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+\chapter{Miscellaneous Other Notations}
+%avre
+ \section{Metronomic indications}
+%Metronomic indication deserves a special macro. The mention:
+%
+%\medskip
+%\centerline{\def\nbinstruments{0}\metron{\hup}{60}}
+%
+%\smallskip\noindent
+%is coded by \keyindex{metron}\verb|{\hup}{60}| (normally embedded in
+%\keyindex{Uptext} which is in turn embedded within \verb|\notes...\en|).
+%
+% On the other hand, music writers sometimes want to specify that the duration
+%of a previous note is equal to a distinct furthernote. Thus
+%
+% \smallskip
+%\centerline{\def\nbinstruments{0}\metronequiv{\qup}{\qu}}
+%
+%\smallskip\noindent
+%is coded by \keyindex{metronequiv}\verb|{\qup}{\qu}|.
+
+By way of example, the notations
+\begin{quote}
+\def\nbinstruments{0}
+\metron{\qu}{60}
+\quad and\quad
+\def\nbinstruments{0}\metronequiv{\qup}{\qu}
+\end{quote}
+are
+respectively coded as
+\keyindex{metron}\verb|{\qu}{60}| and \keyindex{metronequiv}\verb|{\qup}{\qu}|,
+which are normally placed using \keyindex{Uptext}.
+Also, you can set a smaller metronomic indication like
+\begin{quote}
+ \def\nbinstruments{0}\metron{\smallnotesize\lqu}{ca.~72}
+\quad or \quad
+\def\nbinstruments{0}\metron{\tinynotesize\lqu}{ca.~72}
+\end{quote}
+by writing
+\begin{quote}
+\verb|\metron{\smallnotesize\lqu}{ca.~72}|
+\end{quote}
+or
+\begin{quote}
+\verb|\metron{\tinynotesize\lqu}{ca.~72}|
+\end{quote}
+
+ \section{Accents}
+
+You may use\footnote{Note from the editor: the reason the names of some of
+these macros don't seem to be constructed to suggest the terms used in the
+descriptions is that whoever originally defined the macros had in mind terms
+that did not agree with normal English usage.}
+\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
+ \item \keyindex{upz}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{staccato}) to put a dot above a note
+head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{lpz}\pitchp~(lower \ital{staccato}) to put a dot below a note
+head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{usf}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{sforzando}) to put a $>$ accent above
+a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{lsf}\pitchp~(lower \itxem{sforzando}) to put a $>$ accent below
+a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{ust}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{tenuto}) to put a
+hyphen above a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{lst}\pitchp~(lower \ital{tenuto}) to put a
+hyphen below a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{uppz}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{staccatissimo}) to put a solid vertical
+wedge above a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{lppz}\pitchp~(lower \ital{staccatissimo}) to put an inverted
+solid vertical wedge below a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{usfz}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{forzato}) to put a
+``dunce cap'' above a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{lsfz}\pitchp~(lower \ital{forzato}) to put an inverted
+``dunce cap'' below a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{upzst}\pitchp~(upper \itxem{mezzo-staccato/portato}) to put a
+dot and a hyphen above a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{lpzst}\pitchp~(lower \ital{mezzo-staccato/portato}) to put a
+dot and a hyphen below a note head at pitch $p$,
+ \item \keyindex{flageolett}\pitchp~to put a
+small circle above a note head at pitch $p$.
+\end{itemize}
+These marks are horizontally centered relative to solid note heads.
+To
+compensate for the fact that whole notes are wider, you should use
+\keyindex{wholeshift}\verb|{|\ital{Any nonspacing macro}\verb|}| to center accents
+and other items (e.g.,~\verb|\Fermataup|) above a whole note.
+
+There are also variants of the most common accents\footnote{Thanks to Klaus
+{\sc Bechert}'s corrections.} which will be automatically positioned
+above or below a beam. They are spelled like the corresponding normal
+accent, but preceded with the letter \verb|b|, and their argument, instead of
+the pitch, is the beam reference number . Thus
+
+\medskip
+\begin{music}\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\Notes\ibu0f3\busfz0\qb0f\bupz0\qb0g\bust0\qb0h%
+ \buppz0\qb0i\busf0\qb0j\butext0\tqh0k\en
+\Notes\Ibl0lg5\blsfz0\qb0l\blpz0\qb0k\blst0\qb0j%
+ \blppz0\qb0i\blsf0\qb0h\bltext0\tqb0g\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}
+\noindent was coded as
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim} \startextract
+\Notes\ibu0f3\busfz0\qb0f\bupz0\qb0g\bust0\qb0h%
+ \buppz0\qb0i\busf0\qb0j\butext0\tqh0k\en
+\Notes\Ibl0lg5\blsfz0\qb0l\blpz0\qb0k\blst0\qb0j%
+ \blppz0\qb0i\blsf0\qb0h\bltext0\tqb0g\en
+\zendextract
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+\zkeyindex{busfz}
+\zkeyindex{bupz}
+\zkeyindex{bust}
+\zkeyindex{buppz}
+\zkeyindex{busf}
+\zkeyindex{butext}
+\zkeyindex{blsfz}
+\zkeyindex{blpz}
+\zkeyindex{blst}
+\zkeyindex{blppz}
+\zkeyindex{blsf}
+\zkeyindex{bltext}
+
+The macros \verb|\bltext| and \verb|\butext| are detailed in the next section,
+where the mystery of why they produce the number~$3$ is resolved.
