summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/obsolete/info/whatstex/wots.tex
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'obsolete/info/whatstex/wots.tex')
-rw-r--r--obsolete/info/whatstex/wots.tex2956
1 files changed, 2956 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/obsolete/info/whatstex/wots.tex b/obsolete/info/whatstex/wots.tex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d342f0f638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/obsolete/info/whatstex/wots.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@
+%What is TeX and METAfont all about? C.G van der Laan, cgl@risc1.rug.nl
+\documentstyle[bezier]{article} %Version 1.1 Jan 94
+\def\Dash{---}
+\def\dash{--}
+\def\address#1{#1}\def\netaddress#1{}\def\network#1{}
+
+%Needed files: abr.tex, btable.tex, ds.pic, icon.tex, lit.dat, lit.sel,
+% lus.pic, math.tex, pic.pic (tugboat.sty/cmn)
+%In final version all these files have been included, however.
+%\input{abr.tex} %Abbreviations from TUGboat.cmn
+%\input{icon.tex} %Icon macros
+%\input{manmac.cgl}%Some boxing macros from manmac
+%Input at the appropriate place
+% ds.pic , picture inspired by David Salomon
+% lus.pic , picture from lustrum paper
+% pic.pic , picture from Furuta
+%Input along the way (within \begingroup ... \endgroup)
+% btable.tex, bordered tabl macro (redefines \multispan!!!)
+% math.tex , multipositioning of \eqalign (redefines centering needed)
+% lit.dat , literature database (at the end)
+% lit.sel , literature reference names pointing to the database.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\newcount\TestCount
+\def\smc{\tensmc}
+\def\SMC{\ninerm}
+\font\tensmc=cmcsc10
+%
+% ***** abbreviations and logos *****
+%
+
+\def\AllTeX{(\La)\TeX}
+
+\def\AMS{American Mathematical Society}
+
+\def\AmS{{\the\textfont2 A}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox
+ {\the\textfont2 M}\kern-.125em{\the\textfont2 S}}
+\def\AmSTeX{\AmS-\TeX}
+
+\def\aw{A\kern.1em-W}
+\def\AW{Addison\kern.1em-\penalty\z@\hskip\z@skip Wesley}
+
+\def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\smc i\kern-.025emb}\kern-.08em\TeX}}
+
+\def\CandT{{\sl Computers \& Typesetting}}
+
+\def\DVItoVDU{DVIto\kern-.12em VDU}
+
+\def\ISBN{{\SMC ISBN} }
+
+% Japanese TeX
+\def\JTeX{\leavevmode\hbox{\lower.5ex\hbox{J}\kern-.18em\TeX}}
+
+\def\JoT{{\sl The Joy of \TeX}}
+
+\def\LAMSTeX{L\raise.42ex\hbox{\kern-.3em\the\scriptfont2 A}%
+ \kern-.2em\lower.376ex\hbox{\the\textfont2 M}\kern-.125em
+ {\the\textfont2 S}-\TeX}
+
+% note -- \LaTeX definition is from LATEX.TEX 2.09 of 7 Jan 86,
+% adapted for additional flexibility in TUGboat
+%\def\LaTeX{\TestCount=\the\fam \leavevmode L\raise.42ex
+% \hbox{$\fam\TestCount\scriptstyle\kern-.3em A$}\kern-.15em\TeX}
+% note -- broken in two parts, to permit separate use of La,
+% as in (La)TeX
+\def\La{\TestCount=\the\fam \leavevmode L\raise.42ex
+ \hbox{$\fam\TestCount\scriptstyle\kern-.3em A$}}
+\def\LaTeX{\La\kern-.15em\TeX}
+
+% for Robert McGaffey
+\def\Mc{\setbox\TestBox=\hbox{M}M\vbox to\ht\TestBox{\hbox{c}\vfil}}
+
+\font\manual=logo10 % font used for the METAFONT logo, etc.
+\def\MF{{\manual META}\-{\manual FONT}}
+\def\mf{{\smc Metafont}}
+\def\MFB{{\sl The \slMF book}}
+
+% multilingual (INRS) TeX
+\def\mtex{T\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{\^E}\kern-.125emX}
+
+\def\pcMF{\leavevmode\raise.5ex\hbox{p\kern-.3ptc}MF}
+\def\PCTeX{PC\thinspace\TeX}
+\def\pcTeX{\leavevmode\raise.5ex\hbox{p\kern-.3ptc}\TeX}
+
+\def\Pas{Pascal}
+
+\def\PiC{P\kern-.12em\lower.5ex\hbox{I}\kern-.075emC}
+\def\PiCTeX{\PiC\kern-.11em\TeX}
+
+\def\plain{{\tt plain}}
+
+\def\POBox{P.\thinspace O.~Box }
+\def\POBoxTUG{\POBox\unskip~9506, Providence, RI~02940}
+
+\def\PS{{Post\-Script}}
+
+\def\SC{Steering Committee}
+
+\def\SGML{{\SMC SGML}}
+
+\def\SliTeX{{\rm S\kern-.06em{\smc l\kern-.035emi}\kern-.06em\TeX}}
+
+\def\slMF{\MF}
+% Use \font\manualsl=logosl10 instead, if it's available,
+% for \def\slMF{{\manualsl META}\-{\manualsl FONT}}
+
+% Atari ST (Klaus Guntermann)
+\def\stTeX{{\smc st\rm\kern-0.13em\TeX}}
+
+\def\TANGLE{{\tt TANGLE}}
+
+\def\TB{{\sl The \TeX book}}
+\def\TP{{\sl \TeX\/}: {\sl The Program\/}}
+
+\def\TeX{T\hbox{\kern-.1667em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
+
+\def\TeXhax{\TeX hax}
+
+% Don Hosek
+\def\TeXMaG{\TeX M\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{A}\kern-.2267emG}
+
+%\def\TeXtures{\TestCount=\the\fam
+% \TeX\-\hbox{$\fam\TestCount\scriptstyle TURES$}}
+\def\TeXtures{{\it Textures}}
+\let\Textures=\TeXtures
+
+\def\TeXXeT{\TeX--X\kern-.125em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT}
+
+\def\ttn{{\sl TTN}}
+\def\TTN{{\sl \TeX{} and TUG NEWS}}
+
+\def\tubfont{\sl} % redefined in other situations
+\def\TUB{{\tubfont TUGboat\/}}
+
+\def\TUG{\TeX\ \UG}
+
+\def\UG{Users Group}
+
+\def\UNIX{{\SMC UNIX}}
+
+\def\VAX{\leavevmode\hbox{V\kern-.12em A\kern-.1em X}}
+\def\VorTeX{V\kern-2.7pt\lower.5ex\hbox{O\kern-1.4pt R}\kern-2.6pt\TeX}
+
+\def\XeT{\leavevmode\hbox{X\kern-.125em\lower.424ex\hbox{E}\kern-.1667emT}}
+
+\def\WEB{{\tt WEB}}
+\def\WEAVE{{\tt WEAVE}}
+%********************************************************************
+\def\icmat#1#2{%ICon MATrix(rectangular)
+%#1 is ht of icon matrix, e.g. 4
+%#2 is wd of icon matrix, e.g. 2
+\vbox to#1\unitlength{\hrule
+ \hbox to#2\unitlength{\vrule
+ height#1\unitlength\hfil\vrule}%
+ \hrule}%
+}%end icmat
+%
+\def\icurt#1#2{%IConUpperRightTriangle
+%#1 is ht of icon matrix, with UT
+%the upper triangular part, e.g. 4
+%#2 is wd of icon (upper triangular)
+%matrix, e.g. 2
+\vbox to #1\unitlength{\hrule
+ \hbox{\picture(#2,#2)%
+ \put(0,#2){\line(1,-1){#2}}%
+ \endpicture\vrule}%
+ \vfil}%
+}%end icurt
+%
+\def\icllt#1#2{%IConLowerLeftTriangle
+%#1 is ht of icon matrix, with LT
+%the lower triangular part, e.g. 4
+%#2 is wd of icon (lower triangular)
+%matrix, e.g. 2
+\vbox to #1\unitlength{\vfil
+ \hbox{\vrule\picture(#2,#1)%
+ \put(0,#2){\line(1,-1){#2}}%
+ \endpicture}%
+ \hrule}%
+}%end icllt
+%
+\def\icuh#1#2#3{%IConUpperHessenberg
+%#1 is size of icon matrix, with UH
+% the upper Hessenberg part, e.g. 4
+%#2 is wd of icon (upper Hesenberg)
+% matrix, e.g. 1
+%#3 is size Lower Left triangular part,
+% #1-#2 (for simplicity the latter is added,
+% could have been calculated, perhaps some
+% inconsistency test could be incorporated)
+\vbox to #1\unitlength{\offinterlineskip
+ \hrule
+ \hbox to#1\unitlength{\vrule height%
+ #2\unitlength depth0pt\relax
+ \hfil\vrule}%
+ \hbox to#1\unitlength{\picture(#3,#3)%
+ \put(0,#3){\line(1,-1){#3}}\endpicture
+ \hfil\vrule}%
+ \hbox to#1\unitlength{\hfil\vrule
+ width#2\unitlength height.2pt\relax}%
+ }%
+}%end icuh
+%
+\def\hidehrule#1#2{\kern-#1\hrule
+ height#1 depth#2 \kern-#2 }
+\def\hidevrule#1#2{\kern-#1{\dimen0=#1
+ \advance\dimen0 by#2\vrule width\dimen0}%
+ \kern-#2 }
+% \makeblankbox puts rules at the edges of
+% a blank box whose dimensions are those
+% of \box0 (assuming nonnegative wd,ht,dp)
+% #1 is rule thickness outside,
+% #2 is rule thickness inside
+\def\makeblankbox#1#2{\hbox{\lower\dp0
+ \vbox{\hidehrule{#1}{#2}%
+ \kern-#1% overlap the rules at the corners
+ \hbox to\wd0{\hidevrule{#1}{#2}%
+ \raise\ht0\vbox to #1{}% set the vrule height
+ \lower\dp0\vtop to #1{}% set the vrule depth
+ \hfil\hidevrule{#2}{#1}}%
+ \kern-#1\hidehrule{#2}{#1}}}}
+\def\maketypebox{\makeblankbox{0pt}{1pt}}
+\def\makelightbox{\makeblankbox{.2pt}{.2pt}}
+\def\<#1>{$\langle#1\rangle$}
+\def\cs#1{{\tt\char92#1}}
+%
+\def\mm{{\tt manmac}}
+\def\mmt{{\tt manmac.sty}}
+%For abstracting and customizing
+%\def\head*#1*{\chapter*{#1}}
+%\def\subhead*#1*{\section*{#1}}
+%\def\subsubhead*#1*{\subsection*{#1}}
+%\def\ftn#1{\footnote{#1}}
+\let\ea=\expandafter \let\ag=\aftergroup \let\nx=\noexpand
+%Customize footer
+\def\pfoottext{NLUUG meeting Fall '93}
+%
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{What is \TeX{} and METAfont all about?}
+%\thanks{Paper to be presented at NLUUG meeting of 2 November, 1993.}
+\author{Kees van der Laan}
+\address{Hunzeweg 57, 9893 PB\\
+ Garnwerd, Groningen (NL)\\
+ +31 5941 1525}
+\netaddress[\network{Internet}]{cgl@risc1.rug.nl}
+\overfullrule0pt
+%\begin{abstract}
+%A survey of
+% \TeX,
+% its flavours, and
+% its twin sister \MF{},
+%within the context of Electronic Publishing,
+%is given.
+%\end{abstract}
+\maketitle
+%\paragraph*{Keywords:}{\small \AmSTeX,
+%education, electronic publishing, (La)\TeX, METAfont, (encapsulated) \PS,
+% SGML, hypertext.}
+\section*{Contents}%
+\begingroup\small
+Introduction\\
+-- \TeX{} etc.{} tools\\
+-- Importance\\
+-- \TeX's flavours, drivers, and fonts\\
+-- Descriptive mark-up\\
+-- \TeX{} its author, users, and publishers\\
+-- \TeX\ and other EP tools\\
+-- Trends\\
+-- Examples: generic format, and\\
+\phantom{--} in the small math, tables, and graphics\\
+-- Front \& back matter \\
+-- Guidelines for choosing\\
+Acknowledgements, Conclusions, References.
+\endgroup
+\section*{Introduction}
+This work about computer-assisted typesetting by \AllTeX{} and \MF{}
+in context, is aimed at a broad audience.
+Novice users \`a la
+BLU\footnote{BLU is Knuth's nickname for the innocent user, the so-called
+ Ben Lee User of the \TeX book fame, with BLUe its cousin, adopted by me.
+ Nowadays we would say Beginning \LaTeX\ User.}
+who like to become informed what it is all about,
+advanced \LaTeX\ users who hardly have heard of \mm,
+and mathematicians and publishers who will find the offerings
+of the \AMS{} interesting.
+
+There have been published many notes, articles and books about \TeX.
+Advanced ones exploring \TeX's limits, and also contributions at
+the survey and introductory level.
+The latter deal with
+the macroscopic mark-up features as well as
+the microscopics of automatic kerning,
+ for example with A and V in AV,
+the automatic handling of ligatures,
+the automatic justification and hyphenation
+supported by hyphenation tables, and the formatting of
+math, tables and graphics.
+They also boast of the quality which can be
+obtained when formatting the typographic teasers:
+math, tables and graphics.
+
+In the \TeX niques series we have the
+tutorials:
+A gentle introduction to \TeX, by Michael Doob, and
+First grade \TeX, by Arthur Samuel.
+For \LaTeX\ there is: An introduction to \LaTeX, by Michael Urban,
+and---for the Dutch speaking community---Publiceren met \LaTeX, by
+de Bruin.
+Also noteworthy is Hoenig's \TeX\ for new users, and
+the introduction chapter in Salomon's courseware Insights and Hindsights.
+For \MF{} see Henderson's An introduction to \MF{},
+Tobin's \MF{} for beginners, and Knuth's
+introductory article on the issue in TUGboat.
+A survey with respect to EP tools (Electronic Publishing) is
+Document Formatting Systems:
+Survey, Concepts and Issues, by Furuta and co-authors.
+
+For trying it out and working with it, the user groups
+distribute PD versions of (La)\TeX{} as well as
+integrated working environments for PCs,
+with all kinds of bells-and-whistles added.
+Ubiquitous is Mattes' PD em\TeX, and the working environments
+ As\TeX{} (apart from Framework it is
+ in the Public Domain), next to the Dutch 4\TeX{} (which is shareware).
+
+This paper relates \TeX{} and \MF{} to EP,
+SGML and the like, as a helicopter view, and accounts for the many
+activities of its users.
+At the end an annotated bibliography has been supplied.
+
+\paragraph*{Conventions and notations.}
+I adhered to the historical development of \TeX\ et cetera,
+and did not order the tools with respect to perceived importance.
+The latter is a matter of taste and definitely time-dependent.
+
+The Contents list is not a one-to-one mapping of the section titles.
+It is used to stress the main items and their treatment within a logical
+hierarchy.
+I clustered some section titles and subsection titles, whenever
+convenient, to enhance readability.
+The aim was to convey the contents and not so much the form,
+to paraphrase Marvin Minsky.
+
+Because it is a `helicopter' view I need to refer to other work.
+This has been done a little loose via the name of the
+(first) author and the title, or keywords form the title.
+The reader can easily spot from the supplied list of references
+which work is hinted at.
