summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/biblio/bibtex/contrib/mla/mla.bst
blob: c5762e9dac6d6772bcdbe1250259d2c0cff94233 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
% BibTeX bibliography style `MLA' to conform to the MLA stylesheet
% 3/23/97 minor changes to @inproceedings
% modified on 10/21/95 copied much of the tricks of chicago.bst
%     now need use use chicago.sty when using this bibstyle
% modified on 3/13/94 converted note3 to "comment" field
% Modified from BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain' by Tom Weissert
% BibTeX standard bibliography style `plain'
        % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09.
        % Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
        % Copying of this file is authorized only if either
        % (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
        % (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than
        % btxbst.doc, plain.bst, unsrt.bst, alpha.bst, and abbrv.bst.
        % This restriction helps ensure that all standard styles are identical.
        % The file btxbst.doc has the documentation for this style.
% The following text is the header for chicago.bst:
% "Chicago" BibTeX style, chicago.bst
% ===================================
%
% BibTeX `chicago' style file for BibTeX version 0.99c, LaTeX version 2.09
% Place it in a file called chicago.bst in the BibTeX search path.
% You need to include chicago.sty as a \documentstyle option.
% (Placing it in the same directory as the LaTeX document should also work.)
% This "chicago" style is based on newapa.bst (American Psych. Assoc.)
% found at ymir.claremont.edu.
%
%   Citation format: (author-last-name year)
%             (author-last-name and author-last-name year)
%             (author-last-name, author-last-name, and author-last-name year)
%             (author-last-name et al. year)
%             (author-last-name)
%             author-last-name (year)
%             (author-last-name and author-last-name)
%             (author-last-name et al.)
%             (year) or (year,year)
%             year or year,year
%
%   Reference list ordering: alphabetical by author or whatever passes
%    for author in the absence of one.
%
% This BibTeX style has support for abbreviated author lists and for
%    year-only citations.  This is done by having the citations
%    actually look like
%
%    \citeauthoryear{full-author-info}{abbrev-author-info}{year}
%
% The LaTeX style has to have the following (or similar)
%
%     \let\@internalcite\cite
%     \def\fullcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1, ##3}\@internalcite}
%     \def\fullciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1}\@internalcite}
%     \def\shortcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2, ##3}\@internalcite}
%     \def\shortciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2}\@internalcite}
%     \def\citeyear{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##3}\@internalcite}
%
% These TeX macro definitions are found in chicago.sty. Additional
% commands to manipulate different components of a citation can be defined
% so that, for example, you can list author's names without parentheses
% if using a citation as a noun or object in a sentence.
%
% This file was originally copied from newapa.bst at ymir.claremont.edu.
%
% Features of chicago.bst:
% =======================
%
% - full names used in citations, but abbreviated citations are available
%   (see above)
% - if an entry has a "month", then the month and year are also printed
%   as part of that bibitem.
% - all conjunctions use "and" instead of "\&"
% - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that
%   only the first author in a reference appears last name first-
%   additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.
% - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except
%   article entries.
% - book, inbook, and manual use "location: publisher" (or organization)
%   for address and publisher. All other types list publishers separately.
% - "pp." are used to identify page numbers for all entry types except
%   articles.
% - organization is used as a citation label if neither author nor editor
%   is present (for manuals).
% - "et al." is used for long author and editor lists, or when "others"
%   is used.
%
% Modifications and bug fixes from newapa.bst:
% ===========================================
%
%   - added month, year to bib entries if month is present
%   - fixed bug with In proceedings, added necessary comma after title
%   - all conjunctions changed to "and" from "\&"
%   - fixed bug with author labels in my.full.label: "et al." now is
%        generated when "others" is an author name
%   - major modification from Chicago Manual of Style (13th ed.) is that
%     only the first author in a reference appears last name first-
%     additional authors appear as J. Q. Public.
%   - pages are listed as "pp. xx-xx" in all entry types except
%     article entries. Unnecessary (IMHO) "()" around page numbers
%     were removed, and page numbers now don't end with a period.
%   - created chicago.sty for use with this bibstyle (required).
%   - fixed bugs in FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} for missing volume,
%     number, and /or pages. Renamed to format.jour.vol.
%   - fixed bug in formatting booktitles: additional period an error if
%     book has a volume.
%   - fixed bug: editors usually given redundant period before next clause
%     (format.editors.dot) removed.
%   - added label support for organizations, if both author and editor
%     are missing (from alpha.bst). If organization is too long, then
%     the key field is used for abbreviated citations.