+
+
+\section{Numbers and brackets for xtuplets}\label{tuplet}
+
+The following table lists all the special macros that place a number indicating
+an xtuplet. Some also place a bracket above or below the notes, and are
+intended for use with unbeamed notes.
+In the table, $p$ is a pitch, $k$ is a number, $n$ is a beam number,
+$w$ is a bracket width in \verb|\internote|s, and $s$ is the bracket slope as
+a multiple of $1.125$~degrees. The macro \verb|\txt| contains a default number
+which will be placed by the first and third through sixth macros,
+and is initially defined as \verb|\def\txt{3}|.
+The macro
+\verb|\tuplettxt| serves the same role for the last two macros.
+The font used is defined by
+\verb|\txtfont| and is, by default, \verb|\eightit| (in normal music size) but may be re-defined.
+
+The first four commands in the table
+are normally used with beamed xtuplets. As indicated in the
+last column, the last four produce a sloping bracket and may be used with
+unbeamed xtuplets.
+
+
+\begin{center}
+ \begin{tabular}{lclcc}
+ \hline
+ ~ & Number & ~ & Needs & ~ \\
+ Macro and arguments & printed & Where invoked & Bracket \\
+ \hline
+ \verb|\triolet|\pitchp & \verb|\txt| & before beam & none \\
+ \verb|\xtuplet|\itbrace{k}\pitchp & $k$ & before beam & none \\
+ \verb|\butext|\itbrace{n} & \verb|\txt| & before note at number & none \\
+ \verb|\bltext|\itbrace{n} & \verb|\txt| & before note at number & none \\
+ \verb|\uptrio|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\txt| & before first note & solid \\
+ \verb|\downtrio|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\txt| & before first note & solid \\
+ \verb|\uptuplet|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\tuplettxt| & before first note & with gap \\
+ \verb|\downtuplet|\pitchp\itbrace{w}\itbrace{s} & \verb|\tuplettxt| & before first note & with gap \\
+ \hline
+ \end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\medskip
+
+Here are some examples of the first six macros in the table:\\
+\vskip-3pt
+\begin{music}
+\parindent0mm
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac24}
+\nostartrule
+\startpiece
+\addspace\afterruleskip
+\notesp\xtuplet6n\isluru0l\ibl0l0\qb0{lllll}\tslur0l\tqb0l\en\bar
+\notesp\triolet n\isluru0l\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tslur0n\tqb0n\en
+\notesp\ibslurd0k\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tdbslur0m\tqb0m\en\bar
+\Notesp\triolet o\isluru0l\ql{lm}\tslur0n\ql n\en\bar
+\Notesp\uptrio o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en
+%avrb
+\Notesp\downtrio O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en
+%avre
+\endpiece
+\end{music}
+whose coding is
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\notesp\xtuplet6n\isluru0l\ibl0l0\qb0{lllll}\tslur0l\tqb0l\en\bar
+\notesp\triolet n\isluru0l\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tslur0n\tqb0n\en
+\notesp\ibslurd0k\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tdbslur0m\tqb0m\en\bar
+\Notesp\triolet o\isluru0l\ql{lm}\tslur0n\ql n\en\bar
+\Notesp\uptrio o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en
+\Notesp\downtrio O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+\zkeyindex{xtuplet}\zkeyindex{triolet}
+
+\medskip
+Next are examples using \keyindex{uptuplet} and \keyindex{downtuplet}.
+A re-definition of \verb|\tuplettxt| inside a notes group only applies
+inside that group and leaves the default definition intact.
+To get the
+number properly centered in the gap, you must include some extra space after
+the number in the definition of \verb|\tuplettxt|. As you can see in
+the last bar, if the span becomes too small, the macros still won't provide
+enough room for the number in the gap; in this case it would be better to
+use the macros without gaps.
+
+% Examples:
+%
+% Draw a triplet bracket over the notes, starting at pitch "p",
+% 1.25\noteskip wide, with a slope up of 3-3/8 degrees:
+%
+% \uptuplet p{1.25}3
+%
+% Draw a sextuplet bracket under the notes, starting at pitch "a",
+% 2.5\noteskip wide, with a slope down of 4-1/2 degrees:
+%
+% \def\tuplettxt{\smallppff 6\/\/}
+% \downtuplet{a}{2.5}{-4}
+
+\begin{music}
+%\input tuplet
+\parindent0mm
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac24}
+%\startpiece
+\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\addspace\afterruleskip
+\notesp\triolet o\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tqb0n\en
+\notesp\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tqb0m\en\bar
+\notesp\def\tuplettxt{5\/\/}\uptuplet o{4.1}2\cl{jklmn}\en\bar
+\Notesp\uptuplet o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en
+\Notesp\downtuplet O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en\bar
+\notesp\uptuplet o16\ccl l\en\notesp\cccl n\en
+\notesp\downtuplet O16\ccu e\en\notesp\cccu g\en
+%\endpiece
+\endextract
+\end{music}
+
+\noindent with coding
+
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\parindent0mm
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac24}
+\startextract
+\addspace\afterruleskip
+\notesp\triolet o\Ibl0ln2\qb0{lm}\tqb0n\en
+\notesp\Ibl0km2\qb0k\bltext0\qb0l\tqb0m\en\bar
+\notesp\def\tuplettxt{5\/\/}\uptuplet o{4.1}2\cl{jklmn}\en\bar
+\Notesp\uptuplet o16\ql l\en\notesp\cl n\en
+\Notesp\downtuplet O16\qu e\en\notesp\cu g\en\bar
+\notesp\uptuplet o16\ccl l\en\notesp\cccl n\en
+\notesp\downtuplet O16\ccu e\en\notesp\cccu g\en
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+A modern notation uses a \emph{ratio} such as $5$:$6$ to specify the intended duration
+of an x-tuplet. This is supported in \musixtex\ by the command
+\keyindex{xxtuplet}, as in
+
+\begin{music}
+\nostartrule
+\startextract\addspace\afterruleskip
+\notes\xxtuplet5:6o\ibl0j3\qb0{jklm}\tql0n\en
+\endextract
+\end{music}
+
+\noindent with coding \verb|\xxtuplet5:6o\ibl0j3\qb0{jklm}\tql0n|. For the
+other x-tuplet commands (apart from \verb|\triolet|, which is defined in terms of \verb|\xtuplet|),
+it is possible to define \verb|\txt| or
+\verb|\tupletxt| as a ratio, as in
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\def\txt{5:6}
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+ \section{Ornaments}
+
+
+ \subsection{Simple ornaments}\index{ornaments}
+
+The argument $p$ in the following macros for ordinary ornaments is the
+pitch at which the ornament itself appears. They are all nonspacing macros.
