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+% This software is based on previous APA formats as explained below. The
+% changes made to produce the mslapa format were originally made by Michael S.
+% Landy in 1994 and are public domain. The copyright and licensing of the file
+% as a whole also depends on the copyright and licensing of the original code.
+% Further details may be found below.
+% This statement added 2008/11/25 by Clea F. Rees in an attempt to make the
+% situation a little clearer following communication with Michael S. Landy.
+%$$$ mslapa.bst $$$
+%
+% Slightly modified version by Michael Landy - 7/29/94
+% This file should be used with style `mslapa.sty'
+%
+% This pair of files automates most (although not all) of the bibliographic
+% and citation formatting of APA (American Psychological Association) style.
+% The various citations formats that you want are things like:
+% 1 `in the work of Landy (1985, 1989a,b)'
+% 2 `in the work of Landy, Dosher and Sperling (1989)'
+% 3 `in the work of Landy and colleagues (1989)'
+% 4 `it has been shown (Landy, 1989) that ...'
+% 5 `it has been shown (Landy, 1989a, 1990; Sperling, 1991) that ...'
+% 6 `it has been shown (Landy, Dosher & Sperling, 1989a) that ...'
+% 7 `it has been shown (Landy et al., 1989a) that ...'
+% 8 `it has been shown (e.g., Landy et al., 1989a) that ...'
+% 9 `it has been shown (see, e.g., Landy et al., 1989a, for discussion) ...'
+%
+% These are achieved by a number of citation macros:
+%
+% \cite(PRENOTE)[NOTE]{KEY1,KEY2} - for cases 4, 5 and 6
+% \shortcite(PRENOTE)[NOTE]{KEY1,KEY2} - for case 7, 8 and 9
+% \citeyear(PRENOTE)[NOTE]{KEY1,KEY2} - for cases 1, 2 and 3
+%
+% Note that PRENOTE will be put in the parentheses preceding the citations
+% (and followed by a blank), and NOTE will follow the citations (preceded by
+% a comma). Both PRENOTE and NOTE are (independently) optional arguments.
+% Thus, number 8 above was produced by
+%
+% \shortcite(e.g.,){LANDYETAL89A},
+%
+% and number 9 was produced by
+%
+% \shortcite(see, e.g.,)[for discussion]{LANDYETAL89A}.
+%
+% \shortcite will use `et al.' for all citations of 3 or more authors. If
+% you have a string of citations with more than one citation of 3 or more
+% authors, and you want some of those to have et al. and others to be spelled
+% out, then you will have to use \nocite{KEY1,KEY2} and format the citation
+% yourself by hand:
+%
+% `it has been shown (Landy, Dosher & Sperling, 1989a; Sperling et al.,
+% 1990\nocite{LANDETAL89A,SPERETAL90}) that ...'
+%
+% There are also macros which insert only the author text without the year
+% (\fullciteA and \shortciteA), although it's not clear to me where one would
+% want to use that. If you want to format things in any other way, you are
+% stuck formatting the citation yourself, e.g.:
+%
+% In 1989, Landy and colleagues\nocite{LANDETAL89} discovered...
+%
+% The style macros for cite/shortcite/citeyear will lay things out as
+% described above, so that if two citations in a row have the same authors,
+% the authors are listed once, and if the same year as well, only the letter
+% names are added (as in 1989a,b). The algorithm recognizes that the form
+% `Landy et al.' can refer to any articles with 3 or more authors beginning
+% with Landy, and hence all such cited articles require letters after the year
+% (just in case you happen to cite them using `et al.'). The letters are
+% added in such a way that the citation letters for a given shortauthor/year
+% combination appear in order in the references section. Also, in the reference
+% section, and author such as `von Helmholtz' will be alphabetized under H
+% and printed as `von Helmholtz, H. (1866). ...'. If you prefer to
+% alphabetize this under V you can either put the name in braces {von Helmholtz}
+% in your bibliography file (to make it look like a last name), or you can
+% alter the function `sort.format.names' below as indicated in the comment to
+% be found there.