%   - In proceedings or books of several volumes, no comma was written
%     between the "Volume x" and the page numbers (this was intentional
%     in newapa.bst). Fixed.
%   - Some journals may not have volumes/numbers, only month/year (eg.
%     IEEE Computer). Fixed bug in article style that assumed volume/number
%     was always present.
%
% Original documentation for newapa.sty:
% =====================================
%
% This version was made by modifying the master file made by
% Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU), and the 'named' BibTeX
% style of Peter F. Patel-Schneider.
%
% Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
% Copying of this file is authorized only if either
% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
% (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than 'newapa.bst'.
% There are undoubtably bugs in this style.  If you make bug fixes,
% improvements, etc.  please let me know.  My e-mail address is:
%    spencer@cgrg.ohio.state.edu or 71160.3141@compuserve.com
%
% This style was made from 'plain.bst', 'named.bst', and 'apalike.bst',
% with lots of tweaking to make it look like APA style, along with tips
% from Young Ryu and Brian Reiser's modifications of 'apalike.bst'.
%
%
ENTRY
  { address
    author
    booktitle
    chapter
    comment
    edition
    editor
    howpublished
    institution
    journal
    key
    month
    note
    number
    organization
    pages
    publisher
    school
    series
    title
    type
    volume
    year
  }
  {}
% copied labels from Chicago
  { label.year extra.label sort.year sort.label }
% added "post.title" to integers
% just.space to integers
INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block
           post.title}
% added #4 below
FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
{ #0 'before.all :=
  #1 'mid.sentence :=
  #2 'after.sentence :=
  #3 'after.block :=
  #4 'post.title :=
}
% added u from chicago:
STRINGS { s t u }
% added outer if loop
FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
{ 's :=
   output.state post.title =
      { " " * write$
        newline$
        "\newblock " write$
        mid.sentence 'output.state :=
      }
      { output.state mid.sentence =
          { ", " * write$ }
          { output.state after.block =
              { add.period$ write$
                newline$
                "\newblock " write$
              }
              { output.state before.all =
                  'write$
                  { add.period$ " " * write$ }
                if$
              }
            if$
            mid.sentence 'output.state :=
          }
       if$
      }
    if$
  s
}

FUNCTION {output}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
FUNCTION {putnodot}
{post.title 'output.state :=}

FUNCTION {output.check}
{ 't :=
  duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
    'output.nonnull
  if$
}
% removed original bibitem from here
% added the chicago version later in file
%FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
%{ newline$
%  "\bibitem{" write$
%  cite$ write$
%  "}" write$
%  newline$
%  ""
%  before.all 'output.state :=
%}
%
FUNCTION {fin.entry}
{ add.period$
  write$
  newline$
}
FUNCTION {new.block}
{ output.state before.all =
    'skip$
    { after.block 'output.state := }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence}
{ output.state after.block =
    'skip$
    { output.state before.all =
        'skip$
        { after.sentence 'output.state := }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {not}
{   { #0 }
    { #1 }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {and}
{   'skip$
    { pop$ #0 }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {or}
{   { pop$ #1 }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.block
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
{ empty$
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}
FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
{ empty$
  swap$ empty$
  and
    'skip$
    'new.sentence
  if$
}
FUNCTION {field.or.null}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {emphasize}
{ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "" }
    { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
  if$
}
% moved format.date function to here for sort
FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year empty$
    { month empty$
        { "" }
        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
          month
        }
      if$
    }
    { month empty$
        'year
        { month " " * year * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
%
% This new function is a modified version of the old function
% the old function has been renamed format.names.alt below
% added if nameptr=1 option and changed format for first
%  author to last name first.
FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { nameptr #1 =
        {  s nameptr "{ll}{, ff}{vv~}{,jj}" format.name$ 't := }
        {  s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := }
      if$
      nameptr #1 >
        { namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            { numnames #2 >
                { "," * }
                'skip$
              if$
              t "others" =
                { " et~al." * }
                { " and " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

% this is the original format.names function
FUNCTION {format.names.alt}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        { namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            { numnames #2 >
                { "," * }
                'skip$
              if$
              t "others" =
                { " et~al." * }
                { " and " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}
% copied the following two from chicago
FUNCTION {my.full.label}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't :=  % get the next name
      nameptr #1 >
        { namesleft #1 >
              { ", " * t * }
              { numnames #2 >
                  { "," * }
                  'skip$
                if$
                t "others" =
                    { " et~al." * }
                    { " and " * t * } % from Chicago Manual of Style
                  if$
               }
               if$
             }
            't
        if$
        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;
        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;
    }
  while$
}
FUNCTION {format.names.fml}
%
% Format names in "familiar" format, with first initial followed by
% last name. Like format.names, ALL names are formatted.
