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Diffstat (limited to 'language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides')
30 files changed, 22953 insertions, 0 deletions
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+b(of)d(an)o(y)h(sort)h(requires)g(p)q(ermission)e(from)g(me.)16 +b(Otherwise,)c(y)o(ou)f(are)h(free)g(to)f(use)h(this)f(for)g(an)o(y)f(legal,) +0 1865 y(non-destructiv)o(e)k(purp)q(ose.)19 b(If)13 b(y)o(ou)f(\014nd)h +(this)g(material)e(useful,)i(a)g(con)o(tribution)f(to)h(c)o(harit)o(y)g(will) +e(b)q(e)j(most)d(appreciated.)965 2770 y(3)p eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/classic_guide.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/classic_guide.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..38d2e3eb53 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/classic_guide.tex @@ -0,0 +1,239 @@ +%(c) 1991 by Joel M. Hoffman +%readme.tex file for hclassic fonts and supporting TeX macros. +%This file uses the fonts hclassic and hcaption. MetaFont them before +%processing this file. It also uses the macro files: hletter1, dots, +%and vowels. Process this file with plain TeX. + +%Use of this material in a commercial venture of any sort requires +%permission from me. Otherwise, you are free to use this for any +%legal, non-destructive purpose. If you find this font useful, a +%contribution to charity will be most appreciated. + +%Send comments or complaints to: +% +%BITNET: hoffman@nyuacf.BITNET <-- this will change soon +%CompuServe: 72700,402 -or- 72700.402@compuserve.com +%SNAIL: Joel M. Hoffman +% 19 Hillcrest Lane +% Rye, NY 10580 +% U.S.A. + + +\tolerance10000 + +\input hletter1 % load the letter macros +\input vowels % load the vowel macros +\input dots % load the dot macros + +\font\Hebrew=hclassic % Use hclassic for Hebrew text +\font\HebrewCaption=hcaption % Use hcaption for captions. +\font\EnglishCaption=cmbx12 % Use cmbx12 for English Caption. + +\def\part#1{\bigskip\noindent{\EnglishCaption #1}\par\nobreak\medskip} +\def\\{$\backslash$} +\def\cmd#1#2{\\#1{$\{$}{\it #2}{$\}$}} + +\headline{\rm May 1991\hfill\tt hclassic\rm\hfill\copyright 1991 by Joel M.\ Hoffman} + +\advance\baselineskip by .25\baselineskip + +\part{Introduction} + +{\tt Hclassic} is a modernized Classical Hebrew font (in the same way +that Knuth's {\tt cmr} family is a modernized Roman font --- but his +fonts are much nicer). It contains all of the Hebrew consonants, the +(rarely used) ligature {\it aleph-lamed} (as seen in +``{\Hebrew\alephlamed\resh\shin\yud}'') and two versions of the letter +\hbox{\it ayin}: ``{\Hebrew\ayin}'' and ``{\Hebrew\vowelayin}.'' The latter is +for use with vowels. {\tt Hclassic} also contains all of the vowels +found in Hebrew, a symbol for {\it meteg}, and dots for use as a {\it +dagesh} and for differentiating ``{\Hebrew\shinwithdot}'' and +``{\Hebrew\sinwithdot}.'' + +Also included is a set of macros, in the files {\tt hletter1.tex}, {\tt +vowels.tex} and {\tt dots.tex} for using the {\tt hclassic} font. Here +is an example of what {\tt hclassic} looks like: + +\centerline{\Hebrew:\ftzadi\segol{\resh}\Kamatz{\aleph}\kamatz{\heh}\ +\taf\tzere{\aleph}\shva{\vav}\ +\fmem\chiriq{\yud}\patach{\mem}\kamatz{\Shinwithdot}\patach{\heh}\ +\taf\tzere{\aleph} +\fmem\yud\chiriq{\heh}\odot\lamed\chatafsegol{\aleph}\ +\aleph\kamatz{\resh}\kamatz{\Bet}\ +\taf\yud\chiriq{\shinwithdot}\aleph\tzere{\resh}\shva{\Bet}} +\medskip + +The only punctuation included is as follows: period, comma, exlamation +mark, dash; all except the comma look rather Biblical. + +\part{Using the Font} + +The file {\tt hletter1}\footnote{*}{ I have named the file {\tt +hletter1} because you may want to have other mappings for other fonts +(several public domain fonts in the U.S.\ use `b' for {\it bet}, `g' for +{\it gimel}, etc. {\tt Hclassic} uses the character mapping I've seen in +use in Israel. I have not yet had a chance to look at \TeX\ 3.0, but I +suspect 3.0 introduces a more elegant way of using two character sets.} +defines macros for all of the Hebrew letters: {\tt \\aleph, \\bet, +\\gimel, $\ldots$ \\taf}; the final letters: {\tt \\fchaf, \\fmem,} etc.; +the ligature {\it aleph-lamed}: {\tt \\alephlamed}; and the variant form +of the letter {\it ayin} for use with vowels: {\tt \\vowelayin}. It +also contains definitions for letters with a {\it dagesh}: {\tt +\\Aleph, \\Bet,} etc. I realize there is no reason to put a {\it +dagesh} in an {\it aleph}, but you can. Use {\tt\\Heh} for a {\it +mappiq}. You must include the file {\tt dots.tex} (q.v.\ below) to use +a {\it dagesh}. + +The files {\tt dots.tex} and {\tt vowels.tex} define macros for all of +the diacritic marks included with {\tt hclassic}. The following macros +are available for vowels: {\tt \cmd{patach}{letter}, +\cmd{kamatz}{letter}, \cmd{segol}{letter}, \cmd{kibutz}{letter}, +\cmd{chiriq}{letter}, \cmd{kamatzkatan}{letter} and \cmd{shva}{letter}}, +where ``letter'' is any Hebrew letter. For example, +{\tt\\segol$\{$\\aleph$\}$} will produce ``{\Hebrew\segol{\aleph}}.'' Unlike +most Hebrew fonts, a {\it kamatz katan} is slightly larger than an +ordinary {\it kamatz}. So: {\Hebrew \fmem\yud\daled\kamatz{\lamed}\yud\heh\ +\lamed\kamatzkatan{\Kaf}}. The command {\tt \cmd{meteg}{letter}} places +a {\it meteg} under the letter ``letter.'' For each vowel command is a +corresponding {\it chataf} vowel command ({\tt \cmd{chatafkamatz}{letter}, +\cmd{chatafsegol}{letter},} etc.) and a command for adding a {\it meteg} +({\tt \cmd{Kamatz}{letter}, \cmd{Segol}{letter},} etc.). + +The above macros automatically adjust the location of some vowels, +substitute {\tt\\vowelayin} for {\tt\\ayin}, and adjust the location of +the {\it dagesh}. So {\tt\\shva$\{$\\resh$\}$} will produce +``{\Hebrew\shva{\resh}},'' with the {\it shva} not centered but under +the stem, where it belongs. Likewise, {\tt\\kamatz$\{$\\fchaf$\}$} and +{\tt\\kamatz$\{$\\Fkaf$\}$} produce ``{\Hebrew\kamatz{\fchaf}}'' and +``{\Hebrew\kamatz{\Fkaf}}'' respectively. Also, {\tt\\ayin} produces +``{\Hebrew\ayin}'' but {\tt\\patach$\{$\\ayin$\}$} produces +``{\Hebrew\patach{\ayin}}.'' + +The commands {\tt\\shinwithdot} and {\tt\\sinwithdot} produce +``{\Hebrew\shinwithdot}'' and ``{\Hebrew\sinwithdot}'' respectively; they +both have a corresponding version with a {\it dagesh}. The command +{\tt\\vavwithdot} yields ``{\Hebrew\vavwithdot}.'' Use {\tt\\odot} for +a {\it cholem chaseir}. + + +\part{I Have to Type All of THAT?!} + +I realize that typing +{\tt +\\taf\\yud\\chiriq$\{$\\shinwithdot$\}$\\aleph\\tzere$\{$\\resh$\}$\\shva$\{$\\Bet$\}$} +is a difficult way to produce +``{\Hebrew\taf\yud\chiriq{\shinwithdot}\aleph\tzere{\resh}\shva{\Bet}}.'' +You will doubtless notice that I have not included any better mechanism +for entering Hebrew with ease. + +There are two problems. First, you have to enter Hebrew left-to-right +(in what is called ``screen order''); second, typing all the vowel-commands +is difficult. There are several solutions to the first problem, +reviewed elsewhere; the {\tt IVRITEX} group managed at {\tt TAUNIVM} is +a good place to start. + +For my own use, I have found that escape sequences are fine for +including occasional Hebrew words in English documents. For more +extensive Hebrew, I use my {\tt ibelbe}\footnote{**}{Itty-bitty +Emacs-Like Bidirectional Editor --- it looks a lot like Emacs and has +provisions for bidirectional editing.