+Just start by the author name and look for the matching title.
+I also did not bother about traditions which require that book titles are set
+in italics or so. In my opinion to find out whether it is a book, a report or
+a journal article follows easily from the ISBN number if provided,
+respectively the journal name.
+Hereby I assume that readers are familiar with some
+journal names, for example TUGboat, the journal of the \TeX\ Users Group.
+
+For common words in the \TeX\ arcana\Dash like \TeX, \LaTeX,
+\AMS, et cetera\Dash I adopted the TUGboat
+typesetting conventions by using their macros for formatting these names.
+File names are set in the \cs{tt} font.
+
+\section{\TeX{} etc.{} tools}
+First of all \TeX\ etc.\ has been around for some fifteen years,
+and many of its users have contributed to the components
+and to the porting to many platforms,
+with the result that it is
+not easy to really survey the whole complex.
+
+Going back to the roots we can say that
+\TeX\ is a program for formatting documents,
+born as a twin with its sister \MF, for creating fonts.
+\TeX\ and \MF{} have been designed to facilitate the
+high-quality computer-assisted production of books.
+A more modern way of talking is that \TeX\ is
+a mark-up language with \MF{} the accompanying
+tool for designing the needed graphics, starting with the fonts.
+
+A nice survey of the most important components and files when working with
+\TeX\ is supplied by the accompanying diagram,\footnote{Inspired by
+ Salomon's diagram as supplied in his courseware: Insights and Hindsights.}
+which illustrates the two main fields: font design and typesetting, with
+the relations between the components and files, all in one, and abstracting
+from details.
+
+\noindent
+%Version Aug 93 cgl@risc1.rug.nl
+\begingroup%Basically Salomon's diagram
+%\Large\setlength{\unitlength}{3ex}
+ \setlength{\unitlength}{3.8ex}
+\begin{picture}(14,16)(-.5, -3)
+%1st column
+\put(1, 0){\line(0, 1){1.5}}
+\put(1, 2){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(1, 2){\makebox(0, 0){.pk}}
+\put(1, 4){\vector(0, -1){1.5}}
+\put(-.5, 4){\framebox(3, 1){METAfont}}
+\put(1, 6.5){\vector(0, -1){1.5}}
+\put(1, 7){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(1, 7){\makebox(0, 0){.mf}}
+%second column
+\put(7.5, -.5){\framebox(2, 1){driver}}
+\put(9.6, .6){\line(-1, 0){.5}}
+\put(9.6, .6){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(9.7, .7){\line(-1, 0){.5}}
+\put(9.7, .7){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(8.5, 1.25){\vector(0, -1){.75}}
+\put(8.5, 2){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(8.5, 2){\makebox(0, 0){.dvi}}
+\put(8.5, 4){\vector(0, -1){1.5}}
+\put(7.5, 4){\framebox(2, 1){\TeX}}
+%Manmac
+\put(9.75, 5.25){\line(-1, 0){1.25}}
+\put(9.75, 5.25){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(9.75, 4.75){\line(-1, 0){.25}}
+\put(9.8, 4.75){{\tiny manmac}}
+%LaTeX
+\put(10, 5.5){\line(-1, 0){1.25}}
+\put(10, 5.5){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(10, 5){\line(-1, 0){.25}}
+\put(8.75, 5.5){\line( 0, -1){.25}}
+\put(10.1, 5){{\tiny \LaTeX}}
+\put(10.25, 5.75){\line(-1, 0){1.25}}
+\put(10.25, 5.75){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(10.25, 5.25){\line(-1, 0){.25}}
+\put(9, 5.75){\line( 0, -1){.25}}
+\put(10.35, 5.35){{\tiny AMS-(La)\TeX}}
+%
+\put(10.35, 5.85){\hbox{.}\kern.1ex
+\raise.5ex\hbox{.}\kern.1ex\raise1ex\hbox{.}}
+%
+\put(8.5, 6.5){\vector(0, -1){1.5}}
+\put(8.5, 7){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(8.5, 7){\makebox(0, 0){.tex}}
+%
+\multiput(8.5, 9)(0, -.415){3}{\line(0, -1){.25}}
+\put(8.5, 8.7){\vector(0, 1){.3}}
+\put(8.5, 7.8){\vector(0, -1){.3}}
+\put(7.5, 9){\framebox(2, 1){editor}}
+%Spelling checker
+\put(9.75, 10.25){\line(-1, 0){1.25}}
+\put(9.75, 10.25){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(9.75, 9.75){\line(-1, 0){.25}}
+\put(9.85, 9.75){{\tiny spell}}
+%Style checker
+\put(10, 10.5){\line(-1, 0){1.25}}
+\put(10, 10.5){\line( 0, -1){.5}}
+\put(10, 10){\line(-1, 0){.25}}
+\put(8.75, 10.5){\line( 0, -1){.25}}
+\put(10.1, 10){{\tiny style}}
+%
+\put(10.1, 10.6){\hbox{.}\kern.1ex
+\raise.5ex\hbox{.}\kern.1ex\raise1ex\hbox{.}}
+%
+\put(8.5, 11.5){\vector(0, -1){1.5}}
+\put(8.5, 12){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(8.5, 12){\makebox(0, 0){copy}}
+%basis
+\put(1, 0){\vector(1, 0){6.5}}
+\put(9.5, 0){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(11, -.75){\framebox(2, 1.5){}}
+\put(11.25, -.4){\shortstack{\small printer\\\small screen}}
+%middle
+\multiput(5, 5.25)(0, 1){3}{\line(0,1){.5}}
+\multiput(5, .25)(0, 1){4}{\line(0,1){.5}}
+\multiput(5, -1.75)(0, 1.3){2}{\line(0,1){.2}}
+%
+\put(3.5, -1.250){\dashbox{.25}(3, .5){{\tiny \PS}}}
+\multiput(6.5, -1)(.45, 0){4}{\line(1,0){.25}}
+\put(8.5, -1){\line( -1, 0){.2}}
+%
+\put(8.5, -1){\vector(0, 1){.5}}
+\put(2.5, 4.5){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(5, 4.5){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(5, 4.5){\makebox(0, 0){.tfm}}
+\put(6, 4.5){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(9.5, 4.5){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(12, 4.5){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(12, 4.5){\makebox(0, 0){.log}}
+%base line
+\put(.51,-1.75){\vector(-1, 0){1}}
+\put(2.25, -1.75){\makebox(0, 0){Fonts}}
+\put(3.9,-1.75){\vector( 1, 0){1}}
+\put(6.1,-1.75){\vector(-1, 0){1}}
+\put(9, -1.75){\makebox(0, 0){Typesetting}}
+\put(11.9,-1.75){\vector(1, 0){1}}
+\end{picture}
+\endgroup
+
+\noindent That is
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the flow from copy to printed results
+\item where the editor and its associated tools come in
+\item the location of \TeX\Dash its flavours, and add-ons\Dash at the heart
+\item what is used from \MF{} and where
+\item the printer independence via various drivers
+\item at what level \PS{} can be included.
+\end{itemize}
+The important files are indicated by their extensions and are
+depicted within ovals. What holds for creating the \verb|.tex| file
+holds also for the \verb|.mf| file.\footnote{Not mentioned are vir\TeX\
+ and ini\TeX. Erik-Jan Vens communicated the following functionalities
+ on the TeX-nl network: `Ini\TeX\ allows preparing and fast loading
+ of {\tt .fmt} files. Vir\TeX\ is a program that can accept fast
+ your macros and then do the typesetting job proper.'}
+
+\subsection{Working environments.}
+The needed tools are nowadays embedded in
+computer-assisted (scientific) working environments.
+At first sight this seems trivial, but it is really handy that the tools
+are integrated, also with non-formatting applications per se, such
+as email, database applications and the old running of C or FORTRAN programs.
+A model of thinking is that, for example, a thesis is prepared and all
+the simulations and calculations are done as a side-step of the main work:
+publishing! That is document preparation, formatting, typesetting, and
+dissemination.
+The graphics-oriented PCs like Macintosh and Atari paved the way.
+Nowadays the 486-based PCs with their (graphics) window facilities allow
+this way of working too.
+
+\subsection{Installation.}
+The products are usually accompanied by their installation documentation.
+Famous, and top class, are the AMS installation Guides.
+With the PD PC versions the idea is to supply turn-key scripts so that
+the installation goes automatically.
+>From those distributed by the TUG/LUGs the only nice one
+I have seen is the GUTenberg PD PC set and installation guide,
+prepared by Lavaud. Installation of the working environments is more
+complicated, because of the many components.
+
+\subsection{Lifetime.}
+The kernel \TeX\ and \MF{}
+programs have been designed with flexibility and portability in mind.
+Knuth envisioned that the two could be used a hundred years from now,
+just as we do today, with the same
+input and results!\footnote{Or better.}
+In order to make this possible Knuth
+\begin{itemize}
+\item invented the \WEB{} literate programming way of working
+\item documented the programs (open system) well
+\item worked hard on making the systems error free
+\item delivered the twins into the public domain, and
+\item froze the kernels.
+\end{itemize}
+Because of these goodies the user community could port the systems
+to any conceivable platform, and add layers on top
+to adjust for users' wishes and demands. All-in-all one can say
+that the twins are portable in place and time, are powerful, useful,
+and will serve a lifetime.
+
+The working environments suffer from a much shorter lifetime.
+Read: need continuous maintenance and that is something, especially in
+a volunteer-based world.
+It is always
+a matter of the right balance: how fast do I need to do the day-to-day
+work and how often do I wish to upgrade the working environment.
+
+\section{Importance}
+>From the computer science point of view
+\TeX\ and \MF{} are big research achievements
+in how software engineering should be done,
+if not for the literate programming way of software design and creation.
+Top-class algorithms for line-breaking, hyphenation and page make-up
+have been incorporated.
+It is designed to be device-independent.
+That Knuth succeeded so well in his basic research can be witnessed
+by the many publications which
+have been built upon his Computer and Typesetting works,
+and the many honorary degrees he has received.
+
+>From the users' point of view \TeX\ etc.\
+is relevant because of the quality which
+can be obtained when used as a formatter.
+\TeX\ is an open and freely available system.
+It has been frozen, and delivered into the public domain to serve
+for a lifetime.
+That Knuth succeeded here so well can be distilled from the many organized
+users of \AllTeX\ world-wide, and perhaps the tenfold more who
+just use the systems.
+
+Its weakness is that \TeX\ proper does {\em not\/} have easy user guides.
+This weakness has been compensated for by efforts like \LaTeX,
+\AmSTeX/\LaTeX, and the styles from publishing houses and their user and
+installation guides.
+%\begin{quote}
+Perhaps an unexpected side-effect of \TeX\ is that it is so heavily used
+with alphabets different from Latin, and even with scripts
+which run from right to left (Hebrew) or scripts which run vertically
+(Japanese), not to mention specific hyphenation patterns.
+%\end{quote}
+That \TeX\ allows for these usages might give an idea of its power.
+
+>From the publishers' point of view \TeX\ has the potential of being used
+for producing complex scientific documents cost-effectively.
+This is the current practice of the \AMS,
+and the American Physical Society, APS for short.
+They supply authors with
+\begin{itemize}
+\item user and installation guides
+\item fonts
+\item style files
+\item templates, and
+\item support, in general.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\paragraph*{The advantages}can be summarized as
+\begin{itemize}
+\item high-quality craftsman tool
+\item lingua franca for exchange of typographically complex documents
+\item stability (\TeX{} kernel has been frozen)
+\item open system
+\item available for nearly all platforms
+\item in the public domain
+\item portable, flexible, extensible, \ldots
+\item 7.5--10k organized users world-wide
+\item cost-effective production tool.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\paragraph*{Disadvantages}are there any?
+Of course there are. But it is questionable
+whether one should talk about disadvantages.
+Perhaps one should talk more in terms of incompleteness.
+\begin{quote}
+What is felt like an omission can be added,
+because it is an extensible system.
+\end{quote}
+I for one miss that \mmt---Knuth's macros for formatting his books---doesn't
+take a user guide, nor does plain \TeX.
+Of course there is the \TeX book---the bible for the \TeX ies---but that does
+{\em not\/} hide the details---it is all there, for the beginner as
+well as for the advanced macro writer---which is confusing
+and simply too much for a novice. In summary
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \AllTeX\ is not
+ WYSIWYG-like\footnote{Usually commercial.}
+\item unusual macro language\footnote{It is always a matter of education,
+ and after that the {\em un\/}usual issues metamorphose into paradigms.}
+\item complex: $\approx$ 1k commands, parameters, \ldots\footnote{Abstraction,
+ subsetting and user guides\Dash like those of \AmSTeX\Dash are needed.
+ Tools which concentrate on the publishing goal and not so much on
+ understanding and learning the formatting language per se.}
+\end{itemize}
+So its incompleteness is a challenge to all of us, to fill it up.
+
+It is true, however, that professionals have found some niches which deserve
+further research and development. Surveys on these items are provided in
+the E-\TeX\ paper by Mittelbach, and the New Typesetting System efforts
+initiated by the German-speaking users group DANTE.
+Also noteworthy is the effort to improve
+\LaTeX\ via the so-called \LaTeX3 (better known as lxiii) project.
+
+One can also argue that delving into these details is sub-optimization,
+concentrating too much on the mapping onto paper. Bigger issues are
+related to the multi-media aspects, let us say to represent information
+in a flexible way such that it can be processed by various technologies,
+into forms suited for various users, their circumstances and their
+tastes, limited only by their senses.
+I like to call this {\em real\/} applied information technology:
+information to be accessed by the masses.
+
+\section{\TeX's flavours}
+\TeX\ has gotten its children already, like \mm, \LaTeX, and
+\AmSTeX/\LaTeX, to name but a few.
+As usual with children they live their own lives.
+For \TeX\ this means that they have the confusing
+side-effect of not being completely compatible.
+In spite of this incompatibility reality has it that authors and publishers
+make their choice---\TeX-based, or \LaTeX-oriented---and therefore
+the incompatibilities don't hinder most of us.
+
+\paragraph*{\mmt} is a set of macros
+written and used by Knuth to format his magnum opus:
+The Art of Computer Programming,
+his Computers and Typesetting series,
+and so on. For an account see my Manmac BLUes.
+
+\paragraph*{\LaTeX}stresses the higher-level approach of descriptive mark-up
+and hides the formatting details as much as possible from an author.
+Because of the rigorous way this has been implemented,
+it is hard to customize the prefab styles.
+
+Leslie Lamport's manual, \LaTeX, A Document Preparation System,
+exhibits the functionalities
+\begin{itemize}
+\item prefab styles: article, book, letter, report, slides
+\item automatic (symbolic) numbering and cross-referencing
+\item multi-column formatting, with its embedded 1-column occasionally
+ for tables and figures
+\item automatic generation of ToC, LoT, LoF
+\item picture environment
+\item bibliography environment.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\paragraph*{\AmSTeX/\LaTeX}are the tools of the
+pace-setting American Mathematical Society. This publisher adopted
+and supported the \TeX\ development from the beginning. (See below
+under \TeX\ and its publishers.)
+
+\paragraph*{\LAMSTeX} reimplemented in a flexible way
+ the descriptive \LaTeX\ approach, next to
+ a general automatic numbering and symbolic referencing scheme,
+ advanced table macros, and
+ sophisticated commutative diagram macros.
+ See my review of Spivak's \oe uvre
+ for more details about the Joy of \TeX\ and \LAMSTeX---The Synthesis.