+%
+% Things this style won't do for you:
+%
+% Citations come out in the order you put them in the argument
+% to cite/shortcite/citeyear. So, if you want them sorted a
+% particular way (alphabetically within year or vice versa), you have
+% to do that yourself.
+%
+% APA specifies that full author order should be used the first time
+% a reference is cited, and et al. (for 3 or more authors) thereafter.
+% You have to do this yourself by using \cite or \citeyear the first
+% time and \shortcite thereafter.
+%
+%
+% BibTeX `mslapa' style file for BibTeX version 0.99c, LaTeX version 2.09
+% Place it in a file called mslapa.bst in the BibTeX search path.
+% (Placing it in the same directory as the LaTeX document should also work.)
+% Support for named citations is provided by mslapa.sty
+
+% This version was made by modifying the master file made by
+% Oren Patashnik (PATASHNIK@SCORE.STANFORD.EDU), and the 'named' BibTeX
+% style of Peter F. Patel-Schneider.
+
+% Copyright (C) 1985, all rights reserved.
+% Copying of this file is authorized only if either
+% (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy, including name, or
+% (2) if you do make changes, you name it something other than 'newapa.bst'.
+% There are undoubtably bugs in this style. If you make bug fixes,
+% improvements, etc. please let me know. My e-mail address is:
+% spencer@cgrg.ohio.state.edu or 71160.3141@compuserve.com
+%
+% This style was made from 'plain.bst', 'named.bst', and 'apalike.bst',
+% with lots of tweaking to make it look like APA style, along with tips
+% from Young Ryu and Brian Reiser's modifications of 'apalike.bst'.
+%
+% Reference list ordering: alphabetical by author or whatever passes
+% for author in the absence of one.
+%
+% The LaTeX style has to have the following (these are far simplified from
+% what's in mslapa.sty):
+%
+% \let\@internalcite\cite
+% \def\fullcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3##4{##1, ##3##4}\@internalcite}
+% \def\fullciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3##4{##1}\@internalcite}
+% \def\shortcite{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3##4{##2, ##3##4}\@internalcite}
+% \def\shortciteA{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3##4{##2}\@internalcite}
+% \def\citeyear{\def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3##4{##3##4}\@internalcite}
+%
+
+ENTRY
+ { address
+ author
+ booktitle
+ chapter
+ edition
+ editor
+ howpublished
+ institution
+ journal
+ key
+% month
+ note
+ number
+ organization
+ pages
+ publisher
+ school
+ series
+ title
+ type
+ volume
+ year
+ }
+ {}
+ { label1 label2 extra.label sort.label }
+
+INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }
+
+FUNCTION {init.state.consts}
+{ #0 'before.all :=
+ #1 'mid.sentence :=
+ #2 'after.sentence :=
+ #3 'after.block :=
+}
+
+STRINGS { s t u }
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ 's :=
+ output.state mid.sentence =
+ { ", " * write$ }
+ { output.state after.block =
+ { add.period$ write$
+ newline$
+ "\newblock " write$
+ }
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'write$
+ { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+ }
+ if$
+ s
+}
+
+FUNCTION {special.output.nonnull}
+{ 's :=
+ output.state mid.sentence =
+ { " " * write$ }
+ { output.state after.block =
+ { ": " write$
+ newline$
+ "\newblock " write$
+ }
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'write$
+ { ": " * write$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+ }
+ if$
+ s
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull.colon}
+{ 's :=
+ output.state mid.sentence =
+ { ": " * write$ }
+ { output.state after.block =
+ { add.period$ write$
+ newline$
+ "\newblock " write$
+ }
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'write$
+ { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+ }
+ if$
+ s
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull.space}
+{ 's :=
+ output.state mid.sentence =
+ { "\ " * write$ }
+ { output.state after.block =
+ { add.period$ write$
+ newline$
+ "\newblock " write$
+ }
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'write$
+ { add.period$ " " * write$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+ }
+ if$
+ s
+}
+
+FUNCTION {special.output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ 'pop$
+ 'special.output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ 'pop$
+ 'output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.check}
+{ 't :=
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.check.colon}
+{ 't :=
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'output.nonnull.colon
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.check.space}
+{ 't :=
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'output.nonnull.space
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.year.check}
+{ year empty$
+ { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ { write$
+ " (" year * extra.label * ")" *
+ mid.sentence 'output.state :=
