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diff --git a/macros/latex/contrib/adtrees/adtreesdoc.tex b/macros/latex/contrib/adtrees/adtreesdoc.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e2ddf91586 --- /dev/null +++ b/macros/latex/contrib/adtrees/adtreesdoc.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1634 @@ +\documentclass{amsart} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{graphics} +\usepackage{adtrees} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{microtype} + +\begin{document} +\title{Adpositional Trees in \LaTeX} +\date{} +\author[Marco Benini]{Marco Benini} +\address[Marco Benini]{Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia\\ + Universit\`a degli Studi dell'Insubria\\ + via Valleggio 11, I-22100 Como, Italy} +\email{marco.benini@uninsubria.it} +\urladdr{http://marcobenini.wordpress.com} +\author[Federico Gobbo]{Federico Gobbo} +\address[Federico Gobbo]{Faculty of Humanities\\ + University of Amsterdam\\ + Spuistraat 134,NL-1012VT Amsterdam, The Netherlands} +\email{F.Gobbo@uva.nl} +\urladdr{http://federicogobbo.name} +\maketitle + +% -------------------------- +\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} +Adpositional trees (adtrees, for short) are a formal way to represent +expressions in natural language. They have been defined, used, and +discussed in F.~Gobbo and M.~Benini, \textit{Constructive Adpositional + Grammars: Foundations of Constructive Linguistics}, Cambridge +Scholar Press (2011). Since then, they have been used without +theoretical modifications in a number of applications. + +This document describes the \LaTeX\/ package to draw adtrees. It is +written so that a user may start typesetting adtrees as soon as +possible: all the fundamental commands and macros are presented in +Section~\ref{sec:simple}. At the first reading, the subsequent +sections may be freely skipped. + +Section~\ref{sec:centring} describes the next obvious step: how to put +an adtree inside your document, controlling the way to align it with +other objects. Section~\ref{sec:complex} explains how to control the +length of branches via the \verb|\unitlength| value. It also +introduces the variants of the fundamental commands to modify the +lengths of the branches in the adtree, the angle between them, or +both, either globally, locally, or recursively. + +Section~\ref{sec:internal} describes the low-level definitions that +affect the construction of the various pieces composing +adtrees. Changing these definitions is intended for advanced users, +who want to modify the standard appearance of +adtrees. Section~\ref{sec:hints} concludes the description of the main +graphical package, showing some special techniques to deal with +adtrees, and a couple of very low-level primitives of the package. + +Sections~\ref{sec:pathlike} and~\ref{sec:tabular} describe two +alternatives way to compose adtrees. the former shows a +\emph{path-like} format which is useful when keeping the order of +morphemes in the original sentence is important; the latter is a +textual rendering of an adtree as a piece of indented text. + +The final Section~\ref{sec:linear} describes the way to render adtrees +in a linear format. This is a minor feature which we discourage to +use, except for very special purposes. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Simple Adtrees}\label{sec:simple} +The installation of the package is standard: see the documentation on +your particular \TeX\/ system for the details. It reduces to put the +\verb|.sty| file in a sensible place. Using the package in a document +requires it to be invoked with +\verb|\usepackage{adtrees}| in the preamble.\vspace{1.5ex} + +The simplest adtree is composed by a single morpheme: +\begin{equation*} + \ATm{Liza}{O} +\end{equation*} +which has been typeset by the command +\begin{verbatim} + \ATm{Liza}{O} +\end{verbatim} + +Sometimes, a morpheme requires to specify attributes: +\begin{equation*} + \ATm{Liza}{O}[proper noun][animated] +\end{equation*} +this behaviour is accomplished by the command +\begin{verbatim} + \ATm{Liza}{O}[proper noun][animated] +\end{verbatim} + +The general form of the \verb|\ATm| command is +\begin{equation*} + \verb|\ATm{| m \verb|}{| g \verb|}[| a_1 \verb|]| \cdots \verb|[| + a_n \verb|]| +\end{equation*} +with $m$ the morpheme, $g$ its grammar character, and $a_1, \dots, +a_n$ its attributes, if any. The attributes are optional, and there +can be any number of them. Also, notice how all the commands in the +package start with \verb|\AT|: the final \verb|m| stands for +\emph{morpheme}. This is a general naming rule: all the fundamental +command have the form \verb|\AT| followed by a single letter which +reminds its function. Variants of the fundamental commands use a +two-letter code, the first letter being the same as the fundamental +command, and the second letter reminding the variant. + +% -------------------------- +\subsection{Complex Adtrees}\label{subsec:complex} +A complex adtree is made by two adtrees, composed via an +\emph{adposition}, which is described by a morpheme together with the +grammar character of the resulting adtree, and the +\emph{trajectory}. The trajectory is an arrow, and it can be +$\leftarrow$, $\rightarrow$, or $\leftrightarrow$. The following three +examples are very similar to the ones in Figure 2.11 of Gobbo and +Benini (2011): +\begin{equation*} + \ATr{to}{I_2^2} + {\ATm{Kim}{O_2}} + {\ATs{The box belongs}{I_1^2}} + \qquad + \ATl{$\epsilon$}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{the box}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim owns}{I_1^2}} + \qquad + \ATb{on}{E>I_1^1} + {\ATs{the box}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim jumps}{I_1^1}} +\end{equation*} + +These adtrees are typeset, respectively, by the commands +\begin{verbatim} + \ATr{to}{I_2^2} + {\ATm{Kim}{O_2}} + {\ATs{The box belongs}{I_1^2}} + + \ATl{$\epsilon$}{I_2^2} + {\ATm{the box}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim owns}{I_1^2}} + + \ATb{on}{E>I_1^1} + {\ATs{the box}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim jumps}{I_1^1}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +The general format of these commands is +\begin{equation*} + c \verb|{| a \verb|}{| g \verb|}[| x_1 \verb|]| \dots \verb|[| x_n + \verb|]{| L \verb|}{| R \verb|}| +\end{equation*} +with $c$ among \verb|\ATl|, \verb|ATr|, \verb|\ATb|; $a$ the +adposition: $g$ the grammar character of the whole construction; $x_1, +\dots, x_n$ the optional attributes of the construction; $L$ the left +adtree; and $R$ the right adtree. The adposition is typeset as normal +text, the grammar character in math mode with the roman typeface, so +that super- and sub-scripts can be freely used, and the trajectory is +defined by the command: \verb|\ATl| for the \emph{left} arrow, +\verb|\ATr| for the \emph{right} arrow, and \verb|\ATb| for the arrow +in \emph{both} direction, following the general naming rule. The +attributes are optional and they are typeset as in the morpheme +construction.