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-rw-r--r--macros/latex/contrib/supertabular/supertabular.dtx323
1 files changed, 207 insertions, 116 deletions
diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/supertabular/supertabular.dtx b/macros/latex/contrib/supertabular/supertabular.dtx
index be31a2d113..6bde17bbfa 100644
--- a/macros/latex/contrib/supertabular/supertabular.dtx
+++ b/macros/latex/contrib/supertabular/supertabular.dtx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
% \iffalse meta-comment
%
-% Copyright 1989-2020 Johannes L. Braams. All rights reserved.
+% Copyright 1989-2021 Johannes L. Braams. All rights reserved.
%
% This file is part of the supertabular package.
% ---------------------------------------------
@@ -25,14 +25,13 @@
% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
% \fi
%
-% \CheckSum{1132}
+% \CheckSum{1188}
% \iffalse
%% Sourcefile `supertabular.dtx'.
%%
%% Copyright (C) 1988 by Theo Jurriens
-%% Copyright (C) 1990-2020 by Johannes Braams texniek at braams.xs4all.nl
-%% Kersengaarde 33
-%% 2723 BP Zoetermeer NL
+%% Copyright (C) 1990-2024 by Johannes Braams texniek at texniek.nl
+%% The Netherlands
%% all rights reserved.
%%
%%
@@ -43,11 +42,11 @@
%<package>\ProvidesPackage{supertabular}
%<driver>\ProvidesFile{supertabular.drv}
%\ProvidesFile{supertabular.dtx}
- [2020/02/02 v4.1g the supertabular environment]
+ [2024/07/20 v4.2c the supertabular environment]
%
%<*driver>
\documentclass{ltxdoc}
-\usepackage[debugshow]{supertabular}
+\usepackage[debugshow,calculate]{supertabular}
\newcommand{\tbsp}{\rule{0pt}{18pt}}
\begin{document}
\providecommand{\Lenv}[1]{\textsf{#1}}
@@ -59,17 +58,19 @@
%</driver>
% \fi
%
-% \changes{v4.0a}{1996/11/28}{Cleanup of the code, now a \file{.dtx}
-% source file}
-% \changes{v4.0c}{1997/02/20}{Replace \cs{tableformat} by
-% \cs{ST@tableformat} to prevent a clash with the \pkg{KOMA}
-% pacakage}
-% \changes{v4.0f}{1997/04/10}{Repaired a few typos in the
-% documentation}
-% \changes{v4.1a}{1997/09/18}{Repaired a number of typos and added
-% contributed mpsupertabular environemnts}
-% \changes{v4.1b}{1997/10/08}{Renamed \cs{@@tabularcr} to
-% \cs{org@tabularcr}}
+% \changes{v4.0a}{1996/11/28}{Cleanup of the code, now a \file{.dtx}
+% source file}
+% \changes{v4.0c}{1997/02/20}{Replace \cs{tableformat} by
+% \cs{ST@tableformat} to prevent a clash with the \pkg{KOMA}
+% pacakage}
+% \changes{v4.0f}{1997/04/10}{Repaired a few typos in the
+% documentation}
+% \changes{v4.1a}{1997/09/18}{Repaired a number of typos and added
+% contributed mpsupertabular environemnts}
+% \changes{v4.1b}{1997/10/08}{Renamed \cs{@@tabularcr} to
+% \cs{org@tabularcr}}
+% \changes{v4.2a}{2020-06-27}{renamed \cs{ST@lineht} to \cs{ST@rowht}}
+% \changes{v4.2c}{2024/07/20}{A few documentation changes}
%
% \GetFileInfo{supertabular.dtx}
% \title{The \texttt{supertabular} environment\thanks{This file
@@ -110,7 +111,13 @@
% and why \pkg{supertabular} decides to break the tabular
% environment in order to produce a new page.
% \item The option \textsf{debugshow} also adds information about
-% each line that is added to the tabular.
+% each row that is added to the tabular.
+% \item The option \textsf{estimate} (the default) has the package
+% use the old estimation-based algortihm to establish the height
+% of individual rows.