+You may use
+\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
+ \item \keyindex{mordent}\pitchp\ for \hbox to .75em{\mordent 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{Mordent}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Mordent 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{shake}\pitchp\ for \hbox to .75em{\shake 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{Shake}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shake 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{Shakel}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakel 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{Shakesw}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakesw 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{Shakene}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakene 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{Shakenw}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\Shakenw 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{turn}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\turn 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{backturn}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\backturn 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{tr}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\tr 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{trt}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.6em\trt 0\hss}\quad (J. S.~Bach's \textit{trillo und mordant})
+ \item \keyindex{xtr}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.5em\xtr 0\hss}
+ \item \keyindex{ptr}\pitchp\ for \hbox to 1.5em{\kern 0.5em\ptr 0\hss}
+ \end{itemize}
+To
+compensate for the fact that whole notes are wider, you may use
+\begin{quote}
+\keyindex{wholeshift}\verb|{|\mbox{\ital{Any nonspacing macro}}\verb|}|
+\end{quote}
+to center any of these ornaments
+above a whole note.
+
+
+In the following macros for fermatas, the argument $p$ is the pitch of the
+notehead on which the fermata rests, assuming no additional vertical
+adjustments are needed for stems or intervening staff lines. They are all
+nonspacing macros. You may use
+\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
+ \item \keyindex{fermataup}\pitchp\ for
+\raisebox{0ex}[0ex][0ex]{\notesintext{\notes\fermataup1\en}},
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{3ex}
+ \item \keyindex{fermatadown}\pitchp\ for
+\raisebox{0ex}[0ex][0ex]{\notesintext{\notes\fermatadown2\en}},
+ \item \keyindex{Fermataup}\pitchp\ for
+\raisebox{-1ex}[-1ex][0ex]{\musicintextnoclef{\notes\Fermataup 7\zwh{'c}\en}}~,
+centered over a whole note,
+ \item \keyindex{Fermatadown}\pitchp\ for
+\raisebox{-1ex}[0ex][0ex]{\musicintextnoclef{\notes\Fermatadown1\zwh{'c}\en}}~,
+centered under a whole note.
+ \end{itemize}
+\bigskip
+
+A \itxem{breath} mark
+\raisebox{-5ex}[0ex][0ex]{\notesintext{\notes\zbreath\en}}
+can be put just above the staff with \keyindex{zbreath}. This is a nonspacing
+macro. On the other hand, \keyindex{cbreath} will cause a space of one
+\verb|\noteskip| and place the comma midway through the space.
+
+The \keyindex{caesura} command inserts a slash \verb|0.5\noteskip| before
+the place it is entered, while adding no space:
+
+\begin{music}\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\NOTes\zhu j\hl{^e}\caesura\en
+\Notes\zcu j\cl e\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}
+
+
+ \subsection{Arpeggios}
+\ital{Arpeggios} (i.e.~~~\arpeggio{-2}3) can be coded with the macro
+\keyindex{arpeggio}\pitchp\itbrace{m}
+where $p$ is the pitch of
+the base of the arpeggio symbol and $m$ is its height in units of
+\verb|\interligne|, the distance from one staff line to the next. It should be
+issued before the affected chord. It is
+automatically positioned to the left of the chord, but inserts no spacing.
+Its variant \keyindex{larpeggio} sets the arpeggio symbol roughly
+one note head width to the left of the default position, and is intended to
+avoid collision with single accidentals on chord notes.
+
+ \subsection{Arbitrary length trills}
+ There are two styles of arbitrary length trills\index{trills}, each with two
+variants.
+For a trill with preassigned length, use \keyindex{trille}\pitchp\itbrace{l}
+for \hbox to 1cm{\noteskip1cm\trille11\hss} or
+\keyindex{Trille}\pitchp\itbrace{l} for~~\hbox to
+2cm{\noteskip1cm\Trille12\hss}, where $p$ is the pitch and $l$ the length in
+current \verb|\noteskips|.
