}{library}
}{\G2Text(260,237){0.9}{FF support}{library}}
\B2Text(40,370){Reaction}{selection}
\B2Text(40,340){Specification}{Cuts, etc.}
\SetColor{Orange}
\PText(211,36)(0)[lb]{Event Generator}
\PText(211,181)(0)[lb]{Code Generator}
\PText(162,258)(0)[lb]{FORM}
\PText(211,301)(0)[lb]{Form program construction}
\PText(191,362)(0)[lb]{Diagram}
\PText(191,352)(0)[lb]{Generator}
\PText(311,370)(0)[lb]{Postscript}
\PText(311,360)(0)[lb]{Generator}
\PText(91,292)(0)[lb]{Kinematics}
\PText(91,282)(0)[lb]{Generator}
\end{picture} \end{center}
\subsection{Curves and graphs}
Axodraw is equipped with a curve fitting facility that can draw smooth
curves through a set of coordinates. Coupled to this is a set of
commands to draw the axes that are typically needed for the use of
graphs and histograms. An example of a complete picture would be
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(360,440)(0,0)
\SetOffset(40,30)
\LinAxis(0,0)(300,0)(3,10,5,0,1.5)
\LinAxis(0,400)(300,400)(3,10,-5,0,1.5)
\LogAxis(0,0)(0,400)(4,-5,2,1.5)
\LogAxis(300,0)(300,400)(4,5,2,1.5)
\SetScale{100.} \SetWidth{0.005}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Curve{(.1057001,1.2997)(.1057003,1.5399)
(.1057006,1.6908)(.1057010,1.8019)(.1057030,2.0406)
(.1057060,2.1911)(.1057100,2.3020)(.1057300,2.5403)
(.1057600,2.6904)(.1058000,2.8007)(.1060000,3.0365)
(.1080000,3.4512)(.1100000,3.5600)(.1200000,3.6950)
(.1300000,3.6969)(.1500000,3.6308)(.1800000,3.5024)
(.2200000,3.3413)(.3000000,3.0788)(.5000000,2.6374)
(.8000000,2.2295)(1.0000000,2.0357)(1.3000000
,1.8078)(1.6000000,1.6275)(2.0000000,1.4336)
(2.5000000,1.2398)(3.0000000,1.0815)}
\SetColor{Red}
\DashCurve{(1.7853600,.0111)(1.7853800,.0228)
(1.7854000,.0339)(1.7856000,.1218)(1.7860000,.2324)
(1.7870000,.3821)(1.7900000,.5786)(1.8000000,.8089)
(1.8200000,.9765)(1.8500000,1.0869)(1.9000000
,1.1718)(2.0000000,1.2335)(2.1000000,1.2468)
(2.2000000,1.2413)(2.4000000,1.2064)
(2.7000000,1.1340)(3.0000000,1.0574)}{0.05}
\SetScale{1.}\SetWidth{0.5}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Line(200,360)(270,360)
\Text(195,360)[r]{\large$e^+e^-\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-$}
\SetColor{Red}
\DashLine(200,330)(270,330){5}
\Text(195,330)[r]{\large$e^+e^-\rightarrow\tau^+\tau^-$}
\SetColor{Black}
\Text(0,-10)[]{0} \Text(100,-10)[]{1}
\Text(200,-10)[]{2} \Text(300,-10)[]{3}
\Text(150,-25)[]{\large Beam energy in GeV}
\Text(-10,70)[]{$1$} \Text(-10,170)[]{$10$}
\Text(-10,270)[]{$10^2$} \Text(-10,370)[]{$10^3$}
\rText(-25,220)[][l]{\Large$\sigma$ in nb}
\ArrowLine(190,270)(160,300)
\ArrowLine(160,240)(190,270)
\ArrowLine(270,300)(240,270)
\ArrowLine(240,270)(270,240)
\Photon(190,270)(240,270){4}{4.5}
\Vertex(190,270){1.5} \Vertex(240,270){1.5}
\end{picture} \\ {\sl \hskip 10 pt Threshold
effects for $\mu$ and $\tau$} \end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack}{}
and the resulting picture would be
\begin{center} \begin{picture}(360,440)(0,0)
\SetOffset(40,30)
\LinAxis(0,0)(300,0)(3,10,5,0,1.5)
\LinAxis(0,400)(300,400)(3,10,-5,0,1.5)
\LogAxis(0,0)(0,400)(4,-5,2,1.5)
\LogAxis(300,0)(300,400)(4,5,2,1.5)
\SetScale{100.} \SetWidth{0.005}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Curve{(.1057001,1.2997)(.1057003,1.5399)
