path: root/fonts/auncial-new/aunclmft.dtx

% \iffalse meta-comment
%
% aunclmft.dtx
%
%  Author: Peter Wilson (Herries Press) herries dot press at earthlink dot net
%  Copyright 1999--2005 Peter R. Wilson
%
%  This work may be distributed and/or modified under the
%  conditions of the Latex Project Public License, either
%  version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%  later version.
%  The latest version of the license is in
%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%  and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of
%  LaTeX version 2003/06/01 or later.
%
%  This work has the LPPL maintenance status "author-maintained".
%
%  This work consists of the files listed in the README file.
%
% If you do not have the docmfp package (available from CTAN in
% tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported), comment out the
% \usepackage{docmfp} line below and uncomment the line following it. 
%
%<*driver>
\documentclass[twoside]{ltxdoc}
\usepackage{docmfp}
%%%%%% \providecommand{\DescribeVariable}[1]{} \newenvironment{routine}[1]{}{}
\usepackage{url}
\usepackage[draft=false,
            plainpages=false,
            pdfpagelabels,
            bookmarksnumbered,
            hyperindex=false
           ]{hyperref}
\providecommand{\phantomsection}{}
\OnlyDescription %% comment this out for the full glory
\EnableCrossrefs
\CodelineIndex
\setcounter{StandardModuleDepth}{1}
\makeatletter
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\makeatother
\renewcommand{\MakeUppercase}[1]{#1}
\pagestyle{headings}
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    \addtolength{\rightmargin}{#1}%
    \listparindent \parindent
    \itemindent \parindent
    \parsep \parskip}%
  \item[]}{\end{list}}
\begin{document}
  \raggedbottom
  \DocInput{aunclmft.dtx}
\end{document}
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%
% \changes{v1.0}{1999/05/22}{First public release}
% \changes{v2.0}{2005/11/27}{Major rewrite}
%
% \def\fileversion{v1.0} \def\filedate{1999/05/22}
% \def\fileversion{v2.0} \def\filedate{2005/11/27}
% \newcommand*{\Lpack}[1]{\textsf {#1}}           ^^A typeset a package
% \newcommand*{\Lopt}[1]{\textsf {#1}}            ^^A typeset an option
% \newcommand*{\file}[1]{\texttt {#1}}            ^^A typeset a file
% \newcommand*{\Lcount}[1]{\textsl {\small#1}}    ^^A typeset a counter
% \newcommand*{\pstyle}[1]{\textsl {#1}}          ^^A typeset a pagestyle
% \newcommand*{\Lenv}[1]{\texttt {#1}}            ^^A typeset an environment
% \newcommand*{\AD}{\textsc{ad}}
% \newcommand*{\thisfont}{Artificial Uncial}
%
% \title{\Lpack{Artificial Uncial}: MetaFont driver code\thanks{This
%        file has version number \fileversion, last revised
%        \filedate.}}
%
% \author{%
% Peter Wilson\footnote{\texttt{herries dot press at earthlink dot net}}\\
% Herries Press }
% \date{\filedate}
% \maketitle
% \begin{abstract}
%    The \Lpack{auncial} bundle provides a PostScript Type1 set of 
% \thisfont{} bookhands 
% as used
% for manuscripts in the 6th to the 10th century. This is one in a series
% of manuscript fonts.
%
% This document contains the MetaFont driver code.
% \end{abstract}
% \tableofcontents
% \listoftables
%
% 
%
% \section{Introduction}
%
%    The \Lpack{auncial} bundle provides a PostScript Type1 version of a 
% Metafont~\cite{METAFONT} rendition 
% of the \thisfont{} manuscript book-hand that was in use between about the
% sixth and tenth centuries~\AD. It is part of a project to provide fonts
% covering the major manuscript hands between the first century~\AD{} and
% the invention of printing.
%
% This document contains the MetaFont driver code.
%
% This manual is typeset according to the conventions of the
% \LaTeX{} \textsc{docstrip} utility which enables the automatic
% extraction of the \LaTeX{} macro source files~\cite{GOOSSENS94}.
% The \Lpack{docmfp} package is used for documenting the Metafont portions
% of the distribution~\cite{DOCMFP}.
%
% \section{The Metafont code} \label{sec:mf}
%
%
%    As previously noted, this work is part of a larger project to provide
% fonts covering the main manuscript book-hands. As such, one of the
% aims is to produce a coordinated set of fonts, especially as multiple
% hands might be used in a single document. 
%
%    Noting that the hands tend to be somewhat larger than the typical 10pt
% size (where the x-height is approximately 1.5mm) used for modern books, 
% I have also designed the fonts
% at a larger than normal size, then applied some non-linear factors when reducing
% them down to a 10pt size.
%    Further, I have used the height of the Carolingian minuscule as a 
% normalising factor when deciding on the absolute height of any particular
% script. The x-height of the Carolingian font is made equal to the
% x-height of the Computer Modern Roman (CMR) font.
%
%    Modern fonts are effectively drawn. That is, the outline of the letter is
% drawn carefully and the center is filled with ink. This is shown to good
% effect in the Metafont code for the Computer Modern fonts~\cite{CM}.
% In contrast, the manuscript letters were inked by single pen strokes in
% a calligraphic manner. I have tried to repeat this calligraphic style
% in the Metafont code.
%
%    As much as possible I have tried to use parameter values from the
% Computer Modern Roman (CMR) fonts in order to reduce possible
% infelicities if the CM and manuscript fonts are used together. However,
% few of the CMR parameters are applicable to the calligraphic style.
%
%
% \StopEventually{
% \bibliographystyle{alpha}
% \renewcommand{\refname}{Bibliography}
% \begin{thebibliography}{GMS94}
% \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname}
%
% \bibitem[And69]{ANDERSON69}
% Donald M.~Anderson.
% \newblock \emph{The Art of Written Forms: The Theory and Practice of Calligraphy}.
% \newblock Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969.
%
% \bibitem[Bol95]{BOLOGNA95}
% Giulia Bologna.
% \newblock \emph{Illuminated Manuscripts: The Book before Gutenberg}.
% \newblock Crescent Books, 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Day95]{DAY95}
% Lewis F.~Day.
% \newblock \emph{Alphabets Old \& New}.
% \newblock (3rd edition originally published by B.~T.~Batsford, 1910) 
% \newblock Senate, 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Dro80]{DROGIN80}
% Marc Drogin.
% \newblock \emph{Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique}.
% \newblock Allenheld, Osmun \& Co., 1980.
%
% \bibitem[Dru95]{DRUCKER95}
% Johanna Drucker.
% \newblock \emph{The Alphabetic Labyrinth}.
% \newblock Thames \& Hudson, 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Fir93]{FIRMAGE93}
% Richard A.~Firmage.
% \newblock \emph{The Alphabet Abecedarium}.
% \newblock David R~Goodine, 1993.
%
% \bibitem[Fli98]{LETTRINE}
% Daniel Flipo.
% \newblock \emph{The LETTRINE package}.
% \newblock (Available from CTAN in \texttt{macros/latex/contrib/supported}). 
% \newblock 1998.
%
% \bibitem[Har95]{HARRIS95}
% David Harris.
% \newblock \emph{The Art of Calligraphy}.
% \newblock DK Publishing, 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Jen95]{BETON}
% Frank Jensen.
% \newblock \emph{The BETON package}.
% \newblock (Available from CTAN in \texttt{macros/latex/contrib/supported}). 
% \newblock 1995.
%
% \bibitem[Joh71]{JOHNSTON75}
% Edward Johnston (ed. Heather Child).
% \newblock \emph{Formal Penship and Other Papers}.
% \newblock Penthalic, 1971.
%
% \bibitem[Knu87]{CM}
% Donald E.~Knuth.
% \newblock \emph{Computer Modern Typefaces}.
% \newblock Addison-Wesley, 1987.
%
% \bibitem[Knu92]{METAFONT}
% Donald E.~Knuth.
% \newblock \emph{The METAFONTbook}.
% \newblock Addison-Wesley, 1992.
%
% \bibitem[GMS94]{GOOSSENS94}
% Michel Goossens, Frank Mittelbach, and Alexander Samarin.
% \newblock \emph{The LaTeX Companion}.
% \newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994.
%
% \bibitem[Tho75]{THOMAS75}
% Alan G.~Thomas.
% \newblock \emph{Great Books and Book Collectors}.
% \newblock Weidenfield and Nichoson, 1975.
%
% \bibitem[Wil99]{DOCMFP}
% Peter R.~Wilson.
% \newblock \emph{The DOCMFP Package}.
% \newblock (Available from CTAN in \texttt{macros/latex/contrib/supported}). 
% \newblock 1999.
%
% \bibitem[Wil99b]{ROMANNUM}
% Peter R.~Wilson.
% \newblock \emph{The ROMANNUM Package}.
% \newblock (Available from CTAN in \texttt{macros/latex/contrib/supported}). 
% \newblock 1999.
%
% \end{thebibliography}
% \PrintIndex
% }
%
% \section{The driver file}
%
%    The driver file sets up the font parameters and also contains
% the macros used in the definition of the characters.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%<*mfd>
% This is UNCLTITLE.MF for the Artificial Uncial font.
% This file also contains special macros universally needed in the 
% font but either not in the cmbase.mf file or modifications of these.
%
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \begin{routine}{makebox}
%    This is a new version of the \Lpack{cmbase.mf} |makebox| macro.
% Essentially, as we are only generating a single case font, we don't
% need all the horizontals for the CMR characters.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%%% A new version of cmbase.mf makebox macro
def makebox(text rule) =
  for y=0,half_height,cap_height,body_height,x_height,asc_height,-desc_depth,-body_depth:
    rule((l,y)t_,(r,y)t_); endfor  % horizontals
  for x=l,r: rule((x,-body_depth)t_,(x,body_height)t_); endfor % verticals
  for x=u*(1+floor(1/u)) step u until r-1:
    rule((x,-body_depth)t_,(x,body_height)t_); endfor         % more verticals
  if charic<>0:
    rule((r+charic*pt,h.o_),(r+charic*pt,.5h.o_)); fi  % italic correction
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{proofpcbb}
%    The macro |proofpcbb(S, xoff, yoff)| draws crosses at the corners of the
% square, and at the bottom and top midpoints, where the point |zS| is at
% position |(xoff,yoff)| in the square. 
%    \begin{macrocode}
%%% A macro to delineate a letter's bounding square in proof mode.
%%% Point z$ is at (xoff,yoff) in the bounding square.
def proofpcbb(suffix $)(expr xoff, yoff) =
if proofing > 0:
  x$bl = x$ - xoff; y$bl = y$ - yoff;         % Bottom Left Hand Corner
  z$br = (x$bl+side, y$bl);                   % BRHC
  z$tr = (x$bl+side, y$bl+side);              % TRHC
  z$tl = (x$bl, y$bl+side);                   % TLHC
  z$bc = 1/2[z$bl,z$br]; z$tc = 1/2[z$tl,z$tr];  % horizontal mid points
  pair hc, vc;
  hc = (2u,0); vc = (0,2u);
  pickup pensquare scaled 2;
  for s = z$bl, z$br, z$tr, z$tl, z$bc, z$tc:
    draw s-hc--s+hc;
    draw s-vc--s+vc;
  endfor
fi
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
%
% \begin{routine}{auncial_font_setup}
%    This macro contains the set up for the \thisfont{} fonts.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def auncial_font_setup= % contains special stuff for auncial fonts
  define_pixels(side,half_height,carol_height,comma_width);
  define_pixels(u,dot_size,letter_size,cap_height,width_adj,serif_fit,
                cap_serif_fit,jut,cap_jut);
  define_pixels(fig_width);
  define_whole_pixels(letter_fit);
  define_whole_vertical_pixels(body_height,asc_height,cap_height,x_height,
                               desc_depth,body_depth,fig_height,
                               accent_ysize,accent_gap);
  define_corrected_pixels(o);
  define_blacker_pixels(thick,thin,accent_thickness);
  let adjust_fit = normal_adjust_fit;
%    \end{macrocode}
% \DescribeVariable{stylus}
%  The pen for drawing the thinnest lines is |stylus|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  pickup pencircle scaled thin;
  stylus:=savepen;
%    \end{macrocode}
% \DescribeVariable{thickstylus}
%  The pen for drawing lines a bit thicker than the thinnest is |thickstylus|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  pickup pencircle scaled (1.5thin);
  thickstylus:=savepen;
%    \end{macrocode}
% \DescribeVariable{accentpen}
%  The pen for drawing the typical accent is |accentpen|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  pickup pencircle xscaled 1/2thick yscaled thin rotated pangle;
  accentpen:=savepen;
%    \end{macrocode}
% \DescribeVariable{quill}
%  The normal calligraphic pen is |quill|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  pickup pencircle xscaled thick yscaled thin rotated pangle;
  quill:=savepen;
  numeric pcshiftx#; % x value of LHS of box wrt origin of char box
  define_pixels(pcshiftx);
  numeric sqxside#;   % x size of the square
  numeric sqyside#;   % y size of the square
  define_pixels(sqxside,sqyside);

