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+\input hyperbasics
+% standard macros for WEB listings (in addition to PLAIN.TEX)
+% $Revision: 2.1$ % Don Knuth, July 1990
+
+\parskip 0pt % no stretch between paragraphs
+\parindent 1em % for paragraphs and for the first line of C text
+
+\font\ninerm=cmr9
+\let\mc=\ninerm % medium caps
+\def\Cee{{\mc C}}
+\def\UNIX{{\mc UNIX}}
+\font\eightrm=cmr8
+\let\sc=\eightrm % small caps (NOT a caps-and-small-caps font)
+\let\mainfont=\tenrm
+\font\titlefont=cmr7 scaled\magstep4 % title on the contents page
+\font\ttitlefont=cmtt10 scaled\magstep2 % typewriter type in title
+\font\tentex=cmtex10 % TeX extended character set (used in strings)
+\fontdimen7\tentex=0pt % no double space after sentences
+
+\def\\#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\it#1\/\kern.05em}} % italic type for identifiers
+\def\|#1{\leavevmode\hbox{$#1$}} % one-letter identifiers look better this way
+\def\&#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\bf
+ \def\_{\kern.04em\vbox{\hrule width.3em height .6pt}\kern.08em}%
+ #1\/\kern.05em}} % boldface type for reserved words
+\def\.#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\tentex % typewriter type for strings
+ \let\\=\BS % backslash in a string
+ \let\{=\LB % left brace in a string
+ \let\}=\RB % right brace in a string
+ \let\~=\TL % tilde in a string
+ \let\ =\SP % space in a string
+ \let\_=\UL % underline in a string
+ \let\&=\AM % ampersand in a string
+ \let\^=\CF % circumflex in a string
+ #1}}
+\def\){\discretionary{\hbox{\tentex\BS}}{}{}}
+\def\AT{@} % at sign for control text
+
+\chardef\AM=`\& % ampersand character in a string
+\chardef\BS=`\\ % backslash in a string
+\chardef\LB=`\{ % left brace in a string
+\chardef\RB=`\} % right brace in a string
+\def\SP{{\tt\char`\ }} % (visible) space in a string
+\chardef\TL=`\~ % tilde in a string
+\chardef\UL=`\_ % underline character in a string
+\chardef\CF=`\^ % circumflex character in a string
+
+\newbox\PPbox % symbol for ++
+\setbox\PPbox=\hbox{\kern.5pt\raise1pt\hbox{\sevenrm+\kern-1pt+}\kern.5pt}
+\def\PP{\copy\PPbox}
+\newbox\MMbox \setbox\MMbox=\hbox{\kern.5pt\raise1pt\hbox{\sevensy\char0
+ \kern-1pt\char0}\kern.5pt}
+\def\MM{\copy\MMbox}
+\newbox\MGbox % symbol for ->
+\setbox\MGbox=\hbox{\kern-2pt\lower3pt\hbox{\teni\char'176}\kern1pt}
+\def\MG{\copy\MGbox}
+\let\GG=\gg
+\let\LL=\ll
+\let\NULL=\Lambda
+\mathchardef\AND="2026 % bitwise and; also \& (unary operator)
+\let\OR=\mid % bitwise or
+\let\XOR=\oplus % bitwise exclusive or
+\def\CM{{\sim}} % bitwise complement
+\newbox\MODbox \setbox\MODbox=\hbox{\eightrm\%}
+\def\MOD{\mathbin{\copy\MODbox}}
+
+\newbox\bak \setbox\bak=\hbox to -1em{} % backspace one em
+\newbox\bakk\setbox\bakk=\hbox to -2em{} % backspace two ems
+
+\newcount\ind % current indentation in ems
+\def\1{\global\advance\ind by1\hangindent\ind em} % indent one more notch
+\def\2{\global\advance\ind by-1} % indent one less notch
+\def\3#1{\hfil\penalty#10\hfilneg} % optional break within a statement
+\def\4{\copy\bak} % backspace one notch
+\def\5{\hfil\penalty-1\hfilneg\kern2.5em\copy\bakk\ignorespaces}% optional break
+\def\6{\ifmmode\else\par % forced break
+ \hangindent\ind em\noindent\kern\ind em\copy\bakk\ignorespaces\fi}
+\def\7{\Y\6} % forced break and a little extra space
+\def\8{\hskip-\ind em\hskip 2em} % no indentation
+
+\let\yskip=\smallskip
+\def\?{\mathrel?}
+\let\hyperdoend=\relax
+\def\note#1{\Y\noindent{\def\hyperdoend{.\par}%