+
+\paragraph*{In summary}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \mmt, Knuth's format
+\item \LaTeX, descriptive mark-up, and user's guide
+\item \AmSTeX/\LaTeX\ styles and fonts, with support
+\item \LAMSTeX
+\item TUGboat styles
+\item PD software and working environments
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{\TeX's drivers}
+Normally the drivers come with your \TeX\ when you buy it.
+With the PD versions, users have to be aware of the PD available drivers,
+for the various PCs and printers,
+unless your user group provides you with an
+integrated working environment which contains all.
+For a survey of the available `Output device
+drivers' see Hosek's paper in TUG's resource directory.
+He details drivers for
+\begin{itemize}
+\item laser xerographic and electron-erosion printers
+\item impact printers and miscellaneous output devices
+\item phototypesetters
+\item screen previewers
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent and ends up with supplier information.
+Joachim Schrod reported in TUGboat 13, 1,
+(early 1992) from the TUG DVI driver standards committee.
+
+Well-known is the PD Beebe driver family. em\TeX\ comes with some
+drivers for dot matrix printers and the HP LaserJets.
+
+At the TUG '92 meeting the attendees were surprised by Raman's paper
+`An audio view of (La)\TeX\ documents.' It has all to do with
+representing the contents of a publication for the blind.
+
+With respect to \PS\ the \verb|dvitops| driver is important. Formerly,
+I also used \verb|dvitodvi| in order to print out selected pages.
+Now I use \mm's facility to do that which is essential
+simpler for that purpose because it ships out only the required pages.
+
+\section{\TeX{} and fonts}
+>From the beginning Knuth provided \TeX\ with the computer modern family of
+fonts. These fonts can be generated, and varied via \MF,
+by adjusting some parameters.
+Since the introduction of the virtual font concept, in revision '89
+better known as \TeX{} version 3,
+many industrial fonts can be used as well.
+Via this mechanism, font elements can be combined at the driver level.
+The need for handling in a flexible way the positioning of diacritical marks
+was the incentive for adding the virtual font concept, to make it
+feasible to handle languages with their own special placements of
+diacritical marks without the need to
+regenerate complete new fonts.
+The other way is to generate complete font tables for every language,
+which is a perfectly acceptible way of doing it,
+but will entail many font tables and
+of larger size.\footnote{Reality has it that the \TeX\ community standardized
+ on the 256-character DC font tables, to allow for some special characteres,
+ like the use of the ij in Dutch. See Haralambous' paper in TTN 1, 4.
+ An entirely different approach is needed for the Japanese ideograms,
+ that is symbols representing things or ideas. At present there are some
+ 6,353 kanji characters available on various types of computers known
+ as JIS level 1 or 2 (Japanese Industrial Standard is akin to ASCII.)
+}
+
+However, since \TeX\ is used for more and more applications
+the need for more fonts\Dash different shapes, sizes and so on\Dash
+has emerged.
+Using standard bitmap technology much computer memory is needed.
+Reality has it that scaling fonts linearly does not yield
+pleasing results.
+To compensate for this the intelligent scalable fonts technology emerged%
+---near-linear and intelligent, that is with some enhancements---%
+as opposed to the classical memory-consuming bitmap fonts, extended by
+the linear scaling as such.
+
+Also the mark-up for fonts has gotten a new dimension: the linear space of
+available fonts is seen as a 4-dimensional space governed by the coordinates
+family, serie, shape, and size. The approach goes with the buzzword NFSS,
+New Font Selection Scheme (See Goossens, Mittlebach and Samarin).
+
+\paragraph*{Which fonts can be used with \TeX?}
+The following classes of {\em text\/} fonts can be used with \TeX
+\begin{itemize}
+\item CM, the native Computer Modern
+\item 14,000 fonts in industry standard Adobe type 1
+\item several hundreds in formats such as TrueType.
+\end{itemize}
+(Very) few fonts can be used with math,
+because of the specialities of the
+font characteristics \TeX\ assumes.
+However, the following fonts can be used with math
+\begin{itemize}
+\item CM math, the native Computer Modern
+\item lucida math
+\item lucida newmath
+\item mathtimes.
+\end{itemize}
+For more details see Horn's Scalable outline fonts paper, and for Japanese
+Fujiura in TTN 1, 2.
+
+\section{Descriptive mark-up}
+Since the start of computer-assisted typography attention has been paid
+to abstraction from details, to the principle of the
+{\em separation of concerns}.
+
+Leading in this area is the SGML approach.\footnote{The relation
+ between SGML and \TeX\ will be discussed later.}
+It is argued that
+\begin{quote}
+authors should concentrate on the contents\Dash and inherently on the
+structure\Dash of their documents, leaving the details for formatting
+to the publisher.
+\end{quote}
+
+\paragraph*{Example:}(Call for papers, Furuta)
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\input cfp.tex%contains format and macros
+%next copy proper
+The aim of this paper...
+
+Paper are solicited on ...
+\lstitm Picture editing
+\lstitm Text processing
+\lstitm Algorithms and software...
+
+Detailed abstracts should not ...
+
+Duration of presentation...
+\bye
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+The above example is a mixture of natural input, where blank lines
+have an intuitive but context-dependent meaning, and of
+handling trivia automatically behind the scenes.
+An example of a default is the heading.
+
+For this format the heading is always the same,
+so there is no need for a user to provide it each time the format
+is used. It comes along with the format.
+So do the fonts used and the shortcuts
+like \verb|\def\lstitm{\item{--} }|.
+
+My approach looks simpler than Furuta's\Dash in that paper all the low-level
+ formatting details were there\Dash
+because I applied the principle of the separation of concerns
+and abstracted from the low-level formatting details.
+The point I'd like to make is that it is possible to hide
+formatting details, to account for these separately and at a lower level.
+I like to call this approach generic, because the mark-up is customized
+at a lower level to the suited tool.
+
+\section{\TeX\ and its author}
+Don Knuth started the design of \TeX\ in 1978.
+The first major revison dates back to 1982.
+The final version is dated 1989, and called \TeX\ version $\pi$.\footnote{%
+ Essentially version 3, but because reality has it that even Knuth
+ `makes errors' he allows for adjusted versions denoted by the decimals of
+ $\pi$: 3.1, 3.14, 3.141, et cetera.}
+It is all a side-step(!) of his magnus opus: The Art of Computer Programming,
+of which three volumes have appeared of the envisioned seven.
+Because of the rapid development in computer science volume four consists of
+three books already.
+
+In designing and developing \TeX,
+Knuth adhered to several software engineering paradigms like:
+portability, flexibility, robustness, and not to
+forget correctness and documentation.\footnote{The software crises of the
+ seventies suffered much from inadequate documentation.}
+In order to do this gracefully
+he coined the words {\em literate programming},
+and provided en-passant tools for practical use!
+In fact \TeX\ can be seen as
+a real-life and significant example of literate programming.
+
+In designing \TeX\ he adopted and developed the following
+\begin{itemize}
+\item boxes, glue and penalties as building blocks
+\item paragraph-wise searching for line-breaks
+\item page mapping via the OTR,\footnote{A buzzword to denote the
+ output routine which performs this task.}
+ optimizing for least penalties
+\item device-independent output, to be printed, typeset, or viewed,
+ by independent driver programs
+\item virtual fonts.
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent \TeX\ was developed as a side-step. \MF{} can be seen as
+an off-off-spring.
+
+\section{\TeX{} and its users}
+It is unknown how many people use \AllTeX, and for what purposes.
+We know, however, that it is used all over the world, to typset
+\begin{itemize}
+\item scientific documents, exchange
+ and publish such documents\footnote{For an impression of
+ published books formatted via \TeX\ see Beebe's bibliography
+ in the TUG resource directory.}
+\item documents which require special fonts and layout
+ conventions, like Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew and so on
+\item transparencies and slides
+\item material associated with a
+ hobby (bridge, chess, crosswords, go, music, and add yours).
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent A great virtue of the users' action is
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the porting to various platforms
+\item to provide macros, fonts and formats
+\item to maintain \LaTeX
+\item to ponder about and develop New Typsetting Systems
+\item to develop and maintain integrated working environments.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\paragraph*{The user groups.}We also know that many users have
+organized themselves into user groups,
+to start with the original \TeX\ Users Group (TUG),
+and more recently into so-called LUGs---language-oriented
+local user groups.
+The Dutchies are organized since 1988 as the NTG,
+Nederlandstalige \TeX\ Gebruikersgroep, that is Dutch language-oriented
+\TeX\ Users' Group. We enjoy some 225 members of whom are 30 institutions.
+\\
+World-wide some 7.5--10k users are organized.
+\\
+The benefits of being organized, apart from those which come
+from cooperation and sharing in general, are
+\begin{itemize}
+\item meetings
+\item TUGboat, newsletter, casu quo bulletins, `specials'
+\item resource directory (information about the (La)\TeX\ working environments
+ of members, their addresses and similar things)
+\item TUGboat styles
+\item assistance\\
+ -- archives\\
+ -- BBS (Bulletin Board Services) \\
+ -- digests \\
+ -- FAQs (Frequently Asked QuestionS)
+\item courses
+\item PD sets (Public Domain)
+\item distributing point books (tutorials), software.
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent
+Moreover, the user groups stimulate and support research and development,
+such as the projects: \TeX HaX, \BibTeX,
+and more recently \LaTeX3, and NTS.
+>From the social side we have the TUG bursary fund,
+to grant attendence for a TUG meeting for those TUG members who can't
+afford it, next to the Knuth Scholarship award. The latter is a competition
+which rewards the winner with attending a meeting for free.
+
+\paragraph*{Some addresses?}
+\begin{quote}
+TUG: Balboa Building, Room 307, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, Ca 93101, USA,
+ {\tt tug@tug.org}\\[1ex]
+NTG: Postbus 394, 1740 AJ Schagen, {\tt ntg@nic.surfnet.nl}.
+\end{quote}
+For other addresses consult the resource directory of TUG, or
+your friendly NTG around the corner.
+
+\subsection{Add-ons}have been provided by the user communities.
+They have also supplied mutual support, and have provided logistic facilities.
+The latter is not restricted to \AllTeX\ proper.
+It is about the general use of the electronic networks
+\begin{itemize}
+\item exchange via e-mail
+\item electronic digests and list servers
+\item the file servers, which store all the macro and style files.
+\end{itemize}
+Really, very nice goodies! The proper add-ons concern
+\begin{itemize}
+\item porting the complex to every system, especially the affordable
+ and widespread PCs
+\item macro and style files\footnote{A survey of what is provided is contained
+ in the so-called Jones' index, and Beebe's TUGlib.}
+\item extra fonts, casu quo font couplings via virtual font scripts
+\item WYSIWYG user interfaces (commercial)
+\item \TeX-based PD/shareware working environments
+\item language-specific issues (hyphenation patterns, reserved words, \ldots)
+\item drivers for new printers
+\item \PS{} etc.{} inclusion at the dvi level.
+\end{itemize}
+And the end is not yet in sight.
+
+
+\section{\TeX{} and the publishers}
+The importance of the \AMS{} effort is that the AMS is leading in how (La)\TeX\
+can be used cost-effectively as a
+high-quality tool in a production environment:
+publishers cooperating with authors.
+
+As I understand it the American Physical Society is following
+the AMS approach.
+
+At the TUG '91 meeting at Boston, it was estimated that commercial publishers
+handle some 5 to 10\% of their (scientific) production via (La)\TeX.
+
+And in the CIS---Commonwealth of Independent States, the former Russia---MIR
+has adopted the AMS approach as well.
+And then there is the Ukraine group to be founded officially this fall,
+and undoubtedly more to follow.
+%
+\paragraph*{The \AMS}do their
+complete production via \TeX: $\approx$100,000 pages/year,
+ and provide authors with
+\begin{itemize}
+\item (generic) styles
+\item macros, and fonts
+\item user guides
+\item support (keyboarding, mark-up, fine-tuning).
+\end{itemize}
+The approach can be depicted by the following scheme
+$$\hbox{\vbox{\lineskip.5\lineskip
+\hbox to15ex{\hss author(\TeX)\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss$\downarrow$\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss\tt amsppt.sty\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss$\downarrow$\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss\tt amstex.tex\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss$\downarrow$\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss\TeX\hss}
+}\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\vbox{\lineskip.5\lineskip
+\hbox to15ex{\hss author(\LaTeX)\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss$\downarrow$\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss\tt amsart.sty\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss$\downarrow$\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss\llap{{\tt amstex.sty}$\,%
+\rightarrow\;$}\LaTeX\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss$\downarrow$\hss}
+\hbox to15ex{\hss\TeX\hss}
+}}$$
+They also supply fonts: Euler, Fraktur, \ldots
+
+For more details
+consult the AMS sources or see my AMS BLUes paper on the issue.
+
+\paragraph*{The American Physical Society}handle some 20\%
+of their production via \LaTeX. They cooperate with The Optical
+Society of America and the American Institute of Physics.
+Their style is called REV\TeX.
+
+\paragraph*{MIR}publishers Moscow---the driving force
+behind CyrTUG, the Cyrillic language-oriented \TeX\
+users group\footnote{See also `News about CyrTUG and Russian \TeX\ Users'
+ in TTN 2, 1.}---translated Spivak's The Joy of \TeX\
+into Russian among others.
+I would not be surprised to hear that they do the
+production of their scientific documents with \TeX\ too, completely.
+They have the knowledge and \TeX nology. And \TeX- and \MF-based
+technology does not require much hard currency for investment.
+
+\paragraph*{JTUG?}And what is going on in Japan?
+The JTUG has at least .5k members.\footnote{See also `Update of \TeX\ in Japan'
+ TTN 1, 2.} They have translated among others the \TeX book and the
+ \LaTeX\ manual into Japanese.
+Some years ago I received a Japanese newspaper set by J\TeX!
+
+\section{\TeX\ and other EP tools}
+Furuta gives a good account of the history and early tools
+in relation with computer-assisted typesetting. However, since the appearance
+of that paper
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the laser printer technology has taken off
+\item many computer-based fonts have emerged
+\item thinking in structures has gotten more interest (SGML)
+\item the DTP (Desktop Publishing) credo has come into existence, and
+\item hardware prices have continued to spiral down.
+\end{itemize}
+Everybody can afford a PC, a laser(jet) printer, and some software (especially
+Word{\em whatever\/} or the PD \AllTeX). % and publish (or perish). ;-)))
+
+\subsection{\TeX\ and intelligent editors.}
+Keyboarding compuscripts in (La)\TeX\ can be assisted by editors which
+are (La)\TeX\ intelligent, and next, to use templates as `fill-in' forms.
+An example is Beebe's \LaTeX-intelligent emacs.
+This approach can prevent errors like the level 1 or so endings, or
+non-matching braces and the like.
+At this level we can also make use of spelling checkers and style
+assistants.
+
+\subsection{Word{\it whatever\/} and \TeX?}
+It is true that Word-you-name-it, has made the use of computers more popular.
+They replaced the typewriters, don't forget that. And of course that was a
+step forward. These are the tools the masses are using because of the
+sufficient and improved quality which can be obtained.
+This must be seen in context of course: most of the publications
+are just in-house reports, memos and the like.
+
+\begin{quote}
+For high-quality typesetting a \TeX-like tool,
+high-resolution fonts and ipso facto printer, or viewer,
+are needed.
+\end{quote}
+\noindent
+Because wordprocessors are so widespread and heavily used, it can be
+anticipated that users start from there and
+need \TeX's formatting capabilities now and then.