enddef; % end of auncial_font_setup

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \DescribeVariable{ductus}
% A boolean to control drawing the ductus (TRUE) or the full letter (FALSE).
%    \begin{macrocode}
boolean ductus;
ductus:=false;
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \DescribeVariable{qhor}
% \DescribeVariable{qvert}
% The cosine and sine of the pen angle.
%    \begin{macrocode}
numeric qhor, qvert;
qhor:=cosd(pangle); qvert:=sind(pangle);
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \DescribeVariable{pdir}
% The vector corresponding to the pen angle.
%    \begin{macrocode}
pair pdir; pdir=dir(pangle);
%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \DescribeVariable{ppdir}
% The vector that is perpendicular (anticlockwise) to the pen angle.
%    \begin{macrocode}
pair ppdir; ppdir=dir(pangle+90);

%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_serif}
% A macro to draw a serif. |draw_serif(1,2,f)| uses the current pen to
% draw a serif of extent |jut| at |z1| to the left of the line from |z2| 
% to |z1|. The
% radius is controlled by |f|, where $0<f<1$. The `stem' from |z1| to |z2|
% starts at the point |z1a|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_serif(suffix $, $$)(expr fr)=
  numeric beta, ajut, bjut;
%    \end{macrocode}
% |fr| and |beta| control the serif radius.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  beta=1-fr;
  ajut=fr*jut; bjut=beta*jut;
%    \end{macrocode}
% The points |$c|, |$b| and |$a| define the serif. For a top (bottom) serif
% the leftmost (rightmost) point is 
% |$c| and |$a| is on the stem. |$a| is moved from |$| towards |$$| by the 
% distance |ajut|, and the other points are calculated from this. If the stem
% is not vertical, then we have to rotate |$b| to match.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  pair vec[]; vec1=unitvector(z$$-z$);
  vec2=ajut*vec1;
  z$a=z$ shifted vec2;
  z$b=z$a rotatedaround (z$,-90);
  boolean top_serif;
  if y$>y$$:
    top_serif := true;
    z$c=z$b shifted (-bjut*pdir);
  else:
    top_serif:=false;
    z$c=z$b shifted (bjut*pdir);
  fi
%    \end{macrocode}
% Draw the parts, and finish off.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  if top_serif:
    draw z$c--z$b{pdir}..{z$$-z$}z$a;    % the serif
  else:
    draw z$c--z$b{-pdir}..{z$$-z$}z$a;
  fi
  labels($a,$b,$c);
enddef; % end of draw_serif

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_istem}
%  A macro to draw the shape of an i. |draw_istem(1,2,f)| draws a stem whose
% top is at |z1| and bottom at |z2|. It draws with the current pen and the serifs
% are of extent |jut|. There is a top left and bottom right serif.
% The serif radius is controlled by |f|, with $0<f<1$.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_istem(suffix $, $$)(expr fr)=
  draw_serif($, $$, fr);  % top serif
  draw_serif($$, $, fr);  % bottom serif
  draw z$a--z$$a;  % the stem
enddef; % end of draw_istem