%
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=               % nameptr = 1;
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=    % numnames = num.name$(s);
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        { namesleft #1 >
              { ", " * t * }
               { numnames #2 >
                    { "," * }
                    'skip$
                  if$
                  t "others" =
                        { " et~al." * }
                        { " and " * t * }
%                       { " \& " * t * }
                      if$
                }
               if$
             }
            't
        if$
        nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=          % nameptr += 1;
        namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=      % namesleft =- 1;
    }
  while$
}
FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author empty$
    { "" }
    { author format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.key}
{ empty$
    { key field.or.null }
    { "" }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { editor format.names
      editor num.names$ #1 >
        { ", editors" * }
        { ", editor" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
% from chicago:
% Format editor names for use in the "in" types: inbook, incollection,
% inproceedings: first initial, then last names. When editors are the
% LABEL for an entry, then format.editor is used which lists editors
% by last name first.
%
FUNCTION {format.editors.fml}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { editor format.names.fml
      editor num.names$ #1 >
    { " (Eds.)" * }
    { " (Ed.)" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
%
% this new function is a modified version of the original above
% with the additional use of format.names.alt when the editor
% is not the first name in the entry.
FUNCTION {format.editors.alt}
{ editor empty$
    { "" }
    { "Ed. " editor format.names.alt
      editor num.names$ #1 >
        {  * }
        {  * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

% removed change.case$ operation on title
FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title empty$
    { "" }
    { title }
%    { title "t" change.case$ }
  if$
}
% new function copied from above added quote marks and
% period inside quotes for articles
FUNCTION {format.title.article}
{ title empty$
    { "" }
    { "``" title * ".''" * }
  if$
}
% new function copied from above added quote marks and
% period inside quotes for chapter title in type INBOOK
FUNCTION {format.chapter.inbook}
{ chapter empty$
    { "" }
    { "``" chapter * ".''" * }
  if$
}


FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{ 't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}
% moved format.data function from here
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title emphasize }

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
    { "~" }
    { " " }
  if$
  swap$ * *
}
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { series empty$
        { "" }
        { series }
      if$
    }
    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
      series empty$
        {" " * }
        { " of " * series * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { "number" }
            { "Number" }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.connect
          series empty$
            { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
            { " in " * series * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition empty$
    { "" }
    { output.state mid.sentence =
        { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }
        { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}
FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages empty$
    { "" }
    { pages multi.page.check
        { " " pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
        { " " pages tie.or.space.connect }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
% added the if year empty block to below
FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
  year empty$
    { month empty$
        { "" *}
        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
    }
    { month empty$
        { " (" year * ")" * * }
        { " (" month * " " * year * ")" * * }
      if$
    }
  if$
  pages empty$
    'skip$
    { duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ format.pages }
        { ": " * pages n.dashify * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages.mag}
{ volume field.or.null
  year empty$
    { month empty$
        { "" *}
        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
      if$
    }
    { month empty$
        { " " year " " * * }
        { " " month * ". " * year * " " * * }
      if$
    }
  if$
  pages empty$
    {'skip$}
    { duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ format.pages }
        { ": " * pages n.dashify * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    'format.pages
    { type empty$
        { "chapter" }
        { type "l" change.case$ }
      if$
      chapter tie.or.space.connect
      pages empty$
        'skip$
        { ", " * format.pages *  }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
% modified to use format.editors.alt instead of format.editors
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ booktitle empty$
    { "" }
    { editor empty$
        { " " booktitle emphasize * ". " * }
        { " "  booktitle emphasize * ". " * format.editors.alt * }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}
{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$
  and and and and and
  key empty$ not and
    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
    'skip$
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type empty$
    'skip$
    { pop$
      type "t" change.case$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ type empty$
    { "Technical Report" }
    'type
  if$
  number empty$
    { "t" change.case$ }
    { number tie.or.space.connect }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{ "See"
  "\citeN{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  editor num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$ " et~al." * }
    { #2 <
        'skip$
        { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
            { " et~al." * }
            { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      "In "
    }
    { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
      " of " *
    }
  if$
  editor empty$
    editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
    or
    { key empty$
        { series empty$
            { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
              crossref * warning$
              "" *
            }
            { "\emph{" * series * "}" * }
          if$
        }
        { key * }
      if$
    }
    { format.crossref.editor * }
  if$
  " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{"See" " \citeN{" * crossref * "}" * }
%
% created this function
FUNCTION {format.publishing}
{ address empty$
      {publisher}
      {address ": " * publisher * }
  if$
}
%
% Stole the following label generation
% routines for chicago-like labels in
% the bbl file:
FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
{ 's :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames #2 >    % change number to number of others allowed before
         % forcing "et al".