} program to enter Hebrew text in +screen order, and then my {\tt addvowel} program to add the necessary +escape sequences. {\tt Addvowel} is an interactive program that +facilitates the pointing of Hebrew. Both programs require an EGA Hebrew +font, and {\tt addvowel} requires that that EGA font have vowels. I +will release my EGA Hebrew font, {\tt addvowel} and {\tt ibelbe} Real +Soon Now; I still want to fix a few letters on the font, and {\tt +ibelbe} isn't quite stable yet. + +\part{The MetaFont Files} + +{\tt Hclassic} is programmed in MetaFont. I have divided the font into +two files, {\tt hclassic.mf} and {\tt hcbase.mf}, the latter containing +routines for all of the characters, and the former dealing with the +parameters of the font: serif-size; character height, depth and width; +line size; etc. Variations can be created simply by modifying the +parameter file ({\tt hclassic.mf}). The file {\tt hcaption} is such a +variation; it is a fancier font, slanted, and looks good in captions: + +\medskip +\centerline{\HebrewCaption \alephlamed\resh\shin\yud\ +\ftzadi\resh\aleph} +\medskip + +\part{Bugs} + +This is my first MetaFont attempt, and I have ``cheated'' in making many +of the letters. That is, I have allowed minute errors to remain in +several letters. At 300 dpi, I have found that both {\tt hclassic} and +{\tt hcaption} look good up to {\tt \\magstep4}, and I suspect perhaps +higher. By {\tt \\magstep15} (which I have used for posters), many +problems are readily apparent. Some lines don't join the way they +should, for example. Also, the serif routine isn't quite right, and +this becomes noticeable. + +The letter {\it mem} looks awful; it will be changed when I get a chance. + +There is also a bug in the \TeX\ routine in {\tt vowels.tex} that +adjusts vowel placement. It fails to recognize that {\tt \\Daled} is +really just a {\it daled} with a {\it dagesh}, and so vowels under it +should be shifted to the right. (The same problem would appear with {\it +resh}, but {\tt\\Resh} is never used.) This should not be hard to fix. + +Please report any additional bugs, or, especially, suggestions for +improvement, to me at: + +\vbox{\tt\obeylines +hoffman@nyuacf.BITNET $\leftarrow$~{\it This will change soon.} +\centerline{\rm -OR-} +72700.402@compuserve.com {\it or from within CompuServe just: }72700,402 +\centerline{\rm -OR-} +Joel M.\ Hoffman +19 Hillcrest Lane +Rye, NY 10580 +U.S.A.} + +\part{Command Summary} + +\vbox{Here is a complete list of the commands defined in the \TeX\ files that +you're likely to use: + +{\tt\settabs5\columns +\+\\aleph&\\bet&\\gimel&\\dalet&\\daled\cr +\+\\he&\\heh&\\vav&\\zion&\\chet\cr +\+\\tet&\\yud&\\fkaf&\\fchaf&\\kaf\cr +\+\\chaf&\\lamed&\\fmem&\\mem&\\fnun\cr +\+\\nun&\\samech&\\ayin&\\fpe&\\fpeh\cr +\+\\ffe&\\ffeh&\\pe&\\peh&\\fe\cr +\+\\feh&\\ftzadi&\\ftzadik&\\kuf&\\koof\cr +\+\\resh&\\shin&\\sin&\\tav&\\taf\cr +\+\\Aleph&\\Bet&\\Gimel&\\Dalet&\\Daled\cr +\+\\He&\\Heh&\\Vav&\\Zion&\\Chet\cr +\+\\Tet&\\Yud&\\Fkaf&\\Fchaf&\\Kaf\cr +\+\\Chaf&\\Lamed&\\Fmem&\\Mem&\\Fnun\cr +\+\\Nun&\\Samech&\\Ayin&\\Fpe&\\Fpeh\cr +\+\\Ffe&\\Ffeh&\\Pe&\\Peh&\\Fe\cr +\+\\Feh&\\Ftzadi&\\Ftzadik&\\Kuf&\\Koof\cr +\+\\Resh&\\Shin&\\Sin&\\Tav&\\Taf\cr +\+\\alephlamed&\\vowelayin&\\dagesh&\\odot&\\shinwithdot\cr +\+\\sinwithdot&\\Shinwithdot&\\Sinwithdot&\\vavwithdot&\\Vavwithdot\cr +\+\\patach&\\kamatz&\\segol&\\kibutz&\\chiriq\cr +\+\\kamatzkatan&\\shva&\\meteg&\\tzere&\\chatafpatach\cr +\+\\chatafkamatz&\\chatafsegol&\\chatafkibutz&\\chatafchiriq + &\\chatafkamatzkatan\cr +\+\\chataftzere&\\Patach&\\Kamatz&\\Segol&\\Kibutz\cr +\+\\Chiriq&\\Kamatzkatan&\\Tzere\cr}} + + +\part{Copyright Information} + +All of the files in this package are copyrighted by myself. Use of the +material contained therein in a commercial venture of any sort requires +permission from me. Otherwise, you are free to use this for any legal, +non-destructive purpose. If you find this material useful, a +contribution to charity will be most appreciated. + + +\end + + + diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.dvi b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.dvi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..60a8019e31 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.dvi diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.ps b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b82f776e00 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.ps @@ -0,0 +1,1223 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvips 5.495 Copyright 1986, 1992 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: CS_GUIDE.dvi +%%Pages: 9 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%Orientation: Landscape +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 +%%EndComments +%DVIPSCommandLine: f:\appl\itp\emtex\dvips.exe CS_GUIDE +%DVIPSSource: TeX output 1993.06.06:1103 +%%BeginProcSet: texc.pro +%! 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Fo(\177)-22 +b Fi(a)42 b Fo(\025)-22 b Fi(a)42 b Fo(\026)-21 b Fi(a)39 b(~)-19 +b(a)125 b Fo(\(and)14 b(others)h(can)f(b)q(e)g(constructed\))-27 +1619 y(\(xiii\))20 b(Lo)q(cal)13 b(con)o(trol)h(for)g(displa)o(y)o(ed)f +(mathematics)83 1682 y Fn(\\eqalign{)p Fi(:)7 b(:)g(:)t Fn(})376 +b Fo(Allo)o(ws)13 b(alignmen)o(t)e(of)i(one)i(or)e(more)g(equations)h(o)o(v)o +(er)g(sev)o(eral)g(lines|see)h(page)f(190)83 1732 y Fn(\\eqalignno{)p +Fi(:)7 b(:)g(:)s Fn(})333 b Fo(Allo)o(ws)13 b(alignmen)o(t)e(together)k(with) +f(RHS)f(equation)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering|see)f(page)h(192)83 1781 +y Fn(\\leqalignno{)p Fi(:)7 b(:)f(:)t Fn(})311 b Fo(Allo)o(ws)13 +b(alignmen)o(t)e(together)k(with)f(LHS)g(equation)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering|see)g +(page)h(192)83 1831 y Fn(\\displaylines{)p Fi(:)7 b(:)f(:)s +Fn(})268 b Fo(Displa)o(y)12 b(equations)i(o)o(v)o(er)g(sev)o(eral)g(lines)g +(as)g(y)o(ou)g(w)o(an)o(t)f(but)h(without)g(alignmen)o(t|see)e(page)i(194)83 +1881 y Fn(\\cases{)p Fi(:)7 b(:)g(:)t Fn(})420 b Fo(Displa)o(y)12 +b(an)i(equation)f(con)o(taining)g(c)o(hoices)i(spanned)g(b)o(y)e(a)h +(brace|see)h(page)f(175)1415 1981 y(7)1197 b(6)13 b(June)i(1993)p +eop +%%Page: 8 8 +8 7 bop -25 42 a Fo(\(xiv\))20 b(F)m(eatures)83 109 y Fn(x_1^{-2})474 +b Fo(Pro)q(duces)15 b Fi(x)936 91 y Fe(\000)p Fd(2)936 120 +y(1)83 181 y Fn({x+y\\over)20 b(2a})366 b Fo(Pro)q(duces)917 +153 y Fi(x)9 b Fo(+)h Fi(y)p 917 171 97 2 v 944 209 a Fo(2)p +Fi(a)1032 181 y Fo(|see)15 b(page)f(139)83 255 y Fn(\\sqrt{b-a})430 +b Fo(Pro)q(duces)912 221 y Fh(p)p 947 221 91 2 v 34 x Fi(b)9 +b Fh(\000)g Fi(a)83 304 y Fn(\\matrix\\pmatrix\\bo)o(rder)o(matri)o(x)37 +b Fo(Pro)q(duce)15 b(arra)o(ys|see)g(page)f(176)83 376 y Fn(\\overbrace{x+y}) +320 b Fo(Pro)q(duces)912 339 y Ff(z)p 931 339 11 5 v 11 w(}|)p +980 339 V 11 w({)912 376 y Fi(x)9 b Fo(+)h Fi(y)15 b Fo(|see)g(page)f(176)83 +426 y Fn(\\underbrace{x+y})298 b Fo(Pro)q(duces)15 b Fi(x)9 +b Fo(+)h Fi(y)912 451 y Ff(|)p 931 451 V 11 w({z)p 980 451 +V 11 w(})1022 426 y Fo(|see)15 b(page)f(176)83 505 y