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_tstem}
%  A macro to draw the shape of the stem of a `t'. |draw_tstem(1,2,f)| draws a 
% stem whose
% top is at |z1| and bottom at |z2| with a right serif at |z2|. The radius
% is controlled by |f|, with $0 < f < 1$.
% It draws with the current pen and the serif is of extent |jut|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_tstem(suffix $, $$)(expr fr)=
  draw_serif($$, $, fr);  % the serif
  draw z$--z$$a;                      % the stem
enddef; % end of draw_tstem

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_tlserif}
%  A macro to draw a top left serif. |draw_tlserif(1,2,f)| draws a serif on top
% of a stem whose absolute 
% top is at |z1| and bottom at |z2|. It draws with the current pen and the serif
% is of extent |jut|. It also draws the stem to the point |z2|. The serif
% radius is controlled by |f|, with $0<f<1$.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_tlserif(suffix $, $$)(expr fr)=
  draw_serif($, $$, fr);  % the serif
  draw z$a--z$$;                       % the stem
enddef; % end of draw_tlserif

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_flick}
%  A macro to draw a flick (like an eyebrow). 
% |draw_flick(1,rise,fall,fjut)| draws a stroke starting at |z1| rising up by
% |rise| and falling down by |fall| wrt |z1|. The overall stroke distance is
% |fjut| to the right of |z1|. It is drawn with the current pen.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_flick(suffix $)(expr rise, fall, fjut)=
%    \end{macrocode}
% The points |z$a| and |z$b|, together with |z$| make up three points on the
% ductus.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  rt x$b = x1+fjut; top y$b=y$-fall;
  x$a=0.5[x$,x$b]; top y$a=y$+rise;
%    \end{macrocode}
% Draw the part, and finish off.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  draw z$..z$a..z$b; 
  labels($a,$b);
enddef; % end of draw_flick

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_wave}
% A macro to draw a (horizontal) stroke with a flick at each end 
% (down at the left and up at the right). |draw_wave(1,2,f)| uses the current
% pen to draw from |z1wl| to |z1wr|, where |x1wl=x1|, |y1wl=y1-f|, and
% |x1wr=x2|, |y1wr=y2+f|, with |z1| assumed to be at the left of |z2|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_wave(suffix $,$$)(expr f)=
  x$wl=x$; y$wl=y$-f;
  x$wr=x$$; y$wr=y$$+f;
  z$wc=0.5[z$wl,z$wr];
  draw z$wl{pdir}..z$wc{right}..{pdir}z$wr;
  labels($wl,$wc,$wr);
enddef; % end of draw_wave

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_tail}
% A macro to draw a tail at the bottom of a (vertical) stem.
% |draw_tail(1,fjut)| draws a tail at the bottom of the stem which ends at |z1|.
% The depth is controlled by the |desc_depth| value and the jut by |fjut|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_tail(suffix $)(expr fj)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;
  pickup quill;
  x$tl' = lft x$; y$tl=bot y$;
  pickup stylus;
  lft x$tl=x$tl';
  x$tb=x$tl-fj; bot y$tb=y$tl-1/2desc_depth;
  filldraw z${down}..{-pdir}z$tb & z$tb{pdir}..{up}z$tl--cycle;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($tb,$tl);
enddef; % end of draw_tail

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_triangle}
% A macro to draw a downward pointing equilateral triangle.
% |draw_triangle(1,sz)| draws a triangle of side length with |z1| in the middle
% of the base.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_triangle(suffix $)(expr sz)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;
  pickup stylus;
  x$t1=x$-sz/2; x$t3=x$+sz/2;
  y$t1=y$t3=y$;
  x$t2=x$; y$t2=y$-0.9sz;   % approx sqrt(3)/2
  filldraw z$t1--z$t2--z$t3--cycle;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($t1,$t2,$t3);
enddef; % end of draw_triangle

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_rtriangle}
% A macro to draw a downward pointing right angled triangle.
% |draw_triangle(1,sz)| draws a triangle of side length with |z1| at the
% right (where the right angle is).
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_rtriangle(suffix $)(expr sz)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;
  pickup stylus;
  x$t1=x$-sz; rt x$t3=x$;
  y$t1=y$t3=y$;
  x$t2=x$t3; y$t2=y$-sz;
  filldraw z$t1--z$t2--z$t3--cycle;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($t1,$t2,$t3);
enddef; % end of draw_rtriangle

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_rutriangle}
% A macro to draw an upward pointing right angled triangle.
% |draw_triangle(1,sz)| draws a triangle of side length with |z1| at the
% right (where the right angle is).
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_rutriangle(suffix $)(expr sz)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;
  pickup stylus;
  x$t1=x$-sz; rt x$t3=x$;
  y$t1=y$t3=y$;
  x$t2=x$t3; y$t2=y$+sz;
  filldraw z$t1--z$t2--z$t3--cycle;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($t1,$t2,$t3);
enddef; % end of draw_rutriangle

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_fork}
% A macro to draw a forked line.
% |draw_fork(1,2,sz)| draws a graduated line from |z1| to |z2| with a forked
% end of size |sz|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_fork(suffix $, $$)(expr sz)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;
  pickup quill;
  x$f1'=lft x$; y$f1'=bot y$;
  x$f3'=rt x$;  y$f3'=top y$;
  pickup stylus;
  lft x$f1=x$f1'; bot y$f1=y$f1';
  rt x$f3=x$f3';  y$f3-y$=2*(y$-y$f1);
  rt x$f2=x$$-sz; bot y$f2=y$$;
  rt x$f4= rt x$f5=x$$;
  bot y$f5=y$$-sz; top y$f4=y$$+1/2sz;
  filldraw z$f1--z$f2--z$f3--cycle;   % the line
  draw z$f2{right}..z$f4;             % upper fork
  draw z$f2{right}..z$f5;             % lower fork
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($f1,$f2,$f3,$f4,$f5);
enddef; % end of draw_fork

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_pdot}
%  A macro to draw a period dot.
% |draw_pdot(1,sz)| uses |stylus| to draw a dot centered at |z1| of overall size |sz|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_pdot(suffix $)(expr sz)=
%    \end{macrocode}
% Draw a square rotated 45 degrees.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  z$s = z$ shifted (0.5sz*left);
  z$t = z$ shifted (0.5sz*up);
  z$u = z$s shifted (sz*right);
  z$v = z$t shifted (sz*down);
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z$s--z$t--z$u--z$v--cycle;
  labels($s,$t,$u,$v);
enddef; % end of draw_pdot

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_pcomma}
%  A macro to draw a period comma.
% |draw_pcomma(1,t,w)| draws a comma placed at |z1| (the top), line width is |t|
% and bottom of line is |w| horizontally from |z1|. The pen is |stylus|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_pcomma(suffix $)(expr sz, ar)=
%    \end{macrocode}
% Draw a line of at |z$| of width |sz| sloping back and down at 45 degrees
% for a total width of |ar|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  z$s = z$ shifted (0.5sz*left);
  z$t = z$s shifted (sz*right);
  x$v=x$s-ar; y$v=y$s-ar;
  z$u = z$v shifted (sz*right);
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z$s--z$t--z$u--cycle;
  labels($s,$t,$u,$v);
enddef; % end of draw_pcomma

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_plq}
%  A macro to draw a period left quote.
% |draw_plq(1,t,w)| draws a left quote placed at |z1| (the top), line width is |t|
% and bottom of line is |w| horizontally from |z1|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_plq(suffix $)(expr sz, ar)=
%    \end{macrocode}
% Draw a line of at |z$| of width |sz| sloping forward and down at 45 degrees
% for a total width of |ar|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
  z$s = z$ shifted (0.5sz*left);
  z$t = z$s shifted (sz*right);
  x$v=x$s+ar; y$v=y$s-ar;
  z$u = z$v shifted (sz*right);
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z$s--z$t--z$v--cycle;
  labels($s,$t,$u,$v);
enddef; % end of draw_plq

