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diff --git a/obsolete/macros/inrstex/inrsdoc/thcont.tex b/obsolete/macros/inrstex/inrsdoc/thcont.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5659f92ec1 --- /dev/null +++ b/obsolete/macros/inrstex/inrsdoc/thcont.tex @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ +%-*-tex-*- +\ifundefined{writestatus} \input status \relax \fi % +\chcode{cont} + +\def\cqu{\cquote{The life is so short, the craft so long to learn.}{Aphorisms, +Hippocrates (460-400~BC)} +} + + +\chapterhead{cont}{SPECIAL CHARACTERS\cr and\cr ACCENTS} +This chapter discusses {\it special characters}, both those that are single +keys (usually) on the terminal but are used for special purposes +and those, non mathematics, that end up in the final text as +single characters. An example of the first is the |{| used for grouping (see +Chapter~\ref{bas} information on {\it grouping}) and an example of the latter is the copyright sign +\copyright\ that is obtained by typing |\copyright|. For special mathematics +symbols see Chapter~\ref{matsym}. + +Section~\ref{controluse} discusses the special characters that do not +normally print and are used by \tex\ and \intex\ for control purposes. +Section~\ref{controlprint} tells how to print them in the text. + +A second set of special use characters, usually single keys, +are really single character commands to \tex\ +and \intex. Their behaviour varies depending on the circumstances. In most +cases, they can be used with little or no thought. Occasionally errors in use +might cause some confusion. For instance, in \intex\ the ``\vrt'' is +interpreted as a vertical bar or rule in normal text and mathematics, but as a +column separator with a vertical rule while building tables using \intex's +|\begintable...\endtable| commands. The complete set of these commands for +\intex\ is given in Section~\ref{activechar}. + + +The rest of this chapter discusses the second class of special {\it text} +characters, and the means of inserting them in the text. +Section~\ref{specialtextsymbols} shows how to obtain such interesting +characters as the British Pound ``{\it\$}'' paragraph symbol ``\P''. +Quotes, both English ``\dots'' and French +{\language = 1 \ldq\dots\rdq} are discussed in +Section~\ref{quotes}. +Accents +on ordinary text letters are in Section~\ref{ordaccent} and on mathematics in +Section~\ref{mathaccent}. + + + +\shead{controluse}{Control Characters - Meaning} +\tex\ and \intex\ have reserved the following control characters for the uses +indicated. None of these characters will be actually printed in the text. +\bshortcomlist +|\|&escape character \dots starts + all control and command sequences \cr +|{}|&grouping brackets \cr +\% &indicates the end of a line in a \TeX\ file. Anything after the + \%\ will be ignored by \TeX\ while processing the file. This is used + for comments. \cr +|\@|&superscript sign\cr +|_|&subscript sign\cr +|&|&alignment character used to align characters from line to line\cr +|$|&\it mathematics mode indicator\cr +|$<expression>$|&{\it mathematics} mode start and end \cr +|$$<expression>$$|&{\it display mathematics} mode \dots start and end \cr +|#|¶meter indicator for definitions and in alignment preambles\cr +|~|&the {\it tie} character \dots\ really an unbreakable space between words. +For instance, the space between the initials in D.E. Knuth allows the last +name to be split from the initials at the end of the line. The sequence +|D.E.~Knuth| will leave the space but not allow the break.\cr +\eshortcomlist + + +\shead{controlprint}{Control Characters - Printing} +The control characters +\begintt + { } # $ % & _ \ ~ ^ +\endtt +\ls +are obtained by the control sequences +\begintt + $\{$ $\}$ \# \$ \% \& \_ + $\backslash$ \^{ } \~{ } +\endtt +\ls +respectively, +except as accents. The last two are actually +obtained by ``accenting'' a space. +In mathematics the ``~\^{ }~'' and the ``~\~{ }~'' must be obtained using +the mathematic accents (see Section~\ref{mathaccent}) +as |\hat{ }| or |\tilde{ }|. +The net effect of this is that all characters are available in any mode. + +\shead{activechar}{\intex\ Special Characters} +\intex\ special characters are all active --- meaning that they +are single character control sequences. The complete list is +given below. They are used for specifying column separators +in tables. +\bshortcomlist +\vrt&this is a \vrt\ in normal text, a \vrt\ {\it Rel} in mathematics (see +Chapter~\ref{matsym}). While making a table inside \intex\ +|\begintable ... \endtable|, the \vrt\ is a vertical rule or line column +that is used to separate data columns and {\bf must +not be used in mathematics inside tables -- use |\vrt|} + (see Chapter~\ref{align}).\cr +|"|&the double quote should not be used in ordinary text. \intex\ will give +you a gentle reminder to either |``| or |''|. It will then put the " in the +text. The |"| is used while making tables for indicating a rule column where +the rule is omitted.