Fn(\\overline{x+y})342 +b Fo(Pro)q(duces)p 912 475 97 2 v 15 w Fi(x)9 b Fo(+)h Fi(y)83 +554 y Fn(\\underline{x+y})320 b Fo(Pro)q(duces)15 b Fi(x)9 +b Fo(+)h Fi(y)p 912 569 V 83 616 a Fn(\\root)21 b(n+1\\of{a+b})277 +b Fo(Pro)q(duces)924 598 y Fb(n)p Fa(+1)954 582 y Fh(p)p 989 +582 91 2 v 34 x Fi(a)9 b Fo(+)h Fi(b)83 666 y Fn({n\\choose)20 +b(k})388 b Fo(Pro)q(duces)912 632 y Ff(\000)931 647 y Fc(n)932 +680 y(k)952 632 y Ff(\001)83 720 y Fn(\\bmod)540 b Fo(Inserts)15 +b(`mo)q(d')d(as)i(a)f(binary)h(op)q(eration)f(\(eg.)h Fn($m\\bmod)20 +b(n$)14 b Fo(pro)q(duces)29 b Fi(m)12 b Fo(mo)q(d)e Fi(n)p +Fo(\))83 770 y Fn(\\pmod)540 b Fo(Inserts)15 b(`mo)q(d')d(in)h(paren)o +(theses)j(\(eg.)e Fn($m\\pmod)20 b(n$)14 b Fo(pro)q(duces)29 +b Fi(m)42 b Fo(\(mo)q(d)12 b Fi(n)p Fo(\)\))83 819 y Fn(\\eqno)540 +b Fo(Equation)13 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering)f(on)i(RHS|see)g(page)g(187)83 +869 y Fn(\\leqno)518 b Fo(Equation)13 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(ering)f(on)i(LHS|see)h +(page)f(187)83 919 y Fn(\\*)606 b Fo(Discretionary)14 b(m)o(ultipli)o(cation) +d(sign|see)j(page)g(173)83 969 y Fn(\\allowbreak)408 b Fo(Line)13 +b(break)i(within)e(text)h(mathematics)e(p)q(ermitted)i(here|see)i(page)d(174) +1415 1981 y(8)1197 b(6)13 b(June)i(1993)p eop +%%Page: 9 9 +9 8 bop 0 42 a Fp(C.)31 b(Allo)o(w)l(able)18 b(units)d(of)i(measurement)83 +154 y Fn(in)228 b Fo(inc)o(h)255 b(\(1)7 b(in)14 b(=)g(72.27)5 +b(pt\))83 203 y Fn(cm)228 b Fo(cen)o(timetre)140 b(\(2.54)6 +b(cm)13 b(=)h(1)7 b(in,)27 b(1)6 b(cm)13 b(=)h(28.45)6 b(pt\))83 +253 y Fn(mm)228 b Fo(milli)o(m)o(etre)144 b(\(10)7 b(mm)k(=)j(1cm,)26 +b(25.4)6 b(mm)11 b(=)j(1in,)27 b(1)6 b(mm)11 b(=)j(2.845)6 +b(pt\))83 303 y Fn(pc)228 b Fo(pica)256 b(\(1)7 b(p)q(c)15 +b(=)f(12)6 b(pt,)28 b(6.023)5 b(p)q(c)15 b(=)f(1)6 b(in,)27 +b(2.371)6 b(p)q(c)14 b(=)g(1)7 b(cm\))83 353 y Fn(cc)228 b +Fo(cicero)f(\(1)7 b(cc)15 b(=)f(12)6 b(dd,)28 b(1)6 b(cc)15 +b(=)f(12.84)6 b(pt,)27 b(5.628)6 b(cc)14 b(=)h(1)6 b(in,)27 +b(2.216)19 b(cc)c(=)f(1)7 b(cm\))83 403 y Fn(dd)228 b Fo(did^)-21 +b(ot)13 b(p)q(oin)o(t)127 b(\(1157)6 b(dd)14 b(=)h(1238)5 b(pt,)28 +b(67.54)5 b(dd)14 b(=)g(1)7 b(in,)27 b(26.59)5 b(dd)14 b(=)g(1)21 +b(cm\))83 452 y Fn(bp)228 b Fo(big)13 b(p)q(oin)o(t)166 b(\(72)7 +b(bp)14 b(=)g(1)7 b(in,)27 b(28.35)5 b(bp)14 b(=)g(1)7 b(cm\))83 +502 y Fn(pt)228 b Fo(p)q(oin)o(t)235 b(\(1)7 b(pt)14 b(=)g(0.01384)5 +b(in,)27 b(1)7 b(pt)14 b(=)g(0.03515)5 b(cm\))83 552 y Fn(sp)228 +b Fo(scaled)14 b(p)q(oin)o(t)113 b(\(65536)6 b(sp)14 b(=)h(1)6 +b(pt,)28 b(4736287)5 b(sp=)14 b(1)7 b(in,)27 b(1864690)5 b(sp)14 +b(=)h(1)20 b(cm\))0 677 y Fp(D.)32 b(Ma)o(cr)o(os)p Fo(|page)14 +b(199)83 776 y Fn(\\def\\nl{\\hfil\\brea)o(k})163 b(\\nl)14 +b Fo(will)e(no)o(w)h(b)q(e)i(in)o(terpreted)h(as)e Fn(\\hfil\\break)p +Fo(,)d(ie.)i(start)h(a)g(new)g(line)83 826 y Fn(\\def\\\({\\left\(})294 +b(\\\()14 b Fo(will)e(no)o(w)i(b)q(e)g(in)o(terpreted)i(as)e +Fn(\\left\()83 881 y(\\def\\der#1{{d#1\\ov)o(er)19 b(dx}})56 +b(\\der)21 b(y)14 b Fo(will)e(no)o(w)i(b)q(e)g(in)o(terpreted)i(as)e +Fn({dy\\over)20 b(dx})13 b Fo(and)h(pro)q(duce)1836 863 y Fc(dy)p +1835 872 37 2 v 1835 895 a(dx)1890 881 y Fo(in)f(maths)g(mo)q(de)83 +933 y Fn(\\input)21 b(macros)317 b Fo(Reads)14 b(in)g(the)g(\014le)g +Fn(macros.tex)e Fo(from)g(the)j(curren)o(t)g(directory)g(or)e +Fn(\\inputs)g Fo(directory)83 982 y Fm(Note)s Fo(:)27 b(A)14 +b(de\014nition)g(nested)h(inside)f(braces,)h(or)f(within)f +Fn($)g Fo(sym)o(b)q(ols,)f(do)q(es)j(not)f(apply)f(outside)h(those)h(braces)g +(or)f(outside)g(that)g(mathematics.)0 1107 y Fp(E.)31 b(Some)17 +b(Def)l(a)o(ul)m(ts)h(of)e(Plain)g(T)621 1116 y(E)646 1107 +y(X)83 1207 y Fn(\\hsize)21 b(=)g(16.51cm)g(\(6.5in\))302 b(\\vsize)20 +b(=)i(22.61cm)e(\(8.9in\))83 1256 y(\\hoffset)g(=)i(0pt)521 +b(\\voffset)20 b(=)i(0pt)83 1306 y(\\parindent)e(=)h(20pt)g(\(7.0mm\))281 +b(\\parskip)20 b(=)i(0pt)f(plus)g(1pt)83 1356 y(\\baselineskip)e(=)j(12pt)f +(\(4.2mm\))215 b(\\topskip)20 b(=)i(10pt)83 1406 y(\\pageno)e(=)i(1)587 +b(\\tolerance)20 b(=)h(200)1415 1981 y Fo(9)1197 b(6)13 b(June)i(1993)p +eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71074775cc --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/cs_guide.tex @@ -0,0 +1,417 @@ +%% CSPLAIN.TEX Listing of commonly used control sequences +%% of Plain TeX. +%% 1/88 Ashley Plank (plank@zeus.usq.edu.au) +%% Page references: ``The TeXBook'' (1984) +%% +% Hebrew cs additions by Rama -- March 10, 1992. +% +\special{landscape} \font\Jer=Jerusalem +\hsize=9.5truein\vsize=6.27truein +\def\today{\number\day\space\ifcase\month\or +January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or +July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or +December\fi +\space\number\year} +\footline={\phantom{\rm\today}\hfil\rm\folio\hfil\rm\today} +% +\let\nb=\nobreak +\let\q\quad \let\qq\qquad +\def\bn{\bigbreak\noindent} \def\mn{\medbreak\noindent} \def\sn{\smallbreak\noindent} +\def\bs{{\char'134}} +\def\bs{{\char'134}} \def\ec{{\char"21}} +\def\dol{{\char"24}} \def\ddol{{\dol\dol}} +\def\lb{{\char"7B}} \def\rb{{\char"7D}} +\def\sb{{\char"5F}} \def\sp{{\char"5E}} +\def\hash{{\char"23}} +\font\sc=cmcsc10 +\font\rmb=cmbx12 +\font\ss=cmss10 at 11pt + +\centerline{\hfill\rmb Some control sequences of Plain \TeX\hfill\rm Page references: The TeXbook} +\vskip0.8truecm +\leftline{\sc A.~~Text mode} +\mn +\item{(i)} Document formatting: +\sn +\settabs\+\indent&\tt\hskip5.5truecm&\cr +\+&\tt\bs hsize=4.5in&Printed page width set at 4.5 inches\cr +\+&\tt\bs vsize=20cm&Printed page length set at 20 cm\cr +\+&\tt\bs hoffset=25pt&Printed page offset 25 points to the right\cr +\+&\tt\bs voffset=2pc&Printed page offset 2 picas downwards\cr +\+&\tt\bs magnification=1200&Whole document (all dimensions and fonts) magnified + by the factor 1.2\cr +\+&&{\it Note}: Any dimension prefixed by {\tt true} (eg. {\tt\bs hsize=4.5truein}) is not affected +by magnification\cr +\+&\tt\bs baselineskip=1pc&Line spacing set at 1 pica\cr +\+&\tt\bs parskip=3pt&Extra vertical space of 3 points inserted between paragraphs\cr +\+&\tt\bs parindent=1in&Paragraph indentation set at 1 inch\cr +\+&\tt\bs pageno=4&Pages will be numbered at bottom centre starting with `4'\cr +\+&\tt\bs nopagenumbers&Refrain from inserting numbers at the bottom of each page\cr +\+&\tt\bs headline&Control over space at top of each page---see page 252\cr +\+&\tt\bs footline&Control over space at bottom of each page---see page 252\cr +\+&\tt\bs tolerance=2000&Controls the allowable flexibility in word spacing---see page 29\cr +\mn +\item{(ii)} Fonts:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs rm&Switch to computer modern roman at 10 point size (cmr10)---the default font\cr +\+&\tt\bs it&\it Switch to computer modern italic at 10 point size (cmti10)\cr +\+&\tt\bs bf&\bf Switch to computer modern bold at 10 point size (cmb10)\cr +\+&\tt\bs sl&\sl Switch to computer modern slant at 10 point size (cmsl10)\cr +\+&\tt\bs tt&\tt Switch to computer modern typewriter at 10 point size (cmtt10) +\cr +\+&\tt\bs font\bs ss=cmss10 at 11pt&{\tt\bs ss}\ss\ will now cause a switch to +10 point computer modern sans serif magnified to 11 point size\cr +\+&&{\it Note}: Many other fonts, which need to be declared like {\tt cmss10}, are available\cr +\mn +\item{(iii)} Horizontal spacing:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs\char"20&Produces a single space (like between these words)\cr +\+&\tt\char"7E ~ \rm(i.e. a tilde)&Produces a single space at which a line break cannot occur (a `tie')\cr +\+&\tt\bs thinspace&Produces a space of this\thinspace much (Equivalent to {\tt\bs,} in mathematics mode)\cr +\+&\tt\bs negthinspace&Produces this\negthinspace much space (Equivalent to {\tt +\bs!