+For that group there exist conversion software:
+the public domain DRILCON
+and the commercial K-Talk.
+Simpler, and better when it concerns complex structured copy,
+is to
+\begin{quote}
+output in ASCII from Word{\it whatever\/}
+and insert \AllTeX\ mark-up.
+\end{quote}
+\noindent And, of course, the wordprocessor can always be used as an editor
+for \TeX, with taking advantage of the integrated spelling checker.
+
+\subsection{Troff or \TeX?}
+Troff preceded \TeX. It comes with UNIX.
+Both have been in use for the last decade.
+To begin with Knuth built upon troff, scribe and similar tools.
+On the other hand the troff add-ons have learned from \TeX.
+So there has been mutual influence.
+
+With respect to the functionality the tools are comparable. Both aim at
+computer-assisted typography. But there is also a world of difference.
+Basically the difference is that troff is a program which can be
+extended by independent preprocessors, and \TeX\ is an extensible
+language itself, with plain \TeX---the kernel program---device independent,
+that is the mapping on the media has to be done by independent drivers.
+That the latter was not in troff
+can be discerned from the subsequent nroff\Dash with accompanying neqn\Dash
+and finally, di-roff, device-independent roff.
+Furthermore, remember that \TeX\ is just one of the twins.
+
+Rumour has it that interest in troff weakened because
+the early PCs did not come with UNIX, and that
+the kernel has remained undocumented (Its author Ossanna
+died in an accident.)
+The following table is supplied to indicate roughly the differences.
+
+\begingroup\tiny
+%\input{btable.tex}
+%C.G. van der Laan, Hunzeweg 57, 9893PB, Garnwerd. Holland. 05941-1525.
+%btable.tex version 1, 17/7/92 author: cgl@risc1.rug.nl
+\newbox\tbl\let\ea=\expandafter
+%Cell vertical size, row height and depth (separation implicit),
+\newdimen\cvsize\newdimen\tsht\newdimen\tsdp\newdimen\tvsize\newdimen\thsize
+%Parameter setting macros: Rules
+\def\hruled{\def\lineglue{\hrulefill}\def\colsep{} \def\rowsep{\hrule}
+ \let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\rowsep}
+\def\vruled{\def\lineglue{\hfil} \def\colsep{\vrule}\def\rowsep{}
+ \let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\hrule}
+\def\ruled {\def\lineglue{\hrulefill}\def\colsep{\vrule}\def\rowsep{\hrule}
+ \let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\rowsep}
+\def\nonruled{\def\lineglue{\hfil} \def\colsep{} \def\rowsep{}
+ \def\rowstbsep{\vrule}\def\headersep{\hrule}}
+\def\dotruled{\def\lineglue{\dotfill}\def\rowsep{\hbox to\thsize{\dotfill}}
+\def\colsep{\lower1.5\tsdp\vbox to\cvsize{%
+\leaders\hbox to0pt{\vrule height2pt depth2pt width0pt\hss.\hss}\vfil}}
+\let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\rowsep}
+%Parameter setting macros: Controling positioning
+\def\ctr{\def\lft{\hfil}\def\rgt{\hfil}}%Centered
+\def\fll{\def\lft{} \def\rgt{\hfil}}%Flushed left
+\def\flr{\def\lft{\hfil}\def\rgt{}} %Flushed right
+%Parameter setting macros: Framing
+\def\framed{\let\frameit=\boxit}
+\def\nonframed{\def\frameit##1{##1}}
+\def\dotframed{\let\frameit=\dotboxit}
+%
+\def\btable#1{\vbox{\let\rsl=\rowstblst%Copy
+\ifx\empty\template\ifx\empty\rowstblst
+ \def\template{\colsepsurround\lft####\rgt&&\lft####\rgt\cr}
+ \else\def\template{\colsepsurround####\hfil&&\lft####\rgt\cr}\fi
+ \fi
+\tsht=.775\cvsize\tsdp=.225\cvsize
+\def\tstrut{\vrule height\tsht depth\tsdp width0pt}
+%Logical mark up of column and row separators, via use of
+\def\cs{&\colsepsurround\colsep\colsepsurround&}
+\def\prs{&\colsepsurround\lineglue&} \def\srp{&\lineglue\colsepsurround&}
+\def\rs{\colsepsurround\tstrut\cr
+ \ifx\empty\rowsep\else\noalign{\rowsep}\fi
+ \ifx\empty\rowstblst\else\ea\nxtrs\fi}
+\def\grs{\colsepsurround\tstrut\cr\ghostrow}
+\def\rss{&\colsepsurround\rowstbsep\colsepsurround&}
+\def\hs{\colsepsurround\tstrut\cr
+ \ifx\empty\headersep\else\noalign{\headersep}\fi
+ \ifx\empty\rowstblst\else\ea\nxtrs\fi}
+\preinsert
+\setbox\tbl=\vbox{\tabskip=0pt\relax\offinterlineskip
+\halign{\span\template\ifx\empty\first\ifx\empty\rowstblst\else
+\ifx\empty\header\else\ea\rss\fi\fi\else\first\ea\rss\fi
+\ifx\empty\header\ifx\empty\first\if\empty\rsl\else\ea\nxtrs\fi
+ \else\ea\hs\fi
+\else\header\ea\hs\fi
+#1\colsepsurround\tstrut\crcr} } %end \setbox
+\postinsert
+\ifx\caption\empty\else\hbox to\thsize{\strut\hfil\caption\hss}\captionsep\fi
+\frameit{\copy\tbl}
+\ifx\footer\empty\else\footersep\hbox{\vtop{\noindent\hsize=\thsize%
+\footer}}\fi }} %end \btable
+%Defaults
+\cvsize=4ex\tsht=.775\cvsize\tsdp=.225\cvsize\def\colsepsurround{\kern.5em}
+\def\caption{}\def\first{}\def\header{}\def\rowstblst{}\def\footer{}\def\data{}
+\def\captionsep{\medskip} \def\headersep{\hrule}
+\def\footersep{\smallskip} \def\rowstbsep{\vrule}
+\def\preinsert{}
+\def\postinsert{\global\thsize=\wd\tbl
+ \global\tvsize=\ht\tbl\global\advance\tvsize by\dp\tbl}
+\ctr\nonruled\nonframed\def\template{}\def\ghostrow{} %end Defaults
+%Auxiliaries
+\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\vbox{#1}\vrule}\hrule}}
+\def\dotboxit#1{\vbox{\offinterlineskip\hbox to\thsize{\dotfill}%
+\hbox{\lower\tsdp\vbox to\tvsize{%
+\leaders\hbox to0pt{\hss\vrule height2pt depth2pt width0pt.\hss}\vfil}%
+\vbox{#1}\lower\tsdp\vbox to\tvsize{%
+\leaders\hbox to0pt{\hss\vrule height2pt depth2pt width0pt.\hss}\vfil}}%
+\hbox to\thsize{\dotfill}}}
+%And to account for logical columns with \multispan
+\def\spicspan{\span\omit}
+\def\multispan#1{\omit\mscount=#1\multiply\mscount by2 \advance\mscount by-1
+\loop\ifnum\mscount>1 \spicspan\advance\mscount by-1 \repeat}
+%To process FIFO, an improved version is available
+\def\bfifo#1{\ifx\efifo#1\else\def\nxt{\process#1\bfifo}\ea\nxt\fi}
+\def\process#1{\hbox to0pt{\hss#1\hss}\kern.5ex}
+%To handle the row stub list: \rsl
+\def\nxtrs{\ifx\empty\rsl%\let\nxtel=\relax
+\else\def\nxtel{\ea\nrs\rsl\srn}\ea\nxtel\fi}%next Row Stub
+\def\nrs#1#2\srn{\gdef\rsl{#2}#1\rss} %end btable.tex
+%%%%btable end%%%%
+%
+\def\data{%Costs\cs
+PD \cs licensed via UNIX\rs
+%Availability\cs
+all platforms \cs under UNIX \rs
+%Documentation\cs
+\TeX book (also on-line)\cs On-line manual \rs
+%Fonts \cs
+METAfont's CM, virtual fonts \cs ?\rs
+%Design \cs
+open system \cs kernel undocumented\rs
+%Printers \cs
+device independent \cs di-roff approach\rs
+%Flexibility \cs
+complete \cs ?\rs
+%Extensibility \cs
+macros \cs preprocessors\rs
+%Mark-up\cs
+formats and styles\cs ms macros\rs
+%Coding \cs
+uniform in \WEB{} \cs C\rs
+%Future \cs
+kernel frozen, users augment \cs frozen\rs
+%Acceptance \cs
+users, AMS, APS, \ldots \cs users, ?\rs
+}
+\def\header{\AllTeX\cs T/Di-roff}
+\def\rowstblst{{%
+Costs}{%
+Availability}{%
+Documentation}{%
+Fonts }{%
+Design }{%
+Printers }{%
+Flexibility }{%
+Extensibility }{%
+Mark-up }{%
+Coding }{%
+Future }{{%
+Acceptance }}}
+$$\fll\btable\data$$
+\endgroup
+
+\subsection{SGML and \TeX?}
+SGML stands for Standardized Generalized Mark-up Language.
+It is an effort to formalize mark-up, and is defined as a meta-language
+to define the mark-up language of each publication series into
+so-called Document Type Definitions, DTDs for short.
+
+SGML is part of a huge standardization effort supported by the
+US military via the CALS initiative. Other components are: FOSI---Formatted
+Output Specification Instance\footnote{See Dobrowolski's paper.}---and
+DSSSL.\footnote{See Bryan's paper.}
+It is not so much a question of
+\begin{quote}\TeX\ {\em or\/} SGML,
+but more \TeX\ {\em and\/} SGML.
+\end{quote}
+\noindent
+\TeX\ formats can learn a lot from the SGML approach and on the other hand
+SGML needs a formatter when it is used to print documents.
+This cooperative approach is known as
+\begin{quote}
+SGML the front-end,
+\AllTeX\ the back-end.
+\end{quote}
+\noindent A diagram about the SGML-\TeX\ relation is
+supplied in the accompanying picture.
+
+\newcount\leg
+\begin{figure}[hbt]
+\begin{center}
+\begingroup\small
+\setlength{\unitlength}{2.5ex}
+\begin{picture}(20,23)(-10, 0)
+\put(-7,\the\leg){\framebox(4,2){(La)\TeX}}
+\put(-2,\the\leg){\framebox(4,2){TROFF}}
+\put(3,\the\leg){\framebox(4,2){\ldots}}
+\advance \leg by 4
+%hark
+\put(-5,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.75}}
+\put(0,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.75}}
+\put(5,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.75}}
+\put(-5,\the\leg){\vector(1,0){5}} %backarrow
+\put( 0,\the\leg){\line(1,0){5}}
+%converters
+\put(5.5,\the\leg){\vtop to 0pt{\hbox{Specific}
+ \hbox{format file}\vss
+ }
+ }
+\put(0,\the\leg){\vector(0, 1){1}} %backarrow
+\advance \leg by 1
+\put(-4,\the\leg){\framebox(8,2){%
+ \shortstack[c]{%\footnotesize
+ Generic markup\ \\
+ %\footnotesize
+ $\Rightarrow$\ procedural} }
+ }
+\advance \leg by 2
+\put(4.2,\the\leg.2){\line(0, -1){1}}
+\put(4.2,\the\leg.2){\line(-1, 0){1}}
+\put(4.4,\the\leg.4){\line(0, -1){1}}
+\put(4.4,\the\leg.4){\line(-1, 0){1}}
+\put(4.6,\the\leg.2){{\tiny Formats}}
+%
+\advance \leg by 1
+\put(0,\the\leg.5){\vector(0,-1){1.5}}
+\put(0,\the\leg.5){\vector(0, 1){0}} %backarrow head
+%applications
+\advance \leg by 1
+\put(-10,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){Exchange}}
+\put(-5,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){Storage}}
+\put(0,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){Publication}}
+\put(5,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){Database}}
+\put(10,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){\vtop to 0pt{\hbox{(Text-)}
+ \hbox{analysis}\vss}
+ }
+ }
+%hark
+\advance \leg by 2
+\put(0,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.25}}
+\put(-5,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.25}}
+\put(-10,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.25}}
+\put(5,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.25}}
+\put(10,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){1.25}}
+\put(-10.5,\the\leg){\line(1,0){21}}
+\put(11.25,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){\dots}}
+\put(-11.25,\the\leg){\makebox(0,0){\dots}}
+\advance \leg by 2
+\put(0,\the\leg){\line(0,-1){2}}
+\put(0,\the\leg){\vector(0,1){0}} %back (up) arrow head
+\put(-7.5,\the\leg){\framebox(15,1){Complete, correct SGML
+document}}
+\advance \leg by 2
+\put(.5,\the\leg.25){Parser}
+\advance \leg by 2
+\put(0,\the\leg){\vector(0,-1){3}}
+%\advance \leg by 1
+\put(-7.5,\the\leg){\framebox(15,3){
+ \shortstack[l]{\verb=<!=SGML - -declaration - -\verb=>=\\
+ \verb=<!=DOCTYPE - - declaration - -\verb=>=\\
+ \verb=<!= - - Markup copy - -\verb=>= }
+ }
+ }
+\advance \leg by 3
+%\corners
+\put(7.7,\the\leg.2){\line(0,-1){2}}
+\put(7.7,\the\leg.2){\line(-1,0){2}}
+\put(7.9,\the\leg.4){\line(0,-1){2}}
+\put(7.9,\the\leg.4){\line(-1,0){2}}
+\put(8.1,\the\leg.2){{\tiny DTDs}}
+%
+\advance \leg by 1
+\put(.5,\the\leg){Editor}
+\advance \leg by 1
+\put(0,\the\leg.5){\vector(0,-1){2.5}}
+\advance \leg by 1
+\put(0,\the\leg){\framebox(0,0){\strut ``Copy''}}
+\end{picture}
+\endgroup% \small/\Large
+\end{center}
+%\caption{Relation SGML and (La)\TeX}
+\end{figure}
+%
+\subsection{SGML and Hypermedia?} The following has been contributed
+by Gerard van Nes (from SGML FAQs and
+Personal Computer Word, March 1992)
+\begin{quote}
+`HyTime---Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (ISO/IEC 10744).
+HyTime is a standard neutral markup language for representing hypertext,
+multimedia, hypermedia and time- and space-based documents in terms of their
+logical structure. Its purpose is to make hyperdocuments interoperable
+and maintainable over the long term. HyTime can be used to represent
+documents containing any combination of digital notations. HyTime is
+parsable as Standard Generalized Markup Language.
+HyTime was accepted as a full International Standard in spring 1992.
+
+SGML's hypermedia capabilities have been beefed up in the SGML standard
+extension HyTime. Although it started out in life as a specific set of
+standards for representing music, it was soon realised that these could
+be generalised for multimedia. HyTime provides
+\begin{itemize}
+\item SGML itself
+\item Extended Hyperdocument management facilities, including support for
+ various types of hyperlink
+\item A Coordinate Addressing Facility which positions and synchronises
+ on-screen events. This allows authors to specify how hypermedia
+ documents are to be rendered
+\item Better version-control of comments and activity-tracking policy support.
+\end{itemize}
+HyTime has been adapted as the basis for hyperlinking in the US
+Department of Defense's Interactive Electronic Technical Manual project.
+HyTime is an extension of SGML, providing a set of syntactic constructs:
+it doesn't specify a processing system.'