+
+To let \musixtex\ compute the length of the trill, or if it extends across a
+system break, you can use \keyindex{Itrille}$n$\pitchp\ to start a plain
+trill, where $n$ is a trill reference number between 0 and 5; then
+\keyindex{Ttrille}$n$ to terminate it. To get the {\it tr} at the
+beginning, use \keyindex{ITrille}$n$\pitchp\ to start the trill and
+\verb|\Ttrille|$n$ to close it.
+
+\begin{sloppypar}
+As with other elements, you can specify the maximum number
+directly with \keyindex{setmaxtrills}\verb|{|$m$\verb|}|, where $7<m\leq 100$%
+\footnote{This may require e-\TeX.};
+the reference number $n$ will be in the range between $0$ and $m-1$.
+\label{musixmad_setmaxtrills}
+\end{sloppypar}
+
+
+For example:
+
+\medskip
+ \begin{music}
+\instrumentnumber{1}
+\setstaffs12
+\setclef1{6000}
+%
+\startextract
+\notes\qu{CDEFGH}|\hu k\sk\ITrille 1p\itenu1l\wh l\en
+\bar
+\notes\Itrille 2A\itenu2E\whp E|\tten1\hlp l\sk\Ttrille 1\qu {mno}\en
+\bar
+\Notes\tten2\itenu2E\whp E|\ql{nmlkji}\en
+\bar
+\Notes\tten2\whp E\sk\sk\sk\sk\Ttrille2|\qu{hgfedc}\en
+\endextract
+\end{music}
+whose coding is
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{music}\nostartrule
+\instrumentnumber{1}
+\setstaffs12
+\setclef1{6000}
+%
+\startextract
+\notes\qu{CDEFGH}|\hu k\sk\ITrille 1p\itenu1l\wh l\en
+\bar
+\notes\Itrille 2A\itenu1e\whp E|\tten1\hlp l\sk\Ttrille 1\qu {mno}\en
+\bar
+\Notes\tten1\itenu1E\whp E|\ql{nmlkji}\Toctfin1\en
+\bar
+\Notes\tten1\whp E\sk\sk\sk\sk\Ttrille2|\qu{hgfedc}\en
+\endextract
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+
+ \subsection{Tremolos}\label{tremolos}
+
+The command \keyindex{trml}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|~is used to indicate that the immediately
+following
+quarter or half note (normally at pitch $p$ and with a lower stem) is to be repeated in eighth notes.
+For example,
+\verb|\trml j\ha j|
+generates
+
+\begin{music}\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\NOTes\trml j\ha j\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}\noindent
+and is an abbreviation for
+
+\begin{music}\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\notes\ibl0j0\qb0{jjj}\tql0j\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}\noindent
+Similarly, \keyindex{trmu}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|~generates an eighth-note tremolo
+on a quarter or half note with an \emph{upper} stem:
+
+\begin{music}\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\NOTes\trmu h\ha h\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}\noindent
+16th-note and 32-note tremolos are similarly generated by
+commands \keyindex{trrml}, \keyindex{trrmu}, \keyindex{trrrml}
+and \keyindex{trrrmu}, as in
+
+\begin{music}
+\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\NOtesp\trrml h\zqlp h\trrmu j\qup j\en
+\Notes\stemlength{6.4}\trrml j\zcl j\trrmu l\cu l\en
+\NOtes\stemlength{6.4}\trrrml h\zql h\trrrmu j\qu j\en
+\endextract
+\end{music}\noindent
+which is coded as
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\NOtesp\trrml h\zqlp h\trrmu j\qup j\en
+\Notes\stemlength{6.4}\trrml j\zcl j\trrmu l\cu l\en
+\NOtes\stemlength{6.4}\trrrml h\zql h\trrrmu j\qu j\en
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+The \keyindex{stemlength} command is used to adjust
+stem lengths;
+the new length remains effective to the end of the current notes group.
+If necessary, the usual stem length can be restored by using
+\verb|\stemlength{\DefaultStemlength}|.
+
+
+For \emph{whole} notes, tremolo indications
+should be wider and centered directly over or under the note. These
+are generated by commands \keyindex{Trml}, \keyindex{Trmu}, \keyindex{Trrml},
+\keyindex{Trrmu}, \keyindex{Trrrml} and \keyindex{Trrrmu}; for example,
+
+\begin{music}
+\nostartrule
+\startextract
+\NOTEs\Trml h\zw h\Trmu j\wh j\en
+\bar%
+\NOTEs\Trrml h\zw h\Trrmu j\wh j\en
+\bar%
+\NOTEs\Trrrml h\zw h\Trrrmu j\wh j\en
+\endextract
+\end{music}\noindent
+which is coded as
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\NOTEs\Trml h\zw h\Trmu j\wh j\en\bar
+\NOTEs\Trrml h\zw h\Trrmu j\wh j\en\bar
+\NOTEs\Trrrml h\zw h\Trrrmu j\wh j\en
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+For all of the commands described in this section, the pitch parameter may be used
+if it is necessary to raise or lower the tremolo indication.
+%however, note values
+%must be alphabetic and not numeric,
+%because transposition is used to adjust the vertical position of the mini-beams.
+
+ \section{Piano pedal commands}
+The macro \keyindex{PED} inserts a piano-pedal command below the staff;
+\keyindex{DEP}, a pedal release. Alternate symbols, the first of which
+occupies less space, are invoked with \keyindex{sPED} and \keyindex{sDEP}.