} in mathematics mode)\cr +\+&\tt\bs enskip&Produces a 0.5$\,$em space---this\enskip much (1.0$\,$em = 10 pt in {\tt\bs rm\/} font)\cr +\+&\tt\bs quad&Produces a 1.0$\,$em space---this\quad much\cr +\+&\tt\bs qquad&Two `quads'---this\qquad much\cr +\+&\tt\bs hskip2.2cm&Produces a 2.2$\,$cm horizontal space\cr +\mn +\item{(iv)} Vertical spacing:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs smallskip&Insert a little {\it extra\/} vertical space (about 3pt) between paragraphs. +This much~~~$\vcenter{\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept \smallskip +\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs medskip&Two `smallskips'. This much~~~$\vcenter{\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept \medskip +\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs bigskip&Two `medskips'. This much~~~$\vcenter{\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept \bigskip +\hrule width1truecm height0.4truept}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs vskip12mm&Insert an extra vertical space of 12$\,$mm between paragraphs\cr +\mn +\item{(v)} Local control:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs par&Start a new paragraph (A double carriage return can also be used) +\cr +\+&\tt\bs noindent&Don't indent this new paragraph\cr +\+&\tt\bs centerline\lb Heading\rb&Centre `Heading' on a new line and starts a new paragraph\cr +\+&\tt\bs leftline\lb Heading\rb&Put `Heading' at left end of a new line and starts a new paragraph\cr +\+&\tt\bs rightline\lb Heading\rb&Put `Heading' at right end of a new line and starts a new paragraph\cr +\+&\tt\bs line\lb\dots\rb&Spread \dots to fill a whole line and start a new paragraph---see page 72\cr +\+&\tt\bs item\lb(a)\rb&Start a `paragraph' labelled `(a)' in which every line is indented---used for itemized lists\cr +\+&\tt\bs itemitem\lb(i)\rb&Start a `paragraph' labelled `(i)' in which every line is doubly-indented---used +for itemized lists within lists\cr +\+&\tt\bs hfil\bs break&Start a new line (but not a new paragraph)\cr +\+&\tt\bs vfil\bs eject&Start a new page and a new paragraph\cr +\+&\tt\bs nobreak&Inhibit line or page break\cr +\+&\tt\bs smallbreak&Suitable place for a page break---insert a `smallskip' if no break\cr +\+&\tt\bs medbreak&Suitable place for a page break---insert a `medskip' if no break\cr +\+&\tt\bs bigbreak&Suitable place for a page break---insert a `bigskip' if no break\cr +\+&\tt\bs goodbreak&Start a new paragraph and encourage a page break here\cr +\+&\tt\bs filbreak&See page 111\cr +\+&\tt\bs leftskip=-2mm&Causes the left end of all the lines of a paragraph to be indented by $-2\,$mm\cr +\+&\tt\bs rightskip=5pt&Causes the right end of all the lines of a paragraph to +be indented by 5$\,$points\cr +\+&\tt\bs narrower&Causes all lines of a paragraph to be indented at the left and right ends\cr +\+&\tt\bs obeylines&Causes a carriage return to start a new line (``poetry mode'')\cr +\+&\tt\bs raggedright&Right margin justification turned off\cr +\+&\tt\bs parshape&Controls the shape of a paragraph---see page 101\cr +\+&\tt\bs settabs&Presets tab stops across page---see page 231\cr +\+&\tt\bs frenchspacing&Make all between-word spaces the same regardless of punctuation\cr +\+&\tt\bs nonfrenchspacing&Turn off frenchspacing (the default)\cr +\+&\tt\bs bye&The usual way to end a \TeX\ file ({\tt\bs bye $\equiv$ \bs vfill\bs eject\bs end})\cr +\mn +\item{(vi)} Printing reserved symbols:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs\char"23&Produces a \#~~~({\tt\char"23} is used in defining macros)\cr +\+&\tt\bs\char"25&Produces a \%~~~({\tt\char"25} is the comment character)\cr +\+&\tt\bs\dol&Produces a \$~~~ ({\tt\dol} controls maths mode)\cr +\+&\tt\bs\char"26&Produces a \&~~({\tt\char"26} is used for alignment)\cr +\+&\tt\bs\char"5F&Produces a \_~~~({\tt\char"5F} is used for subscripting)\cr +\+&\tt\dol\bs\char"7B\dol&Produces a $\{$~~~(Mathematics mode is necessary) ({\tt +\char"7B} is used for grouping)\cr +\+&\tt\dol\bs\char"7D\dol&Produces a $\}$~~~(Mathematics mode is necessary) ({\tt +\char"7D} is used for grouping)\cr +\+&\tt\dol\bs backslash\dol&Produces a $\backslash$~~~(Mathematics mode is necessary) ({\tt\bs} begins a control sequence)\cr +\mn +\item{(vii)} Other (text) features:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs underbar\lb important\rb&Produces \underbar{important} +(Note underlining is seldom, if ever, used in good type-setting)\cr +\+&\tt\bs footnote&Insert a footnote---see page 116\cr +\+&\tt\bs topinsert\dots\bs endinsert&Insert \dots at top of first available page\cr +\+&\tt\bs midinsert\dots\bs endinsert&Insert \dots here or as soon as practicable\cr +\+&\tt\bs pageinsert\dots\bs endinsert&Insert \dots to fill all of the next page\cr +\+&\tt\bs llap&Overwrite on the left---see page 82\cr +\+&\tt\bs rlap&Overwrite on the right---see page 82\cr +\+&\tt\bs hyphenation&Indicates allowable hyphenation---see page 28\cr +\mn +\item{(viii)} Special symbols, etc:\nb +\sn +\+&\tt\bs TeX&Produces \TeX\ in the current font\cr +\+&\tt\bs dots&Produces an ellipsis \dots\cr +\+&\tt\bs dag&Produces \dag\cr +\+&\tt\bs ddag&Produces \ddag\cr +%\+&\tt\bs bull&Produces \bull\cr +%\+&\tt\bs bullet&Produces \bullet\cr +\+&\tt\bs copyright&Produces \copyright\cr +\+&\tt\bs S&Produces \S\cr +\+&\tt\bs P&Produces \P\cr +\+&\tt\lb\bs it\bs\dol\rb&Produces {\it\$}\cr +\+&\tt\lb\bs it\bs\char"26\rb&Produces {\it\&}\cr +\+&\tt-&Produces - (a hyphen), as in note-book\cr +\+&\tt--&Produces -- (an en-dash), as in pages 5--12\cr +\+&\tt---&Produces --- (an em-dash), ie. an ordinary dash used in punctuation\cr + +\+&\tt\dol-\dol&Produces $-$ (a minus sign)\cr +\+&\tt``&Produces ``\cr +\+&\tt''&Produces ''\cr +\+&\tt\bs vrule&See page 221\cr +\+&\tt\bs hrule&See page 221\cr +\mn +\item{(ix)} Accents and some foreign letters:\nb +\sn \def\q{\quad} +\indent See page 52---the possibilities are:\q\`a\q\'e\q\^o\q\"u\q\=y\q\~n\q\.p\ +q\u\i\q\v s\q\H\j\q +\t\i u\q\b k\q\c c\q\d h\q\ae\q\OE\q\aa\q\AA\q\ss\q\o\q\O +% +% Additions. Rama. +% +\vfil\eject +\rm +\item{(x)} Additions for Hebrew typesetting:\nb +\sn +\def\undertext#1{$\underline{\hbox{#1}}$} +\+&\tt\bs sethebrew&Enter hebrew mode\cr +\+&\tt\bs unsethebrew&Go out of Hebrew mode\cr +\+&\tt\bs hebrewpar&Starting one hebrew paragraph with indentation\cr +\+&\tt\bs hebrewlines&Starting one hebrew paragraph without indentation\cr +\+&\cr +\+&\tt\bs L\lb\dots string\dots \rb&English string within a Hebrew environment\cr +\+&\tt\bs R\lb\dots{\Jer zixciq}\dots\rb &Hebrew string within an English environment\cr +\+&\cr +\+&\tt\lb\dots\rb{\Jer ybcd}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs hadgesh\lb\dots\rb&Making bold letters - Poor man's bold --- see