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diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/psnfssx/em/em.txt b/macros/latex/contrib/psnfssx/em/em.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c36567388 --- /dev/null +++ b/macros/latex/contrib/psnfssx/em/em.txt @@ -0,0 +1,241 @@ +European Modern (EM) package for LaTeX: +======================================== + + CM style fonts - but with accented characters - in Adobe Type 1 format. + + Copyright 1997 Y&Y, Inc. + Parts Copyright 1997 David Carlisle +Important Note: +=============== + +The LaTeX PSNFSS support files for "European Modern" (EM) fonts on +their own are not useful without the actual fonts. The EM font set +itself is available from Y&Y, Inc. + +Background: +=========== + +Do you: + + (1) like the look of Computer Modern (CM) fonts; but + (2) need ready-made accented characters for proper hyphenation; and + (3) need scalable outline fonts (a.k.a. `PostScript' or `ATM' fonts)? + +Then the EM font set is for you. The character shapes are from Computer +Modern, yet the glyph complement is much larger -- including numerous +ready-made accented and composite characters -- and the fonts are in +scalable Adobe Type 1 format (as opposed to METAFONT based PK bitmaps). + +The EM fonts also satisfy the needs of non-TeX users desireous of the CM +look, because they appear to the operating system as plain vanilla text +fonts, and so can be easily used with applications other than TeX. + +The EM font set: +================ + +The EM font set contains 57 text fonts based on the text fonts in Knuth's +Computer Modern font (CM) set. It also contains 13 math italic fonts based +on the math italic fonts in CM and AMS font sets. The EM text fonts +have a much larger glyph set than the corresponding CM fonts. + +Each CM text font has about 117 usable glyphs for text (plus eleven +Greek letters). The EM fonts add over 90 ready-made composites and +numerous other `missing' glyphs to bring the total number of glyphs to +over 300. This makes it possible, e.g., to use these fonts with +T1 (Cork) encoding, or LY1 (TeX 'n ANSI) encoding, or LM1 (Textures) +encoding. The AFM files show the actual glyph complement available. + +Note that the EM fonts are set up as normal text fonts, unlike the CM fonts -- +all of which have to be set up as pi/math/symbol/decorative/non-text since +CM fonts use there own unusual character layout and do not have anywhere +near the `standard' complement of 228 glyphs expected of a text font. + +Treated as text fonts, the EM fonts are reencoded to platform +specific encoding when installed on operating systems with +system-level support for scalable fonts, such as Windows and Macintosh. +Consequently, for optimum use with TeX, you need a system that can +reencode fonts `on the fly' (or you need to `hard reencode' the PFB +and PFM files using the REENCODE and AFMtoPFM utilities, or use the +reencoding feature of psfonts.map for DVIPS when printing to PS printers). + +The EM text fonts are used in conjunction with some of the CM math fonts. +CM math fonts do not contain upright uppercase Greek letters -- these are +normally taken from the roman text fonts (CMR* and CMBX*). Included in the EM +font set are EMMI* math italic fonts which have these irksome upright +uppercase Greek letters in character code positions 208 - 218. Note that +this is the same scheme used in the MathTime font set, and similar to the +scheme used with the Lucida Bright + Lucida New Math font set when the Lucida +Bright Expert set is not available. + +The names of the EM fonts are derived directly from those of the CM fonts. +So, for example, EMR17 is based on CMR17 --- with close to two hundred +glyphs added. And EMMI10 is based on CMMI10 --- with upright Greek added. + +Relation to the EC font set: +============================ + +The "European Computer Modern" (EC) font set was defined to add +ready-made accented characters to CM, including those needed for some +Eastern European languages. In order to make space for these +characters, many typographically important glyphs had to be banished +to "text companion" (TC) fonts. + +The new EM font set differs from the EC font set in several ways: + +(1) The EC font set is unmanageably large (500 to 600 fonts), making it + unlikely that a well hinted version will become available, and + cluttering operating system files with font listings. + +(2) The EC font set uses fixed encoding, just like CM fonts, except + it is hard wired to T1/Cork encoding instead of OT1/TeX Text encoding. + This means it is less flexible and harder to use with non-TeX applications. + +(3) EC fonts are hard-wired for T1/Cork encoding. + EM text fonts have a larger glyph complement covering several encodings + including T1, LY1, LM1, Windows ANSI, and various ISO standard encodings. + +(4) The metric files for EC fonts have a problem with kerning for + quotation marks. The EM fonts are setup to deal correctly with + "boundary character" kerning for both left and right quotation marks. + +(5) The metric files for EC fonts include a few errors, such as incorrect + sign on a few kerning pairs. These have been fixed in the EM font set. + +(6) The EM fonts use the old germandbls from the CM fonts instead of the + redesigned one in EC. + +(7) The EM font metrics match the CM font metrics exactly for characters that + occur in CM. EC font metrics differ slightly from CM. + +As a