+ \hangindent2em\baselineskip10pt\eightrm#1%
+ \catcode`\,=\active\let\hyperjunk=}~\secref%
+ }
+\def\lapstar{\rlap{*}}
+\def\stsec{\Q\noindent{\let\*=\empty\bf\hyperdef\hypernoname
+ {section}{\modstar}{\let\*=\lapstar\modstar.}\quad}}
+\let\startsection=\stsec
+\def\defin#1{\global\advance\ind by 2 \1\&{#1 }} % begin `define' or `format'
+\def\A{\note{See also section}} % crossref for doubly defined section name
+\def\As{\note{See also sections}} % crossref for multiply defined section name
+%\def\B{\mathopen{\.{@\{}}} % begin controlled comment
+\def\C#1{\5\5\quad$/\ast\,$#1$\,\ast/$}
+\def\D{\defin{\#define}} % macro definition
+\def\ET{ and~} % conjunction between two section numbers
+\def\ETs{, and~} % conjunction between the last two of several section numbers
+\def\F{\defin{format}} % format definition
+\let\G=\ge % greater than or equal sign
+\let\I=\ne % unequal sign
+\def\J{\.{@\&}} % TANGLE's join operation
+\let\K== % can be changed to left arrow, if desired
+\let\L=\le % less than or equal sign
+\outer\def\M#1.{\MN#1.\ifon\vfil\penalty-100\vfilneg % beginning of section
+ \vskip12ptminus3pt\startsection\ignorespaces}
+\outer\def\N#1.#2.{\MN#1.\vfil\eject % beginning of starred section
+ \def\rhead{\uppercase{\ignorespaces#2}} % define running headline
+ \message{*\modno} % progress report
+ \edef\next{\write\cont{\Z{#2}{\modno}{\the\pageno}}}\next % to contents file
+ \ifon\startsection{\bf\ignorespaces#2.\quad}\ignorespaces}
+\def\MN#1.{\par % common code for \M, \N
+ {\xdef\modstar{#1}\let\*=\empty\xdef\modno{#1}}
+ \ifx\modno\modstar \onmaybe \else\ontrue \fi \mark{\modno}}
+\def\O#1{\leavevmode % octal, hex or decimal constant
+ \hbox{${\def\?{\kern.2em}%
+ \def\${\ell}% long constant
+ \def\_{\cdot 10^{\aftergroup}}% power of ten
+ \def\~{\hbox{\rm\char'23\kern-.2em\it\aftergroup\?\aftergroup}}% octal
+ \def\^{\hbox{\rm\char"7D\tt\aftergroup}}#1}$}}% double quotes for hex constant
+\def\P{\rightskip=0pt plus 100pt minus 10pt % go into C mode
+ \sfcode`;=3000
+ \pretolerance 10000
+ \hyphenpenalty 9999 % so strings can be broken (a discretionary \ is inserted)
+ \exhyphenpenalty 10000
+ \global\ind=2 \1\ \unskip}
+\def\Q{\rightskip=0pt % get out of C mode
+ \sfcode`;=1500 \pretolerance 200 \hyphenpenalty 50 \exhyphenpenalty 50 }
+\let\R=\lnot % logical not
+\let\S=\equiv % equivalence sign
+%\def\T{\mathclose{\.{@\ast/}}} % terminate controlled comment
+\def\U{\note{This code is used in section}} % xref for use of a section
+\def\Us{\note{This code is used in sections}} % xref for uses of a section
+\let\V=\lor % logical or
+\let\W=\land % logical and
+\def\X{{\iffalse}\fi\catcode`\,=\active\relax\Xone}
+\def\Xone#1:{\iffalse{\fi}\Xtwo#1:}
+\def\Xtwo#1:#2\X{\ifmmode\gdef\XX{\null$\null}\else\gdef\XX{}\fi % section name
+ \XX$\langle\,${#2\eightrm\kern.5em{\def\hyperdoend{}%
+ \secref#1.}\iffalse}\fi$\,\rangle$\XX}
+\def\Y{\par\yskip}
+\let\Z=\let % now you can \send the control sequence \Z
+\def\=#1{\leavevmode\hbox{\kern2pt\vrule\vtop{\vbox{\hrule
+ \hbox{\strut\kern2pt\.{#1}\kern2pt}}
+ \hrule}\vrule\kern2pt}} % verbatim string
+\let\*=*
+
+\def\onmaybe{\let\ifon=\maybe} \let\maybe=\iftrue
+\newif\ifon \newif\iftitle \newif\ifpagesaved
+\def\lheader{\mainfont\hyperdef\hypernoname{page}{\the\pageno}%
+ {\the\pageno}\eightrm\qquad\rhead\hfill\title\qquad
+ \tensy x\mainfont\topmark} % top line on left-hand pages
+\def\rheader{\tensy x\mainfont\topmark\eightrm\qquad\title\hfill\rhead