+% \item The option \textsf{calculate} has the package use the new
+% calculation-based algortihm to establish the height
+% of individual rows.
% \end{enumerate}
%
% Below is a description of the new commands and environments that
@@ -172,15 +179,15 @@
%
% \begin{itemize}
% \item When the material of a normal entry (not a p-arg) becomes
-% larger than the estimated |\ST@lineht|, overfull |\vbox|es
-% will be produced at all.
+% larger than the estimated |\ST@rowht|, overfull |\vbox|es
+% will be produced.
% \item When the last p-arg on a page gets more than 4 lines
% (probably even more than 3 lines) it will result in an overfull
% |\vbox|. Also some combinations of |\baselinestretch|
-% |\arraystretch| and a large font may lead to one line too much.
-% \item if accidentally the last line of the tabular produces a
+% |\arraystretch| and a large font may lead to one row too much.
+% \item if accidentally the last row of the tabular produces a
% newpage, on the next page the tabletail will be written
-% immediately after the tablehead. Depending on the contents this
+% immediately after the tablehead. Depending on the contents, this
% may result in an error message regarding misplaced |\noalign|.
%
% A quick but not very elegant solution: shrink the allowed height
@@ -431,6 +438,36 @@
\DeclareOption{errorshow}{\c@tracingst\z@}
\DeclareOption{pageshow}{\c@tracingst\thr@@}
\DeclareOption{debugshow}{\c@tracingst5\relax}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% In version 4.1g a new way of determining the height of the
+% average row was introduced. Instead of using an estimation, based
+% on the value of |\baselineskip| a computation was introduced,
+% based on the size of the |\strutbox|. The effect of this new
+% method was that the parial tabulars fill the page better, so less
+% \texttt{underfull vbox} message would appear. Unfortunately this
+% had a negative effect on existing documents (that don;t come out
+% like they used to) and especially when a very small font
+% (|\tiny| or |\scriptsize| was chosen for the tabular and the
+% cells contain subscripts or superscripts. It turned out that the
+% heigth and depth of a formula like $5^5_5$ exceeds the size of
+% |\strutbox|. The result is that the rows have more height (and/or
+% depth) thatn what the algorithm computed. Hence, when more rows
+% are added to the partial tabular than fit on the page. Especially
+% on the first part thisis a probem as the partial tabular becomes
+% too high and doesn't fit in the avialbale space. \TeX\ then
+% decides to move it to the next page, resulting in two
+% consecutive pages that have a lot of white space on them.
+% \changes{v4.2a}{2020-06-27}{Two new options to choose the
+% computation algorithhm}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\DeclareOption{calculate}{\def\ST@calculate@rowht{\ST@compute@rowht}}
+\DeclareOption{estimate}{\def\ST@calculate@rowht{\ST@estimate@rowht}}
+%\def\ST@calculate@rowht{\ST@estimate@rowht}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% The default for the options is to only show errors and use the
+% old estmation algorithm (so as not to break old documents).
+% \begin{macrocode}
+\ExecuteOptions{errorshow,estimate}
\ProcessOptions
% \end{macrocode}
%
@@ -510,7 +547,7 @@
% yet be visible in the amount of space occupoed on the page
% sofar. Therefore we include the possibility to reduce the height
% of the first part of the supertabular. In order to this we need a
-% macro that indicates a aption has been put in front of the
+% macro that indicates a caption has been put in front of the
% table. We do this to reduce the risk that the first part of the
% table is too high after all and is pushed onto the next page due
% to an overfull |\vbox| condition.