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_small_zero}
% A macro to draw a (small) zero.
% |draw_small_zero(1,2)|, bottom left at |z1|, top right at |z2|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_small_zero(suffix $, $$)=
  x$szt=x$szb=1/2[x$,x$$]; x$szr=x$$; x$szl=x$;
  y$szt=y$$; y$szb=y$; y$szl=y$szr=1/2[y$,y$$];
  draw z$szt..z$szr..z$szb..z$szl..cycle;
  labels($,$szt,$szr,$szb,$szl);
enddef; % end of draw_small_zero

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \subsection{Routines for accents}
%
%    The next set of routines are for drawing accents and other decorations.
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_grave}
% A macro to draw a grave accent.
% |draw_grave(1)|, top at z1, angle |accent_angle|, 
% with total drop of |accent_ysize|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_grave(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$gab = x$ + accent_ysize*cos_accent_angle; 
  y$gab = y$ - accent_ysize*sin_accent_angle;
  z$gam = 1/2[z$,z$gab];
  draw z$--z$gab;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$gam,$gab);
enddef; % end of draw_grave

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_acute}
% A macro to draw an acute accent.
% |draw_acute(1)|, top at z1, angle |accent_angle|, 
% with total drop of |accent_ysize|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_acute(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$aab = x$ - accent_ysize*cos_accent_angle;
  y$aab = y$ - accent_ysize*sin_accent_angle;
  z$aam = 1/2[z$,z$aab];
  draw z$--z$aab;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$aab,$aam);
enddef; % end of draw_acute

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_circumflex}
% A macro to draw a circumflex accent.
% |draw_circumflex(1)|, bottom at z1, angles |accent_angle|, with total drop of 
% |accent_ysize|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_circumflex(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$cabl = x$ - accent_ysize*cos_accent_angle; x$cabr - x$ = x$ - x$cabl;
  y$cabl = y$cabr = y$;
  y$catm = y$ + accent_ysize*sin_accent_angle;
  x$catm = x$;
  draw z$cabl--z$catm--z$cabr;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$cabl,$cabr,$catm);
enddef; % end of draw_circumflex

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_hachek}
% A macro to draw a caron/hachek accent.
% |draw_hachek(1)|, bottom at z1, angles |accent_angle|, with total drop of 
% |accent_ysize|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_hachek(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$hatl = x$ - accent_ysize*cos_accent_angle; x$hatr - x$ = x$ - x$hatl;
  y$hatl = y$hatr = y$ + accent_ysize*sin_accent_angle;
  draw z$hatl--z$--z$hatr;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$hatl,$hatr);
enddef; % end of draw_hachek

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_breve}
% A macro to draw a breve accent (a rounded hachek).
% |draw_breve(1)|, bottom at z1, angles |accent_angle|, with total drop of 
% |accent_ysize|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_breve(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$batl = x$ - accent_ysize*cos_accent_angle; x$batr - x$ = x$ - x$batl;
  y$batl = y$batr = y$ + accent_ysize*sin_accent_angle;
  draw z$batl..z$..z$batr;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$batl,$batr);
enddef; % end of draw_hachek

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_ring}
% A macro to draw a ring accent.
% |draw_breve(1)|, top at z1, angles |accent_angle|, with total drop of 
% |accent_ysize|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_ring(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$rab = x$; y$rab = y$ - accent_ysize;
  y$raml = y$ramr = 1/2[y$,y$rab];
  x$ramr - x$ = x$ - x$raml = 1/2accent_ysize;
  draw z$..z$ramr..z$rab..z$raml..cycle;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$ramr,$rab,$raml);
enddef; % end of draw_ring

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_dota}
% A macro to draw a dot accent.
% |draw_dota(1)|, top at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and diameter 1/2|accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_dota(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup stylus;
  numeric dotalpha; dotalpha := 1/2accent_ysize;
  x$dab = x$; y$dab = y$ - dotalpha;
  y$daml = y$damr = 1/2[y$,y$dab];
  x$damr - x$ = x$ - x$daml = 1/2dotalpha;
  draw_pdot($,12/16accent_ysize);
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$damr,$dab,$daml);
enddef; % end of draw_dota

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_dieresis}
% A macro to draw a dieresis (double dot) accent.
% |draw_ddota(1)|, top at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and diameter 1/2|accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_dieresis(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup stylus;
  numeric ddotalpha; ddotalpha := 1/2accent_ysize;
  x$ddab = x$; y$ddab = y$ - ddotalpha; z$ddam = 1/2[z$,z$ddab];
  y$'damr = y$''daml = y$ddam; x$''daml - x$ = x$ - x$'damr = 1/2accent_ysize;
  y$drl=y$drr=y$ddam; x$drl = x$-10/16accent_ysize; x$drr=x$+10/16accent_ysize;
  draw_pdot($drl,12/16accent_ysize); draw_pdot($drr,12/16accent_ysize);
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$ddam,$ddab);
enddef; % end of draw_dieresis

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_lumlaut}
% A macro to draw a long (Hungarian) umlaut accent.
% |draw_lumlaut(1)|, top at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and depth |accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_lumlaut(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$luab = x$; y$luab = y$ - accent_ysize; z$luam = 1/2[z$,z$luab];
  y$lualt = y$luart = y$; y$lualb = y$luarb = y$luab;
  x$luarm - x$luam = x$luam - x$lualm = 1/2accent_ysize;
  x$luart - x$luarb = accent_ysize*(cosd(70)) = x$lualt - x$lualb;
  z$lualm = 1/2[z$lualt,z$lualb]; z$luarm = 1/2[z$luart,z$luarb];
  draw z$lualt--z$lualb;  draw z$luart--z$luarb;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$luam,$luab,$lualt,$lualb,$luart,$luarb);
enddef; % end of draw_lumlaut

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_tildea}
% A macro to draw a tilde accent.
% |draw_tildea(1)|, center at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and length |accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_tildea(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  y$tal=y$=y$tar;
  x$tar - x$ = x$ - x$tal = 12/16accent_ysize;
  draw z$tal{dir accent_angle}..z$..{dir accent_angle}z$tar;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$tal,$tar);
enddef; % end of draw_tildea

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_macron}
% A macro to draw a macron (bar) accent.
% |draw_macron(1)|, center at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and length |accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_macron(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  y$mal=y$=y$mar;
  x$mar - x$ = x$ - x$mal = 1/2accent_ysize;
  draw z$mal--z$mar;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$mal,$mar);
enddef; % end of draw_macron

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_cedilla}
% A macro to draw a cedilla.
% |draw_cedilla(1)|, top at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and length |accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_cedilla(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$cedc=x$; y$cedc= y$-accent_ysize; 
  x$ceda=x$; y$ceda=4/16[y$,y$cedc];
  x$cedb=x$+8/16accent_ysize; y$cedb=1/2[y$ceda,y$cedc];
  x$cedd=x$cedc-2/16accent_ysize; y$cedd=y$cedc-1/16accent_ysize;
  draw z$--z$ceda; draw z$ceda..z$cedb..z$cedc..z$cedd;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$ceda,$cedb,$cedc,$cedd);
enddef; % end of draw_cedilla

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_ogonek}
% A macro to draw an ogonek.
% |draw_ogonek(1)|, top at z1, angles |accent_angle|, 
% and length |accent_ysize|..
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_ogonek(suffix $)=
  pen oldpen; oldpen:=currentpen;  pickup accentpen;
  x$ogc=x$; y$ogc= y$-accent_ysize; 
  x$oga=x$; y$oga=2/16[y$,y$ogc];
  x$ogb=x$-8/16accent_ysize; y$ogb=1/2[y$oga,y$ogc];
  x$ogd=x$ogc+4/16accent_ysize; y$ogd=y$ogc+2/16accent_ysize;
  draw z$..z$ogb..z$ogc..z$ogd;
  pickup oldpen;
  labels($,$oga,$ogb,$ogc,$ogd);
enddef; % end of draw_ogonek

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_leftguill}
% A macro to draw a left guillemot.
% |draw_leftquill(1, gh, gw)|, bottom at z1, height and width |gh| and |gw|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_leftguill(suffix $)(expr gh, gw)=
  x$lgqt=x$; y$lgqt= y$+gh;
  x$lgqm=x$-gw; y$lgqm=1/2[y$,y$lgqt];
  draw z$--z$lgqm--z$lgqt;
  labels($,$lgqm,$lgqt);
enddef; % end of draw_leftguill