\vspace{1.5ex} + +Actually, the \verb|\ATm| command is used to typeset proper morphemes, +while the \verb|\ATs| command is designed to typeset expressions which +can be expanded into an adtree. In fact, the \verb|s| letter stands +for \emph{summary}, following the general naming rule. The \verb|\ATs| +command has the same syntax as the \verb|\ATm| command, and it differs +just in the graphical appearance. So, it may take an arbitrary number +of attributes, and whatever applies to \verb|\ATm| holds for +\verb|\ATs|, too. + +% -------------------------- +\subsection{Epsilon Adpositions}\label{subsec:epsilon} +Since writing adtrees with the empty adposition, represented by the +$\epsilon$ symbol, is very common, the following commands are +provided: \verb|\ATle|, \verb|\ATre|, and \verb|\ATbe|, with \verb|e| +standing for \emph{empty} in the general naming convention. They +behave as the command without the trailing \verb|e|, but the +adposition is automatically typeset. Also, they share the same +syntax. So, the previous example +\begin{equation*} + \ATle{I_2^2} + {\ATs{the box}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim owns}{I_1^2}} +\end{equation*} +can be typeset in a simplified way as +\begin{verbatim} + \ATle{I_2^2} + {\ATs{the box}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim owns}{I_1^2}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Similarly, because the so-called epsilon-transformations are common, +and they require to forget about adpositions and morphemes, which is +graphically marked by cancelling them with a stroke, the package +automatically includes the \verb|cancel| package by Donald Arseneau, +(available in CTAN, at +\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/cancel}). In +addition, to simplify the cancellation of empty adpositions, the +commands \verb|\ATrc| \verb|\ATlc| \verb|\ATbc| are provided, with +\verb|c| standing for \emph{cancel ed}. They work as their +counterparts with the trailing \verb|e|, sharing the same syntax. For +example, +\begin{equation*} + \ATlc{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}} +\end{equation*} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATlc{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}} +\end{verbatim} + +% -------------------------- +\subsection{Overlapping subtrees}\label{subsec:overlapping} +When one has to write complex adtrees, it is often the case that there +are overlapping subtrees. To cope with these situations, the simplest +way is to prolong the left or the right branch of a node. This +behaviour can be accomplished with the \verb|\ATxl| and \verb|\ATxr| +commands, where \verb|x| stands for \emph{extends} and \verb|l| and +\verb|r| for \emph{left} and \emph{right}, respectively. They both +take a single argument which is the adtree being appended at the end +of the extended branch. For example, the following adtree, similar to +the one in Figure~2.16 (Gobbo and Benini 2011): +\begin{equation*} + \unitlength.23ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3}[phrase] + {\ATs{the key}{O}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} +has been typeset by the following \LaTeX\/ code +\begin{verbatim} + \ATl{with}{I^3_3}[phrase] + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{verbatim} + +The example also shows how to put an attribute in the top adposition. +Normally, for reasons of space, adtrees use extensively summaries to +put in evidence only the linguistic phenomenon needed in that +moment. For example, the following adtree: +\begin{equation*} + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATxr{\ATs{the door will be opened}{I^3_2}}} +\end{equation*} +has been typeset by the following \LaTeX\/ code +\begin{verbatim} + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATxr{\ATs{the door will be opened}{I^3_2}}} +\end{verbatim} +The example also shows a right-branch extension. Overlapping can be +also avoided in complex adtrees using advanced commands. See Section +\ref{sec:complex} for details. + +% -------------------------- +\subsection{Morphological adpositions}\label{subsec:mu} +Sometimes, for the sake of clarity, morphological relations should be +stated explicitly. For example, the following adtree: +\begin{equation*} +% \unitlength.3ex + \ATr{-ly}{E>I^3_2} + {\ATm{quick-}{A}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} +which has been typeset by the following \LaTeX\/ code +\begin{verbatim} + \ATr{-ly}{E>I^3_2} + {\ATm{quick-}{A}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{verbatim} +could be made explicit, where the $\mu$ adposition indicates a +morphological relation. For example, the following adtree is +linguistically equivalent to the previous one: +\begin{equation*} + \unitlength.2ex + \ATle{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATxl{\ATrmu{E} + {\ATm{-ly}{E}} + {\ATm{quick-}{A}}}}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} +and it has been typeset by the following \LaTeX\/ code +\begin{verbatim} + \ATle{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATxl{\ATrmu{E} + {\ATm{-ly}{E}} + {\ATm{quick-}{A}}}}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{verbatim} +The package provides the commands \verb|\ATlmu|, \verb|\ATrmu|, and +\verb|\ATbmu|, analogous to the $\epsilon$ variants, to simplify the +typesetting of adtrees using the $\mu$ adposition. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Alignments and Centring}\label{sec:centring} +Drawing an adtree in a display is the simplest and most common way: +\begin{equation*} + \unitlength.18ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} +is generated by the following code +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{equation*} + \unitlength.18ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} + \end{equation*} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Putting an adtree in a figure environment reduces to write the +corresponding \LaTeX\/ display inside the content of the \verb|figure| +environment. + +In general, we strongly encourages the user to use a robust display +environment, like \verb|equation*| or \verb|displaymath|, and to avoid +the \verb|center| environment. Advanced displays to align mathematical +material, as in the \AmS\ suite, are another good and reliable option +to place adtrees in a page.\vspace{1.5ex} + +An adtree fits exactly its enclosing box, that is +\begin{equation*} + \fboxsep0pt + \unitlength.18ex + \fbox{\ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATbe{O_2}{\ATm{the}{A}}{\ATm{door}{O}}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}} +\end{equation*} +If one looks closely (and that is why the adtree is so big), there is +half of the point in the root which lies outside the box. This is done +on purpose, to make easier to collate together adtrees.\vspace{1.5ex} + +Writing a morpheme or a summary directly inside the text, like +\fbox{\ATm{Gargoyle}{O}}, produces a box whose baseline is exactly the +baseline of the morpheme. This makes the behaviour predictable, even +if the graphical appearance is quite terrible (like in this +paragraph). An adtree, like \fbox{\ATre{I_2^2} {\ATm{the box}{O_2}} + {\ATbe{I_1^2}{\ATm{Kim}{O_1}}{\ATs{owns}{I^2}}}}, behaves similarly, +because the baseline of the box is the baseline of the lowest morpheme +or summary in the whole tree, the one corresponding to the \emph{owns} +morpheme in the example. + +So, at least in principle, since the user can rely on the size of the +enclosing box, and on the position of the baseline, it is possible to +align an adtree in whatever way one may desire. In our experience, the +only really common way one requires to move adtrees in the surrounding +text is to centre them: the package provides three commands to centre +an adtree horizontally, vertically, or both. These are +\verb|\ATvcentre|, \verb|\AThcentre|, and \verb|\ATcentre|, +respectively. For example +\begin{equation*} + \ATvcentre{\ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}} + \mathbin{\equiv} + \ATvcentre{\ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATxr{\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}}} +\end{equation*} +has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATvcentre{\ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}} + \mathbin{\equiv} + \ATvcentre{\ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATxr{\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}}} +\end{verbatim} + +More sophisticated ways to place an adtree in the page are discussed +in Section~\ref{sec:hints}. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Dealing with Complex Adtrees}\label{sec:complex} +Simple adtrees are easily typeset using the previously described +commands. But, sooner or later, one has to typeset a complex adtree, +which does not fit into the page, or whose branches overlap, no matter +how we extend branches, or which looks awful because of a poor choice +of dimensions. In all these cases, there are a number of strategies +one may adopt.\vspace{1.5ex} + +The simplest and crudest one is to change the length of branches. In +this respect, branches are drawn using the \LaTeX\/ \verb|picture| +environment, so the length of each branch is $25\verb|\unitlength|$. + +The value of \verb|\unitlength| may be changed globally, affecting the +way all subsequent adtrees in a document are typeset. Also, the value +may be changed inside a surrounding group, which affects only the +adtree to be typeset, but not the rest of the document. + +Finally, the value of \verb|\unitlength| can be changed within the +adtree, to affect the point where the change appears and all the +subtrees. Notice how there is no way to directly change the value of +\verb|\unitlength| in a single node: we will return on this point +later. + +For example, +\begin{equation*} + {\unitlength.28ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{equation*} +has been typeset adopting the strategy to affect all the branches in +the adtree: +\begin{verbatim} + {\unitlength.3ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3}{\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{verbatim} + +On the contrary, +\begin{verbatim} + \unitlength.31ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\unitlength.12ex\ATxl{\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}}} + {\unitlength.28ex\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{verbatim} +modifies the length of all the branches in the left subtree to +\verb|3ex| (since $3 = 25 \cdot 0.12$), and to \verb|7ex| in the +right subtree, while the outer branches have a length of +\verb|7.75ex|, obtaining +\begin{equation*} + \unitlength.31ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\unitlength.12ex\ATxl{\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}}} + {\unitlength.28ex\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} + +The adposition, and the related arrow and grammar character are moved +accordingly, which is not pleasant in this example, although it is +what one usually wants when changing the value of \verb|\unitlength| +in the whole adtree. + +The right way to have the adposition always in the same place with +respect to the branches in a node, is to fix a suitable +\verb|\unitlength| for the whole adtree, and to extend locally, just +in the single node, its value. The exact technique is a bit complex, +and it will be explained by an example later. Usually, there is no +need to cope with these minor details, except for maniacs or for high +precision works.\vspace{1.5ex} + +The length of branches can be changed locally to a single node, +without recursively affecting the subtrees, as it happens when we +change the value of \verb|\unitlength| inside a node, like in the +latest example. This can be achieved using the length variant of the +adtree drawing commands. There are also an angle variant, and a +variant affecting both the length and the angle. +The complete list of complex adtree drawing commands, with all the +variants is in Table~\ref{tab:1} +\begin{table} +\begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{cccc}\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} + \textbf{base command} & \textbf{length variant} & \textbf{angle + variant} & \textbf{combined variant}\\ + \hline\hline + \multicolumn{4}{c}{{\huge\strut}\emph{plain adtrees}}\\ + \verb|\ATl| & \verb|\ATlL| & \verb|\ATlA| & \verb|\ATlLA|\\ + \verb|\ATr| & \verb|\ATrL| & \verb|\ATrA| & \verb|\ATrLA|\\ + \verb|\ATb| & \verb|\ATbL| & \verb|\ATbA| & \verb|\ATbLA|\\ + \hline + \multicolumn{4}{c}{{\huge\strut}\emph{extensions}}\\ + \verb|\ATxl| & \verb|\ATxlL| & \verb|\ATxlA| & \verb|\ATxlLA|\\ + \verb|\ATxr| & \verb|\ATxrL| & \verb|\ATxrA| & \verb|\ATxrLA|\\ + \hline + \multicolumn{4}{c}{{\huge\strut}\emph{adtrees with special + adpositions}}\\ + \verb|\ATle| & \verb|\ATleL| & \verb|\ATleA| & \verb|\ATleLA|\\ + \verb|\ATlc| & \verb|\ATlcL| & \verb|\ATlcA| & \verb|\ATlcLA|\\ + \verb|\ATlmu| & \verb|\ATlmuL| & \verb|\ATlmuA| & \verb|\ATlmuLA|\\ + \verb|\ATre| & \verb|\ATreL| & \verb|\ATreA| & \verb|\ATreLA|\\ + \verb|\ATrc| & \verb|\ATrcL| & \verb|\ATrcA| & \verb|\ATrcLA|\\ + \verb|\ATrmu| & \verb|\ATrmuL| & \verb|\ATrmuA| & \verb|\ATrmuLA|\\ + \verb|\ATbe| & \verb|\ATbeL| & \verb|\ATbeA| & \verb|\ATbeLA|\\ + \verb|\ATbc| & \verb|\ATbcL| & \verb|\ATbcA| & \verb|\ATbcLA|\\ + \verb|\ATbmu| & \verb|\ATbmuL| & \verb|\ATbmuA| & \verb|\ATbmuLA|\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} +\end{center} +\caption{Complex adtrees drawing command.}\label{tab:1} +\end{table} + +The names of these commands are easy to remember: the length variant +has a trailing \verb|L|, the angle variant a trailing \verb|A|, and +the combined variant a trailing \verb|LA|. + +The syntax of the length variant is the same as the base command +except that there is an additional argument, the first one, which +contains the value for the local \verb|\unitlength|. In fact, the +length we specify has exactly the same effect of changing +\verb|\unitlength| just before the command, but the change does not +apply recursively. + +It is worth remarking that, e.g., \verb|\ATlL{\unitlength}| is +equivalent to \verb|\ATl|, so to reduce the length of branches to +$90\%$ of their current value, it suffices the write something like +\verb|\ATrL{.9\unitlength}|. + +Similarly, the syntax of the angle variant requires an additional +first argument which can be $60$, $90$, or $120$, representing the +angle between the branches: the default is $60$ degrees. Specifying +any other values resorts to the default. + +The combined variant requires two additional arguments, the length and +the angle, in this order, before any other parameter.\vspace*{1.5ex} + +A hidden, very technical, feature of the package is that, whatever +follows the length in the \verb|L| argument gets evaluated inside the +group which generates the branches in the node. So, for those well +inside \LaTeX\/ mysteries, this feature can be used to tweak the +behaviour of the graphical engine.