@@ -523,7 +560,7 @@
% \begin{macro}{\ST@caption}
% This is a redefinition of LaTeX's |\@caption|, |\@makecaption| is
% called within a group so as not to return to |\normalsize|
-% globally. also a fix is made for the `feature' of the
+% globally. Also a fix is made for the `feature' of the
% |\@makecaption| of the document class \cls{article} and friends
% that a caption \textbf{always} gets a |\vskip 10pt| at the top
% and \textbf{none} at the bottom. If a user wants to precede his
@@ -554,14 +591,19 @@
% to \cs{@tabularcr}}
% \changes{v4.1b}{1997/10/08}{Not \cs{@tabularcr} but
% \cs{org@tabularcr}}
+% \changes{v4.2b}{2021-02-14}{When the argument is empty the internal
+% macro \cs{@tablehead} needs to be empty as well.}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\tablehead[1]{%
- \gdef\@tablehead{%
- \noalign{%
- \global\let\@savcr=\\
- \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
- #1%
- \noalign{\global\let\\=\@savcr}}}
+ \def\@ST@arg{#1}%
+ \ifx\@ST@arg\@empty\gdef\@tablehead{}\else
+ \gdef\@tablehead{%
+ \noalign{%
+ \global\let\@savcr=\\
+ \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
+ #1%
+ \noalign{\global\let\\=\@savcr}}%
+ \fi}
\tablehead{}
% \end{macrocode}
% It's possible to specify a different tablehead for the first
@@ -571,17 +613,22 @@
% document.
% \changes{v4.1f}{2019/01/12}{\cs{\@table@first@head} needs the same
% definition as \cs{\@tablehead} (found by FMi)}
+% \changes{v4.2b}{2021-02-14}{When the argument is empty the internal
+% macro \cs{@table@first@head} needs to be empty as well.}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\tablefirsthead[1]{%
- \gdef\@table@first@head{%
- \noalign{%
- \global\let\@savcr=\\
- \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
- #1%
- \noalign{%
- \global\let\\=\@savcr
- \global\let\@table@first@head\undefined
- }}}
+ \def\@ST@arg{#1}%
+ \ifx\@ST@arg\@empty\gdef\@table@first@head{}\else
+ \gdef\@table@first@head{%
+ \noalign{%
+ \global\let\@savcr=\\
+ \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
+ #1%
+ \noalign{%
+ \global\let\\=\@savcr
+ \global\let\@table@first@head\undefined
+ }}%
+ \fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
@@ -598,14 +645,19 @@
% to \cs{@tabularcr}}
% \changes{v4.1b}{1997/10/08}{Not \cs{@tabularcr} but
% \cs{org@tabularcr}}
+% \changes{v4.2b}{2021-02-14}{When the argument is empty the internal
+% macro \cs{@tabletail} needs to be empty as well.}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\tabletail[1]{%
- \gdef\@tabletail{%
- \noalign{%
- \global\let\@savcr=\\
- \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
- #1%
- \noalign{\global\let\\=\@savcr}}}
+ \def\@ST@arg{#1}%
+ \ifx\@ST@arg\@empty\gdef\@tabletail{}\else
+ \gdef\@tabletail{%
+ \noalign{%
+ \global\let\@savcr=\\
+ \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
+ #1%
+ \noalign{\global\let\\=\@savcr}}%
+ \fi}
\tabletail{}
% \end{macrocode}
% It's possible to specify a different tabletail for the last
@@ -615,17 +667,22 @@
% document.
% \changes{v4.1f}{2019/01/12}{\cs{\@table@last@tail} needs the same
% definition as \cs{\@tabletail}}
+% \changes{v4.2b}{2021-02-14}{When the argument is empty the internal
+% macro \cs{@tabletail} needs to be empty as well.}
% \begin{macrocode}
\newcommand\tablelasttail[1]{%
- \gdef\@table@last@tail{%
- \noalign{%
- \global\let\@savcr=\\
- \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
- #1%
- \noalign{%
- \global\let\\=\@savcr
- \global\let\@table@last@tail\undefined
- }}}
+ \def\@ST@arg{#1}%
+ \ifx\@ST@arg\@empty\gdef\@table@last@tail{}\else
+ \gdef\@table@last@tail{%
+ \noalign{%
+ \global\let\@savcr=\\
+ \global\let\\=\org@tabularcr}%
+ #1%
+ \noalign{%
+ \global\let\\=\@savcr
+ \global\let\@table@last@tail\undefined
+ }}%
+ \fi}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
@@ -660,7 +717,7 @@
%
% \begin{macro}{\ST@trace@cr}
% A variant of |\ST@trace| that can be called from within |\\| as
-% that command is looking for an optional argument will end up
+% that command is looking for an optional argument and will end up
% scanning the next line.