\cr +\eshortcomlist + +\shead{specialtextsymbols}{Special Text Symbols} +\tex\ supplies a number of special symbols that can be used in ordinary text, +and some admonitions about those that should not. There are three kinds of +dashes in normal typeset material and \tex\ supplies all three. They are +- -- --- and are produced by |-| |--| and |---| respectively. They are known +officially as the {\it dash, endash,} and {\it emdash}. They are used as +hyphens, word separators, and idea separators, respectively. +These are recognized by \tex\ as {\it ligatures}. Although the English +ligatures such as ``ff'' and ``ffi'' are recognized by \tex, most in other +languages are not.\footnote{\dagger}{However, it is easy to modify \tex\ so +that it does recognize those ligatures. Meanwhile, it is necessary to live +with the mechanism given.} +These require +special symbols. In addition there are special symbols such as +\copyright\ and \dots\ that are also useful. +Here is a list supplied by {\it plain} +\bshortcomlist +\@|\aa, \AA|& the \aa\ and \AA \cr +\@|\ae, \AE|& the ligature \ae\ or \AE \cr +\@|\copyright|&the copyright symbol \copyright \cr +\@|\dag|& the dagger \dag. The math mode |$\dagger$| looks similar but + incorporates the spacing of a binary operator. \cr +\@|\ddag|& the double dagger \ddag. The math mode + |$\ddagger$| looks similar but incorporates the + spacing of a binary operator. \cr + |\dots|&dots in text \dots\ like so \cr +\@|{\it\$}|&the nonobvious British Pound {\it\$} \cr %indexing problem with $ +\@|{\it\&}|&the script ampersand {\it\&} \cr +\@|\i|&the dotless \i\ for use in \^\i \cr +\@|\j|&the dotless \j\ for use in \^\j \cr +\@|\l, \L|&the \l\ and \L \cr +\@|\o, \O|&the \o\ and \O \cr +\@|\oe, \OE|&the ligature \oe\ or \OE \cr +\@|\P|&the paragraph symbol \P \cr +\@|\S|&the section symbol \S \cr +\@|\ss|&the \ss \cr +\eshortcomlist + + +\shead{quotes}{Opening and Closing Quotes} +The ``double quote'', |"| on the keyboard {\bf should not be used}, +except in its accent form |\"| to be described later in +Section~{\ref{ordaccent}} on accents. +For the |\englishversion| of \intex, opening {\bf double} quotes may be obtained either +with the |``| in plain or using |\ldq|. The closing {\bf double} +quotes may be obtained +similarly using the |''| or the |\rdq|. When |\versionfrancaise| is in force, +|\ldq| and |\rdq| when used like so |\ldq guillemets\rdq|\footnote{\ddagger}{This is the best we can +do with the present fonts} will give {\language=1 \ldq guillemets\rdq}. +Note that the |\rdq| is an ordinary command that will delete spaces following +it. + + +\shead{ordaccent}{Ordinary Accents} +The ordinary accents supplied in {\it plain} are for the occasional insertion +of a foreign language in English text. The mechanisms are complete, and the +accents are quite well placed, but the method of obtaining them from +keyboards with special characters is not built in. In \tex, the accent always +precedes the letter accented. Thus |\'ecole| gives \'ecole, and |fran\c cais| +gives fran\c cais. Note the annoying space after the |\c| in the word. This +form of input reduces the readability of the text. Agreement is needed to +obtain a consistent multi-language format. + +The following is a list of the ordinary accents in \tex\ specified by {\it +plain}. +\bshortcomlist +|\`<char>|&accent grave as in \`a\cr +|\'<char>|&accent acute as in \'e \cr +|\^<char>|&circumflex or ``hat'' as in \^o \cr +|\"<char>|¨aut as in \"o \cr +|\~<char>|&tilde as in \~n \cr +|\=<char>|&long vowel as in \=o \cr +|\.<char>|&dot accent as in \.a \cr +|\b|\]|<char>|&accent bar-under as in \b d, note space \] \cr +|\c|\]|<char>|&accent cedilla as in \c c, note space \] \cr +|\d|\]|<char>|&accent dot-under as in \d o, note space \] \cr +|\u|\]|<char>|&accent breve as in \u o, note space \] \cr +|\v|\]|<char>|&``check'' as in \v o \cr +|\H|\]|<char>|&long Hungarian umlaut as in \H o\cr +|\t|\]|<char><char>|&tie-after accent as in \t ao\cr +\eshortcomlist + + +\shead{mathaccent}{Accents on Mathematical Symbols} +Placing accents on mathematical symbols requires a certain amount of care. +{\it Plain} \tex\ gives an extra set of commands that are to be used for characters in +mathematics mode. All of the following should be used when in mathematics +mode. Note the required space \], in almost all cases. +\begingroup \descrwd=2in +\bshortcomlist +|<char>'|& the prime as in $x'$ \cr +|<char>''|& the double prime as in $x''$ \cr +|\acute|\]|<char>|&as in $\acute x$ \cr +|\bar|\]|<char>|&as in $\bar x$ \cr +|\breve|\]|<char>|&as in $\breve x$ \cr +|\check|\]|<char>|&as in $\check x$ \cr +|\dot|\]|<char>|&as in $\dot x$ \cr +|\ddot|\]|<char>|&as in $\ddot x$ \cr +|\grave|\]|<char>|&as in $\grave x$\cr +|\hat|\]|<char>|&as in $\hat x$ \cr +|\tilde|\]|<char>|&as in $\tilde x$ \cr +|\vec|\]|<char>|&as in $\vec x$ \cr +|\widehat|\]|<char>[<char>][<char>]|& as in $\widehat{x},\widehat{xy}, + \widehat{xyz}$\cr +|\widetilde|\]|<char>[<char>][<char>]|& as in $\widetilde{x},\widetilde{xy}, + \widetilde{xyz}$\cr +\eshortcomlist +\endgroup +When using these in a technical paper or report, it is probably better to +make a short definition for the accented character. This will reduce typing +and facilitate the changing the style {\t consistently} throughout the paper. +It is a very simple form of {generic typesetting}. + +\ejectpage +\done + |