+For example,
+
+\begin{music}
+\setclef1\bass
+\setstaffs1{2}
+\startextract
+\NOtes\PED\wh J|\qu h\en
+\NOtes|\qu g\en
+\NOtes|\hu k\en
+\Notes\DEP\en
+\bar
+\NOtes\sPED\wh J|\qu h\en
+\NOtes|\qu g\en
+\NOtes|\hu k\en
+\Notes\sDEP\en
+\endextract
+\end{music}
+ \noindent was coded as \begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+ \NOtes\PED\wh J|\qu h\en
+ \NOtes|\qu g\en
+ \NOtes|\hu k\en
+ \Notes\DEP\en \bar
+ \NOtes\sPED\wh J|\qu h\en
+ \NOtes|\qu g\en
+ \NOtes|\hu k\en
+ \Notes\sDEP\en
+ \end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+The vertical position of
+\keyindex{PED}, \keyindex{sPED}, \keyindex{DEP} and \keyindex{sDEP} can be
+globally changed by redefining its elevation, which has the default
+definition \verb|\def|\keyindex{raiseped}\verb|{-5}|.
+To locally change the vertical position of a pedal symbol, use one of the more
+fundamental
+macros \keyindex{Ped}, \keyindex{sPed}, \keyindex{Dep} and \keyindex{sDep}
+in combination with \keyindex{zchar} or \keyindex{zcharnote}.
+Since the \hbox to .7cm{ \Ped\hss} symbol is rather wide, it might collide
+with adjacent bass notes. To shift it horizontally, you could use \verb|\loff{\PED}|.
+
+The following excerpt from \textit{Liebestr\"aume} by Franz Liszt illustrates
+a more modern approach to specifying piano-pedal usage:
+
+\begin{music}
+\smallmusicsize
+\relativeaccid
+\parindent=0pt
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac64}\generalsignature{-4}
+\nobarnumbers
+\setstaffs12\setclef1{\bass}
+\def\raiseped{-11}
+\def\qpl{\raise-2\Interligne\qp}
+\def\qpu{\raise2\Interligne\qp}
+\def\hppl{\lifthpausep{-2}}
+\startpiece\addspace\afterruleskip%
+\NOtes\zqu L\qpl|\qp\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\loff{\pdld}\ql H\sk\qpl\sk\qpl|%
+ \zhl{.c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{ehjh}\tqu1e\en
+\Notes\zhu{.c}\hppl|%
+ \ds\ibu1i0\qb1{ehjh}\tqu1e\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\pdlud\ql G\sk\qpl\sk\qpl|%
+ \itied1c\zhl{.c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{^eiji}\tqu1e\en
+\Notes\hppl\sk\sk\sk\qu c|%
+ \ttie1\zhl{c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{eiji}\tqu1e\en
+\stoppiece%
+\def\raiseped{-15}
+\contpiece%%
+\Notes\pdlud\ql F\sk\qpl\sk\zqu c\qpl|%
+ \zhl{c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{=e^hjh}\tqu1e\en
+\Notes\hppl\sk\sk\sk\qu c|%
+ \zhl{d}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{ehjh}\tqu1e\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\pdlud\ql B\sk\qpl\sk\qpl|%
+ \zhl{.c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{^d^hjh}\tqu1d\en
+\Notes\zqu{M}\hppl\sk\sk\qpu\sk\qu M|%
+ \ds\ibu1i0\qb1{dhjh}\tqu1d\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\zmidstaff{$\cdots$}\sk\pdlu\sk|\en
+\endpiece%
+\end{music}
+\vspace*{2ex}\par\noindent
+This has been coded using the following commands:
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+\keyindex{pdld}& pedal down & \huge$\llcorner$\\
+\keyindex{pdlu}& pedal up & \huge$\lrcorner$\\
+\keyindex{pdlud} & pedal up and immediately down & \_\raisebox{2pt}{$\!\bigwedge\!$}\_
+\end{tabular}
+\end{quote}
+The elevation is determined by the value of \keyindex{raiseped}.