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
+{ newline$
+
+ "\bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{" write$
+ label1 write$
+ "}{" write$
+ label2 write$
+ "}]{" write$
+
+ cite$ write$
+ "}" write$
+ newline$
+ ""
+ before.all 'output.state :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ add.period$
+ write$
+ newline$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block}
+{ output.state before.all =
+ 'skip$
+ { after.block 'output.state := }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence}
+{ output.state after.block =
+ 'skip$
+ { output.state before.all =
+ 'skip$
+ { after.sentence 'output.state := }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {not}
+{ { #0 }
+ { #1 }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {and}
+{ 'skip$
+ { pop$ #0 }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {or}
+{ { pop$ #1 }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.checka}
+{ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.block
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}
+{ empty$
+ swap$ empty$
+ and
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.block
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checka}
+{ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.sentence
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {new.sentence.checkb}
+{ empty$
+ swap$ empty$
+ and
+ 'skip$
+ 'new.sentence
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {field.or.null}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {underline}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\underline{" swap$ * "}" * }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {emphasize.space}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "{\em " swap$ * "\/}" * }
+ if$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }
+
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 's :=
+ #1 'nameptr := % nameptr = 1;
+ s num.names$ 'numnames := % numnames = num.name$(s);
+ numnames 'namesleft :=
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+
+ { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ 't :=
+
+ nameptr #1 >
+ { namesleft #1 >
+ { ", " * t * }
+ { % numnames #2 >
+ % { "," * }
+ % 'skip$
+ % if$
+ t "others" =
+ { " et~al." * }
+% { " and " * t * }
+% { ", \& " * t * }
+ { " \& " * t * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ 't
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := % nameptr += 1;
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := % namesleft =- 1;
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.names.fml}
+{ 's :=
+ #1 'nameptr := % nameptr = 1;
+ s num.names$ 'numnames := % numnames = num.name$(s);
+ numnames 'namesleft :=
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+
+ { s nameptr "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=
+
+ nameptr #1 >
+ { namesleft #1 >
+ { ", " * t * }
+ { % numnames #2 >
+ % { "," * }
+ % 'skip$
+ % if$
+ t "others" =
+ { " et~al." * }
+% { " and " * t * }
+ { " \& " * t * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ 't
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := % nameptr += 1;
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := % namesleft =- 1;
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.authors}
+{ author empty$
+ { "" }
+ { author format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.key}
+{ empty$
+ { key field.or.null }
+ { "" }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors.fml}
+{ editor empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor format.names.fml
+ editor num.names$ #1 >
+ { " (Eds.)" * }
+ { " (Ed.)" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor format.names
+ editor num.names$ #1 >
+ { " (Eds.)" * }
+ { " (Ed.)" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors.dot}
+{ editor empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor format.names
+ editor num.names$ #1 >
+ { " (Eds.)." * }
+ { " (Ed.)." * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.title}
+{ title empty$
+ { "" }
+ { title "t" change.case$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% Note that the APA style requres case changes
+% in article titles. The following does not
+% change cases. If you perfer it, uncomment the
+% following and comment out the above.
+
+%FUNCTION {format.title}
+%{ title empty$
+% { "" }
+% { title }
+% if$
+%}
+
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ 't :=
+ ""
+ { t empty$ not }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+ { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+ { "--" *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+ { "-" *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ while$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$ *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.btitle}
+{ edition empty$
+ { title emphasize }
+ { title empty$
+ { title emphasize }
+ { "{\em " title * "\/} (" * edition * " Ed.)" * }
+% msl 9/94 - deleted `.' after `Ed.)'