+\end{quote}
+\noindent Sounds very promising!
+
+
+\subsection{\TeX\ within the context of EP.}
+When we think about Electronic Publishing we can't avoid being
+aware of the life-cycle of publications.
+This obeys the biological invariant: produce, consume and reuse.
+\subsection*{Life-cycle: producing.}
+The production process has all to do with the dimensions
+
+\begingroup
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1ex}
+\begin{picture}(18,15)(2, -1)
+\put(5,5){\vector(1,0){5}}
+\put(5,5){\vector(0,1){5}}
+\put(5,5){\vector(-1,-2){2.5}}
+%Text
+\put(11,5){Place}
+\put(6,10){Representation}
+\put(4,0){Time}
+\end{picture}
+\endgroup
+
+\noindent and with the characteristics
+\begin{itemize}
+\item representation of the contents, that is the typesetting proper aspects
+\item logistics, that is distribution and selling points---the place dimension
+\item reuse, that is the time aspect, when
+ (parts of) document are reused.
+\end{itemize}
+The flow can be depicted via
+
+$$\vbox{\halign{&\enspace\hfil#\hfil\cr
+Produce&$\rightarrow$&Distribute&$\rightarrow$&Consume\cr
+$\uparrow$&&$\uparrow$&&$\downarrow$\cr
+reuse&$\leftarrow$&retrieve&$\leftarrow$&store\cr}}$$
+
+\noindent
+The big features are the unambiguous mark-up of copy via \AllTeX\
+and the lifetime of the \TeX\ kernel. Therefore storing documents
+formatted by \TeX, leaves the reuse aspect open. Reality has it that
+documents formatted via \TeX\ are easily redistributed via the electronic
+networks, because it is all in ASCII, and \TeX\ is everywhere, so are its
+drivers.
+
+My day-to-day reuse is transforming reports into articles and these
+into transparencies.
+In this work it is the other way round I'm recollecting elements I have set
+earlier. Similarly with the book I'm working on Publishing with \TeX.
+Actually my first work in the document preparation area,
+in the early eighties, was called `Van rapport naar tranparant.'
+%
+\subsection*{Life-cycle: consuming.}
+\TeX's drivers have not paid attention to other representations as yet,
+although an exception is a driver for the blind.
+Difficulties in formatting languages different from English have been
+exercised in recent years. Undoubtedly research will be devoted
+to the aspects hinted at in the diagram given below with the dimensions
+
+\begingroup
+\hbox{\setlength{\unitlength}{1ex}
+\begin{picture}(18,14)(2, -1)
+\put(5,5){\vector(1,0){5}}
+\put(5,5){\vector(0,1){5}}
+\put(5,5){\vector(2,-1){5}}
+\put(5,5){\vector(-1,-2){2.5}}
+%Text
+\put(11,5){Level}
+\put(11,2.5){Media}
+\put(6,10){Senses}
+\put(4,0){Language}
+\end{picture}%\quad
+\vbox to3.5\baselineskip{\halign{#\hfil:&\enspace#\hfil\cr
+Senses& eyes, ears, tactile\cr
+Level&abridged, full, \ldots\cr
+Language&English, Dutch, \ldots\cr}
+\vss}}%
+\endgroup
+
+\noindent and with the characteristics
+\begin{itemize}
+\item choice of consumer language independent of the submitted language,
+ that is automatic translation
+\item choice of representation, that is for example voice
+ output from written submission.
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent
+Of course the above aspects will
+keep research busy for some time to come.
+This is the direction multi-media development will go.
+
+\section{Trends}
+Adobe has been the trendsetter of the last decade with respect to new
+EP technologies. Recently, I heard about their
+PDF---Portable Document Format---which is at the heart of their
+Acrobat. Very promising, if not for the tools which come along
+with this product.
+
+I believe that the multi-media information technology will take off in
+the next century.
+Much is known under the buzzword hypertext.
+See the special issue of the Communications of the ACM for
+an introductory survey.
+As a \TeX ie it is fun to ponder about what niche
+there will be for \TeX. At the various TUG meetings people are concerned
+about the future of \TeX\ and share their doubts and optimisms.
+>From that the following anthology
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \LaTeX\ is the future, forget about \TeX
+\item make \AllTeX\ available on low-cost machines
+\item embed \TeX\ etc. in working environments
+\item improve \TeX, in short keep it alive
+\item provide WYSIWYG user interfaces
+\item increase the number of (organized) \AllTeX\ users
+\item get \AllTeX\ accepted by publishers (formats, support, fonts,
+ and the like)
+\item get \AllTeX\ accepted by other communities: SGML,
+ scientific societies
+\item provide user guides and templates
+\item education is paramount
+\item keep it simple and small is beautiful.
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent and so on.
+\paragraph*{Prophecy.}
+The demand on IT will be that
+\begin{quote}
+people can access cost-effectively, and easily,
+from their homes the information they need in a representation they wish.
+\end{quote}
+I envision that the following technologies will influence each other
+in realizing the stated prophecy
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \TeX's role? Embedded in a Hypertext approach?
+\item Increased self-publishing
+\item Electronic Production \& Consumption \\
+ + Photography\\
+ + CD\\
+ + TV/Radio, video\\
+ + PC \\
+ + Phone, fax, email \\
+ + Holography \\
+ + \ldots
+\item Involvement of linguists and behaviourists
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent with the functionalities
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Various inputs (o.a. voice, photography, \ldots)
+\item Diverse outputs
+(language, level, media and representation,\ldots)
+\end{itemize}
+Some years ago I day-dreamed about holographic-based true 3-D `displays,'
+as a generalization of computer-assisted interactive TV.
+Science-fiction? Wait and see, or better hang on and make it happen!
+
+\section{Examples}
+With a publication we have two main issues: macroscopic and microscopic.
+With the first I mean the aspects which govern the total outer level of
+a publication, let us say to look upon it as a tree consisting of
+\begin{itemize}
+\item front matter (front pages (title etc.), publication characteristics,
+ foreword, table of contents and the like)
+\item copy proper (the chapters and their substructures),
+ and
+\item back matter (appendixes with references, index, and other special
+ items).
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent These macroscopic aspects are accounted for in so-called formats or
+style files.
+
+The microscopic aspects deal with formatting in the small within paragraphs,
+the complex mark-up of math, tables and graphics.
+
+
+Another basic way to look at the matter is that it has all to do with
+\begin{quote}
+positioning of typographical elements on pages.
+\end{quote}
+\noindent The following examples,
+biased by my own (scientific) needs, are in the main about
+\begin{itemize}
+\item formats, generic and special
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent and deal in the small with
+\begin{itemize}
+\item special texts like programs
+\item (displayed) math (formulae, matrices, \ldots)
+\item tables
+\item graphics
+\item bibliographies, and
+\item indexes.
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent So nothing in here about the use of \TeX\ for
+non-Latin languages and the design and generation of the needed fonts,
+simply because I don't speak them.
+I also refrained from including examples about the hobby use---games---%
+without a serious reason.
+See NTG's PR set for the latter.
+See the works of Haralambous with respect to non-Latin languages, and
+the work of Horak for (math) \MF{} examples.
+
+\subsection{Examples: formats.}
+In this section some detailed formatting examples are provided.
+
+I will consider \LaTeX\ as formatter for a rudimentary
+house-style, followed by a generic approach customized to \mm{} and \LaTeX's
+report style.
+
+\paragraph*{House-style.}
+\LaTeX\ is heavily used for this {\em as-is}
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\documentstyle[options]{house}
+%preamble
+\begin{document}
+%front matter
+\title{...}
+...
+\begin{abstract}
+...
+\end{abstract}
+\tableofcontents
+\listoffigures
+\listoftables
+%copy proper
+%\section, \subsection structuring with
+%paragraphs with (displayed) math, tables
+%and graphics.
+%back matter
+\begin{thebibliography}{xxx}
+\bibitem{dek84} Knuth, D.E (1984):...
+...
+\end{thebibliography}
+%Index material (\makeindex tool)
+\end{document}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+Options are, for example,
+the number of columns,\footnote{It is not true in general that switching from
+ 1-column into 2-column format can be done without altering the mark-up
+ of displayed math, tables or figures.
+ At least one must change locally back into
+ 1-column format, or one has to scale the document element into smaller
+ size as was done in this paper.}
+the size of the used fonts,
+the paper size, and the like.
+
+As style files there are next to report,
+the styles book, article, letter, and so on.\footnote{\LaTeX's \SliTeX\
+is a bit different. One can't simply switch from report into slides.}
+
+
+\paragraph*{Generic mark-up.}
+Many users start nowadays via \LaTeX. Sooner or later the demand for
+a generic approach pops up.
+Then the user wishes to
+abstract from the concrete formatter and
+use some higher-level mark-up for the global structuring commands, customizable
+to a concrete formatter of choice.\footnote{This sounds like SGML, but without
+ its generality and its overhead. I like to call this `SGML on your mind
+ and \TeX\ in your hands.'}
+
+The idea is that the {\em user\/} mark-up at the outer level is
+as independent as possible from the concrete formatter.
+\begin{quote}
+A generic approach is needed because of
+the variety of environments we live in
+and because of their rapid change.
+\end{quote}
+For the generic approach to become realistic, and to handle it gracefully,
+I assume that
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the opening part is available for the various formats as
+ templates
+\item the copy proper uses as structuring commands \verb|\head| and
+ the like
+\item for the detailed formatting plain \TeX\ is used,
+ so that this can be used in
+ \AllTeX\ (math, tables, and graphics)
+\item for the end matter a generic approach for the bibliography---see
+ my BLUe's Bibliography paper---is used
+\item for index preparation a non-specific tool is used.
+\end{itemize}
+With the above a generic approach for a house-style is
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+%Front matter
+\opening%To be replaced by template
+%Copy proper
+% Structured via \head{...} and the like
+% with detailed plain mark-up: math, tables,
+% line diagrams,...
+%Back matter
+ \bibliography
+ \index
+\closing
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\vskip1ex
+\noindent Customization to \mm.\\
+\mm{} is flexible, and alas too much overlooked,
+because it lacks a user guide.
+Customization of the generic approach to manmac
+goes along the following lines to give you an
+impression. (Not tested!)
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+ \input manmac
+ \input manmac.cus%manmac customization
+ \input man.tem %manmac template
+ \input toc %table of contents
+ \input cover %see my manmac blues
+ %Copy proper
+ %Back matter
+ \closing
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent with in \verb|manmac.cus|
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+ %Customization of manmac
+ %Redefine \beginchapter also non-outer
+ \def\beginchapter#1 #2#3.#4\par{%
+ \def\hl{\gdef\hl{\issue\hfil\it\rhead}}
+ \headline{\hl}
+ \def\\{ }\xdef\rhead{#4}
+ {\let\\\cr\halign{\line{\titlefont
+ \hfil##\hfil}\\#1 #2#3 #4\unskip\\}}
+ \bigskip\tenpoint\noindent\ignorespaces}
+ \def\endchapter{\vfill\eject}
+ %
+ \newcnt\chpcnt \newcnt\seccnt
+ \def\head#1{\endchapter\beginchapter
+ \advance\chpcnt1 \seccnt0
+ {} {}\the\chpcnt. #1\endgraf}
+ \def\subhead#1{\beginsection\advance\seccnt1
+ \the\seccnt. #1\endgraf}
+ \def\bibliography{\beginchapter Bibliography
+ {}{}.{}\endgraf}
+ \def\closing{\bye}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent and with in \verb|manmac.tem|
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\def\opening{
+ \def\issue{%
+ MAPS Special 93.x %issue
+ }\def\title{%
+ MAPS Special Template %title
+ }\def\abstract{%
+ A template for MAPS Special is provided.
+ }\def\keywords{%
+ manmac, MAPS, NTG %keywords
+ }
+}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent In my Manmac BLUes paper I have worked out a prototype, directed
+to customization of \mm.
+\begin{quote}
+Actually there it was the other way round:
+I started from Manmac formatting and abstracted
+into independent structures.
+\end{quote}
+In Manmac BLUes I also worked out \verb|cover|.
+Too much detail here.
+\vskip1ex
+\noindent Customization to \LaTeX.\\
+The `title part'-template is inserted instead of \verb|\opening|,
+edited to suit the publication at hand.
+In \verb|latex.cus| the macros are supplied to customize the generic
+mark-up to \LaTeX.
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+%Begin LaTeX report \opening template
+\documentstyle{report}
+\input{latex.cus}
+\begin{document}
+\begin{title}...\end{title}
+...
+%end LaTeX \opening template
+%Copy proper
+...
+%Back matter
+\bibliography
+\closing
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent with in \verb|latex.cus|
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\def\head#1{\chapter{#1}}
+\def\subhead#1{\section{#}}
+\def\bibliography{\appendix
+ \section*{Bibliography}
+ \input{lit.dat}
+ %\input{lit.tex}
+ \frenchspacing
+ \def\ls#1{\nul\\#1}%simple
+ \input{lit.sel}
+}
+\def\closing{\end{document}}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent
+The above ideas came to mind when working on this paper.
+They deserve development, because it has all to do with the
+\begin{quote}
+user$\leftrightarrow$environment interaction,
+\end{quote}
+which has always been important.
+
+\paragraph*{Special texts}are computer programs.
+First we like that these
+reflect the structure and different quantities (constants, variables,
+reserved words, comments etc.) of the program. Second we like that the
+programs remain correct while formatting them (meaning: humans hands-off!).
+These kind of texts come at two levels
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the small examples (less than a dozen of lines or so)
+ which are part of courseware, and
+\item the documentation (and listings) of real-life programs.
+\end{itemize}
+Current practice is that for the first it does not really matter what you use.
+For a survey see the compilation of Van Oostrum.
+For the second Knuth developed \WEB, which stimulates a programmer to
+design and {\em document\/} his program from the beginning, by rewarding him
+with pretty-\TeX\ printing of it all via \TANGLE. Actually the hierarchical
+way of working has been replaced by a relational approach, with the
+documentation related to the various items of a program.
+For a survey see Knuth's literal programming article of 1984.
+
+\subsection{Examples: math.}
+The \TeX book has devoted at least 4 chapters to math mark-up:
+typing math formula,
+more about math,
+fine points of math typing, and
+displayed equations.
+
+See also my Math into BLUes paper for % an anthology of pitfalls.
+a survey and how to cope with situations which go wrong---not so much that
+\TeX\ complains, but the results are different
+from what we expected---by innocent mark-up.
+
+\paragraph*{Displayed math}via (plain) \TeX.
+A display is marked up by \$\$ at the beginning and the end.
+Within a display the following is generally used
+\begin{itemize}
+\item just math mark-up
+\item \verb|\displaylines|, for multi-liners
+\item \verb|\(l)eqalign|, for aligned formulas\footnote{(l) denotes that
+ the numbering appears at the left instead of the default right.}
+\item \verb|\(l)eqalignno|, similar to the above, but numbering per line.
+\end{itemize}
+For numbering there is the primitive \verb|\eqno|.
+\vskip1ex\noindent
+>From a user point of view the following are representative structures
+\begingroup%local
+%From plain; in LaTeX context the defs below should be grouped
+\newskip\centering \centering=0pt plus 1000pt minus 1000pt
+\catcode`\@=11
+\newdimen\netdpw
+%The next is necessary because LaTeX redefined it!!!!!;
+%\equalign with numbering went wrong!