% \begin{macro}{\ST@save@lineno}
% \changes{v4.1f}{2019/01/18}{Added a macro to save the current input
@@ -752,25 +809,22 @@
% \changes{v4.0b}{1997/02/04}{Removed the use of \cs{ST@pboxcorr},
% correction seems to be no longer necessary}
%
-% \begin{macro}{\ST@lineht}
+% \begin{macro}{\ST@rowht}
% \begin{macro}{\ST@stretchht}
% \changes{v4.0g}{1997/04/12}{Dimension register added}
% \begin{macro}{\ST@prevht}
% \changes{v4.0g}{1997/04/12}{Dimension register added}
-% The estimated height of a normal line is stored in
-% |\ST@lineht|. The dimension register |\ST@stretchht| is used to
-% store the difference between the `normal' line height and the
-% line height when |\arraystretch| has a non-standard value. This
-% is used in the case where p-box entries are added to the
-% tabular. The dimension register |\ST@prevht| is use to store the
-% height of the previous line to use it as an estimate for the
-% height of the next line. This is needed for a better estimate of
+% The estimated height of a normal row is stored in
+% |\ST@rowht|. The dimension register |\ST@stretchht| was used to
+% store the difference between the `normal' row height and the
+% row height when |\arraystretch| has a non-standard value. This
+% was used in the case where p-box entries are added to the
+% tabular. The dimension register |\ST@prevht| is used to store the
+% height of the previous row, to use it as an estimate for the
+% height of the next row. This is needed for a better estimate of
% when to break the tabular.
-% \changes{v4.1g}{2020/02/02}{\cs{ST@stretchht} is no longer needed,
-% will be removed in a future release}
% \begin{macrocode}
-\newdimen\ST@lineht
-%\newdimen\ST@stretchht
+\newdimen\ST@rowht
\newdimen\ST@prevht
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
@@ -907,10 +961,12 @@
% \end{macro}
% \end{macro}
%
-% \begin{macro}{\ST@compute@lineht}
-% \changes{v4.1g}{2020/02/02}{New macro \cs{ST@compute@lineht} to
-% replacte \cs{estimate@lineht}}
-% The height of a line in an array environemnt can be computed as:
+% \begin{macro}{\ST@compute@rowht}
+% \changes{v4.1g}{2020/02/02}{New macro \cs{ST@compute@rowht} to
+% replace \cs{ST@estimate@rowht}}
+% \changes{v4.2a}{2020-06-27}{Make sure that \cs{ST@rowht} is large
+% enough to take subscripts and superscripts into account}
+% The height of a row in an array environemnt can be computed as:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item the height of the strutbox |\ht\strutbox| (plus
% |\extrarowheight| when the \pkg{array} package is loaded),
@@ -919,34 +975,60 @@
% by |\arraystretch|.
% \end{itemize}
% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\ST@compute@lineht{%
- \ST@lineht=\ht\strutbox
+\def\ST@compute@rowht{%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Temporarily store a formula with superscript and subscript in a
+% box in order to be able to measure its height and depth.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \setbox\@tempboxa=\vbox{\@arrayparboxrestore $5^5_5$}
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Use the largest height of either |\@tempboxa| or |\strutbox|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ifnum\ht\@tempboxa>\ht\strutbox
+ \ST@rowht=\ht\@tempboxa
+ \else
+ \ST@rowht=\ht\strutbox
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% If the \textsf{array} pacakge is used we need to add the
+% value of |\extrarowheight|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
\ifx\extrarowheight\undefined\else
- \advance \ST@lineht by \extrarowheight
+ \advance \ST@rowht by \extrarowheight
+ \fi
+% \end{macrocode}
+% Also use the largest depth of either |\@tempboxa| or |\strutbox|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ifnum\dp\@tempboxa>\dp\strutbox
+ \advance\ST@rowht \dp\@tempboxa
+ \else
+ \advance\ST@rowht \dp\strutbox
\fi
- \ST@lineht = \arraystretch\ST@lineht
- \advance\ST@lineht \arraystretch\dp\strutbox
- \ST@trace\tw@{Normal Line height: \the\ST@lineht}%
+% \end{macrocode}
+% And finally multiply by |\arraystretch|.