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.emphasize.booktitle}
+{ edition empty$
+ { booktitle emphasize }
+ { booktitle empty$
+ { booktitle emphasize }
+ { "{\em " booktitle * "\/} (" * edition * " Ed.)" * }
+% msl 9/94 - deleted `.' after `Ed.)'
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+ { "~" }
+ { " " }
+ if$
+ swap$ * *
+}
+
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+ 'pop$
+ { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
+{ volume empty$
+ { "" }
+ { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
+ series empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { " of " * series emphasize * }
+ if$
+ "Volume and number" number either.or.check
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.number.series}
+{ volume empty$
+ { number empty$
+ { series field.or.null }
+ { output.state mid.sentence =
+ { "number" }
+ { "Number" }
+ if$
+ number tie.or.space.connect
+ series empty$
+ { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ { " in " * series * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { "" }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition empty$
+ { "" }
+ { output.state mid.sentence =
+ { edition "l" change.case$ " edition" * }
+ { edition "t" change.case$ " edition" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { multiresult }
+
+FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
+{ 't :=
+ #0 'multiresult :=
+ { multiresult not
+ t empty$ not
+ and
+ }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$
+ duplicate$ "-" =
+ swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+ swap$ "+" =
+ or or
+ { #1 'multiresult := }
+ { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+ multiresult
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages empty$
+ { "" }
+ { pages multi.page.check
+% { "pages" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
+% { "page" pages tie.or.space.connect }
+ { " (pp.\" pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }
+ { " (p.\" pages tie.or.space.connect }
+% msl 10/94 - added blank before `('s
+% msl 9/94 - changed `pp.' to `p.' for single page references
+ if$
+ ")" *
+% msl 9/94 - deleted `.' after `)'
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% By Young (and Spencer)
+FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
+{ number empty$
+ { volume empty$
+ { "" }
+ { "{\em " volume * "}" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { volume empty$
+ {"there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$
+ "{\em (" number * ")}" * }
+ { "{\em " volume * "(" * number * ")}" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ pages empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ format.pages }
+ { ", " * pages n.dashify * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
+{ chapter empty$
+ 'format.pages
+ { type empty$
+ { "chapter" }
+ { type "l" change.case$ }
+ if$
+ chapter tie.or.space.connect
+ pages empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { ", " * format.pages * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
+{ booktitle empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor empty$
+ { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * }
+ { "In " format.editors * ", " * format.emphasize.booktitle * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle.incoll}
+{ booktitle empty$
+ { "" }
+ { editor empty$
+ { "In " format.emphasize.booktitle * }
+ { "In " format.editors.fml * ", " * format.emphasize.booktitle * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
+{ type empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { pop$
+ type "t" change.case$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
+{ type empty$
+ { "Technical Report" }
+ 'type
+ if$
+ number empty$
+ { "t" change.case$ }
+ { number tie.or.space.connect }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
+{ "In"
+ "\cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}
+{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
+ editor num.names$ duplicate$
+ #2 >
+ { pop$ " et~al." * }
+ { #2 <
+ 'skip$
+ { editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
+ { " et~al." * }
+ { " and " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
+{ volume empty$
+ { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
+ "In "
+ }
+ { "Volume" volume tie.or.space.connect
+ " of " *
+ }
+ if$
+ editor empty$
+ editor field.or.null author field.or.null =
+ or
+ { key empty$
+ { series empty$
+ { "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *
+ crossref * warning$
+ "" *
+ }
+ { "{\em " * series * "\/}" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { key * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { format.crossref.editor * }
+ if$
+ " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
+{ "In"
+ " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
+}
+
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ crossref missing$
+ { journal emphasize "journal" output.check
+ number empty$ volume empty$ and
+ { format.pages * }
+ { format.vol.num.pages output }
+ if$
+% msl 10/94 - if pages with no volume, get rid of extra `,' before `(pp. 1-5)'
+ }
+ { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
+ format.pages *
+% msl 10/94 - use `*' instead of `output' so `(pp. 1-5)' isn't preceded by
+% a comma
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ output.bibitem
+ author empty$
+ { format.editors.dot
+ "author and editor" output.check }
+ { format.authors
+ output.nonnull
+ crossref missing$
+ { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.btitle
+ "title" output.check
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.bvolume output
+ new.block
+ format.number.series output
+ new.sentence
+ address output
+ publisher "publisher" output.check.colon
+ }
+ { new.block
+ format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+ }
+ if$
+% format.edition output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors output
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ howpublished output
+ address output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ output.bibitem
+ author empty$
+ { format.editors.dot
+ "author and editor" output.check
+ }
+ { format.authors output.nonnull
+ crossref missing$
+ { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.btitle
+ "title" output.check
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.bvolume output
+ chapter empty$
+ {format.pages *}
+ {format.chapter.pages output}
+ if$
+ chapter empty$ pages empty$ and
+ {"empty chapter and pages in " cite$ * warning$}
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+% msl 10/94 - changed above so don't get extra `,' before `(pp. 1-5)'
+ new.block
+ format.number.series output
+ new.sentence
+ address output
+ publisher
+ "publisher" output.check.colon
+ }
+ { chapter empty$
+ {format.pages *}
+ {format.chapter.pages output}
+ if$
+ chapter empty$ pages empty$ and
+ {"empty chapter and pages in " cite$ * warning$}
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+% msl 10/94 - changed above so don't get extra `,' before `(pp. 1-5)'
+ new.block
+ format.book.crossref output.nonnull
+ }
+ if$
+% format.edition output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.in.ed.booktitle.incoll
+ "booktitle" output.check.colon
+ format.bvolume output
+ format.number.series output
+% format.chapter.pages special.output
+ chapter empty$
+ {format.pages *}
+ {format.chapter.pages special.output}
+ if$
+ chapter empty$ pages empty$ and
+ {"empty chapter and pages in " cite$ * warning$}
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+% msl 10/94 - changed above so don't get extra `,' before `(pp. 1-5)'
+ new.sentence
+ address output
+ publisher "publisher" output.check.colon
+ }
+ { format.incoll.inproc.crossref
+ output.nonnull
+ chapter empty$
+ {format.pages *}
+ {format.chapter.pages output}
+ if$
+ chapter empty$ pages empty$ and
+ {"empty chapter and pages in " cite$ * warning$}
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+% msl 10/94 - changed above so don't get extra `,' before `(pp. 1-5)'
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ crossref missing$
+ { format.in.ed.booktitle
+ "booktitle" output.check
+ format.bvolume output
+ format.number.series output
+ format.pages *
+% msl 10/94 - use `*' instead of `output' so `(pp. 1-5)' isn't preceded by
+% a comma
+% address output
+% new.sentence
+% organization output
+% publisher output
+ new.sentence
+ address output
+ publisher "publisher" output.check.colon
+% msl 10/94 - changed to APA standard
+ }
+ { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
+ format.pages *
+% msl 10/94 - use `*' instead of `output' so `(pp. 1-5)' isn't preceded by
+% a comma
+ }
+ if$
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }
+
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors output
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.btitle
+ "title" output.check
+ organization address new.block.checkb
+% Reversed the order of "address" and "organization", added the ":".