+Here is how the excerpt may be coded:
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{footnotesize}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\smallmusicsize\relativeaccid\nobarnumbers
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac64}
+\generalsignature{-4}
+\setstaffs12\setclef1{\bass}
+\def\raiseped{-11}
+\def\qpl{\raise-2\Interligne\qp}
+\def\qpu{\raise2\Interligne\qp}
+\def\hppl{\lifthpausep{-2}}
+\startpiece\addspace\afterruleskip%
+\NOtes\zqu L\qpl|\qp\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\loff{\pdld}\ql H\sk\qpl\sk\qpl|%
+ \zhl{.c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{ehjh}\tqu1e\en
+\Notes\zhu{.c}\hppl|%
+ \ds\ibu1i0\qb1{ehjh}\tqu1e\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\pdlud\ql G\sk\qpl\sk\qpl|%
+ \itied1c\zhl{.c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{^eiji}\tqu1e\en
+\Notes\hppl\sk\sk\sk\qu c|%
+ \tltie1\zhl{c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{eiji}\tqu1e\en
+\stoppiece%
+\def\raiseped{-15}
+\contpiece%
+\Notes\pdlud\ql F\sk\qpl\sk\zqu c\qpl|%
+ \zhl{.c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{=e^hjh}\tqu1e\en
+\Notes\hppl\sk\sk\sk\qu c|%
+ \zhl{d}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{ehjh}\tqu1e\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\pdlud\ql B\sk\qpl\sk\qpl|%
+ \zhl{c}\ds\ibu1i0\qb1{^d^hjh}\tqu1d\en
+\Notes\zqu{M}\hppl\sk\sk\qpu\sk\qu M|%
+ \ds\ibu1i0\qb1{dhjh}\tqu1d\en
+\bar%
+\Notes\zmidstaff{$\cdots$}\sk\pdlu\sk|\en
+\endpiece
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{footnotesize}
+\end{quote}
+
+\pagebreak
+\noindent
+The following ``mixed'' patterns are also supported:
+\begin{quote}
+\begin{verbatim}
+\PED ... [\pdlud].. ... \pdlu
+
+\sPED ... [\pdlud].. ... \pdlu
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{quote}
+
+\section{Alphabetic dynamic marks}
+ Conventional dynamic symbols
+\pppp, \ppp, \pp,
+\p,
+\mezzopiano,
+\mf,
+\f,
+\fp,
+\sF,
+\ff,
+\fff,
+\ffff,
+\sfz\ and
+\sfzp\ can be posted using the macros
+\keyindex{pppp},
+\keyindex{ppp},
+\keyindex{pp},
+\keyindex{p},
+\keyindex{mp},
+\keyindex{mf},
+\keyindex{f},
+\keyindex{fp},
+\keyindex{sF},
+\keyindex{ff},
+\keyindex{fff},
+\keyindex{ffff},
+\keyindex{sfz} and
+\keyindex{sfzp}, respectively, as the second argument of \verb|\zcn| (\verb|\zcharnote|) or
+\verb|\ccn| (\verb|\ccharnote|).
+See also Section~\ref{musixppff} for an alternative set of dynamic marks.
+
+
+ \section{Length of note stems}
+
+The default length of note stems is the distance of one octave, i.e.,~\verb|7\internote| or \texttt{4.66}\keyindex{interbeam}. The default may be changed
+with the macro \keyindex{stemlength}\itbrace{b}\ where $b$ is the length in
+\verb|\interbeam|s.
+
+The command \keyindex{stemcut} causes stems that extend outside the staff
+to be shortened depending on the pitch of the notes. It is the default
+behavior. To suppress this adjustment, issue the command
+\keyindex{nostemcut}.
+
+Normally, down stems never end above the middle line of the staff and up stems
+never below that line. The command \keyindex{stdstemfalse} will inhibit this
+adjustment, but only for the next stem generated. There is no command to globally
+suppress this behavior.
+
+ \section{Brackets, parentheses, oblique lines and slides}\label{brapar}
+
+Several varieties of brackets\index{brackets}, parentheses\index{parentheses} and oblique lines\index{oblique lines} are provided for
+use within a score.
+ \begin{itemize}\setlength{\itemsep}{0ex}
+ \item \keyindex{lpar}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}| and
+\keyindex{rpar}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}| yield left and right
+parentheses at pitch $p$. They can be used to enclose notes or to build
+``big'' cautionary\index{cautionary accidental} accidentals. For example,
+\\
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{ll}
+\raisebox{-1.5ex}[0ex][0ex]{\musicintextnoclefn{\NOtes\qsk\lpar g\rpar g\hu g\sk%
+\loffset{1.5}{\lpar g\rpar g}\loffset{.4}{\sh g}\hu g\sk%
+\loffset{2.1}{\lpar g}\loffset{1.5}{\rpar g}\loffset{.4}{\dfl g}\hu g\en}}
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+is coded as
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{center}\small
+\begin{tabular}{l}
+\verb+\NOtes\lpar g\rpar g\hu g\sk%+\\
+\verb+\loffset{1.5}{\lpar g\rpar g}\loffset{.4}{\sh g}\hu g\sk%+\\
+\verb+\loffset{2.1}{\lpar g}\loffset{1.5}{\rpar g}\loffset{.4}{\dfl g}\hu g\en+
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item \keyindex{bracket}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}{|$n$\verb|}| posts a
+square bracket to the left of a chord, vertically spanning $n$
+\verb|internote|s.
+ \item \keyindex{doublethumb}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}| indicates a bracket as
+above spanning 2\verb|\internote|s.
+ \item \keyindex{ovbkt}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}{|$n$\verb|}{|$s$\verb|}| and
+\keyindex{unbkt}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}{|$n$\verb|}{|$s$\verb|}|
+draw a sloped bracket starting at the current position at pitch $p$,
+with horizontal extent $n$ \verb|noteskip|s and slope $s$ in multiples of
+$1.125$~degrees.
+ \item \keyindex{uptrio}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}{|$n$\verb|}{|$s$\verb|}| and
+\keyindex{downtrio}\verb|{|$p$\verb|}{|$n$\verb|}{|$s$\verb|}| are like
+\verb|\ovbkt| but with freely definable \keyindex{txt} centered inside.
+
+ \item \keyindex{varline}\itbrace{h}\itbrace{\ell}\itbrace{s}\ builds an
+oblique line starting at the current horizontal position. It must be used
+inside a zero-width box, such as for example as the second argument of
+\verb|\zcharnote|. $h$ is the height of the starting point, $\ell$ is the
+length, and $s$ is the slope. It is used in the definitions of some of
+the foregoing macros, and could be used, for example, to construct various
+obscure baroque ornaments made up of diagonal lines.