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_rightguill}
% A macro to draw a right guillemot.
% |draw_rightguill(1, gh, gw)|, bottom at z1, height and width |gh| and |gw|.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_rightguill(suffix $)(expr gh, gw)=
  x$rgqt=x$; y$rgqt= y$+gh;
  x$rgqm=x$+gw; y$rgqm=1/2[y$,y$rgqt];
  draw z$--z$rgqm--z$rgqt;
  labels($,$rgqm,$rgqt);
enddef; % end of draw_rightguill

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \subsection{Routines for alphabetic characters}
%
% The next set of routines are for drawing characters.
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_a}
% Draw the `a' character. 
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_a(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$+2jut; rt x2=x$$;
  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
%  for the bowl
  z3=3/4[z2,z1];
  x5=lft x3; y5=bot y3;
  z13=1/2[z2,z1];
  x15=lft x13; y15=bot y13;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_istem(1,2,srad);  % the stem
  pickup thickstylus;         % for the bowl
  lft x4=x$; bot y4=y$;
  z14=0.2[z4,z5];
  draw z14{pdir}...{z5-z4}z15;   % bowl bottom
  draw z5--z4;         % bowl top
  labels(1,2,3,4,5,13,14,15);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
% 
% \begin{routine}{draw_a}
% Draw the `a' character. 
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_a_save(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$; rt x2=x$$;
  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
%  for the bowl
  z3=3/4[z2,z1];
  x5=lft x3; y5=bot y3;
  z13=1/2[z2,z1];
  x15=lft x13; y15=bot y13;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_istem(1,2,srad);  % the stem
  pickup thickstylus;         % for the bowl
  lft x4=pcshiftx; bot y4=0;
  z14=0.2[z4,z5];
  draw z14{pdir}...{z5-z4}z15;   % bowl bottom
  draw z5--z4;         % bowl top
  labels(1,2,3,4,5,13,14,15);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
% 
% \begin{routine}{draw_at}
% Draw the commercial at character. 
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_at(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=2/3[x$,x$$]; rt x2=x$$;
  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
%  for the bowl
  z3=3/4[z2,z1];
  x5=lft x3; y5=bot y3;
  z13=1/2[z2,z1];
  x15=lft x13; y15=bot y13;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tstem(3,2,srad);  % the stem
  pickup thickstylus;         % for the bowl
  lft x4=1/3[x$,x$$]; bot y4=y$;
  z14=0.2[z4,z5];
  draw z14{pdir}...{z5-z4}z15;   % bowl bottom
  draw z5--z4;         % bowl top
%% the loop  
  pickup quill;
  lft x201=x$; y201=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x203=1/2[x4,x2]; y203=y$-1/2desc_depth;
  draw z3..{down}z201..{right}z203;
  labels(1,2,3,4,5,13,14,15,201,202,203);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
% 
% \begin{routine}{draw_aesc}
% Draw the aesc character. 
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_aesc(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=1/3[x$,x$$]; rt x2=2/3[x$,x$$];
  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
%  for the bowl
  z3=3/4[z2,z1];
  x5=lft x3; y5=bot y3;
  z13=1/2[z2,z1];
  x15=lft x13; y15=bot y13;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_istem(1,2,srad);  % the stem
  pickup thickstylus;         % for the bowl
  lft x4=x$; bot y4=y$;
  z14=0.2[z4,z5];
  draw z14{pdir}...{z5-z4}z15;   % bowl bottom
  draw z5--z4;         % bowl top
%% the e
  pickup quill;
  lft x101=x13; rt x103=x$$;  x102=x104=1/2[x101,x103];
  top y102=y$$; bot y104=y$; 
%%  y101=y103=1/2[y$,y$$];
  y101=y103=y13;
  x105=x106=x103;
  y105=0.1[y$,y$$]; 
  top y106=0.95[y$,y$$]; y106'=top y106; y106''=bot y106; x106''=lft x106;
% the serif
  pickup stylus;
  rt x116=x$$; top y116=y106';
  x117=x106; y117=y116-jut;
  lft x118=x106''; bot y118=y106'';
  pickup quill;
% the bar
  x107=x101; y107=y101;
  x108=x$$; y108=y107;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z106..z102..z101..z2a; % the bowl
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z117..z118--z116--cycle;        % the serif
  draw_fork(101,108,jut);                   % the bar
  labels(1,2,3,4,5,13,14,15,101,102,103,104,105,106,107);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
% 
% \begin{routine}{draw_b}
% Draw a `b' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_b(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=lft x2=x$;
  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
% lower bowl
  rt x4=x$$; y4=1/3[y$,y$$];
  lft x5=rt x1+2thin; y5=2/3[y$,y$$];
  z6=z1;
  rt x7=0.67[x1,x4]; y7=y6;
  x9=rt x7-thin; y9=h-thin;
  x8=lft x5+thin; y8=bot y5+thin;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);                             % the stem
  draw z2{right}..z4{up}..{left}z5;                   % bottom bowl
  draw z6--z7;                                        % top bowl
  pickup stylus;
  draw z9--z8;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_c}
% Draw a `c' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_c(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$; rt x3=x$$; x2=x4=1/2[x1,x3];
  top y2=y$$; bot y4=y$; y1=y3=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x5=x6=x3;
  y5=0.1[y$,y$$]; 
  top y6=0.95[y$,y$$]; y6'=top y6; y6''=bot y6; x6''=lft x6;
% the serif
  pickup stylus;
  rt x16=x$$; top y16=y6';
  x17=x6; y17=y16-jut;
  lft x18=x6''; bot y18=y6'';
  pickup quill;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z5{-pdir}..{left}z4..z1..z2..z6;
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z17..z18--z16--cycle;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,16,17,18,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_d}
% Draw a `d' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_d(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$; rt x3=x$$;
  bot y4=y$; top y5=y$$;
  x2=x4=1/2[x1,x3]; top y2=3/4[y$,y$$]; 
  y1=y3=0.5[y4,y2];
  x5=x1;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z2{-pdir}..z1{down}..z4{right}..z3{up}..z5;
  penlabels(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_dyet}
% Draw a `dyet' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_dyet(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$; rt x3=x$$;
  bot y4=y$; top y5=y$$;
  x2=x4=1/2[x1,x3]; top y2=3/4[y$,y$$]; 
  y1=y3=0.5[y4,y2];
  x5=x1;
  path p[];
  p1=z2{-pdir}..z1{down}..z4{right}..z3{up}..z5;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw p1;
% the bar
  x11=1/2[x5,x2]; y11=1/2[y2,y5];
  x12=x11; y12-y666 = y666-y11;
  draw z11--z12;
  penlabels(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_e}
% Draw an `e' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_e(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$; rt x3=x$$;  x2=x4=1/2[x1,x3];
  top y2=y$$; bot y4=y$; y1=y3=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x5=x6=x3;
  y5=0.1[y$,y$$]; 
  top y6=0.95[y$,y$$]; y6'=top y6; y6''=bot y6; x6''=lft x6;
% the serif
  pickup stylus;
  rt x16=x$$; top y16=y6';
  x17=x6; y17=y16-jut;
  lft x18=x6''; bot y18=y6'';
  pickup quill;
% the bar
  x7=x1; y7=y1;
  x8=x$$; y8=y7;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z5{-pdir}..{left}z4..z1..z2..z6; % the bowl
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z17..z18--z16--cycle;        % the serif
  draw_fork(7,8,jut);                   % the bar
  ductus:=false;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,16,17,18,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_ethel}
% Draw an `ethel' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_ethel(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=1/2[x$,x$$]; rt x3=x$$;  x2=x4=1/2[x1,x3];
  top y2=y$$; bot y4=y$; y1=y3=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x5=x6=x3;
  y5=0.1[y$,y$$]; 
  top y6=0.95[y$,y$$]; y6'=top y6; y6''=bot y6; x6''=lft x6;
% the serif
  pickup stylus;
  rt x16=x$$; top y16=y6';
  x17=x6; y17=y16-jut;
  lft x18=x6''; bot y18=y6'';
  pickup quill;
% the bar
  x7=x1; y7=y1;
  x8=x$$; y8=y7;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z5{-pdir}..{left}z4..z1..z2..z6; % the bowl
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z17..z18--z16--cycle;        % the serif
  draw_fork(7,8,jut);                   % the bar
%% the O
  pickup quill;
  lft x101=x$; rt x103= x1; y101=1/2[y$,y$$]; y103=y1;
  x102 = x104 = 1/2[x101,x103]; y102=y$$; y104=y$;
  draw z101..z102..z103..z104..cycle;
  ductus:=false;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,16,17,18,101,102,103,104);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_f}
% Draw an `f' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
% and |$$$| is lower left of the descender box.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_f(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% stem
  lft x$Ft=lft x$Fb= x$;         % 1 = Ft, 2 = Fb
  top y$Ft=y$$; bot y$Fb=y$$$;
% bars