+%
+\def\eqalign#1{%Changed TB361: dynamic number of alignment positions
+%\, Had to be removed for two-column output, see TB189 (top)
+\vcenter{\openup1\jot\m@th
+ \ialign{\strut\hfil$\displaystyle{##}$&& %Change is extra &
+ $\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil\crcr
+ #1\crcr}}\,}
+\def\eqalignno#1{\displ@y \tabskip=\centering
+ \halign to \displaywidth{\hfil$\displaystyle{##}$\tabskip=0pt
+ &$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil\tabskip=\centering
+ &\llap{$##$}\tabskip=0pt\crcr
+ #1\crcr}}
+\def\leqalignno#1{\displ@y \tabskip=\centering
+ \halign to \displaywidth{\hfil$\displaystyle{##}$\tabskip=0pt
+ &$\displaystyle{{}##}$\hfil\tabskip=\centering
+ &\kern-\displaywidth\rlap{$##$}\tabskip=\displaywidth\crcr
+ #1\crcr}}
+\def\midinsert{\bgroup\smallskip}
+\def\endinsert{\smallskip\egroup}
+\catcode`\@=12
+
+%Display math examples for Mededelingen van het Wiskundig Genootschap,
+%13/4/92, cgl@rug.nl
+\def\com#1{{\tt\char92#1}}
+%
+%Essential ways of formula numbering num.tex
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Labeled 1-line
+$$\sin2x=2\sin x\, \cos x
+ \eqno(\hbox{TB186})$$
+\item Three lines, second flushed right
+(relevant for 2-column printing)
+$$\displaylines{F(z)=
+a_0+{a_1\over z}+{a_2\over z^2}+\cdots
+ +{a_{n-1}\over z^{n-1}}+R_n(z),\cr
+ \hfill n=1,2,\dots\,,\cr
+\hfill F(z)\sim\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nz^{-n},
+ \quad z\to\infty\qquad\qquad\hfill
+ \llap{(TB ex19.16)}\cr}$$
+\item Two lines aligned, with middle labeling
+$$\eqalign{\cos2x&=2\cos^2x-1\cr
+ &=\cos^2x-\sin^2x\cr}
+ \eqno(\hbox{TB193})$$
+\item Two lignes aligned, with labeling per line
+$$\eqalignno{
+\cosh2x&=2\cosh^2x-1&(\hbox{TB192})\cr
+ &=\cosh^2x+\sinh^2x\cr}$$
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent obtained via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Labeled 1-line
+$$\sin2x=2\sin x\, \cos x
+ \eqno(\hbox{TB186})$$
+\item Three lines, second flushed right
+(relevant for 2-column printing)
+$$\displaylines{F(z)=
+a_0+{a_1\over z}+{a_2\over z^2}+\cdots
+ +{a_{n-1}\over z^{n-1}}+R_n(z),\cr
+ \hfill n=1,2,\dots\,,\cr
+\hfill F(z)\sim\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nz^{-n},
+ \quad z\to\infty\qquad\qquad\hfill
+ \llap{(TB ex19.16)}\cr}$$
+\item Two lines aligned,
+ with middle labeling
+$$\eqalign{\cos2x&=2\cos^2x-1\cr
+ &=\cos^2x-\sin^2x\cr}
+ \eqno(\hbox{TB193})$$
+\item Two lignes aligned,
+ with labeling per line
+$$\eqalignno{
+\cosh2x&=2\cosh^2x-1&(\hbox{TB192})\cr
+ &=\cosh^2x+\sinh^2x\cr}$$
+\end{itemize}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+
+\paragraph*{Matrices}via (plain) \TeX.
+The examples show paradoxically that for practical use
+we not only need \cs{matrix}, but
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \verb|\atop|, to stack elements on top of each other
+\item \verb|\bordermatrix|, for bordered matrices, and this embedded within
+ \verb|\displaylines|
+\item \verb|\halign|, to handle partitioning, and
+\item some macros tailored to our situations, like the icon set.
+\end{itemize}
+%Samples for TeXing matrices for Mededelingen Wiskundig Genootschap%cgl@rug.nl
+\noindent Examples
+\begin{itemize}
+\item {Hypergeometric function}
+$$M_n(z)={}_{n+1}F_n\biggl({k+a_0,
+ \atop\phantom{kc_1}}
+ {k+a_1,\dots,k+a_n
+ \atop k+c_1,\dots,k+c_n};z\biggr)$$
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+$$M_n(z)={}_{n+1}F_n\biggl({k+a_0,
+ \atop\phantom{kc_1}}
+ {k+a_1,\dots,k+a_n
+ \atop k+c_1,\dots,k+c_n};z\biggr)$$
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+
+\item {Some matrix icons}, Wilkinson (1965)
+%LaTeX use of linefonts for diag lines
+\setlength{\unitlength}{1ex}
+$$\icmat44\kern\unitlength\icllt44=
+ \icllt44\icuh413\qquad AL=LH$$
+$$\icmat63=\icmat63
+\kern\unitlength\icurt63\qquad A=QR$$
+%rectangular matrix\hfill$\icmat64$\\
+%lower left triangular matrix\hfill $\icllt44$\\
+%upper right triangular matrix \hfill$\icurt44$\\
+%upper Hessenberg f form \hfill $\icuh413$
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+$$\icmat44\kern\unitlength\icllt44=
+ \icllt44\icuh413\qquad AL=LH$$
+$$\icmat63=\icmat63
+\kern\unitlength\icurt63\qquad A=QR$$
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+
+\noindent See for the matrix icon macros my paper on the issue.
+%
+\item {Matrix reductions},
+Wilkinson(1965, p357) %---i.e.\ Math `hyphenation'
+$$\displaylines{\indent
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm A & \cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr}
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm N & \cr
+ &1& & \cr
+ &0&1 & \cr
+ &0&\times&1\cr}\hfill\cr
+\hfill=
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm N & \cr
+ &1& & \cr
+ &0&1 & \cr
+ &0&\times&1\cr}
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm H & \cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &0 &\times&\times\cr}
+}$$
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+$$\displaylines{\indent
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm A & \cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr}
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm N & \cr
+ &1& & \cr
+ &0&1 & \cr
+ &0&\times&1\cr}\hfill\cr
+\hfill=
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm N & \cr
+ &1& & \cr
+ &0&1 & \cr
+ &0&\times&1\cr}
+\bordermatrix{& &\rm H & \cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &\times&\times&\times\cr
+ &0 &\times&\times\cr}
+}$$
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup%
+\item {Partitioning},
+Wilkinson(1965, p291)
+$$P_r=\left(\vcenter{
+ \offinterlineskip\tabskip0pt
+ \halign{
+ \vrule height3ex depth1ex width 0pt
+ \hfil$\enspace#\enspace$\hfil
+ \vrule width.1pt\relax
+ &\hfil$\enspace#\enspace$\hfil\cr
+ I_{n-r}&0\cr
+ \noalign{\hrule height.1pt\relax}
+ 0 &I-2v_rv_r^T\cr}
+ }\right) $$
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+$$P_r=\left(\vcenter{
+ \offinterlineskip\tabskip0pt
+ \halign{
+ \vrule height3ex depth1ex width 0pt
+ \hfil$\enspace#\enspace$\hfil
+ \vrule width.1pt\relax
+ &\hfil$\enspace#\enspace$\hfil\cr
+ I_{n-r}&0\cr
+ \noalign{\hrule height.1pt\relax}
+ 0 &I-2v_rv_r^T\cr}
+ }\right) $$
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\end{itemize}
+\endgroup
+
+\begingroup\noindent
+Next some examples without the mark-up, just the
+results, because they are real teasers.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Braces and Matrices, Wilkinson(1965, p199)
+$$\vcenter{
+ \hbox{${\scriptstyle\phantom{n{-}}p}
+ \left\{\vrule height4.5ex width0pt
+ depth 0pt\right.$}\vglue3ex\relax
+ \hbox{${\scriptstyle n{-}p}
+ \left\{\vrule height3.0ex width0pt
+ depth 0pt\right.\kern2pt$}
+ \vglue.5ex\relax
+ }
+\bordermatrix{&\multispan4{\hfil
+$\overbrace{\vrule height0pt width10.5ex
+ depth0pt}^p$}\hfil
+ &\multispan3{\enspace\hfil
+$\overbrace{\vrule height0pt width7.5ex
+ depth0pt}^{n-p}$}\hfil\cr
+&\times&\times&\times&\times&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+&0 &\times&\times&\times&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+&0 &0 &\times&\times&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+&0 &0 &0 &\times&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+&0 &0 &0 &0 &\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+&0 &0 &0 &0 &\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+&0 &0 &0 &0 &\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+}$$
+\item
+Matrices, braces, (dotted) partitioning
+and icons; space efficient variant
+%The simplest way is to make the 22-element
+%separate, and measure the sizes.
+%Subsequently one easily couples these
+%sizes to the sizes of the braces.
+%Hard things: automatic coupling,
+%vertical dotted lines.
+%
+\def\vdts{\vbox{\baselineskip4pt
+ \lineskiplimit0pt
+ \vglue2pt\hbox{.}\hbox{.}\hbox{.}}}%
+$$
+\vcenter{\offinterlineskip%No interline
+% space in between parts
+\halign{\hfil$#$&\hfil$#$\hfil\cr%2-column
+%first row with braces, element 11 empty
+{}&\hfil\enspace\mathop{\hbox to.9cm%
+ {\downbracefill}}\limits^{\vbox{\hbox{
+ $\scriptstyle p$}\kern2pt}}
+ \enspace\hfil\mathop{\hbox to.6cm%
+ {\downbracefill}}\limits^{\vbox{\hbox to
+ 0pt{\hss$\scriptstyle n-p$\hss}\kern2pt}}%
+ \enspace\hfil\cr % end first row
+%Separation between first (border) row and
+%rest
+\noalign{\vglue1ex}
+%first column with braces
+\vcenter{\vfil
+ \hbox{${\scriptstyle p}\left\{\vbox
+ to.8cm{}\right.$}\vfil\vglue2ex\vfil
+ \hbox{\llap{$\scriptstyle n{-}$}%
+ ${\scriptstyle p}\left\{\vbox to.5cm{}
+ \right.$}\vfil}
+&%22-element is the matrix proper
+\left(\vcenter{\offinterlineskip
+\halign{\hfil$#$\hfil&\hfil$#$\hfil&
+\hfil$#$\hfil&\hfil$#$\hfil
+\tabskip=.5\tabskip&\vdts#&
+\tabskip=2\tabskip
+\hfil$#$\hfil&\hfil$#$\hfil&
+\hfil$#$\hfil\cr%end template
+\times&\times&\times&\times&&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+0 &\times&\times&\times&&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+0 &0 &\times&\times&&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+0 &0 &0 &\times&&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+\noalign{\vglue1ex}
+\multispan8\dotfill\cr
+0 &0 &0 &0 &&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+0 &0 &0 &0 &&\times&
+ \times&\times\cr
+0 &0 &0 &0 &&\times&
+\times&\times\cr}%end halign (22)
+}%end vcenter
+\right)\cr %end 22-element
+%Separation between last (border) row
+%and rest
+\noalign{\vglue1ex}
+{}&\hfil\enspace\mathop{\hbox to.9cm{%
+ \upbracefill}}\limits_{\vbox{\kern2pt
+ \icurt42}}
+ \enspace\hfil
+ \mathop{\hbox to.6cm{%
+ \upbracefill}}\limits_{\vbox{\kern2pt
+ \icmat4{1.5}}}\enspace\hfil%
+\cr % end last row
+}%end halign
+}%end vbox
+$$
+\item Other interesting two-dimensional
+structures are commutative diagrams. Consult for those Spivak's
+\LAMSTeX.\footnote{Within the graphics section I
+ have supplied a simple example, however.}
+
+\noindent Interestingly enough, simple commutative diagrams are done by
+\verb|\matrix|, while I would expect some graphic commands.
+\end{itemize}
+\endgroup
+
+\subsection{Examples: tables.}
+For (full) rectangular tables \verb|\halign| or \verb|\valign| is generally
+used, when they fit on the page.
+Because of determining automatically the page breaks it might happen that
+the page builder would like to split a table. Generally this is bad
+typography, because we like to maintain the summary character of a table
+all on one page.\footnote{When the latter is not important, for example for
+ tables of values which goes on for pages, we can modify
+ the row separator into a separator which allows line breaks.
+ For tables which don't fit on a page
+ there are special macros, like {\tt supertabular.sty}.}
+A table smaller than the page should fit and in order to let that happen
+we generally allow tables to float, that is they may be shifted around
+a bit by the page builder.
+For a survey on the issue see my Table Diversions paper, which also contains
+a macro for handling bordered tables---the {\tt btable} macro (some 80 lines),
+and used in this work (see later).
+
+ Another important class of tables are the so-called trees. One can argue
+whether they are tables or belong to graphics. Br\"uggeman-Klein has provided
+a package called Tree\TeX. The user-interface looks good,
+although I have not had any personal experience with it myself yet.
+
+\paragraph*{Simple tables}via (plain) \TeX.
+When I read Furuta a decade ago, I was impressed by the ease of mark-up
+for tables via the tbl preprocessor of troff.\footnote{Because of
+ that I was in favour of troff and its preprocessors.
+ Happily a math professor stressed the importance of \TeX, and because
+ UNIX was not widely available at the University, I entered \TeX-land.}
+Below I'll show that a similar functionality---and some more, I also
+ abstracted from the kinds of rules, and the positioning of the elements---%
+is provided with respect to tables
+by my btable macro for the class of bordered tables,
+where the (possibly complicated) headers are treated separately
+and independently from the (proper) table data, and the rowstub list.
+
+\begingroup
+%\input{btable.tex}
+%btable.tex version 1, 15/7/92 author: cgl@rug.nl
+%Table Diversions is Published in EuroTeX92 proceedings, and MAPS92.2
+%The article discusses typsetting tables via plain, surveys related work,
+%introduces btable.tex, and provides a discipline for typesetting cell-blocks.