+
+\item \keyindex{slide}\itbrace{p}\itbrace{x}\itbrace{s}~ provides a \emph{glissando}
+starting at pitch {\it p} and extending for {\it x} \verb|\internote|s with
+slope {\it s} (ranging from $-8$ to $8$).
+
+\end{itemize}
+
+For example,
+
+\begin{music}
+\setstaffs1{2}
+\setclef1\bass
+\startextract
+\NOtes\bracket C8\zq C\qu J\en
+\NOtes|\doublethumb g\rq h\qu g\en
+\NOtes\lpar c\rpar c\qu c\en
+\NOtes\unbkt C15\qu {FH}|\ovbkt n14\ql{kl}\en
+\NOtes\downtrio C16\qu {FH}|\uptrio o14\ql{lm}\en
+\NOtesp\roffset{1.5}{\slide J33}\ca{JM}|\roffset{1.5}{\slide j33}\ca{jm}\en
+\endextract
+\end{music}
+\noindent is coded as
+\begin{quote}\small\begin{verbatim}
+\begin{music}
+\setstaffs1{2}
+\setclef1{\bass}
+\startextract
+\NOtes\bracket C8\zq C\qu J\en
+\NOtes|\doublethumb g\rq h\qu g\en
+\NOtes\lpar c\rpar c\qu c\en
+\NOtes\unbkt C15\qu {FH}|\ovbkt n14\ql{kl}\en
+\NOtes\downtrio C16\qu {FH}|\uptrio o14\ql{lm}\en
+\NOtesp\roffset{1.5}{\slide J33}\ca{JM}|\roffset{1.5}{\slide j33}\ca{jm}\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+ \section{Forcing activity at the beginning of systems}
+A macro named \keyindex{everystaff} is executed each time a new system
+begins. It is normally void, but it can be defined (simply by \verb|\def|%
+\keyindex{everystaff}\verb|{...}|) to cause \musixtex\ to post anything
+reasonable at the beginning of each system. For it to affect the first system
+in a score, it must be defined \ital{before}
+\verb|\startpiece|.
+
+If a macro named \keyindex{atnextline} is defined at any point in a score,
+it will be executed just once, viz., at the next computed or forced system
+break. More
+precisely, it is executed after the break and before the next system begins.
+Thus it is suitable for redefining layout parameters.
+
+ \index{octave treble clef}In some scores, tenor parts are not coded using the
+\ital{bass} clef, but using rather the \ital{octave treble clef}, which is
+subscripted by a numeral {\tt8}.
+This clef is supported by the clef substitution command
+\keyindex{settrebleclefsymbol}\onen\keyindex{treblelowoct}, as already
+explained in Section~\ref{treblelowoct}. However, if for some reason you
+aren't happy with the height of the ``8'', it can be posted on selected
+staves at the beginning of every system using \keyindex{everystaff} and
+\keyindex{zcharnote} as follows:
+
+\begin{music}
+\instrumentnumber{4}\setclef1\bass
+\def\everystaff{\znotes&\zchar{-6}{\eightrm\kern-2\Interligne8}%
+ &\zchar{-6}{\eightrm\kern-2\Interligne8}\en}%
+\startextract
+\NOTes\ha{HIJK}&\ha{efgh}&\ha{hijk}&\ha{hmlk}\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}
+\noindent
+The coding is
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\instrumentnumber{4}\setclef1\bass
+\def\everystaff{\znotes&\zchar{-6}{\eightrm \kern -2\Interligne 8}%
+ &\zchar{-6}{\eightrm \kern -2\Interligne 8}\en}%
+\startextract
+\NOTes\ha{HIJK}&\ha{efgh}&\ha{hijk}&\ha{hmlk}\en
+\endextract
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+
+
+\section{Tablature}
+Tablature is a notational system used for fretted stringed instruments such
+as lute, guitar, banjo, mandolin, and so on. Staff lines represent strings
+and conventional note heads are replaced by numbers (or sometimes letters)
+indicating which fret is to be stopped, with $0$ representing an open string.
+
+A special clef symbol
+\keyindex{tabclef} may be used with \verb|\setclefsymbol| for a tablature staff; commands \verb|\setlines|, \verb|\setsign|
+and \verb|\setsize| may be used as usual for a tablature staff. The macros that put numbers (or letters) on staff lines
+are as follows:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \keyindex{tab}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|
+puts $p$ on string $n$
+(counting from top to bottom); $p$ is centered, using \verb|\ccharnote|.
+Ledger lines are added for $n$ less than $1$ or greater than the current number of staff lines.
+\item \keyindex{ltab}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|
+uses \verb|\zcharnote| so $p$
+spills to the right and
+\keyindex{rtab}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|
+uses \verb|\lcharnote| so $p$
+spills to the left.
+\item \keyindex{ztab}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|
+is a non-spacing \verb|\tab|, and can be used for building chords.
+\item \keyindex{zltab}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|
+is a non-spacing \verb|\ltab| and
+\keyindex{zrtab}\verb|{|$n$\verb|}|\verb|{|$p$\verb|}|
+is a non-spacing \verb|\rtab|.
+\end{itemize}
+A size-dependent font \keyindex{tabfnt} is used for tab characters; Helvetica is the default font family.