page 386\cr +\+&\cr +\+&{\Jer lecbswn}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs makafgadol&Like the regular -\thinspace - producing --~, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr +\+&{\Jer wprswn}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs makafanak&Like the regular -\thinspace -\thinspace - producing ---~, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr +\+&\cr +\+&{\Jer yxb}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs geresh&Like the regular `~, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr +\+&{\Jer yxbgzt}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs opengeresh&\char39\cr +\+&{\Jer yxbxebq}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs closegeresh&`\cr +\+&{\Jer hehivgzt}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs openquote&Like the regular '', which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr +\+&{\Jer hehivxebq}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs closequote&Like the regular ``, which doesn't work in Hebrew\cr +\+&\cr +\+&{\Jer dwqit}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs piska&Like the regular \tt\bs item, \rm modified for Hebrew\cr +\+&{\Jer dwqitdwqit}\tt\bs \ or\ \tt\bs piskapiska&Like the regular \tt\bs itemitem, \rm modified for Hebrew\cr +\+&\cr +\+&{\Jer meid}\tt\bs \ or \tt\bs hebday&Today's regular date in Hebrew\cr +\+&\tt\bs Hebrewtoday&Hebrew date in Hebrew\cr +\+&\tt\bs Hebrewdate&Converting a Georgian date to an Hebrew\cr +\+&\cr +\+&{\Jer dlecbdvitw}\tt\bs &Like the regular \tt\bs bigskip\cr +\+&{\Jer zipepiadvitw}\tt\bs &Like the regular \tt\bs medskip\cr +\+&{\Jer dphwdvitw}\tt\bs &Like the regular \tt\bs smallskip\cr +\+&\cr +\+&{\Jer oinidxey}\tt\bs &Like the regular \tt\bs rightline\cr +\+&{\Jer l`nydxey}\tt\bs &Like the regular \tt\bs leftline\cr +\+&{\Jer fkxn}\tt\bs &Like the regular \tt\bs centerline\cr +\+&\cr +\+&\tt\bs undertext\lb text \Jer hqwh\rb&Produces \undertext{text \Jer hqwh}\cr +% +% End additions. Rama. +% +\vfil\eject +\leftline{\sc B.~~Mathematics mode} +\mn +\item{(i)} Fonts: +\sn +\settabs\+\indent&\tt\hskip5.5truecm&\cr +\+&\tt\bs mit&Switch to computer modern maths italics ({\tt cmmi10})---the default font for most variable names\cr +\+&\tt\bs bmit&Switch to computer modern bold maths italics ({\tt cmmib10})\cr +\+&\tt\bs rm&Switch to computer modern roman---the default font for uppercase Greek letters\cr +\+&\tt\bs it&Switch to computer modern italics ({\tt cmti10})\cr +\+&\tt\bs bf&Switch to computer modern bold roman ({\tt cmb10})\cr +\+&\tt\bs cal&For uppercase letters in $\cal CALLIGRAPHIC$ style ({\tt cmsy10})\cr +\+&\tt\bs displaystyle&Force display style---see page 140\cr +\+&\tt\bs textstyle&Force text style---see page 140\cr +\+&\tt\bs scriptstyle&Force subscript/superscript size\cr +\+&\tt\bs scriptscriptstyle&Force subsubscript/supersuperscript size\cr +\mn +\item{(ii)} Horizontal spacing: +\sn +\+&\tt\bs\char"20&Insert a standard between-word space\cr +\+&\tt\bs quad&Produces a 1.0$\,$em space---this\quad much\cr +\+&\tt\bs qquad&Two `quads'---this\qquad much\cr +\+&\tt\bs hskip2mm&Produces a 2$\,$mm horizontal space\cr +\+&\tt\bs ,&Produces a thinspace---this$\,$much (1/6 of a `quad')\cr +\+&\tt\bs >&Produces a medium space---this$\>$much (2/9 of a 'quad')\cr +\+&\tt\bs ;&Produces a thick space---this$\;$much (5/18 of a `quad')\cr +\+&\tt\bs !&Produces a negative thin space---this$\!$much ($-1/6$ of a `quad')\cr +\+&\tt\bs mskip9mu&Insert 9$\,$mu of space ($18\,{\rm mu}=1.0\,{\rm em}\approx10 +\,{\rm pt}$)\cr +\+&\tt\bs mathsurround=1pt&Insert an additional 1$\,$pt of space before and after every formula\cr +\mn +\item{(iii)} Vertical spacing +\sn +\+&\tt\bs openup1\bs jot&Insert an extra 1$\,$jot ($=3\,$pt) of vertical space between displayed lines---see page 194\cr +\+&\tt\bs abovedisplayskip&Controls the amount of space above displayed maths---see page 189\cr +\+&\tt\bs belowdisplayskip&Controls the amount of space below displayed maths---see page 189\cr +\mn +\item{(iv)} Greek letters---page 434 +\sn +\halign{\indent\hfil#&&$#$&\enskip\tt\bs #\hskip1truecm\hfil\cr +&\alpha&alpha&\zeta&zeta&\lambda&lambda&\varpi\phantom{\varpi}&varpi&\upsilon&upsilon\cr +&\beta&beta&\eta&eta&\mu&mu&\rho&rho&\phi&phi\cr +&\gamma&gamma&\theta&theta&\nu&nu&\varrho&varrho&\varphi&varphi\cr +&\delta&delta&\vartheta&vartheta&\xi&xi&\sigma&sigma&\chi&chi\cr +&\epsilon&epsilon&\iota&iota&o&\omit\q\tt o&\varsigma&varsigma&\psi&psi\cr +&\varepsilon&varepsilon&\kappa&kappa&\pi&pi&\tau&tau&\omega&omega\cr +\noalign{\vskip2\baselineskip} +&\Gamma&Gamma&\Lambda&Lambda&\Pi&Pi&\Upsilon&Upsilon&\Psi&Psi\cr +&\Delta&Delta&\Xi&Xi&\Sigma&Sigma&\Phi&Phi&\Omega&Omega\cr +&\Theta&Theta&&\omit&&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\medskip\item{(v)} Relations\smallskip} +&\le&le&\vdash&vdash&\ni&ni&\sim&sim&\propto&propto\cr +&\ll&ll&\ge&ge&\dashv&dashv&\simeq&simeq&\models&models\cr +&\subset&subset&\gg&gg&\mid&mid&\asymp&asymp&\doteq&doteq\cr +&\subseteq&subseteq&\supset&supset&\parallel¶llel&\approx&approx&\perp&perp\cr +&\in&in&\supseteq&supseteq&\equiv&equiv&\cong&cong&\ne&ne\cr +\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 436} +\noalign{Many can be negated by prefixing with {\tt\bs not} +(eg. {\tt\bs not\bs le} yields $\not\le$)} +\noalign{\medskip\item{(vi)} Binary operations\smallskip} +&\pm&pm&\cdot&cdot&\star&star&\bullet&bullet&\cup&cup\cr +&\mp&mp&\times×&\diamond&diamond&\div&div&\vee&vee {\rm or} \bs lor\cr +&\setminus&setminus&\ast&ast&\circ&circ&\cap&cap&\wedge&wedge {\rm or} \bs land\cr +\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 436} +\noalign{\medskip\item{(vii)} Arrows\smallskip} +&\leftarrow&leftarrow {\rm or} \bs gets&\rightarrow&rightarrow {\rm or} \bs to&\leftrightarrow&leftrightarrow% +&\uparrow&uparrow&\updownarrow&updownarrow\cr +&\Leftarrow&Leftarrow&\Rightarrow&Rightarrow&\Leftrightarrow&Leftrightarrow&\Uparrow&Uparrow% + &\Updownarrow&Updownarrow\cr +&\longleftarrow&longleftarrow&\longrightarrow&longrightarrow&\longleftrightarrow +&longleftrightarrow% + &\downarrow&downarrow&\mapsto&mapsto\cr +&\Longleftarrow&Longleftarrow&\Longrightarrow&Longrightarrow&\Longleftrightarrow +&Longleftrightarrow% + &\Downarrow&Downarrow&\longmapsto&longmapsto\cr +\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 437} +\noalign{\medskip\item{(viii)} Operators\smallskip} +&\sum&sum&\prod&prod&\int&int&\bigcap&bigcap&\bigvee&bigvee\cr +&&\omit&\coprod&coprod&\oint&oint&\bigcup&bigcup&\bigwedge&bigwedge\cr +\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 435} +\noalign{\medskip\item{(ix)} Miscellaneous symbols\smallskip} +&\aleph&aleph&\ell&ell&\infty&infty&\surd&surd&\backslash&backslash\cr +&\hbar&hbar&\Re&Re&'&\omit\tt~\char"27\ {\rm or} \bs prime&\|&|&\forall&forall\cr +&\imath&imath&\Im&Im&\emptyset&emptyset&\angle&angle&\exists&exists\cr +&\jmath&jmath&\partial&partial&\nabla&nabla&\triangle&triangle&\neg&neg\cr +\noalign{{\it plus others}---see page 435}} +\vfil\eject +\item{(x)} Brackets, etc +\sn +\+&\tt\bs\lb&Produces $\{$\cr +\+&\tt\bs\rb&Produces $\}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs langle&Produces $\langle$\cr +\+&\tt\bs rangle&Produces $\rangle$\cr +\+&\tt[\bs\ec[&Produces $[\![$\cr +\+&\tt(\bs\ec(&Produces $(\!