+ address output
+ organization "organization" output.check.colon
+% address output
+% ":" output
+% organization output
+% format.edition output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ "Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
+ school "school" output.check
+ address output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors output
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ title howpublished new.block.checkb
+ format.title output
+ new.block
+ howpublished output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.btitle
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ "PhD thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull
+ school "school" output.check
+ address output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ output.bibitem
+ editor empty$
+ { organization output }
+ { format.editors.dot output.nonnull }
+ if$
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.btitle
+ "title" output.check
+ format.bvolume output
+ format.number.series output
+ organization output
+ new.sentence
+ address output
+ publisher "publisher" output.check.colon
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ format.tr.number output.nonnull
+ institution
+ "institution" output.check
+ address output
+ new.block
+ note output
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ output.bibitem
+ format.authors
+ "author" output.check
+ author format.key output % added
+ output.year.check % added
+ new.block
+ format.title
+ "title" output.check
+ new.block
+ note "note" output.check
+ fin.entry
+}
+
+FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
+
+MACRO {jan} {"January"}
+
+MACRO {feb} {"February"}
+
+MACRO {mar} {"March"}
+
+MACRO {apr} {"April"}
+
+MACRO {may} {"May"}
+
+MACRO {jun} {"June"}
+
+MACRO {jul} {"July"}
+
+MACRO {aug} {"August"}
+
+MACRO {sep} {"September"}
+
+MACRO {oct} {"October"}
+
+MACRO {nov} {"November"}
+
+MACRO {dec} {"December"}
+
+MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Computing Surveys"}
+
+MACRO {acta} {"Acta Informatica"}
+
+MACRO {ai} {"Artificial Intelligence"}
+
+MACRO {cacm} {"Communications of the ACM"}
+
+MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM Journal of Research and Development"}
+
+MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Systems Journal"}
+
+MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"}
+
+MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Transactions on Computers"}
+
+MACRO {ieeetcad}
+ {"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits"}
+
+MACRO {ipl} {"Information Processing Letters"}
+
+MACRO {jacm} {"Journal of the ACM"}
+
+MACRO {jcss} {"Journal of Computer and System Sciences"}
+
+MACRO {scp} {"Science of Computer Programming"}
+
+MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM Journal on Computing"}
+
+MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"}
+
+MACRO {tods} {"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"}
+
+MACRO {tog} {"ACM Transactions on Graphics"}
+
+MACRO {toms} {"ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software"}
+
+MACRO {toois} {"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"}
+
+MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"}
+
+MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Computer Science"}
+
+READ
+
+FUNCTION {sortify}
+{ purify$
+ "l" change.case$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { len }
+
+FUNCTION {chop.word}
+{ 's :=
+ 'len :=
+ s #1 len substring$ =
+ { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
+ 's
+ if$
+}
+
+INTEGERS { fullptr numfull fullsleft }
+
+STRINGS { u1 u2 }
+
+FUNCTION {my.full.label}
+{
+% Initialize 'u1','u2','s'.
+ "" 'u1 :=
+ "" 'u2 :=
+ 's :=
+
+% Initialize 'fullptr','numfull','fullsleft'.
+ #1 'fullptr :=
+ s num.names$ 'numfull :=
+ numfull 'fullsleft :=
+
+% enter the while loop which generates the first-citation information.
+% while we have names left,
+% format the next name
+% if this is the next-to-last name, tack the ampersand on the end
+% else if this isn't the last name, tack the comma on the end.
+% concatenate the next name onto the first-citation string.
+% update the counters.
+
+ { fullsleft #0 > }
+ { s fullptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 'u1 :=
+ fullsleft #2 =
+ { u1 " \& " * 'u1 := }
+ { fullsleft #2 >
+ { u1 ", " * 'u1 := }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ u2 u1 * 'u2 :=
+ fullptr #1 + 'fullptr :=
+ fullsleft #1 - 'fullsleft :=
+ }
+ while$
+
+% push 'u2' onto the stack -- our first-citation information.