+ \qquad\mainfont\hyperdef\hypernoname{page}{\the\pageno}%
+ {\the\pageno}} % top line on right-hand pages
+\def\page{\box255 }
+\newbox\hyperbox
+\newif\iffooter\footerfalse
+\def\normaloutput#1#2#3{\shipout\vbox{
+ \ifodd\pageno\hoffset=\pageshift\fi
+ \vbox to\fullpageheight{
+ \iftitle\global\titlefalse
+ \else\hbox to\pagewidth{\vbox to10pt{}\ifodd\pageno #3\else#2\fi}\fi
+ \vfill#1\iffooter\vfill\box\hyperbox\fi}} % parameter #1 is the page itself
+ \global\advance\pageno by1}
+
+\def\rhead{\.{CWEB} OUTPUT} % this running head is reset by starred sections
+\def\title{} % an optional title can be set by the user
+\def\topofcontents{\centerline{\titlefont\title}
+ \vfill} % this material will start the table of contents page
+\def\botofcontents{\vfill} % this material will end the table of contents page
+\def\contentspagenumber{0} % default page number for table of contents
+\newdimen\pagewidth \pagewidth=6.5in % the width of each page
+{\boxmaxdepth=0pt\relax\global
+\setbox\hyperbox\hbox to \pagewidth{GO TO:\hfil\hyperref{}{page}{1}{first
+ page}\hfil\hyperref{}{section}{INDEX}{Index}\hfil\hyperref{}{section}%
+ {SECTIONS}{Section Names}\hfil\hyperref{}{section}{CONTENTS}{Contents}}}
+\newdimen\pageheight \pageheight=8.7in % the height of each page
+\iffooter\advance\pageheight by -\ht\hyperbox\relax\fi
+\newdimen\fullpageheight \fullpageheight=9in % page height including headlines
+\newdimen\pageshift \pageshift=0in % shift righthand pages wrt lefthand ones
+\def\magnify#1{\mag=#1\pagewidth=6.5truein\pageheight=8.7truein
+ \fullpageheight=9truein\setpage}
+\def\setpage{\hsize\pagewidth\vsize\pageheight} % use after changing page size
+\def\contentsfile{\jobname.toc} % file that gets table of contents info
+\def\readcontents{\input \jobname.toc}
+
+\newwrite\cont
+\output{\setbox0=\page % the first page is garbage
+ \openout\cont=\contentsfile
+ \write\cont{\catcode `\noexpand\@=11\relax} % \makeatletter
+ \global\output{\normaloutput\page\lheader\rheader}}
+\setpage
+\vbox to \vsize{} % the first \topmark won't be null
+
+\def\ch{\note{The following sections were changed by the change file:}
+ \let\*=\relax}
+\newbox\sbox % saved box preceding the index
+\newbox\lbox % lefthand column in the index
+\def\comma{,}
+\def\hypernoblanks#1{#1}
+\def\hypereatup#1{}
+{\global\futurelet\hyperfunny} %
+\def\hyperglobal{\ifx\hyperfunny\hyperblank
+ \global\futurelet\hyperblank\hypereatup\hyperblank
+ \else\global\let\hyperblank=\relax\fi}
+\def\hyperblankonly#1{{\setbox0=\hbox{\futurelet\hyperblank\hyperglobal#1}%
+ \hyperblank}}
+\def\hypersecref#1\hyperjunk{\def\[##1]{##1}\hyperblankonly{#1}%
+ \let\preserve=\*\let\*=\empty
+ \hyperref{}{section}%
+ {\hypernoblanks#1}{\let\*=\preserve\let\[=\hyperrestore\hypernoblanks#1}}%
+{\catcode`,=\active\relax
+\gdef\secref#1.{\let\hyperjunk=\relax%
+ \edef,{\hyperjunk\comma\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\hypersecref}%
+ \edef\ET{\hyperjunk\ET\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\hypersecref}%
+ \edef\ETs{\hyperjunk\ETs\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\hypersecref}%
+ \let\hyperrestore=\[\let\[=\relax%]]
+ {\let\hyperblankonly=\relax
+ \xdef\expanded{#1\hyperjunk}}%
+ \expandafter\hypersecref\expanded\let\hyperjunk={\hyperdoend}%
+ }%
+}
+\def\inx{\par\vskip6pt plus 1fil % we are beginning the index
+ \write\cont{} % ensure that the contents file isn't empty
+ \write\cont{\catcode `\noexpand\@=12\relax} % \makeatother