result EM is not a "drop in" replacement for EC - it is better. + +NOTE: the following is largely adapted from David Carlisle's type1cm.txt + +Using the LaTeX support for the EM font set +=========================================== + +The default way of using the `em' package is as a LaTeX package file. +Install em.sty as described below and then just add + +\usepackage[T1]{em} or \usepackage[LY1]{em} or \usepackage[LM1]{em} + +to your document. This will override the definitions for all the fonts +and so the standard fd files are not used. This will cause LaTeX +to use the em fonts, and will also call the fontenc package to switch +to the requested encoding (T1/Cork, or LY1/TeXnANSI, or LM1/Mac). + +Installation Instructions: +========================== + +IMPORTANT NOTE: we supply a ready-made em.sty file so the following +`unpacking' is actually not normally needed; unless you require some +particular customization. + +The installation is controlled by the file em.ins which you may want to +edit in two places. + +1) If you do not have the AMS Font set available in scalable form then + remove the `%' from the line %\def\ams{} + This will cause a more restricted font specification to be used. + + If you do not have the `AMS Extra' font set available in scalable form + (i.e. msam6, msam8 and msam9 in addition to msam5, msam7 and msam10) + then remove the `%' from the line %\def\ams{ams} + +2) If after reading the warning above regarding *.fd files, you decide to + make a set of fd files, remove the `%'from the line %\makefdtrue + +Then run TeX (or LaTeX) on the file em.ins. A package file em.sty (and +perhaps a set of fd files - see above) will be produced which you should +place in a directory where TeX looks for input files. (Alternatively, add +the directory containing these files to the list in the TEXINPUTS +environment variable; or the format specific environment variable LATEX). + +Appendix A: Font sizing -- discrete or continuous? +================================================== + +LaTeX separates its internal notion of font specification from the external +fonts available on the system by means of `Font Shape Specifications', that +are normally held in `Font Descriptor' (fd) files. + +The fd files that come with LaTeX that refer to the standard Computer Modern +set (and the related AMS set) are based on the classical bitmap fonts which +are available in discrete `magstep' sizes only. For instance, the +specification of the main roman font is + + \DeclareFontShape{OT1}{cmr}{m}{n} + { <5> <6> <7> <8> <9> <10> <12> gen * cmr + <10.95> cmr10 + <14.4> cmr12 + <17.28><20.74><24.88>cmr17}{} + +which says that no font is available at 10.5pt (LaTeX will substitute the +nearest available size if you ask for this) and similarly the font is not +available at all above 25pt. + +Such restrictions are essential with bitmap fonts to save generating huge +numbers of bitmaps for any size that might be requested, however with +scalable versions of the fonts these restrictions are not really needed. +For instance the equivalent definition here is: + +\DeclareFontShape{LY1}{cmr}{m}{n}{ + <-6> emr5 + <6-7> emr6 + <7-8> emr7 + <8-9> emr8 + <9-10> emr9 + <10-12> emr10 + <12-17> emr12 + <17-> emr17 + }{} + +which means that you can (although some may consider it bad style) go +\fontsize{10.345pt}{12pt}\selectfont and be given a suitably scaled version of +emr10 and a baseline setting of 12pt. Similarly if you really want, you can +go \fontsize{2cm}{2.5cm}\selectfont and use emr17 scaled to 2cm height for a +special display context. + +Appendix B: Technical note about the Font Shape specifications used: +========================================================================== + +David Carlisle consistently specifies that given a requested size, the +largest available font size smaller than (or equal to) the requested size +should be used and then enlarged to the requested size. The exception being +sizes smaller than the smallest available font, which use a reduced version +of that font. The rationale for this is that enlarging a small font +typically produces a rather `fat' font, but something readable, whereas +shrinking a font may produce something unreadable quite quickly, particulary +since the strokes in Computer Modern - and hence European Modern - are +already quite thin. + +So for msam (if `extra' is not specified) he used: + +\DeclareFontShape{U}{msa}{m}{n}{ + <-7> msam5 + <7-10> msam7 + <10-> msam10 + }{} + +That is, for sizes strictly below 7pt use msam5, 7pt to (less than) 10pt +use msam7 and sizes 10pt and above use msam10. + +This differs from the specification that the AMS use for the scalable +AMS fonts (used by the psfonts option to the amsfonts package). They use + +\DeclareFontShape{U}{msa}{m}{n}{ + <-6> msam5 + <6-8> msam7 + <8-> msam10 + }{} + +This scheme has the advantage of minimising the scaling used, so for instance +a 9pt request is satisfied by msam7 scaled up to 9 by this package, but by +msam10 scaled down to 9 by the AMS package. + +In practice this is not likely to make a difference that anyone might notice, +but it could in principle affect line breaks etc, so David thought that it +should be mentioned here. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +(TM) European Modern is a trademark of Y&Y, Inc. http://www.YandY.com +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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