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ST@rowht = \arraystretch\ST@rowht
+% \end{macrocode}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \ST@trace\tw@{Normal Row height: \the\ST@rowht}%
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
%
-% \begin{macro}{\estimate@lineht}
+% \begin{macro}{\ST@estimate@rowht}
% Estimates the height of normal line taking |\arraystretch| into
% account. Also computes the difference between a normal line and a
% `stretched' one.
% \changes{v4.0b}{1997/02/04}{Removed use of \cs{ST@pboxcorr}}
% \changes{v4.0g}{1997/04/12}{Added the computation of
% \cs{ST@stretchht}}
-% This macro will be removed in a future release.
+% \changes{v4.2a}{2020-06-27}{removed the computation of
+% \cs{ST@stretchht} as it is no longer used}
% \begin{macrocode}
-\def\estimate@lineht{%
- \ST@lineht=\arraystretch \baslineskp
- \global\advance\ST@lineht by 1\p@
- \ST@stretchht\ST@lineht\advance\ST@stretchht-\baslineskp
- \ifdim\ST@stretchht<\z@\ST@stretchht\z@\fi
- \ST@trace\tw@{Average line height: \the\ST@lineht}%
- \ST@trace\tw@{Stretched line height: \the\ST@stretchht}%
+\def\ST@estimate@rowht{%
+ \ST@rowht=\arraystretch \baslineskp
+ \global\advance\ST@rowht by 1\p@
+ \ST@trace\tw@{Average Row height: \the\ST@rowht}%
}
% \end{macrocode}
% \end{macro}
@@ -1071,23 +1153,23 @@
\ST@tailht=\ht\@tempboxa\advance\ST@tailht\dp\@tempboxa
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
-% We add the average height of a line to this because when we
+% We add the average height of a row to this because when we
% decide to continue the tabular we need to have enough space left
-% for one line and the tail.
+% for one row \emph{and} the tail.
% \begin{macrocode}
- \advance\ST@tailht by \ST@lineht
+ \advance\ST@tailht by \ST@rowht
\ST@trace\tw@{Height of tail: \the\ST@tailht}%
\ST@trace\tw@{Maximum height of tabular: \the\ST@pageleft}%
\@tempdima\ST@headht
% \end{macrocode}
% \changes{v4.0b}{1997/02/04}{Base the decision whether to start on a
-% new page on the total of headheight, tailht and lineht}
+% new page on the total of headheight, tailht and rowht}
% Now we decide whether we can continue on the current page or
% whether we need to start on a new page. We assume that the
% minimum height of a tabular is the height of the head, the tail
-% and one line of data. If that doesn't fit a new page is started.
+% and one row of data. If that doesn't fit a new page is started.
% \begin{macrocode}
- \advance\@tempdima\ST@lineht
+ \advance\@tempdima\ST@rowht
\advance\@tempdima\ST@tailht
\ST@trace\tw@{Minimum height of tabular: \the\@tempdima}%
\ifnum\@tempdima>\ST@pageleft
@@ -1164,7 +1246,7 @@
\global\let\@oldcr=\\
% \end{macrocode}
% Save the current value of |\baselineskip|, as we need it in the
-% calculation of the average height of a line.
+% calculation of the average height of a row.
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\baslineskp{\baselineskip}%
% \end{macrocode}
@@ -1174,9 +1256,9 @@
\ifx\undefined\@classix
% \end{macrocode}
% Save old |\@tabularcr| and insert the definition of
+% |\ST@tabularcr|.
% \changes{v4.1c}{1997/11/07}{For standard \LaTeX\ we need to change
% \cs{@@startpbox}, \emph{not} \cs{@startpbox}}
-% |\ST@tabularcr|.