\vspace{1.5ex} + +For example, +\begin{equation*} + \ATlL{.4ex}{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}} + {\ATreL{.25ex}{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATlL{.4ex}{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}} + {\ATreL{.25ex}{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +The \emph{trick} to have the adposition always in the same place we +speak before, is now easy to write, although slightly +cumbersome. Specifically, the trick is to choose a reasonable global +value for \verb|\unitlength| which affects all the adtree, and then to +locally extend the branches with the \verb|\ATxlL| and \verb|\ATxrL| +commands whenever there is a need. The sensible choice for +\verb|\unitlength| minimises the number of extensions, and nicely +place the adpositions. For example +\begin{verbatim} + {\unitlength.32ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATxlL{.1ex} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}}} + {\ATxrL{.2ex} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}}} +\end{verbatim} +generates +\begin{equation*} + {\unitlength.3ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATxlL{.1ex}{\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}}} + {\ATxrL{.2ex}{\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}}} +\end{equation*}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Another possibility to change the geometry of adtrees is to modify the +angle between the branches. The commands to change the angle in the +whole document, or within any group, affecting just the content of the +group, are \verb|\ATnormalangle|, which sets the angle to $60$ +degrees, the default, \verb|\ATwideangle|, which sets the angle to +$90$ degrees, and \verb|\ATextrawideangle|, which sets the angle to +$120$ degrees. These values are the only possible ones, also in the +angle variant of the commands, as said before. Moreover, the value +$60$, $90$, or $120$ passed to the angle variant of a command (or to +the combined variant) affects the node locally, as in the length +variants' case. + +For example +\begin{equation*} + {\ATwideangle\unitlength.3ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}} + {\ATxrL{.2ex}{\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}} } +\end{equation*} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + {\ATwideangle\unitlength.3ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}} + {\ATxrL{.2ex}{\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}}} } +\end{verbatim} + +However, the following adtree +\begin{equation*} + \ATlLA{.5ex}{120}{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}} + {\ATreL{.25ex}{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{equation*} +has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATlLA{.5ex}{120}{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATbe{O_3} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{key}{O}}} + {\ATreL{.25ex}{I^3_2} + {\ATs{the door}{O_2}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} +\end{verbatim} + +The placement of the adposition varies when the angle is changed: this +has been done on purpose to cope with the reduction in height which is +induced by a larger angle between the branches. Notice how the +reduction in height may cause the adposition part of the adtree to +fall beyond the base of the branches. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Internal Constructions}\label{sec:internal} +All the major parts of an adtree can be customised. This section +describes a number of definitions which are used to control the +spacing between the various parts of morpheme blocks, summaries, and +adposition blocks. Also, the boxes which are deputed to provide a +format to a single morpheme, a grammar character, or an attribute, are +described.\vspace{1.5ex} + +The shape of the adposition block, which lies just below the root of a +node in the adtree, is synthetically described as: +\begin{equation*} + {\unitlength2ex + \begin{picture}(14,14) + \thinlines + \put( 0, 2){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 4){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 6){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 8){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,10){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,12){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 7,13){\makebox(0,0){pre skip}} + \put( 7,11){\makebox(0,0){$t$}} + \put( 7, 9){\makebox(0,0){first intermediate skip}} + \put( 7, 7){\makebox(0,0){$a$}} + \put( 7, 5){\makebox(0,0){second intermediate skip}} + \put( 7, 3){\makebox(0,0){$g + x$}} + \put( 7, 1){\makebox(0,0){post skip}} + \thicklines + \put( 0, 0){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,14){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 0){\line(0,1){14}} + \put(14, 0){\line(0,1){14}} + \end{picture}} + \qquad\qquad\qquad + \raisebox{6ex}{\ATb{$a$}{g}[x]{\ATm{}{}}{\ATm{}{}}} +\end{equation*} +Here, $t$ stands for the trajectory, one of $\leftarrow$, +$\rightarrow$, or $\leftrightarrow$, as in the exemplifying adtree +above; $a$ is the adposition; $g$ is the grammar character; $x$ is an +attribute. The various skips are \LaTeX\/ commands deputed to add +vertical space between the components. + +These commands, together with their definition, are: +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATpreadpositionskip{\relax} + \def\ATfirstinteradpositionskip{\vskip.3ex} + \def\ATsecondinteradpositionskip{\vskip.3ex} + \def\ATpostadpositionskip{\relax} +\end{verbatim} +They can be redefined globally, to affect all the adtrees following +the redefinition, or locally, within a group which limits the +scope. For example, the following adtree +\begin{equation*} + {\def\ATpreadpositionskip{\vskip-2ex} + \ATrL{.3ex}{to}{I_2^2} + {\ATm{Kim}{O_2}} + {\ATs{The box belongs}{I^2_1}}} +\end{equation*} +has been obtained by the code +\begin{verbatim} + {\def\ATpreadpositionskip{\vskip-2ex} + \ATrL{.3ex}{to}{I_2^2} + {\ATm{Kim}{O_2}} + {\ATs{The box belongs}{I^2_1}}} +\end{verbatim} + +The \verb|L| hidden feature of the package, already introduced, which +injects code into the macro expansion, allows to redefine these +commands within the scope of a single node, as in the root of +\begin{equation*} + \ATrL{\unitlength\def\ATpreadpositionskip{\vskip-2ex}} + {to}{I_2^2}{\ATm{Kim}{O}} + {\ATbe{I_1^2}{\ATs{The box}{O_1}}{\ATm{belongs}{I^2_1}}} +\end{equation*} +This effect is obtained by the following code +\begin{verbatim} + \ATrL{\unitlength\def\ATpreadpositionskip{\vskip-2ex}} + {to}{I_2^2} + {\ATm{Kim}{O_2}} + {\ATbe{I_1^2}{\ATs{The box}{O_1}}{\ATm{belongs}{I^2}}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Attributes are managed so to form a unique block together with the +grammar character. This block is constructed by the \verb|\ATm| and +\verb|\ATs| commands, and inside the previously described adposition +block. + +It is important to remark that, although the size of text is normal in +the case of the morpheme and summary blocks, and while it is small in +the case of the adposition block, the values of skips are not affected +by the size. Thus, we strongly suggest, if you want to change them, to +express these values in the \verb|ex| unit, which is the right unit to +measure vertical space in terms of the \emph{current} font size. + +The structure of the attribute block is +\begin{equation*} + {\unitlength2ex + \begin{picture}(14,14) + \thinlines + \put( 0, 2){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 4){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 6){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 8){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,10){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,12){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 7,13){\makebox(0,0){$g$}} + \put( 7,11){\makebox(0,0){first skip}} + \put( 7, 9){\makebox(0,0){$a_1$}} + \put( 7, 7){\makebox(0,0){intermediate skip}} + \put( 7, 5){\makebox(0,0){$\vdots$}} + \put( 7, 3){\makebox(0,0){intermediate skip}} + \put( 7, 1){\makebox(0,0){$a_n$}} + \thicklines + \put( 0, 0){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,14){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 0){\line(0,1){14}} + \put(14, 0){\line(0,1){14}} + \end{picture}} + \qquad\qquad\qquad + {\def\ATAttributeBox#1{\strut\textsf{#1}} + \raisebox{20ex}{\ATm{}{g}[\lbrack$a_1$\rbrack] + [\vdots] + [\lbrack$a_n$\rbrack]} } +\end{equation*} +Here, $g$ is the grammar character, while $a_1, \dots, a_n$ are the +various attributes. The commands defining the skips in this block are +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATfirstattrskip{\vskip.7ex} + \def\ATinterattrskip{\vskip.5ex} +\end{verbatim} +These definitions can be changed globally or locally, within the scope +of a group. Also, in the case of attributes in the adposition block, +they can be redefined within the single node, with the same technique +as before. + +It is worth remarking that any kind of material can be generated by +these commands, not only vertical space. For example +\begin{equation*} + {\makeatletter + \def\ATfirstattrskip{\vskip.5ex + \hbox to\@ATlen{\hfil\tiny * * *\hfil}\nointerlineskip + \vskip.3ex} + \makeatother + \ATbe{O}[determ] + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{box}{O}}} +\end{equation*} +has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + {\makeatletter + \def\ATfirstattrskip{\vskip.5ex + \hbox to\@ATlen{\hfil\tiny * * *\hfil}\nointerlineskip + \vskip.3ex} + \makeatother + \ATbe{O}[determ] + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{box}{O}}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Finally, morpheme and summary blocks are as follows: +\begin{equation*} + {\unitlength2ex + \begin{picture}(14,12) + \thinlines + \put( 0, 2){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 4){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 6){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 8){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,10){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 7,11){\makebox(0,0){$\triangle$, if a summary}} + \put( 7, 9){\makebox(0,0){pre skip}} + \put( 7, 7){\makebox(0,0){$m$}} + \put( 7, 5){\makebox(0,0){intermediate skip}} + \put( 7, 3){\makebox(0,0){$g + x$}} + \put( 7, 1){\makebox(0,0){post skip}} + \thicklines + \put( 0, 0){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0,12){\line(1,0){14}} + \put( 0, 0){\line(0,1){12}} + \put(14, 0){\line(0,1){12}} + \end{picture}} + \qquad\qquad + \raisebox{15ex}{\ATm{m}{g}[x]} + \qquad + \raisebox{14ex}{\ATs{m}{g}[x]} +\end{equation*} +Here, $m$ is the morpheme or expression, and $g$ is the grammar +character together with its attributes $x$. The commands defining the +skips in this block are +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATpremorphemeskip{\vskip.5ex} + \def\ATintermorphemeskip{\vskip1ex} + \def\ATpostmorphemeskip{\relax} +\end{verbatim} +Again, these definitions can be modified globally, or locally, within +a group that limits the scope of the change. It is worth remarking +that nesting an \verb|\ATm| or \verb|\ATs| command inside a complex +adtree provides a natural group. For example +\begin{equation*} + \ATbe{O} + {\def\ATpremorphemeskip{\vskip0ex} + \def\ATintermorphemeskip{\vskip.2ex} + \ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{box}{O}} +\end{equation*} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATbe{O} + {\def\ATpremorphemeskip{\vskip0ex} + \def\ATintermorphemeskip{\vskip.2ex} + \ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{box}{O}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Actually, the face of morphemes, adpositions, and expressions in +summaries is controlled by the following command: +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATMorphemeBox#1{#1\strut} +\end{verbatim} +The \verb|\strut| forces all the instances to have the same minimal +height and depth. So, to typeset all the morphemes and summaries in +italic, as in +\begin{equation*} + {\def\ATMorphemeBox#1{\textit{#1}\strut} + \ATb{in}{E>I_2^2} + {\ATs{the house}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim moves}{I^2_1}} } +\end{equation*} +the following code suffices +\begin{verbatim} + {\def\ATMorphemeBox#1{\textit{#1}\strut} + \ATb{in}{E>I_2^2} + {\ATs{the house}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim moves}{I^2_1}} } +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Similarly, the face of grammar characters, wherever they appear, is +controlled by the command +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATGrammarCharacterBox#1{$\mathrm{#1}$} +\end{verbatim} +The same scoping rules apply as in the case of +\verb|\ATMorphemeBox|. So, for example, we can make the grammar +character of the left subtree to be \verb|\Huge|, as in +\begin{equation*} + \ATb{in}{E>I_2^2} + {\def\ATGrammarCharacterBox#1{\Huge$\mathrm{#1}$} + \ATs{the house}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim move}{I_1^2}} +\end{equation*} +by typing the following code +\begin{verbatim} + \ATb{in}{E>I_2^2} + {\def\ATGrammarCharacterBox#1{\Huge$\mathrm{#1}$} + \ATs{the house}{O}} + {\ATs{Kim moves}{I_1^2}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Also attributes are typeset according to a command: +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATAttributeBox#1{\textsf{[#1]}} +\end{verbatim} +So, for example, the illustrating attribute block on the previous page +has been generated by the following code +\begin{verbatim} + {\def\ATAttributeBox#1{\strut\textsf{#1}} + \raisebox{20ex}{\ATm{}{g}[\lbrack$a_1$\rbrack] + [\vdots] + [\lbrack$a_n$\rbrack]} } +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Finally, the symbol denoting a summary can be customised by changing +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATSummarySymbol{$\triangle$} +\end{verbatim} +It is important to remark that the top vertex of the triangle lies in +the middle of the top of the $\triangle$ character, providing a +natural point to join with the branches of adtrees. This fact should +be taken in account when changing the definition. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Hints and Tricks}\label{sec:hints} +There are a few last features which can be exploited in the +\verb|adtrees| package. These are the low-level commands to draw the +branches: +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATleftbranch#1#2{\line(#1,#2)} + \def\ATrightbranch#1#2{\line(#1,#2)} + \def\ATcircle{\circle*} +\end{verbatim} + +The \verb|\ATleftbranch| and \verb|\ATrightbranch| commands draw the +left and the right branch of an adtree, respectively. Also, they draw +the extensions, when present. They can be redefined globally, locally +within the scope of a group, or locally within a node, using the +implicit scope of the length variant, as previously described by the +trick to equalise the position of adposition blocks. + +For example, +\begin{equation*} + \unitlength.26ex + {\def\ATrightbranch#1#2{\color{red}\line(#1,#2)} + \ATlL{\unitlength + \def\ATleftbranch##1##2{\color{green}\line(##1,##2)}} + {with}{I^3_3}{\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{equation*} +is obtained by making all the right branches red, and the topmost left +branch green: +\begin{verbatim} + {\def\ATrightbranch#1#2{\color{red}\line(#1,#2)} + \ATlL{\unitlength + \def\ATleftbranch##1##2{\color{green}\line(##1,##2)}} + {with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{verbatim} + +Also, the following definition +\begin{verbatim} + {\def\ATcircle#1{\relax} + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{verbatim} +suppresses the points in the whole adtree +\begin{equation*} + \unitlength.2ex + {\def\ATcircle#1{\relax} + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{equation*} + +As a rather extreme and useless example, one can typeset the previous +adtree without showing the branches and making the points really huge +\begin{equation*} + {\def\ATcircle#1{\circle*{8}} + \def\ATleftbranch#1#2#3{\relax} + \def\ATrightbranch#1#2#3{\relax} + \unitlength.22ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{equation*} +by the following code +\begin{verbatim} + {\def\ATcircle#1{\circle*{8}} + \def\ATleftbranch#1#2#3{\relax} + \def\ATrightbranch#1#2#3{\relax} + \unitlength.22ex + \ATl{with}{I^3_3} + {\ATs{the key}{O_3}} + {\ATre{I^3_2} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O_2}}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}}} } +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +Another important aspect of the package is that every adtree lies in a +\TeX\/ box. It means that all the standard commands to manipulate +boxes are available. + +For example +\begin{equation*} + \rotatebox{-30} + {\ATlcLA{.3ex}{90}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{equation*} +has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + \rotatebox{-30} + {\ATlcLA{.3ex}{90}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{verbatim} + +Sometimes, scaling a box is required: +\begin{equation*} + \scalebox{1.5} + {\ATlcLA{.3ex}{90}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{equation*} +has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + \scalebox{1.5} + {\ATlcLA{.3ex}{90}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +A final point is that, when the \verb|\smaller| command is available, +as in AMS-\TeX, changing the font size automatically makes the +adposition blocks to be \verb|\smaller| than the size of the normal +text, which is used to typeset the morpheme and summary blocks. For +example, +\begin{equation*} + \hbox{\huge + \ATlcLA{.3ex}{120}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{equation*} +which has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + {\huge + \ATlcLA{.3ex}{120}{I_2^2} + {\ATs{\cancel{the apple}}{O_2}} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{verbatim} + +When the \verb|smaller| command is not available, the size of the +adposition block is fixed to be \verb|\small|. This can be changed +modifying the (internal) command \verb|\@ATsmall|: +\begin{verbatim} + \makeatletter + \def\@ATsmall{\small} + \makeatother +\end{verbatim} +Changing \verb|\small| in the above code, modifies the size of the +components of the adposition block. We suggest to avoid such a change, +except in a local group which contains a complete adtree.\vfill + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Path-like Adtrees}\label{sec:pathlike} +Adtrees are abstract representation of pieces of text. When the +relation with an effective piece of text is relevant, a different +representation is preferred: path-like adtrees. For example, the +expression ``the girl for whom the man bought the book'' is rendered as +\begin{displaymath} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl [O] & + for [U] ( 5,4)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}] & + wh- [U] (-2,6)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + om [O_2] (-2,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_1}] & + man [O_1] ( 1,2)[\overleftarrow{I^4_1}] & + bought [I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}] (-4,5)[\overrightarrow{A}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + book [O_2] (-2,3)[\overleftarrow{I^4_2}] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} +from the code +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl [O] & + for [U] ( 5,4)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}] & + wh- [U] (-2,6)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + om [O_2] (-2,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_1}] & + man [O_1] ( 1,2)[\overleftarrow{I^4_1}] & + bought [I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}] (-4,5)[\overrightarrow{A}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + book [O_2] (-2,3)[\overleftarrow{I^4_2}] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{verbatim} + +To write a path-like adtree one encloses it into a +\verb!pathlikeadtree! environment. Then, each \emph{cell} is written. +Cells are separated by \verb|&|. A cell is composed by a +\emph{morpheme}, a \emph{grammar character}, and one or more +\emph{arcs}. The morpheme $m$ comes first with his grammar character +following in square brackets: +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + morhpeme [G] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{verbatim} +produces +\begin{displaymath} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + morhpeme [G] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} + +An arc is specified as \verb|(|$t$\verb|,|$h$\verb|)[|$g$\verb|]| +where $t$ is the \emph{target}, i.e., the node to which the arc is +directed, $h$ is the \emph{height} of the arc, which \textbf{must} be +a positive integer, and $g$ is the \emph{grammar character} of the +composition of expressions which the arc intend to represent. It +should be remarked that there \textbf{must} be no space between +\verb|)| and \verb|[|. For example, +\begin{displaymath} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the[A](1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl[O]&for[U]&wh-[U]&om[O_2]&the[A]&man[O_1]& + bought[I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}]&the[A]&book[O_2] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the[A](1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl[O]&for[U]&wh-[U]&om[O_2]&the[A]&man[O_1]& + bought[I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}]&the[A]&book[O_2] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{verbatim} + +The target uses a \emph{relative} specification: in the example, it is +one step forward with respect to the node it has been written into. Of +course, going backwards is possible, by using a negative value for the +target: +\begin{displaymath} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the[A]&girl[O]&for[U]& + wh-[U] (-2,2)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + om[O_2]&the[A]&man[O_1]&bought[I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}]& + the[A]&book[O_2] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the[A]&girl[O]&for[U]& + wh-[U] (-2,2)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + om[O_2]&the[A]&man[O_1]&bought[I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}]& + the[A]&book[O_2] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{verbatim} +However, it is possible to specify an \emph{absolute} position +prepending a \verb|!