(.1057006,1.6908)(.1057010,1.8019)(.1057030,2.0406)
(.1057060,2.1911)(.1057100,2.3020)(.1057300,2.5403)
(.1057600,2.6904)(.1058000,2.8007)(.1060000,3.0365)
(.1080000,3.4512)(.1100000,3.5600)(.1200000,3.6950)
(.1300000,3.6969)(.1500000,3.6308)(.1800000,3.5024)
(.2200000,3.3413)(.3000000,3.0788)(.5000000,2.6374)
(.8000000,2.2295)(1.0000000,2.0357)(1.3000000
,1.8078)(1.6000000,1.6275)(2.0000000,1.4336)
(2.5000000,1.2398)(3.0000000,1.0815)}
\SetColor{Red}
\DashCurve{(1.7853600,.0111)(1.7853800,.0228)
(1.7854000,.0339)(1.7856000,.1218)(1.7860000,.2324)
(1.7870000,.3821)(1.7900000,.5786)(1.8000000,.8089)
(1.8200000,.9765)(1.8500000,1.0869)(1.9000000
,1.1718)(2.0000000,1.2335)(2.1000000,1.2468)
(2.2000000,1.2413)(2.4000000,1.2064)
(2.7000000,1.1340)(3.0000000,1.0574)}{0.05}
\SetScale{1.}\SetWidth{0.5}
\SetColor{Blue}
\Line(200,360)(270,360)
\Text(195,360)[r]{\large$e^+e^-\rightarrow\mu^+\mu^-$}
\SetColor{Red}
\DashLine(200,330)(270,330){5}
\Text(195,330)[r]{\large$e^+e^-\rightarrow\tau^+\tau^-$}
\SetColor{Black}
\Text(0,-10)[]{0} \Text(100,-10)[]{1}
\Text(200,-10)[]{2} \Text(300,-10)[]{3}
\Text(150,-25)[]{\large Beam energy in GeV}
\Text(-10,70)[]{$1$} \Text(-10,170)[]{$10$}
\Text(-10,270)[]{$10^2$} \Text(-10,370)[]{$10^3$}
\rText(-25,220)[][l]{\Large$\sigma$ in nb}
\ArrowLine(190,270)(160,300)
\ArrowLine(160,240)(190,270)
\ArrowLine(270,300)(240,270)
\ArrowLine(240,270)(270,240)
\Photon(190,270)(240,270){4}{4.5}
\Vertex(190,270){1.5} \Vertex(240,270){1.5}
\end{picture} \\ {\sl \hskip 10 pt Threshold
effects for $\mu$ and $\tau$} \end{center}
Of course one can scale these pictures further, but because the scale
factor has been used to enter the data points these should then be
adapted too. Note that when the scale is blown up by a factor 100, the
linewidth has to be scaled down or disasters will take place.
Finally a playful example:
\IfColor{\textBlue}{}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}\begin{picture}(300,56)(0,0)
\SetColor{Blue}
\Line(100,25)(150,25)
\SetColor{Green}
\Gluon(150,25)(200,25){3}{6}
\SetColor{Red}
\Photon(150,35)(200,45){3}{6}
\SetColor{Mahogany}
\ZigZag(150,15)(200,5){3}{6}
\IfColor{\COval(150,25)(20,10)(0){Black}{Yellow}
}{\GOval(150,25)(20,10)(0){0.5}}
\end{picture} \end{center}
\end{verbatim}
\IfColor{\textBlack{}}{}which results in
\begin{center}\begin{picture}(300,56)(0,0)
\SetColor{Blue}
\Line(100,25)(150,25)
\SetColor{Green}
\Gluon(150,25)(200,25){3}{6}
\SetColor{Red}
\Photon(150,35)(200,45){3}{6}
\SetColor{Mahogany}
\ZigZag(150,15)(200,5){3}{6}
\IfColor{\COval(150,25)(20,10)(0){Black}{Yellow}
}{\GOval(150,25)(20,10)(0){0.5}}
\end{picture} \end{center}
Acknowledgement: The author wishes to thank G.J.van Oldenborgh for help
with some of the \TeX{} macros.
Axodraw can be obtained from the authors homepage:
\IfColor{\textOliveGreen}{}{http://norma.nikhef.nl/$\sim$t68/axodraw}~
{\IfColor{\textBlack}{}$\!\!\!\!$.}
Alternatively it is available by means of anonymous ftp from ftp.nikhef.nl.
There it is located in the directory pub/form/axodraw. Commentary and
suggestions should be sent to the author at t68\verb:@:nikhef.nl.
\end{document}
|