+%Example of use (from the article)
+%\def\data{2\cs7\cs6\rs
+% 9\cs5\cs1\rs
+% 4\cs3\cs8}
+%\ruled\framed\btable\data
+%Below is the btable macro listed
+\newbox\tbl\let\ea=\expandafter
+%Cell vertical size, row height and depth (separation implicit),
+\newdimen\cvsize\newdimen\tsht\newdimen\tsdp\newdimen\tvsize\newdimen\thsize
+%Parameter setting macros: Rules
+\def\hruled{\def\lineglue{\hrulefill}\def\colsep{} \def\rowsep{\hrule}
+ \let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\rowsep}
+\def\vruled{\def\lineglue{\hfil} \def\colsep{\vrule}\def\rowsep{}
+ \let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\hrule}
+\def\ruled {\def\lineglue{\hrulefill}\def\colsep{\vrule}\def\rowsep{\hrule}
+ \let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\rowsep}
+\def\nonruled{\def\lineglue{\hfil} \def\colsep{} \def\rowsep{}
+ \def\rowstbsep{\vrule}\def\headersep{\hrule}}
+\def\dotruled{\def\lineglue{\dotfill}\def\rowsep{\hbox to\thsize{\dotfill}}
+\def\colsep{\lower1.5\tsdp\vbox to\cvsize{%
+\leaders\hbox to0pt{\vrule height2pt depth2pt width0pt\hss.\hss}\vfil}}
+\let\rowstbsep=\colsep\let\headersep=\rowsep}
+%Parameter setting macros: Controling positioning
+\def\ctr{\def\lft{\hfil}\def\rgt{\hfil}}%Centered
+\def\fll{\def\lft{} \def\rgt{\hfil}}%Flushed left
+\def\flr{\def\lft{\hfil}\def\rgt{}} %Flushed right
+%Parameter setting macros: Framing
+\def\framed{\let\frameit=\boxit}
+\def\nonframed{\def\frameit##1{##1}}
+\def\dotframed{\let\frameit=\dotboxit}
+%
+\def\btable#1{\vbox{\let\rsl=\rowstblst%Copy
+\ifx\empty\template\ifx\empty\rowstblst
+ \def\template{\colsepsurround\lft####\rgt&&\lft####\rgt\cr}
+ \else\def\template{\colsepsurround####\hfil&&\lft####\rgt\cr}\fi
+ \fi
+\tsht=.775\cvsize\tsdp=.225\cvsize
+\def\tstrut{\vrule height\tsht depth\tsdp width0pt}
+%Logical mark up of column and row separators, via use of
+\def\cs{&\colsepsurround\colsep\colsepsurround&}
+\def\prs{&\colsepsurround\lineglue&}
+\def\srp{&\lineglue\colsepsurround&}
+\def\rs{\colsepsurround\tstrut\cr
+ \ifx\empty\rowsep\else\noalign{\rowsep}\fi
+ \ifx\empty\rowstblst\else\ea\nxtrs\fi}
+\def\rss{&\colsepsurround\rowstbsep\colsepsurround&}
+\def\hs{\colsepsurround\tstrut\cr
+ \ifx\empty\headersep\else\noalign{\headersep}\fi
+ \ifx\empty\rowstblst\else\ea\nxtrs\fi}
+\preinsert
+\setbox\tbl=\vbox{\tabskip=0pt\relax\offinterlineskip
+\halign{\span\template\ifx\empty\first\ifx\empty\rowstblst\else
+\ifx\empty\header\else\ea\rss\fi\fi\else\first\ea\rss\fi
+\ifx\empty\header\ifx\empty\first\if\empty\rsl\else\ea\nxtrs\fi
+ \else\ea\hs\fi
+\else\header\ea\hs\fi
+#1\colsepsurround\tstrut\crcr} }%end setbox
+\postinsert
+\ifx\caption\empty\else\hbox to\thsize{\strut\hfil\caption\hss}\captionsep\fi
+\frameit{\copy\tbl}
+\ifx\footer\empty\else\footersep\hbox{\vtop{\noindent\hsize=\thsize%
+\footer}}\fi }}
+%Defaults
+\cvsize=4ex\tsht=.775\cvsize\tsdp=.225\cvsize\def\colsepsurround{\kern.5em}
+\ctr\nonruled
+\def\caption{}\def\first{}\def\header{}\def\rowstblst{}\def\footer{}\def\data{}
+\def\captionsep{\medskip} \def\headersep{\hrule}
+\def\footersep{\smallskip} \def\rowstbsep{\vrule}
+\def\preinsert{}
+\def\postinsert{\global\thsize=\wd\tbl
+ \global\tvsize=\ht\tbl\global\advance\tvsize by\dp\tbl}
+\ctr\nonruled\nonframed\def\template{} %end Defaults
+%Auxiliaries
+\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\vbox{#1}\vrule}\hrule}}
+\def\dotboxit#1{\vbox{\offinterlineskip\hbox to\thsize{\dotfill}%
+\hbox{\lower\tsdp\vbox to\tvsize{%
+\leaders\hbox to0pt{\hss\vrule height2pt depth2pt width0pt.\hss}\vfil}%
+\vbox{#1}\lower\tsdp\vbox to\tvsize{%
+\leaders\hbox to0pt{\hss\vrule height2pt depth2pt width0pt.\hss}\vfil}}%
+\hbox to\thsize{\dotfill}}}
+%And to account for logical columns with \multispan
+\def\spicspan{\span\omit}
+\def\multispan#1{\omit\mscount=#1\multiply\mscount by2 \advance\mscount by-1
+\loop\ifnum\mscount>1 \spicspan\advance\mscount by-1 \repeat}
+%To process FIFO
+\def\bfifo#1{\ifx\efifo#1\let\nxt=\relax\else\def\nxt{\process#1\bfifo}%
+ \fi\nxt}%end \bfifo
+\def\process#1{\hbox to0pt{\hss#1\hss}\kern.5ex}
+%To handle row stub list
+\def\nxtrs{\ifx\empty\rsl%\let\nxtel=\relax
+\else\def\nxtel{\ea\nrs\rsl\srn}\ea\nxtel\fi}%next Row Stub
+\def\nrs#1#2\srn{\gdef\rsl{#2}#1\rss} %end btable.tex
+%
+\def\data{11\cs12\rs21\cs22}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item just framed data
+ $$\vcenter{\framed\btable\data}$$
+\item add header and rowstubs
+ \def\header{\multispan2\hfill
+ Header\hfill}
+ \def\rowstblst{{$1^{st}$ row}%
+ {{$2^{nd}$ row}}}
+ $$\vcenter{\btable\data}$$
+\item add caption and footer,
+ vary via dotted lines
+ \def\caption{Caption}\def\footer{Footer}
+ $$\vcenter{\dotruled\btable\data}$$
+\item vary with ruled and framed
+ $$\vcenter{\ruled\framed\btable\data}$$
+\end{itemize}
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\def\data{11\cs12\rs21\cs22}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item just framed data
+ $$\vcenter{\framed\btable\data}$$
+\item add header and rowstubs
+ \def\header{\multispan2\hfill
+ Header\hfill}
+ \def\rowstblst{{$1^{st}$ row}%
+ {{$2^{nd}$ row}}}
+ $$\vcenter{\btable\data}$$
+\item add caption and footer,
+ vary via dotted lines
+ \def\caption{Caption}\def\footer{Footer}
+ $$\vcenter{\dotruled\btable\data}$$
+\item vary with ruled and framed
+ $$\vcenter{\ruled\framed\btable\data}$$
+\end{itemize}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+
+\paragraph*{Real-life.} AT\&T's example
+from the tbl (troff) documentation, also supplied in \TeX book p.247
+\begingroup
+%\cite{lesk79}
+\def\caption{AT\&T Common Stock}
+\def\header{Year\cs Price\cs Dividend}
+\catcode`?=\active \def?{\kern1.1ex}
+\def\data{1971\cs41--54\cs\llap{\$}2.60\rs
+ 2\cs41--54\cs 2.70\rs
+ 3\cs46--55\cs 2.87\rs
+ 4\cs40--53\cs 3.24\rs
+ 5\cs45--52\cs 3.40\rs
+ 6\cs51--59\cs ?.95\rlap*}
+\def\footer{* (first quarter only)}
+$$\vcenter{\vbox{\small
+ \framed\ruled\btable\data}}$$
+The above is obtained via \verb|\btable| as follows
+\endgroup
+%
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\def\caption{AT\&T Common Stock}
+\def\header{Year\cs Price\cs Dividend}
+\catcode`?=\active \def?{\kern1.1ex}
+\def\data{1971\cs41--54\cs\llap{\$}2.60\rs
+ 2\cs41--54\cs 2.70\rs
+ 3\cs46--55\cs 2.87\rs
+ 4\cs40--53\cs 3.24\rs
+ 5\cs45--52\cs 3.40\rs
+ 6\cs51--59\cs ?.95\rlap*}
+\def\footer{* (first quarter only)}
+$$\vcenter{\vbox{\small
+ \framed\ruled\btable\data}}$$
+\end{verbatim}
+\endgroup
+\endgroup
+\subsection{Examples: graphics.}
+The portable way is via \mmt, \LaTeX's picture environment,
+or PiC\TeX.
+For a survey see Clark's Portable Graphics in \TeX\ paper.
+\TeX tures on the Macintosh by Blue Sky Research is famous for its
+(non-portable) pic{\em tures\/} with \TeX. For inclusion of
+photographs and in general halftones, see the work of Sowa.\footnote{On the
+ Mac one can easily incorporate photos after they
+ having been put onto CD in digitized form. Kodak provides the latter
+ service.}
+For drawing on the screen and get (La)\TeX\ code out see GNUplot
+or \TeX CAD, for example.
+
+Many disciplines make use of
+special graphic diagrams. In this paper for example I won't
+provide examples of
+trees,
+(math) graphs in general,
+(advanced) commutative diagrams,
+nor Feynmann diagrams,
+to name but a few classes known to me.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item simple line diagrams via \mmt
+\begingroup
+\def\strut{\vrule height2.5ex depth1ex width0pt}
+\def\fbox#1{\setbox0\hbox{\strut
+ $\;$#1$\,$}\leavevmode\rlap{\copy0}%
+ \makelightbox}
+\def\element#1{\hbox to15ex{\hss#1\hss}}
+\def\vconnector{\element{\strut\vrule}}
+$$\hbox{\vbox{%
+\element{\fbox{amsppt.sty}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\fbox{amstex.tex}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\fbox{\TeX}}}
+\qquad\qquad\qquad
+\vbox{%
+\element{\fbox{amsart.sty}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\llap{\fbox{amstex.sty}---}%
+ \fbox{\LaTeX}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\fbox{\TeX}}}
+}$$
+\endgroup
+\noindent via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+$$\hbox{\vbox{%
+\element{\fbox{amsppt.sty}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\fbox{amstex.tex}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\fbox{\TeX}}
+}\qquad\qquad\qquad\vbox{%
+\element{\fbox{amsart.sty}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\llap{\fbox{amstex.sty}---}
+ \fbox{\LaTeX}}
+\vconnector
+\element{\fbox{\TeX}}
+}}$$
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+
+\noindent with the auxiliaries
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\def\strut{\vrule height2.5ex depth1ex
+ width0pt}
+\def\fbox#1{\setbox0\hbox{\strut
+ $\;$#1$\,$}\leavevmode\rlap{\copy0}%
+ \makelightbox}
+\def\element#1{\hbox to15ex{\hss#1\hss}}
+\def\vconnector{\element{\strut\vrule}} .
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\item flow chart borrowed from Furuta, via \LaTeX
+
+\noindent
+%\input{pic.pic}
+\begingroup\small
+\setlength{\unitlength}{4ex}
+\begin{picture}(14,4)(0,-1)
+\put(1, 1){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(1, 1){\makebox(0, 0){Start}}
+\put(2, 1){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(3.5,.25){\framebox(2,1.5){\shortstack
+ {\tiny Edit\\\tiny Document}}}
+\put(5.5, 1){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(7,.25){\framebox(2,1.5){\shortstack
+ {\tiny Format\\\tiny Document}}}
+\put(9, 1){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(11.5, 1){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(11.5, 1){\makebox(0, 0){End}}
+\bezier{75}(4.5,.25)(6.25,-1)(8,.25)
+\put(4.5,.25){\vector(-2, 1){0}}
+\bezier{150}(4.5,1.75)(8,4)(11.5,1.5)
+\put(11.5,1.5){\vector(2,-1){0}}
+\end{picture}
+\endgroup
+
+\par\noindent
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{4ex}
+\begin{picture}(14,4)(0,-1)
+\put(1, 1){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(1, 1){\makebox(0, 0){Start}}
+\put(2, 1){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(3.5,.25){\framebox(2,1.5){\shortstack
+ {\tiny Edit\\\tiny Document}}}
+\put(5.5, 1){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(7,.25){\framebox(2,1.5){\shortstack
+ {\tiny Format\\\tiny Document}}}
+\put(9, 1){\vector(1, 0){1.5}}
+\put(11.5, 1){\oval(2, 1)}
+\put(11.5, 1){\makebox(0, 0){End}}
+\bezier{75}(4.5,.25)(6.25,-1)(8,.25)
+\put(4.5,.25){\vector(-2, 1){0}}
+\bezier{150}(4.5,1.75)(8,4)(11.5,1.5)
+\put(11.5,1.5){\vector(2,-1){0}}
+\end{picture}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\par\noindent
+Although the specification is
+not as easy as via the pic preprocessor,
+it is not difficult when we
+start from a template, like the one above.
+Cumbersome is the treatment of the arrow heads, but these can be hidden.