    { s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ " et~al." * }
    {
      numnames #1 - 'namesleft :=
      #2 'nameptr :=
      s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
   { namesleft #0 > }
   { nameptr numnames =
       { s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
      { " et~al." * }
      { " and " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
         if$
       }
       { ", " * s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
     if$
     nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
     namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
   }
      while$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
          { "no key, author in " cite$ * warning$
            cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
         'key
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.key.label}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
          { "no key, editor in " cite$ * warning$
            cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
          'key
        if$
     }
     { editor format.lab.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label}
%
% added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if author is null.
%
{ author empty$
    { organization empty$
   { key empty$
       { "no key, author or organization in " cite$ * warning$
              cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
       'key
     if$
   }
        { organization }
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label}
%
% added - gnp. Provide label formatting by organization if editor is null.
%
{ editor empty$
    { organization empty$
   { key empty$
       { "no key, editor or organization in " cite$ * warning$
              cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
       'key
     if$
   }
        { organization }
      if$
    }
    { editor format.lab.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
          { key empty$
               { "no key, author, or editor in " cite$ * warning$
                 cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
             'key
           if$
         }
          { editor format.lab.names }
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {calc.label}
%
% Changed - GNP. See also author.organization.sort, editor.organization.sort
% Form label for BibTeX entry. The classification of which fields are used
% for which type of entry (book, inbook, etc.) are taken from alpha.bst.
% The change here from newapa is to also include organization as a
% citation label if author or editor is missing.
%
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.key.label
    { type$ "proceedings" =
   'editor.key.organization.label
   { type$ "manual" =
       'author.key.organization.label
       'author.key.label
     if$
   }
      if$
    }
  if$
  author empty$  % generate the full label citation information.
    { editor empty$
        { organization empty$
           { "no author, editor, or organization in " cite$ * warning$
             "??" }
           { organization }
           if$
        }
        { editor my.full.label }
        if$
    }
    { author my.full.label }
  if$
% leave label on the stack, to be popped when required.
  "}{" * swap$ * "}{" *
%  year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ *
%
% save the year for sort processing afterwards (adding a, b, c, etc.)
%
  year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$
  'label.year :=
}
FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{" write$
  calc.label write$
  sort.year write$
  "}]{" write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}
%
% changes to article:
% format.title to format.title.article
FUNCTION {article}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output % from chicago
  new.block
  format.title.article
  "title" output.check
  putnodot
  note empty$
    {}
    { note output
      new.block
    }
  if$
% Added from chicago:
    crossref missing$
    { journal emphasize "journal" output.check
      putnodot
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.vol.num.pages output
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {book}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "editor" output.check
      new.block
      crossref missing$
         { format.btitle "title" output.check }
         { format.book.crossref output.nonnull }
      if$
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      new.block
      crossref missing$
        { format.btitle "title" output.check }
        { format.book.crossref output.nonnull }
      if$
      new.block
      format.editors.alt output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  new.block
  format.edition output
  new.block
  format.bvolume output
  new.block
  format.publishing "address and publisher" output.check
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {booklet}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output %from chicago
  new.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  howpublished address new.block.checkb
  howpublished output
  address output
  format.date output
  note output
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inbook}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  new.block
  format.chapter.inbook output
  putnodot
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.edition output
      new.block
      format.bvolume output
      new.block
      format.publishing "address and publisher" output.check
    }
    { format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  new.block
  note output
  format.date "year" output.check
  comment output
  new.block
  format.pages output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {incollection}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output %from chicago
  new.block
  format.title.article
  "title" output.check
  putnodot
  crossref missing$
    {format.in.ed.booktitle
     "booktitle" output.check
     new.block
     format.edition output
     new.block
     note output
     format.bvolume output
     new.block
     format.publishing "address and publisher" output.check
     format.date output
     new.block
     format.chapter.pages output
   }
   { format.incoll.inproc.crossref
     output.nonnull
     format.date output
     new.block
     format.chapter.pages output
   }
  if$
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output %chicago
  new.block
  format.title.article
  "title" output.check
  putnodot
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
%      organization missing$
%        {}
%        {" Proceedings of " organization * output}
%      if$
      new.block
      putnodot
      note output
      format.publishing "address and publisher" output.check