| to the target: +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the[A]&girl[O]& + for[U] (!8,1)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}] & + wh-[U]&om[O_2]&the[A]&man[O_1]& + bought[I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}]&the[A]&book[O_2] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{verbatim} +\begin{displaymath} + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the[A]&girl[O]& + for[U] (!8,1)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}] & + wh-[U]&om[O_2]&the[A]&man[O_1]& + bought[I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}]&the[A]&book[O_2] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} + +The appearance of a path-like adtree is controlled by a number of +parameters which the user may customise: +\begin{itemize} +\item \verb|\ATpathinterskip| (default: \verb|.5em|) is the distance + between two cells; +\item \verb|\ATpathunitlength| (default: \verb|4ex|) corresponds to + the length of a line of height $1$; +\item \verb|\ATpicskip| (default: \verb|.2ex|) is the distance between + the upper text and the arcs below; +\item \verb|\ATpathlinethickness| (default: \verb|.1em|) specifies the + thickness of the arcs; +\item \verb|\ATpathlabelhspace| (default: \verb|.3em|) defines the + horizontal space between the grammar character in an arc and the + vertical line of the arc to which it is closer; +\item \verb|\ATpathlabelvspace| (default: \verb|1ex|) defines the + vertical space between the baseline of the grammar character in an + arc and the horizontal line of the arc. +\end{itemize} +Finally, the way in which the grammar characters are written is +customisable by changing their default boxes. They are defined as +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATnGCBox#1{\@ATsmall$\mathrm{#1}$} + \def\ATlGCBox#1{\@ATsmall$\mathrm{#1}$} +\end{verbatim} +with \verb|\ATnGCBox| controlling the rendering of the part below each +morpheme, and \verb|\ATlGCBox| controlling the labels of the arcs. + +As an example, +\begin{displaymath} + \ATpathinterskip1.2em + \ATpathunitlength4.5ex + \ATpicskip1ex + \ATpathlinethickness.2pt + \ATpathlabelhspace1em + \ATpathlabelvspace2ex + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl [O] & + for [U] ( 5,4)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}] & + wh- [U] (-2,6)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + om [O_2] (-2,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_1}] & + man [O_1] ( 1,2)[\overleftarrow{I^4_1}] & + bought [I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}] (-4,5)[\overrightarrow{A}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + book [O_2] (-2,3)[\overleftarrow{I^4_2}] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATpathinterskip1.2em + \ATpathunitlength4.5ex + \ATpicskip1ex + \ATpathlinethickness.2pt + \ATpathlabelhspace1em + \ATpathlabelvspace2ex + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl [O] & + for [U] ( 5,4)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}] & + wh- [U] (-2,6)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + om [O_2] (-2,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_1}] & + man [O_1] ( 1,2)[\overleftarrow{I^4_1}] & + bought [I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}] (-4,5)[\overrightarrow{A}] & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + book [O_2] (-2,3)[\overleftarrow{I^4_2}] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{verbatim} + +Path-like adtrees as explained so far are useful to represent adtrees +having $\epsilon$-only adpositions. Since every adtree, up to a +syntactical transformation, can be represented in this way, although +losing some pieces of structural content, path-like adtrees drawn +using the previously explained features are completely general. + +However, there is less elegant way of writing general adtrees in the +path-like form, in which adpositions are directly referred to in the +arcs. + +In short, the arc syntax is generalised to +\verb|(|$t$\verb|,|$h$\verb|)[|$g$\verb|]|\verb|<|$a$\verb|>| where +the $a$ specifies the adposition, either using the relative or the +absolute \verb|!| syntax. Of course, when there is no explicit +adpostion to refer, i.e., the adposition is $\epsilon$, the previous +syntax, without the parameter in angle brackets, is used. + +As an illustration, +\begin{displaymath} + \ATpathinterskip1.2em + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl [O] & + for [U] & + wh- [U] & + om [O_2] ( 3,4)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}]<!3> & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_1}] & + man [O_1] ( 1,2)[\overleftarrow{I^4_1}] & + bought [I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}] (-6,6)[\overrightarrow{A}]<-4> & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + book [O_2] (-2,3)[\overleftarrow{I^4_2}] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} +has been typeset by +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{displaymath} + \ATpathinterskip1.2em + \begin{pathlikeadtree} + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O}] & + girl [O] & + for [U] & + wh- [U] & + om [O_2] ( 3,4)[\overleftarrow{I^4_3}]<!3> & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_1}] & + man [O_1] ( 1,2)[\overleftarrow{I^4_1}] & + bought [I^4_{\mathsf{dep}}] (-6,6)[\overrightarrow{A}]<-4> & + the [A] ( 1,1)[\overleftarrow{O_2}] & + book [O_2] (-2,3)[\overleftarrow{I^4_2}] + \end{pathlikeadtree} +\end{displaymath} +\end{verbatim}\vspace{1.5ex} + +There are a few hints and tricks about path-like adtrees: first, as in +the case of adtrees, the \verb|pathlikeadtree| environment produces a +\TeX{} box, thus it can be manipulated by, e.g., rotating, scaling, +etc. + +Second, while the syntax inside the \verb|pathlikeadtree| is quite +rigid, it is possible to locally use commands by putting them in the +morpheme of a cell. The effects of this commands influence the cell +from the point they are issued, but also all the subsequent +cells. Beware that using commands with side effects inside a +\verb|pathlikeadtree| environment is an hack, which requires a deep +understanding of how the code of the package operates. + +The third way to radically affect the appearance of a path-like adtree +is to redefine \verb|\ATpathpichook|, which is \verb|\def|ined to be +empty by default. This command is issued just before each arc is +drawn. To code sophisticated manipulations of the drawing process +requires to understand how the drawing engine works. However, for +simple manipulations, it suffices to know that \verb|\@ATpa| contains +the index of the source cell of an arc, \verb|\@ATpb| the index of the +target cell, \verb|\@ATpc| the height, \verb|\@ATsa| is a box register +containing the already formatted grammar character of an arc, and +\verb|\@ATpe| is either $0$ or the index of the adposition cell. +Needless to say, using this feature is for advanced users only. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Tabular Adtrees}\label{sec:tabular} +Sometimes it is useful to have a purely textual representation of an +adtree, which is more compact and fits, e.g., in a double column +format. For example +\begin{equation*} + \ATrLA{2\unitlength}{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{man}{O}}} +\end{equation*} +can be rendered as +\begin{ATtabulardisplay} + \ATrLA{2\unitlength}{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{man}{O}}} +\end{ATtabulardisplay} + +Obtaining this effect is as simple as enclosing the adtree into a +\verb!ATtabulardisplay! environment. The previous example has been +typeset by +\begin{verbatim} + \begin{ATtabulardisplay} + \ATrA{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O}{\ATm{the}{A}}{\ATm{man}{O}}} + \end{ATtabulardisplay} +\end{verbatim} + +The environment uses the \verb|\ATtabskip| command to declare the +amount of space to use for indenting the sub-trees. The default is +\verb|\def\ATtabskip{\hspace*{1em}}|. In addition, the whole +environment is moved on the right by \verb|\ATtabindent|, with default +value \verb|\def\ATtabindent{\hspace*{2em}}|. + +Alternatively, the environment \verb|ATtabular| allows to typeset the +adtree in the same way but inside a box, which can then be manipulated +as one pleases: +\begin{displaymath} + \fbox{$\vcenter{\begin{ATtabular} + \ATrLA{2\unitlength}{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{man}{O}}} + \end{ATtabular}}$} = + \fbox{$\vcenter{\begin{ATtabular} + \ATrLA{2\unitlength}{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{man}{O}}} + \end{ATtabular}}$} +\end{displaymath} +\begin{verbatim} + \fbox{$\vcenter{ + \begin{ATtabular} + \ATrLA{2\unitlength}{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{man}{O}}} + \end{ATtabular}}$} = + \fbox{$\vcenter{ + \begin{ATtabular} + \ATrLA{2\unitlength}{120}{wh-}{O} + {\ATr{for}{I} + {\ATs{the girl}{O}} + {\ATle{I^4_2} + {\ATs{the book}{Y}} + {\ATre{I^4_1} + {\ATm{-o}{X}} + {\ATs{bought}{I^4_{\mathrm{dep}}}}}}} + {\ATle{O} + {\ATm{the}{A}} + {\ATm{man}{O}}} + \end{ATtabular}}$} +\end{verbatim} + +The various pieces of the adtree are rendered according to the +following definitions, which could be modified on need, see also the +next section, keeping in mind that they are not for the casual user. +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATtabularadpositionblock#1#2#3{% + \hbox{\ATtabindent\AT@loop@tab% + {#2}\textsuperscript{#1}\textsubscript{#3}}} + \def\ATtabularmorphemeblock#1#2{ + \hbox{\ATtabindent\AT@loop@tab% + {#1}\textsubscript{#2}}} + \def\ATtabularsummaryblock#1#2{ + \hbox{\ATtabindent\AT@loop@tab% + \mbox{$\triangle($}% + \mbox{#1}\mbox{$)$}\textsubscript{#2}}} + \def\ATtabularfirstattribute{\ATlinearfirstattribute} + \def\ATtabularnextattribute{\ATlinearnextattribute} + \def\ATtabularsubtrees#1#2{% + \advance\@AT@tabcount1% + \vbox{#1\relax#2}% + \advance\@AT@tabcount-1} +\end{verbatim} + +Finally the \verb|\ATTabular| command can be used to switch from the +normal graphical rendering of adtrees to the tabular one. This is a +low-level command which has been left accessible to end-users willing +to write their own environments when \verb|ATtabular| is not enough. + +% -------------------------- +\clearpage +\section{Linear Adtrees}\label{sec:linear} +Adtrees can be rendered in a linear format. This is not graphically +pleasant, so we discourage users to adopt it.\vspace{1.5ex} + +Nevertheless, it may be useful to have a very compact representation +of adtrees. This can be automatically obtained by prepending the +\verb|\ATlinearise| command to an adtree. For example +\begin{center} + \ATlinearise{\ATlcL{.3ex}{I_2^2}[phrase] + {\ATm{\cancel{something}}{O}[object][fruit]} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{center} +is the same as +\begin{equation*} + \ATlcL{.3ex}{I_2^2}[phrase] + {\ATm{\cancel{something}}{O}[object][fruit]} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}} +\end{equation*} +which shows how all the features of adtrees are rendered in the linear +format. + +The linear presentation has been generated by +\begin{verbatim} + \ATlinearise{\ATlcL{.3ex}{I_2^2}[phrase] + {\ATm{\cancel{something}}{O}[object][fruit]} + {\ATs{Kim eats}{I_1^2}}} +\end{verbatim} +which differs from the code to draw the graphics presentation just for +\verb|\ATlinearise|.\vspace{1.5ex} + +Declaring \verb|\ATLinear| in some point of the text makes linear all +the adtrees from that point on. To reestablish the standard behaviour +of graphical adtrees, one issues the command +\verb|\ATNormal|.\vspace{1.5ex} + +Linear adtrees are composed using the following commands +\begin{verbatim} + \def\ATlinearadpositionblock#1#2#3% + {{#2}\textsuperscript{#1}\textsubscript{#3}} + \def\ATlinearfirstattribute#1{{#1}:} + \def\ATlinearnextattribute#1{{#1};} + \def\ATlinearsubtrees#1#2{(#1,\linebreak[0] #2)} + \def\ATlinearmorphemeblock#1#2{{#1}\textsubscript{#2}} + \def\ATlinearsummaryblock#1#2{\mbox{$\triangle($}% + \mbox{#1}\mbox{$)$}\textsubscript{#2}} +\end{verbatim} +Their meaning should be intuitive after the explanations in +Section~\ref{sec:internal}. + +Also, it must be remarked that \verb|\ATMorphemeBox|, +\verb|\ATGrammarCharacterBox|, and \verb|\ATAttributeBox| are still +used to write the corresponding elements.\vspace{1.5ex} + +Linear adtrees are useful when it is required to perform some +computation on an adtree inside \LaTeX, e.g., when trying to write a +macro which manipulates an argument which is an adtree. + +The reason is double: first, the linear format require far less +computation than the graphical rendering; and, second, the building +macros receive inputs which have not been heavily preprocessed to +prepare their graphical rendering, thus closer to what the user has +written in the source code. + +For example, to list all the morpheme attributes occurring inside +\begin{equation*} + \ATlL{.3ex}{with}{I^2_2}[phrase] + {\ATs{the key}{O}[third actant]} + {\ATre{I^2_1} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O}[second actant]}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^3}[governor]}} +\end{equation*} +we can execute +\begin{verbatim} + { \def\ATlinearadpositionblock#1#2#3{\relax} + \def\ATlinearfirstattribute#1#2{#2} + \def\ATlinearnextattribute#1#2{[{#2}]} + \def\ATlinearsubtrees{\relax} + \def\ATlinearmorphemeblock#1{\relax} + \def\ATlinearsummaryblock#1{\relax} + \ATlinearise{ + \ATl{with}{I^2_2}[phrase] + {\ATs{the key}{O}[third actant]} + {\ATre{I^2_1} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O}[second actant]}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^2}[governor]}}} } +\end{verbatim} +which produces +\begin{center} + { \def\ATlinearadpositionblock#1#2#3{\relax} + \def\ATlinearfirstattribute#1#2{#2} + \def\ATlinearnextattribute#1#2{[{#2}]} + \def\ATlinearsubtrees{\relax} + \def\ATlinearmorphemeblock#1{\relax} + \def\ATlinearsummaryblock#1{\relax} + \ATlinearise{ + \ATl{with}{I^2_2}[phrase] + {\ATs{the key}{O}[third actant]} + {\ATre{I^2_1} + {\ATxl{\ATs{the door}{O}[second actant]}} + {\ATs{will be opened}{I^2}[governor]}}} } +\end{center} +Needless to say, such computations require a real \TeX\/ magician, who +is able to fully understand the code of the package! Nevertheless, +this opens the door to \LaTeX\/ macros that operate on adtrees, +treating them like data structures.\vfill +\end{document} + +%%% Local Variables: +%%% mode: latex +%%% TeX-master: t +%%% End: |