+ \closeout\cont % the contents information has been fully gathered
+ \output{\ifpagesaved\normaloutput{\box\sbox}\lheader\rheader\fi
+ \global\setbox\sbox=\page \global\pagesavedtrue}
+ \pagesavedfalse \eject % eject the page-so-far and predecessors
+ \setbox\sbox\vbox{\unvbox\sbox} % take it out of its box
+ \vsize=\pageheight \advance\vsize by -\ht\sbox % the remaining height
+ \hsize=.5\pagewidth \advance\hsize by -10pt
+ % column width for the index (20pt between cols)
+ \parfillskip 0pt plus .6\hsize % try to avoid almost empty lines
+ \def\lr{L} % this tells whether the left or right column is next
+ \output{\if L\lr\global\setbox\lbox=\page \gdef\lr{R}
+ \else\normaloutput{\vbox to\pageheight{\box\sbox\vss
+ \hbox to\pagewidth{\box\lbox\hfil\page}}}\lheader\rheader
+ \global\vsize\pageheight\gdef\lr{L}\global\pagesavedfalse\fi}
+ \message{Index:}
+ \parskip 0pt plus .5pt
+ \outer\def\:##1, {\par\hangindent2em\noindent##1:{\kern1em
+ \catcode`\,=\active\relax\iffalse}\fi\def\hyperdoend{}\secref} % index entry
+ \def\[##1]{$\underline{##1}$} % underlined index item
+ \hyperdef\hypernoname{section}{INDEX}{}%
+ \rm \rightskip0pt plus 2.5em \tolerance 10000 \let\*=\lapstar
+ \hyphenpenalty 10000 \parindent0pt}
+\def\fin{\par\vfill\eject % this is done when we are ending the index
+ \ifpagesaved\null\vfill\eject\fi % output a null index column
+ \if L\lr\else\null\vfill\eject\fi % finish the current page
+ \parfillskip 0pt plus 1fil
+ \def\rhead{NAMES OF THE SECTIONS}
+ \message{Section names:}
+ \output{\normaloutput\page\lheader\rheader}
+ \setpage
+ \def\note##1{\quad{\eightrm##1~%
+ \catcode`\,=\active\let\hyperjunk=}\def\hyperdoend{}\secref}
+ \hyperdef\hypernoname{section}{SECTIONS}{}%
+ \def\U{\note{Used in section}} % crossref for use of a section
+ \def\Us{\note{Used in sections}} % crossref for uses of a section
+ \def\:{\par\hangindent 2em}\let\*=*}
+\def\con{\par\vfill\eject % finish the section names
+ \rightskip 0pt \hyphenpenalty 50 \tolerance 200
+ \setpage
+ \output{\normaloutput\page\lheader\rheader}
+ \titletrue % prepare to output the table of contents
+ \pageno=\contentspagenumber \def\rhead{TABLE OF CONTENTS}
+ \message{Table of contents:}
+ \hyperdef\hypernoname{section}{CONTENTS}{}
+ \topofcontents
+ \line{\hfil Section\hbox to3em{\hss Page}}
+ \def\Z##1##2##3{\line{\ignorespaces##1
+ \leaders\hbox to .5em{.\hfil}\hfil\ \let\preserve=\*\let\*=\empty
+ \hyperref{}{section}{##2}{\let\*=\preserve##2}%
+ \hbox to3em{\hss\hyperref{}{page}{##3}{##3}}}}
+ \readcontents\relax % read the contents info
+ \botofcontents \end} % print the contents page(s) and terminate
+\def\noinx{\let\inx=\end} % no indexes or table of contents
+\def\nomods{\let\FIN=\fin \def\fin{\let\parfillskip=\end \FIN}}
+ % no index of module names or table of contents
+\def\nocon{\let\con=\end} % no table of contents
+\def\today{\ifcase\month\or
+ January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
+ July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \space\number\day, \number\year}
+\newcount\twodigits
+\def\hours{\twodigits=\time \divide\twodigits by 60 \printtwodigits
+ \multiply\twodigits by-60 \advance\twodigits by\time \printtwodigits}
+\def\gobbleone1{}
+\def\printtwodigits{\advance\twodigits100
+ \expandafter\gobbleone\number\twodigits
+ \advance\twodigits-100 }
+\def\datethis{\def\startsection{\leftline{\sc\today\ at \hours}\bigskip
+ \let\startsection=\stsec\stsec}}
+ % say `\datethis' in limbo, to get your listing timestamped