  x$Ftl=x$Fml=x$Ft; y$Ftl=y$Ft; bot y$Fml=y$;    % 3 = Ftl, 4 = Fml
  rt x$Ftr= rt x$Fmr=x$$; y$Ftr=y$Ftl; y$Fmr=y$Fml;  % 5 = Ftr, 6 = Fmr
% triangles
  x$Ftrt=x$Fmrt=rt x$Ftr-1/2thin;         % 15 = Ftrt, 16 = Fmrt
  y$Ftrt=y$Ftr; y$Fmrt=y$Fmr; 
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif($Ft,$Fb,srad);          % stem
  draw_tail($Fb,jut);
  draw z$Ftl--z$Ftr;                     % top bar
  draw_rtriangle($Ftrt,jut);
  draw z$Fml--z$Fmr;                     % bottom bar
  draw_rtriangle($Fmrt,jut);
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,15,16,100,$Ft,$Fb,$Ftl,$Fml,$Ftr,$Fmr,$Ftrt,$Fmrt);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_g}
% Draw a `g' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
% and |$$$| is lower left of the descender box.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_g(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% the bowl
  lft x1=x$; rt x3=x$$; y1=y3=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x2=x4=1/2[x$,x$$]; top y2=y$$; bot y4=y$;
  x5=x6=x3;
  y5=0.1[y$,y$$]; 
  top y6=0.95[y$,y$$]; y6'=top y6; y6''=bot y6; x6''=lft x6;
% the serif
  pickup stylus;
  rt x16=x$$; top y16=y6';
  x17=x6; y17=y16-jut;
  lft x18=x6''; bot y18=y6'';
  pickup quill;
% the stem
  x7=rt x5-1/2thin; y7=top y5-1/2thin;
  pickup stylus;
  lft x8=1/2[x$,x$$]; bot y8=y$$$; 
  pickup quill;
  pair vec[]; vec1:=z7-z8; vec2:=z8-z7;
  y21=y8+3/2thick; z21=whatever[z8,z7];
  y22=y8+   thick; z22=whatever[z8,z7];
  x23=x8-thick; y23=y8;
  x24=x23+1/2thick; y24=y23+1/2thick;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z5{-pdir}..{left}z4..z1..z2..z6;  % the bowl
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z17..z18--z16--cycle;         % the serif
  draw z7--z22;                          % the stem
  filldraw z22{vec2}..{left}z23--z24{right}..{vec1}z21--cycle;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,16,17,18,21,22,23,24,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_h}
% Draw an `h' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_h(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=lft x2=x$;
  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
% bowl
  rt x5=x$$; y5=3/8[y$,y$$];
  lft x6=2/3[x$,x$$]; bot y6=y$;
  x4=0.5[x1,x5]; top y4=3/4[y$,y$$];
  x4'=0.5[x4,x1]; y4'=y4;
  z4''=z4' shifted (-w*pdir);
  z3'=whatever[z4',z4'']=whatever[z1,z2];
  x3=rt x3'; y3=y3';
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_istem(1,2,srad);                    % stem
  draw z3{pdir}..z4{right}..z5{down}..z6;  % bowl
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_i}
% Draw an `i' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_i(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x$It=lft x$Ib=x$;         % 1 = $It, 2 = $Ib
  top y$It=y$$; bot y$Ib=y$;
  draw_tlserif($It,$Ib,srad);
  draw_tail($Ib,jut);
  penlabels(1,2,$It,$Ib,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_j}
% Draw a `j' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_j(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x$Jt=lft x$Jb=x$;        % 1 = Jt,  2 = Jb
  top y$Jt=y$$; bot y$Jb=y$;
  draw_tlserif($Jt,$Jb,srad);
  draw_tail($Jb,jut);
  penlabels($Jt,$Jb);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_k}
% Draw a `k' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_k(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=lft x2=x$; top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
% for the flick
  numeric rise,fall,fjut;
  x3=rt x1; y3=5/8[y$,y$$];
  rise:=1/6[y$,y$$]; fall:=-rise/2; fjut:=1/2[x$,x$$];
% for the leg
  z4=z3;
  x5=x$$; y5=y$;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);          % stem
  draw_tail(2,jut);
  draw_flick(3,rise,fall,fjut);    % upper diag
  draw_tstem(4,5,srad);            % lower diag
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_l}
% Draw an `l' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_l(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x$Lt=lft x$Lb= x$;              % 1 = Lt,  2 = Lb
  top y$Lt=y$$; bot y$Lb=y$;
  z$Lbl=z$Lb;                         % 3 = Lbl
  x$Lbr=x$$; y$Lbr=y$;                % 4 = Lbr
  draw_tlserif($Lt,$Lb,srad);         % the stem
  draw_fork($Lbl,$Lbr,jut);           % the foot
  penlabels($Lt,$Lb,$Lbl,$Lbr);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_pound}
% Draw a pound (sterling) symbol.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_pound(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x$pst=lft x$psb= x$;
  top y$pst=y$$-thick; bot y$psb=y$;
  z$psm=z$psb;
  x$psr=x$$; y$psr=y$;
  draw z$psb--z$pst;                    % the stem
  draw_fork($psm,$psr,jut);                        % the foot
% top arch
  x$pstr=3/4[x$,x$$]; top y$pstr=y$$;
  draw z$pstr..{down}z$pst;
% bar
  lft x$psbl= x$-jut; y$psbl = y$psbr = 2/3[y$psb,y$pst];
  x$psbr - x$pst = (2x$pst - x$psbl);
  draw z$psbl--z$psbr;
  penlabels($pst,$psb,$psm,$psr,$pstr,$psbl,$psbr,1,2,3,4,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_m}
% Draw an `m' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_m(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x2= x$; y2=1/2[y$,y$$];
  rt x8=x$$; y8=y2;
  rt x1=1/4w; bot y1=0;
  x4=1/2[x$,x$$]; y4=2/3[y$,y$$];
  x3=0.5[x2,x4]; top y3=y$$;
  x5=x4; y5=y1;
  z6=z4;
  x7=3/4[x$,x$$]; top y7=y$$;
  lft x9=3/4[x$,x$$]; y9=y1;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1..z2{up}..z3{right}..{down}z4;      % left half
  draw_tstem(4,5,srad);                      % middle stem
  draw z6..z7{right}..z8{down}..{-pdir}z9;          % right half
  ductus:=false;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_n}
% Draw an `n' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_n(suffix $,$$)=
% left stem
  lft x$nlt=x$; top y$nlt=y$$;   %% nlt = 1
  x$nlb=x$nlt; bot y$nlb=y$;     %% nlb = 2
% right stem
  rt x$nrt=x$$; y$nrt=y$nlt;     %% nrt = 4
  x$nrb=x$nrt; bot y$nrb=y$;     %% nrb = 3
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif($nlt,$nlb,srad);              % left stem
  draw_tail($nlb,jut);
  draw_istem($nrt,$nrb,srad);                % right stem
  draw z$nlt--z$nrb;                         % diagonal
  penlabels($nlt,$nlb,$nrt,$nrb);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_eng}
% Draw an `eng' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_eng(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
draw_n($,$$);
x$nge=2/3[x$nlb,x$nrb]; y$nge = y$$$; x$ngf=1/3[x$nlb,x$nrb]; 
y$ngf = 1/2[y$nrb,y$nge];
draw z$nrb{down}..z$nge..z$ngf;
%% undraw the bottom serif
pickup stylus;
lft x$nglt= lft x$nglb=x$$; rt x$ngrb=rt x$ngrt = x$$+jut;
top y$nglt = top y$ngrt = y$$; bot y$nglb = bot y$ngrb = y$;
path pu[];
pu1 =  z$nglt--z$nglb--z$ngrb--z$ngrt--cycle;
unfilldraw pu1; unfilldraw pu1;
penlabels($nge,$ngf,$nglt,$nglb,$lgrb,$ngrt);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_o}
% Draw an `o' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_o(suffix $,$$)=
  lft x1=x$; rt x3=x$$; y1=y3=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x2=x4=1/2[x$,x$$]; top y2=y$$; bot y4=y$;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1..z2..z3..z4..cycle;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_p}
% Draw a `p' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
% |$$$| is base of descender box.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_p(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% stem
  lft x1=lft x2=x$; top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$$$;
% bowl
  z3=z1;
  rt x5=x$$; y5=1/2[y$,y$$]; 
  lft x7=rt x1; bot y7=y$;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);               % stem
  draw_tail(2,jut);
  draw z3{pdir}..z5{down}..{-pdir}z7;   % bowl
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_q}
% Draw a `q' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
% |$$$| is base of descender box.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_q(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% right stem
  rt x1=rt x2=x$$; top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$$$;
% bowl
  z3=z1;
  lft x5=x$; y5=1/2[y$,y$$];
  rt x7=lft x1; y7=0.1[y$,y$$];
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1--z2;                          % right stem
  draw_tail(2,jut);
  draw z3{left}..z5{down}..{pdir}z7;    % bowl
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_pilcrow}
% Draw a pilcrow character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
% |$$$| is base of descender box.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_pilcrow(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% right stem
  rt x1=rt x2=x$$; top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$$$;
% bowl
  x3=x1; y3=y1-thick;
  lft x5=x$; y5=1/2[y$,y$$];
  rt x7=lft x1; y7=0.1[y$,y$$];
  lft x15=rt x5; y15=y5;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1--z2;                          % right stem
  draw_tail(2,jut);
  draw z3{left}..z5{down}..{pdir}z7;    % bowl