+
+The default tablature style is to place the fingering notations \emph{on} the staff line;
+Postscript specials are used to ``blank'' staff lines below
+the tab characters.
+If it is desired to locate the fingering notations \emph{above} staff lines, use
+the command \keyindex{tabstylespacetrue}.
+A size-dependent font \keyindex{tabstringfnt} is defined to allow string names to be
+listed using \verb|\setname|.
+
+Here is an example of a guitar tablature (6th string lowered to D):
+
+\begin{music}
+\input musixps
+\def\psslurhgt{0.5}
+\instrumentnumber{2}
+\songbottom1\songtop2
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac34}
+\generalsignature{-1}
+\setlines16
+\setclefsymbol1\tabclef\setclefsymbol2\treblelowoct
+\setsize1\largevalue
+\setsign10
+\nobarnumbers
+\interinstrument=4\internote
+\parindent=2ex
+\setname1{\tabstringfnt\baselineskip=1.5\internote%
+ \vbox{\hbox to\parindent{\hss E \hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss B \hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss G \hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss D \hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss A \hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss D \hss}%
+}}
+\startextract
+\NOtesp\zltab55\zltab43\ltab32&\zh{d}\zhl{f}\qu{.h}\en
+\Notes\ltab32&\cu{h}\en
+\bar%
+\NOtes\zltab55\zltab45\zltab33\ltab10&\zq d\zql g\zq i\qu l\en
+\NOtesp\zltab54\zltab45\zltab32\ltab10&\rhl{^c}\rhu{g}\zh{h}\qu{.l}\en
+\Notes\ltab10&\cu{l}\en
+\bar%
+\NOtes\zltab40\zltab32\zltab23\ltab11&\zq d\zq h\zq k\qu{m}\en
+\NOtes\zltab51\zltab43\zltab33\ltab23&\zhl b\zh f\zq{.i}\qu{.k}\en
+\Notes\ltab35&\cu j\en
+\bar%
+\NOtes\zltab65\zltab45\ltab33&\zql N\zq g\qu i\en
+\NOtes\zltab50\zltab43\ltab32&\zql a\zq f\qu h\en
+\notes\zltab54\ltab45\ilsluru04\ltab43\ltab42\tlslur04\ltab43%
+&\zql{^c}\ibbu0g{-1}\qb0{g}\slur eed2\qb0{fe}\tqu0f\en
+\bar%
+\notes\zltab60\zltab50\ltab45\ilsluru04\ltab42\ltab43\tlslur04\ltab40%
+&\zq K\zql a\ibbu0g{-1}\qb0g\slur edd2\qb0e\qb0f\tqu0d\en
+\znotes&\lcn{14}{J.S. Bach}\en
+\zendextract
+\end{music}
+
+\noindent
+The coding is
+\begin{footnotesize}
+\begin{quote}\begin{verbatim}
+\instrumentnumber{2}
+\songbottom1\songtop2
+\setclefsymbol2\treblelowoct
+\generalmeter{\meterfrac34}
+\generalsignature{-1}
+\setlines16\setclefsymbol1\tabclef\setsize1\largevalue\setsign10
+\nobarnumbers
+\interinstrument=4\internote
+\parindent=2ex
+\setname1{\tabstringfnt\baselineskip=1.5\internote%
+ \vbox{\hbox to\parindent{\hss E\hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss B\hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss G\hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss D\hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss A\hss}%
+ \hbox to\parindent{\hss D\hss}}}
+\startextract
+\NOtesp\zltab55\zltab43\ltab32&\zh{d}\zhl{f}\qu{.h}\en
+\Notes\ltab32&\cu{h}\en
+\bar%
+\NOtes\zltab55\zltab45\zltab33\ltab10&\zq d\zql g\zq i\qu l\en
+\NOtesp\zltab54\zltab45\zltab32\ltab10&\rhl{^c}\rhu{g}\zh{h}\qu{.l}\en
+\Notes\ltab10&\cu{l}\en
+\bar%
+\NOtes\zltab40\zltab32\zltab23\ltab11&\zq d\zq h\zq k\qu{m}\en
+\NOtes\zltab51\zltab43\zltab33\ltab23&\zhl b\zh f\zq{.i}\qu{.k}\en
+\Notes\ltab35&\cu j\en
+\bar%
+\NOtes\zltab65\zltab45\ltab33&\zql N\zq g\qu i\en
+\NOtes\zltab50\zltab43\ltab32&\zql a\zq f\qu h\en
+\notes\zltab54\ltab45\ilsluru04\ltab43\ltab42\tlslur04\ltab43%
+&\zql{^c}\ibbu0g{-1}\qb0{g}\slur eed2\qb0{fe}\tqu0f\en
+\bar%
+\notes\zltab60\zltab50\ltab45\ilsluru04\ltab42\ltab43\tlslur04\ltab40%
+&\zq K\zql a\ibbu0g{-1}\qb0g\slur edd2\qb0e\qb0f\tqu0d\en
+\znotes&\lcn{14}{J.S. Bach}\en
+\zendextract
+\end{verbatim}\end{quote}
+\end{footnotesize}
+Tablature support in \musixtex\ has been adapted
+from \verb|tabdefs.tex| by R.J.~Gelten, which is available
+\href{http://icking-music-archive.org/software/musixtex/add-ons/tabdefs.tex}
+{\underline{here}}
+at WIMA\index{WIMA}.