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\org@tabularcr\@tabularcr
\let\@tabularcr\ST@tabularcr
@@ -1210,20 +1292,20 @@
\fi
% \end{macrocode}
% The first part of a supertabular may be moved on to the next page
-% if it doesn't fit on the current page afterall. Subsequent parts
+% if it doesn't fit on the current page after all. Subsequent parts
% can not be moved; therefor we will have to switch the definition
-% of |\ST@skippart| around.
+% of |\ST@skippage| around.
% \changes{v4.0e}{1997/04/09}{Make sure that only the first part of a
% supertabular can be moved to the next page.}
% \begin{macrocode}
\let\ST@skippage\ST@skipfirstpart
% \end{macrocode}
-% Now we can estimate the average line height and the height of the
+% Now we can estimate the average row height and the height of the
% first page of the \Lenv{supertabular}.
% \changes{v4.0i}{1997/09/18}{Added \cs{noindent}}
-% \changes{v4.1g}{2020/02/02}{Now call \cs{ST@compute@lineht}}
+% \changes{v4.1g}{2020/02/02}{Now call \cs{ST@calculate@rowht}}
% \begin{macrocode}
- \ST@compute@lineht
+ \ST@calculate@rowht
\@calfirstpageht
\noindent
}
@@ -1544,20 +1626,20 @@
% \begin{macrocode}
\def\ST@cr{%
\noalign{%
- \ifnum\ST@pboxht<\ST@lineht
+ \ifnum\ST@pboxht<\ST@rowht
% \end{macrocode}
-% If there is a non-empty line, but an empty parbox, then
-% |\ST@pboxht| might be non-zero, but too small thereby breaking
-% the algorithm. Therefor we estimate the height of the line to be
-% |\ST@lineht| in this case.
+% If there is a non-empty row, but an empty parbox, then
+% |\ST@pboxht| might be non-zero, but too small, thereby breaking
+% the algorithm. Therefor we estimate the height of the row to be
+% |\ST@rowht| in this case.
% \begin{macrocode}
- \global\advance\ST@pageleft -\ST@lineht
+ \global\advance\ST@pageleft -\ST@rowht
% \end{macrocode}
% And we store that fact in |\ST@prevht|.
-% \changes{v4.0g}{1997/04/12}{store the height of the previous line in
+% \changes{v4.0g}{1997/04/12}{store the height of the previous row in
% \cs{ST@prevht}}
% \begin{macrocode}
- \global\ST@prevht\ST@lineht
+ \global\ST@prevht\ST@rowht
\else
% \end{macrocode}
% When the parbox was not empty we take into account its height
@@ -1605,11 +1687,11 @@
\else
% \end{macrocode}
% When there is not enough space left on the current page, we start
-% a new page. To compute the amount of space need we use the
-% height of the previous line (|\ST@prevht|) as an estimation of
-% the height of the next line. If we are processing a
+% a new page. To compute the amount of space needed we use the
+% height of the previous row (|\ST@prevht|) as an estimation of
+% the height of the next row. If we are processing a
% \Lenv{mpsupertabular} we need to take the height of the footnotes
-% into account.
+% into account as well.
% \changes{v4.0g}{1997/04/12}{Leave room for both \cs{ST@tailht}
% \emph{and} \cs{ST@prevht}}
% \changes{v4.1a}{1997/09/19}{Take care of space needed for
@@ -1659,10 +1741,19 @@
% \begin{macrocode}
\global\advance\ST@pageleft\pagetotal
% \end{macrocode}
-% Then we can set |\ST@pagesofar| to $0$ and start the new page.
+% Then we can set |\ST@pagesofar| to $0$...
% \begin{macrocode}
\global\ST@pagesofar\z@
- \newpage
+% \end{macrocode}
+% ... and start the new page, but in this special case we need to
+% trigger the output routine directly by issuing a |\penalty|
+% rather than calling |\newpage| as that macro effectively issues a
+% |\vskip-\maxdepth| which makes the first two rows of the tabular
+% overlap.
+% \changes{v4.2b}{2021-02-14}{Issue a \cs{penalty} instead of
+% \cs{newpage} to trigger the output routine.}
+% \begin{macrocode}
+ \penalty -\@M
% \end{macrocode}
%
% Finally we make sure that this macro can only be executed once