  draw z3{left}..z15{down}..{pdir}z7;    % bowl
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,15,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_r}
% Draw an `r' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_r(suffix $,$$)=
% stem
  lft x1=lft x2=x$; top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
% bowl
  lft x3=rt x1-thin; y3=y1;
  rt x5=3/4[x$,x$$]; y5=3/4[y$,y$$];
  lft x7=rt x1; bot y7=1/3[y$,y$$];
% leg
  z8=z7;
  rt x9=x$$; bot y9=y$;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);                   % stem
  draw_tail(2,jut);
  draw z3{pdir}..z5{down}..{-pdir}z7;       % bowl
  draw z8{-ppdir}..{right}z9;               % leg
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_s}
% Draw an `s' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_s(suffix $,$$)=
  rt x$Sa=x$$; top y$Sa=y$$-thin;   % a = 1
  x$Sb=1/2[x$,x$$]; top y$Sb=y$$;   % b = 2
  lft x$Sc=x$; y$Sc=0.75[y$,y$$];   % c = 3
  x$Sd=x$Sb; y$Sd=1/2[y$,y$$];      % d = 4
  x$Se=x$Sa; y$Se=0.25[y$,y$$];     % e = 5
  x$Sf=x$Sb; bot y$Sf=y$;           % f = 6
  x$Sg=x$Sc; bot y$Sg = y$+thin;    % g = 7
  path p[];
  p1=z$Sa..z$Sb{left}..z$Sc{down}..z$Sd..z$Se{down}..z$Sf{left}..z$Sg;
  pair vec[];
  vec1= direction 0 of p1;
  vec2= direction (length p1) of p1;
  z$Saa=z$Sa shifted vec1;          % aa = 11
  z$Sgg=z$Sg shifted -vec2;         % gg = 17
  y$Sf'=top y$Sa; y$Sf''=bot y$Sa; x$Sf''=lft x$Sa;
% the serif
  pickup stylus;
  rt x$Sfff=x$$; top y$Sfff=y$Sf';      % 26 = fff
  x$Sggg=x$Sa; y$Sggg=y$Sfff-0.75jut;   % 27 = ggg
  lft x$Shhh=x$Sf''; bot y$Shhh=y$Sf''; % 28 = hhh
  pickup quill;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw p1;                          % the curve
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z$Sggg..z$Shhh--z$Sfff--cycle;    % the serif
  penlabels($Sa,$Sb,$Sc,$Sd,$Se,$Sf,$Sg,$Saa,$Sgg,$Sfff,$Sggg,$Shhh);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_eszett}
% Draw an eszett.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_eszett(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
  lft x1 = lft x2 = x$; bot y1 = y$$$; y2 = y$$-2thick;
  top y3=y$$; rt x4 = rt x6 = x$$; x3 = 1/2[x2,x4];
  lft x5 = lft x7 = x1+thick;
  bot y7 = y$; y5 = 1/2[y7,y3];
  y4 = 1/2[y5,y3]; y6 = 1/2[y7,y5];
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1--z2{up}..z3{right}..z4{down}..{-pdir}z5;
  draw z5{right}..z6{down}..{left}z7;
  draw_tail(1,jut);
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_section}
% Draw a section symbol.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_section(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
  rt x1 = rt x11 = x666; top y1 = top y11 = y666;
  lft x5 = lft x15 = x555; bot y5 = bot y15 = y$$$;
  x12=x15; x4 = x1;
  y3 = 1/2[y5,y1] + 1/2thick; y13 = y3-thick;
  y2=1/2[y3,y1]; y4 = 1/2[y5,y3]; 
  y12=1/2[y13,y11]; y14=1/2[y15,y13];
  x2=x12+thick; x14=x4-thick;
  x3=1/2[x2,x4]; x13 = 1/2[x12,x14];
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1..z2..z3..z4..z5;
  draw z11..z12..z13..z14..z15;
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,11,12,13,14,15);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_t}
% Draw a `t' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_t(suffix $,$$)=
%%  x1=x2=1/2[x$,x$$];
%%  top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$;
%%  lft x3=x$; rt x4=x$$; y3=y4=y1;
%%  x5=x$+0.5jut; y5=y$$-1/2thin;
%%  x6=x$$-1/2thin; y6=y5;
%%  if ductus:
%%    pickup stylus;
%%  fi
%%  draw_tstem(1,2,srad);   % stem
%%  draw z3--z4;   % top bar
%%  draw_triangle(5,jut); draw_rtriangle(6,jut);
%%  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,100);
  x184=x284=1/2[x$,x$$];
  top y184=y$$; bot y284=y$;
  lft x384=x$; rt x484=x$$; y384=y484=y184;
  x584=x$+0.5jut; y584=y$$-1/2thin;
  x684=x$$-1/2thin; y684=y584;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tstem(184,284,srad);   % stem
  draw z384--z484;   % top bar
  draw_triangle(584,jut); draw_rtriangle(684,jut);
  penlabels(184,284,384,484,584,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_u}
% Draw a `u' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_u(suffix $,$$)=
% left half first
  lft x6=x$+jut; top y6=y$$-2thin;
  lft x7=x$; y7=1/2[y$,y$$];
  x8=0.5[x6,x1]; bot y8=y$;
% the stem
  rt x1=x$$; top y1=y$$;
  x2=x1; bot y2=y$;
% construction points for the curved part
  x5=0.5[x8,x1]; y5=y8;
  z5'=z5 shifted (w*pdir);
  path p[];
  p1=z5--z5';
  p2=z1--z2;
  z9= p2 intersectionpoint p1;
  pair vec[];
  p3=z6..z7{down}..{right}z8;
  vec3 = direction 0 of p3;
  z16=z6 shifted vec3;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
% draw the serifs, then the bowls
  draw_serif(6,16,srad);                      % left half
  draw z6a..z7{down}..z8{right}..{pdir}z9;  
  draw_istem(1,2,srad);                       % right stem
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,16,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_v}
% Draw a `v' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_v(suffix $,$$)=
% right side of W
  numeric midx; midx:= pcshiftx;
  lft x1=x$; top y1=y$$;
  x2=x1; y2=1/2[y$,y$$];
  rt x4=x$$; y4=y2;
  x3=0.5[x2,x4]; bot y3=y$;
  x5=x4-thick; y5=y1;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
% draw the serifs, then the bowls
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);  
  draw z2{down}..z3{right}..z4{up}..z5;  
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,11,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_w}
% Draw a `w' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_w(suffix $,$$)=
% right side first
  numeric midx; midx:= 1/2[x$,x$$]-jut;
  lft x1=midx+jut; top y1=y$$;
  x2=x1; y2=1/2[y$,y$$];
  rt x4=x$$; y4=y2;
  x3=0.5[x2,x4]; bot y3=y$;
  x5=x4-thick; y5=y1;
% left side
  lft x6=x$+jut;
  top y6=y$$-2thin;
  lft x7=x$; y7=y2;
  x8=0.5[x7,x1]; y8=y3;
% construction points
  x15=0.5[x8,x1]; y15=y8;
  z15'=z15 shifted (w*pdir);
  x2'=x2; y2'=y15;
  path p[];
  p1=z1--z2';
  p2=z15--z15';
  z9= p2 intersectionpoint p1;
  pair vec[];
  p3=z6..z7{down}..{right}z8;
  vec3 = direction 0 of p3;
  z16=z6 shifted vec3;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
% draw the serifs, then the bowls
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);                      % right half
  draw z2{down}..z3{right}..z4{up}..z5;  
  draw_serif(6,16,srad);                      % left half
  draw z6a..z7{down}..z8{right}..z9;  
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,16,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_x}
% Draw an `x' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_x(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% thick diagonal
  lft x1=x$+jut; rt x2=x$$-jut;
  y1=y$$; y2=y$;
% thin diagonal
  lft x3=x$; bot y3=y$$$;
  rt x5=x$$; top y5=y$$;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_istem(1,2,srad);            % thick diagonal
  draw z3..{pdir}z5;               % thin diagonal
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_y_base}
% Draw a dotless `y' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_y_base(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% left stroke
  lft x1=x$+jut; top y1=y$$;
  rt x2=3/4[x$,x$$]; top y2=y$;
% right stroke
  pickup stylus;
  rt x3=x$$; top y3=y$$;
  lft x4=x$; bot y4=y$$$;
  x5=x3-3thin; y5=y3;
  x7=x2-3/2thin; y7=y2;
  pickup quill;
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);       % left stroke
  pickup stylus;
  filldraw z3..z2..z4 & z4..z7..z5--cycle;  % right stroke
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_y}
% Draw a `y' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_y(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
  draw_y_base($,$$,$$$);
  x8=1/2[x$,x$$]; y8=y$$+jut;
  draw_pdot(8,dot_size);        % the dot
  penlabels(8);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_z}
% Draw a `z' character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_z(suffix $,$$)=
  % bottom stroke
  lft x4=x$; bot y4=y$;
  x6=x$$; y6=y$;
% top stroke
  x1=x4; top y1=y$$;
  rt x3=6/7[x$,x$$]; y3=y1;
  x11=x$+0.5jut; y11=y$$-thin/2; 
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw z1--z3;    % top stroke
  draw_triangle(11,jut);
  draw_fork(4,6,jut);
  draw z4--z3;    % diagonal
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
% \begin{routine}{draw_thorn}
% Draw a thorn character.
% |$| and |$$| are the lower left and upper right of the character's `box'.
% |$$$| is base of descender box.
%    \begin{macrocode}
def draw_thorn(suffix $,$$,$$$)=
% stem
  lft x1=lft x2=x$; top y1=y$$; bot y2=y$$$;
% bowl
  lft x7=rt x1; bot y7=y$;
  x3=x1; y1-y3 = y7-y2;
  rt x5=x$$; y5=1/2[y3,y7]; 
  if ductus:
    pickup stylus;
  fi
  draw_tlserif(1,2,srad);               % stem
  draw_tail(2,jut);
  draw z3{pdir}..z5{down}..{-pdir}z7;   % bowl
  penlabels(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,100);
enddef;