+\item a pie-chart via \LaTeX
+
+%\input{lus.pic}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{6ex}
+\begin{picture}(6, 5)(-3, -2)
+%1st quadrant
+%\bezier{100}(2, 0)(2, .54)(1.79, .89)
+ % 0 - `30' 2:1-lijn
+\bezier{60}(1.79, .89)(1.46, 1.46)(1, 1.73)
+ % `30' - 60
+\bezier{60}(1, 1.73)(.54, 2)(0, 2)
+ % 60 - 90
+%2nd quadrant
+\bezier{60}(0, 2)(-.54, 2)(-1, 1.73)
+ % 90 - 120
+\bezier{60}(-1,1.73)(-1.46,1.46)(-1.73,1)
+ %120 - 150
+\bezier{60}(-1.73, 1)(-2, .54)(-2, 0)
+ %150 - 180
+%3rd quadrant
+\bezier{60}(-2, 0)(-2, -.54)(-1.73, -1)
+ %180 - 210
+\bezier{60}(-1.73,-1)(-1.46,-1.46)(-1,-1.73)
+ %210 -240
+\bezier{60}(-1, -1.73)(-.54, -2)(0, -2)
+ %240 - 270
+%4th quadrant
+\bezier{60}(0, -2)(.54, -2)(1, -1.73)
+ %270 - 300
+\bezier{60}(1,-1.73)(1.46,-1.46)(1.73,-1)
+ %300 - 330
+\bezier{60}(1.73, -1)(2, -.54)(2, 0)
+ %330 - 360
+%division lines
+\put(0, 0){\line(1, 0){2}}
+\put(0, 0){\line(2, 1){1.79}}
+ %1.79 = 2 cos arctg .5
+%\put(0, 0){\line(-2, 1){1.79}}
+\bezier{75}(0, 0)(-.81, .59)(-1.61, 1.18)
+ %-.81 = cos 144; .59 = sin 144
+%\put(0, 0){\line(-1, -2){.89}}
+ % .89 = 2 sin arctg .5
+\bezier{75}(0, 0)(-.59, -.81)(-1.18, -1.62)
+ %-.59 = cos -126; -.81 = sin -126
+%piece
+\bezier{60}(2.5, 0.1)(2.5, .64)(2.29, .99)
+ % shift .5, .1
+\put(0.5, 0.1){\line(1, 0){2}}
+\put(0.5, 0.1){\line(2, 1){1.79}}
+%Candles:
+\bezier{20}(0,1.31)(-.15,1.45)(0,1.61)
+\bezier{20}(0,1.31)(.175,1.45)(0,1.61)
+\put(-.1,.1){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(.1,.05){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(.1,1){\line(-2,3){.2}}
+%left
+\bezier{20}(-.25,1.46)(-.40,1.6)(-.25,1.76)
+\bezier{20}(-.25,1.46)(-.075,1.6)(-.25,1.76)
+\put(-.35,.25){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(-.15,.2){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(-.15,1.15){\line(-2,3){.2}}
+%right
+\bezier{20}(.25,1.46)(.40,1.6)(.25,1.76)
+\bezier{20}(.25,1.46)(.075,1.6)(.25,1.76)
+\put(.35,.25){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(.15,.2){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(.15,1.15){\line(2,3){.2}}
+%leftleft
+\bezier{20}(-.5,1.61)(-.65,1.75)(-.5,1.91)
+\bezier{20}(-.5,1.61)(-.325,1.75)(-.5,1.91)
+\put(-.6,.4){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(-.4,.35){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(-.4,1.3){\line(-2,3){.2}}
+%rightright
+\bezier{20}(.5,1.61)(.65,1.75)(.5,1.91)
+\bezier{20}(.5,1.61)(.325,1.75)(.5,1.91)
+\put(.6,.4){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(.4,.35){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(.4,1.3){\line(2,3){.2}}
+%texts
+\put(-1, -.1){\makebox(0, 0){\strut Happy}}
+\put(.5, -1){\makebox(0, 0){\strut Birthday}}
+\put(1.9, .35){\makebox(0, 0){\strut NTG}}
+\end{picture}
+
+\par\noindent via
+\begingroup\small
+%\begingroup\small
+\begin{verbatim}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{6ex}
+\begin{picture}(6, 5)(-3, -2)
+%1st quadrant
+%\bezier{100}(2, 0)(2, .54)(1.79, .89)
+ % 0 - `30' 2:1-line
+\bezier{60}(1.79, .89)(1.46, 1.46)(1, 1.73)
+ % `30' - 60
+\bezier{60}(1, 1.73)(.54, 2)(0, 2)
+ % 60 - 90
+%2nd quadrant
+\bezier{60}(0, 2)(-.54, 2)(-1, 1.73)
+ % 90 - 120
+\bezier{60}(-1,1.73)(-1.46,1.46)(-1.73,1)
+ %120 - 150
+\bezier{60}(-1.73, 1)(-2, .54)(-2, 0)
+ %150 - 180
+%3rd quadrant
+\bezier{60}(-2, 0)(-2, -.54)(-1.73, -1)
+ %180 - 210
+\bezier{60}(-1.73,-1)(-1.46,-1.46)(-1,-1.73)
+ %210 -240
+\bezier{60}(-1, -1.73)(-.54, -2)(0, -2)
+ %240 - 270
+%4th quadrant
+\bezier{60}(0, -2)(.54, -2)(1, -1.73)
+ %270 - 300
+\bezier{60}(1,-1.73)(1.46,-1.46)(1.73,-1)
+ %300 - 330
+\bezier{60}(1.73, -1)(2, -.54)(2, 0)
+ %330 - 360
+%division lines
+\put(0, 0){\line(1, 0){2}}
+\put(0, 0){\line(2, 1){1.79}}
+ %1.79 = 2 cos arctg .5
+%\put(0, 0){\line(-2, 1){1.79}}
+\bezier{75}(0, 0)(-.81, .59)(-1.61, 1.18)
+ %-.81 = cos 144; .59 = sin 144
+%\put(0, 0){\line(-1, -2){.89}}
+ % .89 = 2 sin arctg .5
+\bezier{75}(0, 0)(-.59, -.81)(-1.18, -1.62)
+ %-.59 = cos -126; -.81 = sin -126
+%piece
+\bezier{60}(2.5, 0.1)(2.5, .64)(2.29, .99)
+ % shift .5, .1
+\put(0.5, 0.1){\line(1, 0){2}}
+\put(0.5, 0.1){\line(2, 1){1.79}}
+%Candles:
+\bezier{20}(0,1.31)(-.15,1.45)(0,1.61)
+\bezier{20}(0,1.31)(.175,1.45)(0,1.61)
+\put(-.1,.1){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(.1,.05){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(.1,1){\line(-2,3){.2}}
+%left
+\bezier{20}(-.25,1.46)(-.40,1.6)(-.25,1.76)
+\bezier{20}(-.25,1.46)(-.075,1.6)(-.25,1.76)
+\put(-.35,.25){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(-.15,.2){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(-.15,1.15){\line(-2,3){.2}}
+%right
+\bezier{20}(.25,1.46)(.40,1.6)(.25,1.76)
+\bezier{20}(.25,1.46)(.075,1.6)(.25,1.76)
+\put(.35,.25){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(.15,.2){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(.15,1.15){\line(2,3){.2}}
+%leftleft
+\bezier{20}(-.5,1.61)(-.65,1.75)(-.5,1.91)
+\bezier{20}(-.5,1.61)(-.325,1.75)(-.5,1.91)
+\put(-.6,.4){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(-.4,.35){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(-.4,1.3){\line(-2,3){.2}}
+%rightright
+\bezier{20}(.5,1.61)(.65,1.75)(.5,1.91)
+\bezier{20}(.5,1.61)(.325,1.75)(.5,1.91)
+\put(.6,.4){\line(0,1){1.2}}
+\put(.4,.35){\line(0,1){.95}}
+\put(.4,1.3){\line(2,3){.2}}
+%texts
+\put(-1, -.1){\makebox(0, 0){\strut Happy}}
+\put(.5, -1){\makebox(0, 0){\strut Birthday}}
+\put(1.9, .35){\makebox(0, 0){\strut NTG}}
+\end{picture}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent
+The above use of the bezier splines makes the
+creation of scaling invariant circles
+easier than the approach by Ramek in the proceedings of
+\TeX eter '88.
+
+\item commutative diagrams (\LAMSTeX, \ldots). As a simple example
+the calculation flow of the autocorrelation
+function,
+$a_f$, inspired by the \TeX Book ex18.46, p.358.
+${\cal F}$ denotes the Fourier transform and
+${\cal F}\strut^{-}$ the inverse Fourier transform
+\vskip1ex
+%
+\def\lllongrightarrow{\relbar\joinrel%
+ \relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel%
+ \relbar\joinrel\rightarrow}
+\def\llongrightarrow{\relbar\joinrel%
+ \relbar\joinrel\rightarrow}
+\def\normalbaselines{%
+ \baselineskip20pt
+ \lineskip3pt
+ \lineskiplimit3pt}
+\def\mapright#1{\smash{\mathop{
+ \llongrightarrow}\limits^{#1}}}
+\def\lmapright#1{\smash{\mathop{
+ \lllongrightarrow}\limits^{#1}}}
+\def\mapdown#1{\Big\downarrow
+ \rlap{$\vcenter{\hbox{$#1$}}$}}
+\def\mapup#1{\Big\uparrow
+ \rlap{$\vcenter{\hbox{$#1$}}$}}
+$$%Diagram
+\matrix{f&\lmapright\otimes&a_f\cr
+ \mapdown{{\cal F}}&&\mapup{%
+ {\cal F}\strut^{-}}\cr
+ \hbox to 0pt{\hss${\cal F}(f)$\hss}
+ &\mapright\times\hfil&
+ \hbox to 0pt{\hss$\bigl({\cal F}(f)
+ \bigr)^2$\hss}\cr}
+\qquad$$%a little to the left
+via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+$$\matrix{f&\lmapright\otimes&a_f\cr
+ \mapdown{{\cal F}}&&\mapup{%
+ {\cal F}\strut^{-}}\cr
+ \hbox to 0pt{\hss${\cal F}(f)$\hss}
+ &\mapright\times\hfil&
+ \hbox to 0pt{\hss$\bigl({\cal F}(f)
+ \bigr)^2$\hss}\cr}$$
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+\noindent with auxiliaries
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\def\lllongrightarrow{\relbar\joinrel%
+ \relbar\joinrel\relbar\joinrel%
+ \relbar\joinrel\rightarrow}
+\def\llongrightarrow{\relbar\joinrel%
+ \relbar\joinrel\rightarrow}
+\def\normalbaselines{%
+ \baselineskip20pt
+ \lineskip3pt
+ \lineskiplimit3pt}
+\def\mapright#1{\smash{\mathop{
+ \llongrightarrow}\limits^{#1}}}
+\def\lmapright#1{\smash{\mathop{
+ \lllongrightarrow}\limits^{#1}}}
+\def\mapdown#1{\Big\downarrow
+ \rlap{$\vcenter{\hbox{$#1$}}$}}
+\def\mapup#1{\Big\uparrow
+ \rlap{$\vcenter{\hbox{$#1$}}$}}
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+
+\item \MF{} coupled to \TeX. Leading in this area is the work of Hoenig, for
+example see his `When \TeX\ and \MF{} work together.'
+He has worked out the printing along curved lines,
+and the typesetting of paragraphs which flow around
+arbitrary shapes!
+Very powerul, but not simple to use for the moment.
+It looks like going back to the roots,
+because Knuth's first version of the `\TeX book' contained it all:
+`\TeX\ and \MF{}, New directions in typesetting.'
+
+\item (encapsulated) \PS. Knuth left some niches for handling these
+ kinds of things via the \cs{special} command. A very nice survey of
+ the possibilities which can be obtained when incorporating \PS{} is
+ given in Goossens' `\PS{} en \LaTeX,' which is also a chapter in
+ the \LaTeX-companion. A survey of the various user approaches has been
+ compiled by Anita Hoover.
+\item Screen drawings. An example is GNUplot. Cameron in \TeX line
+ characterized these kind of systems as
+\begin{quote}
+ `\ldots There are a couple of programs available which take all the
+ calculation out: you draw your picture using the mouse, and it is
+ automagically compiled into \LaTeX\ source. But for complicated
+ figures, mathematical insight or computational power may be required.'
+\end{quote}
+ An example of figures that require math insight are Hoenig's `Fractal
+ images with \TeX.'
+ We can add to that the reuse aspect, which is hindered by the drawing
+ approach, and the unreadable nature of machine-generated code.
+ But certainly these tools have their niche in the spectrum of tools for EP.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\section{Front matter}
+Much attention is paid to front matter:
+cover,
+publication characteristics (source, ISBN or other classification),
+title etc.,
+abstract,
+keywords,
+table of contents and the like if not considered as an appendix,
+foreword.
+Basically the style or format can handle these easily.
+Because of the eye-catching need of a cover a designer
+is generally involved and the cover, especially
+the graphics, typeset by different means.
+The page with publication characteristics can be left to
+the copy editor.
+For the others just obey the mark-up characteristics, as demanded
+by the style file.
+\section{Back matter}
+As back matter we have the various appendices. Two kinds are
+noteworthy: the list of references and the index. Both are
+complicated because of the {\em cross-referencing on the fly.}
+\paragraph*{Bibliography creation.}%
+With a publication we have the problem of
+handling a list of references,
+to extract them from our literature database,
+and to format them appropriately.
+We also like to cross-reference them to the list of references,
+such that it is adaptable to different journal traditions,
+with respect to formatting of citations.
+There are tools available to do that, for example
+\LaTeX's \BibTeX\ with its {\tt thebibliography} environment, and
+\AmSTeX's \cs{ref} and \cs{endref} structures.
+I designed my own `little language
+within \TeX' to handle that all in a one-pass job within \AllTeX.
+To get the flavour, the bibliography at the end of this paper
+has been prepared via
+\begingroup\small\begin{verbatim}
+\section*{References}
+\input{lit.dat}%database file
+ \def\tubissue#1(#2){{\sl TUGboat\/}
+ {\bf#1} (#2)}
+ \def\ls#1{\ea\bibentry#1\endgraf}
+\input{lit.sel}%file with names
+\end{verbatim}\endgroup
+See my BLUe's Bibliography paper
+for more details, and my solution of the cross-referencing in a one-pass job.
+
+\paragraph*{Index preparation.}
+This is complicated because of the dynamic allocation of page numbers
+and inclusion of these in the index. It is also an art to provide the
+right entries. Generally (external) sorting needs to be done too,
+next to the formatting. A complicated job.
+\begin{quote}\TeX nically
+ there is the tool Makeindex, to cooperate with (La)\TeX.
+\end{quote}
+Knuth provided a mark-up mechanism for extracting
+the index entries and let the OTR add the page numbers.
+These items are writen on a file
+for further processing, like sorting, and adding comments and the like.
+I consider that very powerful, but it is not completely automatic.
+The user, or publisher, has to account for the finishing touch, for the
+moment. For a survey of the intricacies which come along
+when writing automatic index generators, see
+the report of Chen and Harrison about developing Makeindex.
+
+I have exercised index preparation \`a la Knuth in my Sorting in BLUe paper.
+Although the approach of doing it all within \TeX\ looks promising,
+it still needs some polishing for BLU to become useful.
+
+\section{Guidelines for Choosing}
+Given the above-mentioned variety of tools %and your personal circumstances
+the following questions can be useful
+\begin{quote}
+What facilities does your publisher provide?\\
+What is the document like? \\
+What tools are already in use? \\
+Whom is it aimed at? \\
+How many authors are involved? \\
+%(many authors many publications?), \\
+Is (partial, e.g.\ bibliographical) reuse also envisaged?\\
+Is future use, different from formatting, in sight?
+\end{quote}
+\noindent
+First, contact your publisher and agree upon the tools to be used.\\
+Next best, when you are on your own, consider
+\begin{description}
+\item[]No structure \hfill it does not matter \\%what will be used
+ (For right-to-left etc.\hfill \TeXXeT)
+\item[]Scientific papers \hfill \AllTeX%can best be used
+\item[]Reuse \hfill \AllTeX, SGML? %can best be used
+\item[]Various authors\hfill \AllTeX, SGML? % as a uniform language
+%\TeX\ which is {\em de facto\/} in use for that purpose
+\item[]Future (nonformatting) use\hfill \AllTeX, SGML?
+\end{description}
+A user sufficiently fluent in di-roff would like me to
+substitute x-roff for \TeX\ in the table above. Be my guest, I don't
+have experience with x-roff.
+
+\section*{Acknowledgements}
+This paper has been processed via \LaTeX\ because I needed the
+functionality of the picture environment. The standard formatting of
+the peculiar \TeX-related names have been borrowed from \verb|tugboat.cmn|.
+I used the \verb|ltugproc.sty|---style for
+TUG proceedings---because of the nice way the front matter
+is typeset.
+
+I like to thank Christina Thiele for polishing my English
+and pointing to the right use of fonts for established names.\footnote{Although
+ this has its difficulties simply using \cs{MF} for example goes wrong
+ when we vary size.}
+Gerard van Nes blew his horn once again. Thank you!
+
+\section*{Conclusions}
+For high-quality computer-assisted typography \TeX{} etc.{} is
+a flexible and excellent craftsman-like tool,
+with the following characteristics
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \TeX\ is in the PD, available for all platforms
+\item flavours of \TeX\ have been added
+to facilitate its use, next to macro toolboxes
+\item formats and style files have been added to facilitate the publication
+process
+\item \TeX\ can be used with many fonts, and takes its own font generation tool
+\item drivers, WSYIWYG interfaces are commercially available
+\item working environments are provided by user groups
+\item lingua franca for scientific email communication
+\item publishing houses accept compuscripts marked up by (La)\TeX
+\item users maintain digests, discussion lists and file servers
+\item some 10k organized users, with many books published via \AllTeX.
+\end{itemize}
+\noindent
+Once mastered \TeX\ is a nice basic tool.
+However, the way to error-less mark-up is hard and haunting, unless,
+supported (by a publisher) with
+generic styles,
+user's guides, and
+templates.
+Using \LaTeX\ {\em as-is\/} and
+supported by publishers is much simpler
+than learning \TeX\ per se.
+
+The \TeX\ arcana is complex.
+(Professional) Education is paramount!
+The twins \TeX-\MF{} will serve for a lifetime.
+And above all let us keep it simple!
+\section*{References}
+\begin{thebibliography}{xxxxx}
+\input{lit.dat}
+%\input{lit.lat}
+ \def\tubissue#1(#2){{\sl TUGboat\/} {\bf#1} (#2)}
+ \def\ls#1{\ea\bibitem{}#1\endgraf}
+\input{lit.sel}
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+\end{document}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+