+ u2
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
+{ 's :=
+ s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
+ s num.names$ duplicate$
+ #2 >
+ { pop$ " et~al." * }
+ { #2 <
+ 'skip$
+ { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
+ { "et~al. " * }
+% { " and " * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
+ { " \& " * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.key.label}
+{ author empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+ 'key
+ if$
+ }
+ { author format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.key.label}
+{ editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+ 'key
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
+{ author empty$
+ { editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+ 'key
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor format.lab.names }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author format.lab.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {grab.author.editor.key}
+{ author empty$
+ { editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
+ 'key
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {calc.label}
+{ type$ "book" =
+ type$ "inbook" =
+ or
+ 'author.editor.key.label
+ { type$ "proceedings" =
+ 'editor.key.label
+ 'author.key.label
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ duplicate$
+
+% msl 10/94 - sort on author or editor if there is no author
+ grab.author.editor.key my.full.label % generate the first-citation info
+
+ 'label1 :=
+ "}{" *
+% year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ *
+% msl 12/94 - allow year specifications for translations like `1906/1966'
+ year field.or.null *
+ 'label2 :=
+% msl 12/94 - allow year specifications for translations like `1906/1966'
+% year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ *
+ year field.or.null *
+ sortify 'sort.label :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
+{ 's :=
+ #1 'nameptr :=
+ ""
+ s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+ numnames 'namesleft :=
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+ { nameptr #1 >
+ { " " * }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ s nameptr "{ll{ }}{vv{ } }{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
+% use next line instead of previous to let
+% `von Helmholtz' be alphabetized under V rather than H
+% s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ f{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=
+ nameptr numnames = t "others" = and
+ { "et al" * }
+ { t sortify * }
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
+{ 't :=
+ "A " #2
+ "An " #3
+ "The " #4 t chop.word
+ chop.word
+ chop.word
+ sortify
+ #1 global.max$ substring$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.sort}
+{ author empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {editor.sort}
+{ editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
+{ author empty$
+ { editor empty$
+ { key empty$
+ { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
+ ""
+ }
+ { key sortify }
+ if$
+ }
+ { editor sort.format.names }
+ if$
+ }
+ { author sort.format.names }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {presort}
+{ calc.label
+% Michael Landy - reworked this to use the short citation format
+% (e.g. `Name et al.') as the major sort key, and then the same order as
+% used in the final output within that
+ sort.label sortify
+ " "
+ *
+ type$ "book" =
+ type$ "inbook" =
+ or
+ 'author.editor.sort
+ { type$ "proceedings" =
+ 'editor.sort
+ 'author.sort
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ *
+ " "
+ *
+ title field.or.null
+ sort.format.title
+ *
+ #1 entry.max$ substring$
+ 'sort.key$ :=
+}
+
+ITERATE {presort}
+
+SORT % by sort.label, full author list, title --- for final label calculation
+
+STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
+
+INTEGERS { last.extra.num }
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
+{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label :=
+ "" 'next.extra :=
+ #0 'last.extra.num :=
+}
+
+% Michael Landy - modified to use sort.label for the matching
+FUNCTION {forward.pass}
+{ last.label sort.label =
+ { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
+ last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
+ }
+ { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
+ "" 'extra.label :=
+ sort.label 'last.label :=
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
+{ next.extra "b" =
+ { "a" 'extra.label := }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+ label2 "}{" * extra.label * 'label2 :=
+ extra.label 'next.extra :=
+}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
+
+ITERATE {forward.pass}
+
+REVERSE {reverse.pass}
+
+% Michael Landy - changed to use long authors as major sort key instead of label
+FUNCTION {bib.sort.order}
+{ type$ "book" =
+ type$ "inbook" =
+ or
+ 'author.editor.sort
+ { type$ "proceedings" =
+ 'editor.sort
+ 'author.sort
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ " "
+ *
+ year field.or.null sortify
+ *
+ " "
+ *
+ title field.or.null
+ sort.format.title
+ *
+ #1 entry.max$ substring$
+ 'sort.key$ :=
+}
+
+ITERATE {bib.sort.order}
+
+SORT % by long authors, year, title --- giving final bib. order.
+
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+
+{ preamble$ empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+ if$
+ "\begin{thebibliography}{}" write$ newline$
+}
+
+
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+
+EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
+
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$
+ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
+}
+
+EXECUTE {end.bib}
+