%    \end{macrocode}
% \end{routine}
%
%
%
%
% \subsection{Mode, setup and input files}
%
%
%    Set the mode and font setup.
%    \begin{macrocode}
font_coding_scheme:="TeXB1";
mode_setup; 
auncial_font_setup;

%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
%    We generate letters, together with some punctuation and
% analphabetics.
%    \begin{macrocode}
input auncllow;      % characters below ASCII
input aunclsci;      % ASCII character set
input aunclmid;      % bottom of top half
input auncltop;      % top of top half

%    \end{macrocode}
%
% \subsection{Ligatures}
%
% The open and close double quotes, and the en- and em-dashes.
%    \begin{macrocode}
%%ligtable "`": "`"=:oct"134";
%%ligtable "'": "'"=:oct"042"; %% , "?" kern 2u#, "!" kern 2u#;
%%ligtable "-": "-"=:oct"173";
%%ligtable oct"173": "-"=:oct"174";
ligtable "`": "`"=:oct"020";        %% open quotes
ligtable "'": "'"=:oct"021";        %% close quotes
%% , "?" kern 2u#, "!" kern 2u#;
ligtable "-": "-"=:oct"025";        %% en-dash
ligtable oct"025": "-"=:oct"026";   %% em-dash

%    \end{macrocode}
%
% Other ligatures are possible in the following slots..
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
%%ligtable oct"240": "t"=oct"223";
%%ligtable "e": "t"=oct"247";
%%ligtable "s": "t"=oct"263";
%%ligtable "c": "t"=oct"265";
%%ligtable =oct"223";
%%ligtable =oct"225";

%    \end{macrocode}
%
% Finally, do the uppercase ligtable.
%
%    \begin{macrocode}
font_slant slant; font_x_height x_height#;
if monospace: font_normal_space 9u#; % no stretching or shrinking
 font_quad 18u#;
 font_extra_space 9u#;
else: font_normal_space 6u#+2letter_fit#;
 font_normal_stretch 3u#; font_normal_shrink 2u#;
 font_quad 18u#+4letter_fit#;
 font_extra_space 2u#;
 k#:=-.5u#; kk#:=-1.5u#; kkk#:=-2u#; % three degrees of kerning
%% ligtable "P": "T": "Y": "A" kern kk#;
%% ligtable "F": "V": "W": "A" kern if serifs: kkk# else: kk#fi,
%%  "K": "X": "O" kern k#, "C" kern k#, "G" kern k#, "Q" kern k#;
%% ligtable "O": "D": "X" kern k#, "W" kern k#, "A" kern k#,
%%   "V" kern k#, "Y" kern k#;
%% ligtable "A": if serifs: "R": fi
%%  "C" kern k#, "O" kern k#, "G" kern k#, "U" kern k#, "Q" kern k#,
%%  "L": "T" kern kk#, "Y" kern kkk#, "V" kern kk#, "W" kern kkk#;
%%ligtable "I": "I" kern -k#; % Richard III
fi

bye.

%</mfd>
%    \end{macrocode}
%
%
% \Finale
%
\endinput

%% \CharacterTable
%%  {Upper-case    \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%%   Lower-case    \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%%   Digits        \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%%   Exclamation   \!     Double quote  \"     Hash (number) \#
%%   Dollar        \$     Percent       \%     Ampersand     \&
%%   Acute accent  \'     Left paren    \(     Right paren   \)
%%   Asterisk      \*     Plus          \+     Comma         \,
%%   Minus         \-     Point         \.     Solidus       \/
%%   Colon         \:     Semicolon     \;     Less than     \<
%%   Equals        \=     Greater than  \>     Question mark \?
%%   Commercial at \@     Left bracket  \[     Backslash     \\
%%   Right bracket \]     Circumflex    \^     Underscore    \_
%%   Grave accent  \`     Left brace    \{     Vertical bar  \|
%%   Right brace   \}     Tilde         \~}