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull}
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  format.pages output
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
FUNCTION {manual}
{ output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { organization empty$
        'skip$
        { organization output.nonnull
          address output
        }
      if$
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  author empty$
    { organization empty$
        { address new.block.checka
          address output
        }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
    { organization address new.block.checkb
      organization output
      address output
    }
  if$
  format.edition output
  format.date output
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {misc}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title.article
  "title" output.check
  putnodot
  journal emphasize
  "journal" output.check
  putnodot
  format.vol.num.pages.mag output
  new.block
  note output
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" output.check
  address output
  format.date "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ output.bibitem
  editor empty$
    { organization output
      organization format.key output }
    { format.editors output.nonnull }
  if$
  new.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  note output
  format.publishing
  "address and publisher" output.check
  format.date
  "year" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {techreport}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution
  "institution" output.check
  address output
  format.date
  "year" output.check
  new.block
  note output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ output.bibitem
  format.authors
  "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  new.block
  format.title
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  note "note" output.check
  format.date output
  new.block
  comment output
  fin.entry
}
FUNCTION {default.type} { book }
MACRO {jan} {"January"}
MACRO {feb} {"February"}
MACRO {mar} {"March"}
MACRO {apr} {"April"}
MACRO {may} {"May"}
MACRO {jun} {"June"}
MACRO {jul} {"July"}
MACRO {aug} {"August"}
MACRO {sep} {"September"}
MACRO {oct} {"October"}
MACRO {nov} {"November"}
MACRO {dec} {"December"}
READ
FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
  "l" change.case$
}
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
  'len :=
  s #1 len substring$ =
    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
    's
  if$
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  ""
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { nameptr #1 >
        { "   " * }
        'skip$
      if$
      s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{  ff{ }}{  jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
        { "et al" * }
        { t sortify * }
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}
FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
  "A " #2
    "An " #3
      "The " #4 t chop.word
    chop.word
  chop.word
  sortify
  #1 global.max$ substring$
}
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
          "" }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.sort}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
         { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$
           ""
         }
         { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { editor sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
    { "missing author in " cite$ * warning$
      editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
              ""
            }
            { key sortify }
          if$
        }
        { editor sort.format.names }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}
{ author empty$
    { organization empty$
        { key empty$
            { "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
              ""
            }
            { key sortify }
          if$
        }
        { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}
{ editor empty$
    { organization empty$
        { key empty$
            { "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$
              ""
            }
            { key sortify }
          if$
        }
        { "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }
      if$
    }
    { editor sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {presort}
% added first 4 lines from chicago for labels:
{ calc.label sortify % recalculate bibitem label
  year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
  "    "
  *
  type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.sort
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.organization.sort
        { type$ "manual" =
            'author.organization.sort
            'author.sort
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
  #1 entry.max$ substring$        % added for newapa
  'sort.label :=                  % added for newapa
  sort.label                      % added for newapa
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {presort}
% replace entire sort procedure with the one from chicago:
SORT             % by label, year, author/editor, title
STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
INTEGERS { last.extra.num }
FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label :=
  "" 'next.extra :=
  #0 'last.extra.num :=
}
FUNCTION {forward.pass}
%
% Pass through all entries, comparing current entry to last one.
% Need to concatenate year to the stack (done by calc.label) to determine
% if two entries are the same (see presort)
%
{ last.label
  calc.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
  #1 entry.max$ substring$ =     % are they equal?
     { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
       last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
     }
     { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
       "" 'extra.label :=
       calc.label year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ * % add year
       #1 entry.max$ substring$ 'last.label := % assign to last.label
     }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
{ next.extra "b" =
    { "a" 'extra.label := }
     'skip$
  if$
  label.year extra.label * 'sort.year :=
  extra.label 'next.extra :=
}
EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
ITERATE {forward.pass}
REVERSE {reverse.pass}
FUNCTION {bib.sort.order}
{ sort.label
  "    "
  *
  year field.or.null sortify
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {bib.sort.order}
SORT             % by sort.label, year, title --- giving final bib. order.

FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{}" write$ newline$
}

EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}