($\cr +\+&\tt\bs langle\bs\ec\bs langle&Produces $\langle\!\langle$\cr +\+&\tt\bs lfloor&Produces $\lfloor$\cr +\+&\tt\bs rfloor&Produces $\rfloor$\cr +\+&\tt\bs lceil&Produces $\lceil$\cr +\+&\tt\bs rceil&Produces $\rceil$\cr +\+&\tt\bs left($\ \ldots\ $\bs right)&Produces $(\ldots)$ with `$($' and `$)$' enlarged as appropriate\cr +\+&\tt\bs big \bs Big \bs bigg \bs Bigg&Enlarge the slash or backslash following +---see page 147\cr +\+&\tt\bs bigl $\ldots$&Enlarge the left bracket following---see page 147\cr +\+&\tt\bs bigr $\ldots$&Enlarge the right bracket following---see page 147\cr +\+&\tt\bs bigm $\ldots$&Enlarge the $|$ or $\|$ following---see page 147\cr +\mn +\item{(xi)} Standard functions---page 162 +\smallskip +Common mathematical functions like `sin' are always set in roman type.\par +To ensure this in mathematics mode use the following control sequences:\par\enspace +\halign{\indent#&&\tt\bs #\hskip1truecm\hfil\cr +&arccos&cos&csc&exp&ker&limsup&min&sinh\cr +&arcsin&cosh°&gcd&lg&ln&Pr&sup\cr +&arctan&cot&det&hom&lim&log&sec&tan\cr +&arg&coth&dim&inf&liminf&max&sin&tanh\cr} +\smallskip +Subscripts and superscripts will become limits when attached to {\def\,{{\rm ,}} +\let\\=\bs% +\tt\\det\, \\gcd\, \\inf\, \\lim\, \\liminf\, \\limsup\,\par +\\max\, \\min\, \\Pr\, \\sup} +in display style~~(eg.~{\tt\dol\dol\bs max\sb\lb 1\bs le n\bs le m\rb \bs log\sb + 2P\sb n\dol\dol} +produces $\displaystyle\max_{1\le n\le m}\log_2P_n$ as a displayed equation) +\mn +\item{(xii)} Accents +\smallskip +See page 135---the possibilities are:$\q\hat a\q\widehat{ab}\q\check a\q\tilde a +\q\widetilde{ab}\q\acute a\q +\grave a\q\dot a\q\ddot a\q\breve a\q\bar a\q\vec a\q$\qq(and others can be constructed) +\mn +\item{(xiii)} Local control for displayed mathematics +\sn +\+&\tt\bs eqalign\lb\dots\rb&Allows alignment of one or more equations over several lines---see page 190\cr +\+&\tt\bs eqalignno\lb\dots\rb&Allows alignment together with RHS equation numbering---see page 192\cr +\+&\tt\bs leqalignno\lb\dots\rb&Allows alignment together with LHS equation numbering---see page 192\cr +\+&\tt\bs displaylines\lb\dots\rb&Display equations over several lines as you want but without alignment---see page 194\cr +\+&\tt\bs cases\lb\dots\rb&Display an equation containing choices spanned by a brace---see page 175\cr +\mn \lineskiplimit=2pt \lineskip=2pt +\item{(xiv)} Features +\sn +\+&\tt x\sb 1\sp \lb-2\rb&Produces $x_1^{-2}$\cr +\+&\tt \lb x+y\bs over 2a\rb&Produces $\displaystyle{x+y\over2a}$ ---see page 139\cr +\+&\tt\bs sqrt\lb b-a\rb&Produces $\sqrt{b-a}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs matrix\bs pmatrix\bs bordermatrix&Produce arrays---see page 176\cr +\+&\tt\bs overbrace\lb x+y\rb&Produces $\overbrace{x+y}$ ---see page 176\cr +\+&\tt\bs underbrace\lb x+y\rb&Produces $\underbrace{x+y}$ ---see page 176\cr +\+&\tt\bs overline\lb x+y\rb&Produces $\overline{x+y}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs underline\lb x+y\rb&Produces $\underline{x+y}$ \cr +\+&\tt\bs root n+1\bs of\lb a+b\rb&Produces $\root n+1\of{a+b}$\cr +\+&\tt\lb n\bs choose k\rb&Produces ${n\choose k}$\cr +\+&\tt\bs bmod&Inserts `mod' as a binary operation (eg.~{\tt\dol m\bs bmod n\dol} produces~~$m\bmod n$)\cr +\+&\tt\bs pmod&Inserts `mod' in parentheses (eg.~{\tt\dol m\bs pmod n\dol} produces~~$m\pmod n$)\cr +\+&\tt\bs eqno&Equation numbering on RHS---see page 187\cr +\+&\tt\bs leqno&Equation numbering on LHS---see page 187\cr +\+&\tt\bs\char"2A&Discretionary multiplication sign---see page 173\cr +\+&\tt\bs allowbreak&Line break within text mathematics permitted here---see page 174\cr +\vfil\eject +\leftline{\sc C.~~Allowable units of measurement} +\sn +{\def\\{\thinspace} +\settabs\+\indent&\hskip2.3truecm&\hskip2.8truecm&\cr +\+&\tt in&inch&(1\\in = 72.27\\pt)\cr +\+&\tt cm¢imetre&(2.54\\cm = 1\\in,~ 1\\cm = 28.45\\pt)\cr +\+&\tt mm&millimetre&(10\\mm = 1cm,~ 25.4\\mm = 1in,~ 1\\mm = 2.845\\pt)\cr +\+&\tt pc&pica&(1\\pc = 12\\pt,~ 6.023\\pc = 1\\in,~ 2.371\\pc = 1\\cm)\cr +\+&\tt cc&cicero&(1\\cc = 12\\dd,~ 1\\cc = 12.84\\pt,~ 5.628\\cc = 1\\in,~ 2.216 +\\cc = 1\\cm)\cr +\+&\tt dd&did\^ot point&(1157\\dd = 1238\\pt,~ 67.54\\dd = 1\\in,~ 26.59\\dd = 1 +\\cm)\cr +\+&\tt bp&big point&(72\\bp = 1\\in,~ 28.35\\bp = 1\\cm)\cr +\+&\tt pt&point&(1\\pt = 0.01384\\in,~ 1\\pt = 0.03515\\cm)\cr +\+&\tt sp&scaled point&(65536\\sp = 1\\pt,~ 4736287\\sp= 1\\in,~ 1864690\\sp = 1 +\\cm)\cr} +\bn\mn +\leftline{{\sc D.~~Macros}---page 199} +\bigskip +\settabs\+\indent&\hskip5.1truecm&\cr +\+&\tt\bs def\bs nl\lb\bs hfil\bs break\rb&{\tt\bs nl} will now be interpreted as {\tt\bs hfil\bs break}, +ie.~start a new line\cr +\+&\tt\bs def\bs(\lb\bs left(\rb&{\tt\bs(} will now be interpreted as {\tt\bs left(}\cr +\+&\tt\bs def\bs der\hash1\lb\lb d\hash1\bs over dx\rb\rb&{\tt\bs der y} will now be interpreted +as {\tt\lb dy\bs over dx\rb} and produce ${dy\over dx}$ in maths mode\cr +\+&\tt\bs input macros&Reads in the file {\tt macros.tex} from the current directory or {\tt \bs inputs} directory\cr +\+&{\it Note\/}:~~A definition nested inside braces, or within {\tt\dol} symbols, does not apply +outside those braces or outside that mathematics.\cr +\bn\mn +\leftline{\sc E.~~Some Defaults of Plain \TeX} +\bigskip +\settabs\+\indent&\hskip7truecm&\cr +\+&\tt\bs hsize = 16.51cm (6.5in)&\tt\bs vsize = 22.61cm (8.9in)\cr +\+&\tt\bs hoffset = 0pt&\tt\bs voffset = 0pt\cr +\+&\tt\bs parindent = 20pt (7.0mm)&\tt\bs parskip = 0pt plus 1pt\cr +\+&\tt\bs baselineskip = 12pt (4.2mm)&\tt\bs topskip = 10pt\cr +\+&\tt\bs pageno = 1&\tt\bs tolerance = 200\cr +\bye + + diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/dots.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/dots.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ec58e8004c --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/dots.tex @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +%(c) 1990,91 by Joel M. Hoffman +%dots.tex. Version 1.0. +%updated 5/15/91 by JMH + + +%Use of this material in a commercial venture of any sort requires +%permission from me. Otherwise, you are free to use this for any +%legal, non-destructive purpose. If you find this useful, a +%contribution to charity will be most appreciated. + +%This file provides the following commands: +% \dagesh{ let } % put a _dagesh_ in the letter _let_. +% \shindot{ let } % put a dot in the upper-right corner of letter _let_. +% \sindot { let } % put a dot in the upper-left corder of letter _let_. +% \shinwithdot % A \shin with a dot. +% \sinwithdot % A \sin with a dot. +% \Shinwithdot % A \Shin (i.e., \shin with a _dagesh_) with a dot. +% \Sinwithdot % A \Sin (i.e., \sin with a _dagesh_) with a dot. +% \odot % _Cholem Chaseir_ +% \vavdot % A dot for use over a vav (to create a _cholem male_) +% \vavwithdot % _Cholem male_ +% \Vavwithdot % _Cholem male_ with a _dagesh_ (!?!) + +%Send comments or complaints to: +% +%BITNET: hoffman@nyuacf.BITNET <-- this will change soon +%CompuServe: 72700,402 -or- 72700.402@compuserve.com +%SNAIL: Joel M. Hoffman +% 19 Hillcrest Lane +% Rye, NY 10580 +% U.S.A. + + +\def\dagesh#1{{\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\let\l=#1% +\def\vadj{.5}\def\hadj{0}% +\if\l\shin\def\hadj{.1}\fi +\if\l\vav\def\hadj{-.4}\fi +\if\l\pe\def\hadj{.1}\fi +\if\l\gimel\def\hadj{-.2}\fi +\if\l\nun\def\hadj{-.2}\fi +\if\l\zion\def\hadj{-.4}\fi +\if\l\tet\def\hadj{.1}\fi +\if\l\tzadi\def\hadj{.1}\fi +\if\l\yud\def\hadj{-.5}\fi +\if\l\lamed\def\vadj{.3}\fi +\if\l\yud\def\vadj{.7}\fi +\hbox to 0pt{% +\kern \hadj\wd0% +\kern .5\wd0% +\raise \vadj\ht0% +\hbox{\char000}% +\kern -\hadj\wd0% +\kern -.5\wd0}% +\box0% +}} + +\def\shindot#1{{\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\hbox to 0pt{% +\kern.78\wd0%; +\raise1.2\ht0% +\hbox{\char000}% +\kern-.78\wd0}% +\box0% +}} + +\def\sindot#1{{\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\hbox to 0pt{% +\kern.20\wd0% +\raise1.2\ht0% +\hbox{\char000}% +\kern-.20\wd0}% +\box0% +}} +\def\shinwithdot{\shindot{\shin}} +\def\Shinwithdot{\shindot{\Shin}} +\def\sinwithdot{\sindot{\sin}} +\def\Sinwithdot{\sindot{\Sin}} + +\def\odot{\setbox0=\hbox{\vav}% +\kern.1\wd0\raise1.2\ht0\hbox{\char000}\kern.1\wd0} + +\def\vavdot#1{{\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\hbox to 0pt{% +\kern.5\wd0\raise1.2\ht0\hbox{\char000}\kern-.5\wd0}% +\box0% +}} + +\def\vavwithdot{\vavdot{\vav}} +\def\Vavwithdot{\vavdot{\Vav}} diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/example.ps b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/example.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..806722f5d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/example.ps @@ -0,0 +1,347 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvips 5.495 Copyright 1986, 1992 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: EXAMPLE.dvi +%%Pages: 4 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 +%%EndComments +%DVIPSCommandLine: f:\appl\itp\emtex\dvips.exe EXAMPLE +%DVIPSSource: TeX output 1993.06.10:0955 +%%BeginProcSet: texc.pro +%! +/TeXDict 250 dict def TeXDict begin /N{def}def /B{bind def}N /S{exch}N /X{S N} +B /TR{translate}N /isls false N /vsize 11 72 mul N /@rigin{isls{[0 -1 1 0 0 0] +concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{Resolution hsize +-72 div mul 0 TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR matrix +currentmatrix dup dup 4 get round 4 exch put dup dup 5 get round 5 exch put +setmatrix}N /@landscape{/isls true N}B /@manualfeed{statusdict /manualfeed +true put}B /@copies{/#copies X}B /FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N /FBB[0 0 0 0]N /nn 0 N +/IE 0 N /ctr 0 N /df-tail{/nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N /FontMatrix +fntrx N /FontBBox FBB N string /base X array /BitMaps X /BuildChar{ +CharBuilder}N /Encoding IE N end dup{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N load 0 nn +put /ctr 0 N[}B /df{/sf 1 N /fntrx FMat N df-tail}B /dfs{div /sf X /fntrx[sf 0 +0 sf neg 0 0]N df-tail}B /E{pop nn dup definefont setfont}B /ch-width{ch-data +dup length 5 sub get}B /ch-height{ch-data dup length 4 sub get}B /ch-xoff{128 +ch-data dup length 3 sub get sub}B /ch-yoff{ch-data dup length 2 sub get 127 +sub}B /ch-dx{ch-data dup length 1 sub get}B /ch-image{ch-data dup type +/stringtype ne{ctr get /ctr ctr 1 add N}if}B /id 0 N /rw 0 N /rc 0 N /gp 0 N +/cp 0 N /G 0 N /sf 0 N /CharBuilder{save 3 1 roll S dup /base get 2 index get +S /BitMaps get S get /ch-data X pop /ctr 0 N ch-dx 0 ch-xoff ch-yoff ch-height +sub ch-xoff ch-width add ch-yoff setcachedevice ch-width ch-height true[1 0 0 +-1 -.1 ch-xoff sub ch-yoff .1 add]/id ch-image N /rw ch-width 7 add 8 idiv +string N /rc 0 N /gp 0 N /cp 0 N{rc 0 ne{rc 1 sub /rc X rw}{G}ifelse} +imagemask restore}B /G{{id gp get /gp gp 1 add N dup 18 mod S 18 idiv pl S get +exec}loop}B /adv{cp add /cp X}B /chg{rw cp id gp 4 index getinterval +putinterval dup gp add /gp X adv}B /nd{/cp 0 N rw exit}B /lsh{rw cp 2 copy get +dup 0 eq{pop 1}{dup 255 eq{pop 254}{dup dup add 255 and S 1 and or}ifelse} +ifelse put 1 adv}B /rsh{rw cp 2 copy get dup 0 eq{pop 128}{dup 255 eq{pop 127} +{dup 2 idiv S 128 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B /clr{rw cp 2 index string +putinterval adv}B /set{rw cp fillstr 0 4 index getinterval putinterval adv}B +/fillstr 18 string 0 1 17{2 copy 255 put pop}for N /pl[{adv 1 chg}{adv 1 chg +nd}{1 add chg}{1 add chg nd}{adv lsh}{adv lsh nd}{adv rsh}{adv rsh nd}{1 add +adv}{/rc X nd}{1 add set}{1 add clr}{adv 2 chg}{adv 2 chg nd}{pop nd}]dup{ +bind pop}forall N /D{/cc X dup type /stringtype ne{]}if nn /base get cc ctr +put nn /BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{dup dup length 1 sub dup 2 index S get sf +div put}if put /ctr ctr 1 add N}B /I{cc 1 add D}B /bop{userdict /bop-hook +known{bop-hook}if /SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto /V matrix currentmatrix dup 1 +get dup mul exch 0 get dup mul add .99 lt{/QV}{/RV}ifelse load def pop pop}N +/eop{SI restore showpage userdict /eop-hook known{eop-hook}if}N /@start{ +userdict /start-hook known{start-hook}if pop /VResolution X /Resolution X 1000 +div /DVImag X /IE 256 array N 0 1 255{IE S 1 string dup 0 3 index put cvn put} +for 65781.76 div /vsize X 65781.76 div /hsize X}N /p{show}N /RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0 +]N /BDot 260 string N /rulex 0 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between a tex input and +% a latex input. +% +\font\Jer=Jerusalem +\ifundefined{LaTeX} + \def\footnoterule{\kern-3pt\hrule width \hsize \kern 2.6pt} +\else \renewcommand\footnoterule{\kern-3pt\hrule width\hsize\kern 2.6pt} +\fi +\ifundefined{LaTeX}{} \newcount\hebcheck + % This counter used for local text being Hebrew. +\fi +\ifundefined{LaTeX}{} \newcount\hebtext + % This counter used for overall text being Hebrew. +\fi +% +% Each control sequence defined here has his Hebrew equivalent. + +% \L = ngxefzlerfiz +% \R = ngxefzraxiz + +\font\hrm=redis10 +\font\hsl=rediss10 +\font\hebrew=Jerusalem + +\ifundefined{LaTeX} +{ +\hebcheck=1 +\hebtext =1 +\def\hebR#1{\ifodd\hebcheck\beginR#1\fi} +\baselineskip=14pt +\hebrew +} +\fi + +\let\next=\ + +\def\L{\afterassignment\moreL \let\next= } +\def\moreL{\bracetext \aftergroup\endL \beginL \rm} +\def\R{\afterassignment\moreR \let\next= } +\def\moreR{\bracetext \aftergroup\endR \beginR \hebrew} +\def\bracetext{\ifcat\next{\else\ifcat\next}\fi + \errmessage{Missing left brace has been substituted}\fi \bgroup} + +\let\ngxefzlerfiz=\L +\let\ngxefzraxiz=\R + +% \hebrew = \raxiz +% The font Jerusalem = \ixeylim +% The font TelAviv = \zlaia +% The font DeadSea = \imdnlg +% The font OldJaffa = \ite + +% +% \hebrew is activated. Now the default is Jerusalem, +% and the \R control sequence refers to \hebrew. +% Thanx to the sequence 'ifundefined', it is possible +% to distinguish between latex and tex. +% Hence, for latex, hebrew is activated by +% hebrewtext, hebrewlines etc. +% For tex, instead of \hebrew it says \the\font, thus enabling +% any font (e.g. one called aaa) to be used and +% have the right indentation. +% The problem in latex lies in that +% \the\font in latex usually means \rm. +% Note that, still, the sequence \R still refers only to the font +% called \hebrew. + +\font\Jerfootnote=Jerusalem scaled 750 +\let\who=\Jerfootnote + +%\font\Jerhalf=Jerusalem scaled \magstephalf +%\font\Jerone=Jerusalem scaled \magstep1 +%\font\Jertwo=Jerusalem scaled \magstep2 +%\font\Jerthree=Jerusalem scaled \magstep3 +%\font\Jerfour=Jerusalem scaled \magstep4 +%\font\Jerfive=Jerusalem scaled \magstep5 + +\font\Telfootnote=TelAviv scaled 750 + +%\font\Telhalf=TelAviv scaled \magstephalf +%\font\Telone=TelAviv scaled \magstep1 +%\font\Teltwo=TelAviv scaled \magstep2 +\font\Telthree=TelAviv scaled \magstep3 +%\font\Telfour=TelAviv scaled \magstep4 +\font\Telfive=TelAviv scaled \magstep5 + +\font\Deadfootnote=DeadSea scaled 750 + +%\font\Deadhalf=DeadSea scaled \magstephalf +%\font\Deadone=DeadSea scaled \magstep1 +%\font\Deadtwo=DeadSea scaled \magstep2 +\font\Deadthree=DeadSea scaled \magstep3 +%\font\Deadfour=DeadSea scaled \magstep4 +\font\Deadfive=DeadSea scaled \magstep5 + +\font\Jaffafootnote=OldJaffa scaled 750 + +%\font\Jaffahalf=OldJaffa scaled \magstephalf +%\font\Jaffaone=OldJaffa scaled \magstep1 +%\font\Jaffatwo=OldJaffa scaled \magstep2 +\font\Jaffathree=OldJaffa scaled \magstep3 +%\font\Jaffafour=OldJaffa scaled \magstep4 +\font\Jaffafive=OldJaffa scaled \magstep5 + +\def\ixeylim{\font\hebrew=Jerusalem \hebrew } +\def\zlaia{\font\hebrew=TelAviv \hebrew } +\def\imdnlg{\font\hebrew=DeadSea \hebrew } +\def\ite{\font\hebrew=OldJaffa \hebrew } +% \let\Jer=\ixeylim +\let\Tel=\zlaia +\let\Dead=\imdnlg +\let\Jaffa=\ite + +\let\bigDead=\Deadthree +\let\biggerDead=\Deadfive +\let\bigJer=\Jerthree +\let\biggerJer=\Jerfive +\let\bigTel=\Telthree +\let\biggerTel=\Telfive +\let\bigJaffa=\Jaffathree +\let\biggerJaffa=\Jaffafive + + +%\font\biggestTel=TelAviv10 scaled 7000 +%\font\giantTel=TelAviv20 scaled 13000 + +% To use enlargements of Hebrew fonts by specifying Hebrew +% control sequences, use the Hebrew font name appended by bet or gimel +% (or dalet or he in TelAviv). + +\let\imdnlga=\bigDead +\let\imdnlgb=\biggerDead +\let\itea=\bigJaffa +\let\iteb=\biggerJaffa +\let\ixeylima=\bigJer +\let\ixeylimb=\biggerJer +\let\zlaiaa=\bigTel +\let\zlaiab=\biggerTel + +\def\zlaiac{\font\hebrew=TelAviv10 scaled 7000 \hebrew } +\def\zlaiad{\font\hebrew=TelAviv20 scaled 13000 \hebrew } + +\ifundefined{LaTeX} +\def\nohebrewtext{\rm\everypar{}\hebcheck=0} +\fi + +\ifundefined{LaTeX} +\def\hebrewpar{\noindent\beginR\indent\the\font + \ifodd\hebcheck{}\else\hebrew\hebcheck=1\fi} +\def\hebrewtext{\everypar{\leavevmode\kern-\parindent\beginR\indent\the\font} + \ifundefined{fmtname}{} \else \hebrew\fi + \ifodd\hebcheck{} + \else\hebrew\fi + \hebcheck=1 \hebtext=1} +\def\hebrewlines{\noindent\beginR\the\font + \ifodd\hebcheck{}\else\hebrew\hebcheck=1\fi} +%\else +%\def\hebrewpar{\noindent\beginR\indent +% \ifodd\hebcheck{}\else\hebrew\hebcheck=1\fi} +%\def\hebrewtext{ +% \ifodd\hebcheck{} +% \else\hebrew +% \fi +% \everypar{\leavevmode\kern-\parindent\beginR\indent} +% \hebcheck=1 \hebtext=1 } +%\def\hebrewlines{\noindent\beginR +% \ifodd\hebcheck{}\else\hebrew\hebcheck=1\fi} +%\fi +%% \def\hebrewtext{\everypar{\leavevmode\kern-\parindent\beginR\indent \hebrew } +% \hebcheck=1 \hebtext=1 } +% \def\hebrewlines{\noindent\beginR \hebrew } +% \def\hebrewpar{\noindent\beginR\indent \hebrew } +% +\fi + +\let\sethebrew=\hebrewtext +\let\unsethebrew=\nohebrewtext + +\let\whrraxiz=\hebrewpar +\let\hwqhraxiz=\hebrewtext +\let\yexezraxiz\hebrewlines + +\everydisplay{\aftergroup\beginR } + +\def\diem{\L{\number\day}\ \hebrew a\ifcase\month\or +\hebrew ipe`x\or +\hebrew taxe`x\or \hebrew nxq\or \hebrew `txil +\or \hebrew n`i\or \hebrew iepi\or \hebrew ieli\or +\hebrew `ebeqh\or \hebrew qthnax\or \hebrew `ewheax +\or \hebrew peanax\or \hebrew cvnax\fi\ +\L{\number\year}} + +\let\hebday=\diem +\def\wtivdwhpd{\smallskip } +\def\wtivdaipepiz{\medskip } +\def\wtivdbceld{\bigskip } + + \def\wtivdlnhd #1{\vskip #1 } + \def\wtivddvicd #1{\hskip #1} +\def\xeegaioyexez #1{\baselineskip #1 } + + \def\pw{ pt } + \def\pwecez{ pt } + \def\qes{\end } + \def\qn{ cm } + + \def\nwsbcel{\L{--}} + \def\nwsrpw{\L{---}} +\let\makafgadol=\nwsbcel +\let\makafanak=\nwsrpw + + \def\bxy{\L{`}} + \let\geresh=\bxy + +\def\dcby#1{\leavevmode\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\kern-.025em\copy0\kern-\wd0 +\kern.05em\copy0\kern-\wd0 +\kern-.025em\raise.0433em\box0 } + +\def\dcbyy#1{\leavevmode\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\kern-.025em\copy0\kern-\wd0 +\kern.05em\copy0\kern-\wd0 +\kern-.025em\raise.0433em\box0\raise-.0433em\box0 } + +\def\wewe#1{\leavevmode\setbox0=\hbox{#1}% +\kern-.025em\copy0\kern-\wd0 +\kern.05em\box0 } + +\let\hadgesh=\dcby +\def\tiqwd#1{\item{#1}\hangindent=-\hangindent} +\def\tqwd#1{\item{#1}\hangindent=-\hangindent} +\let\piska=\tiqwd + +\def\tiqwdtiqwd#1{\itemitem{#1}\hangindent=-\hangindent} +\def\tqwdtqwd#1{\itemitem{#1}\hangindent=-\hangindent} +\let\piskapiska=\tiqwdtiqwd + +\def\yexdinio#1{\line{\R{#1 \hss}}} +\def\yexdyn`l#1{\line{\R{\hss #1}}} +\def\nxkf#1{\line{\R{\hss #1 \hss}}} + +\def\openquote{\L{''}} +\def\closequote{\L{``}} +\def\leftquotation{\L{''}} +\def\rightquotation{\L{``}} +\let\tzgviheh=\openquote +\let\qbexviheh=\closequote +\input hebcal.sty + diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hebcal.sty b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hebcal.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fe5e38fe6c --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hebcal.sty @@ -0,0 +1,666 @@ +%------------------hebcal.sty------------------------------ +% +% TeX & LaTeX MACROS FOR COMPUTING HEBREW DATE FROM GREGORIAN ONE +% ( Released: Tammuz 12, 5751 -- June 24, 1991 ) +% Corrected: 15 January, 1992. Rama. +% by Michail Rozman, misha@iop.tartu.ew.su +% Translated to Hebrew by Rama. +% +% Please direct any comments, bugfixed, questions, etc. +% to the address above. +% +% TABLE OF CONTENTS +% +% INTRODUCTION +% REGISTERS, COMMANDS AND MACROS FOR HEBREW DATE FORMATTING +% AUXILIARY MACROS +% GREGORIAN PART +% HEBREW PART +% + +% ******************************************* +% * INTRODUCTION * +% ******************************************* +% +% The Hebrew calendar is inherently complicated: +% It is lunisolar -- each year starts close to the +% autumn equinox, but each month must strictly start +% at a new moon. Thus Hebrew calendar must be harmonized +% simultaneously with both lunar and solar events. +% In addition, for reasons of the religious practice, the +% year cannot start on Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. +% +% For the full description of Hebrew calendar and for +% the list of references see: +% +% Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold, +% "Calendrical Calculations", Software--Pract.Exper., +% vol. 20 (9), pp.899--928 (September 1990) +% C translation of LISP programs from the above article +% available from Mr. Wayne Geiser, geiser%pictel@uunet.uu.net +% +% The 4th distribution ( July 1989 ) of hdate/hcal ( Hebrew +% calendar programs similar to UNIX date/cal ) by +% Mr. Amos Shapir, amos@shum.huji.ac.il , contains short +% and very clear description of algorithms. +% +\catcode`@=11 +% ******************************************* +% * REGISTERS, COMMAND, FORMATTING MACROS * +% ******************************************* +% +% The command \Hebrewtoday produces today's date for Hebrew +% calendar. It is similar to the \today command of the LETTER +% style. In addition three numerical registers \Hebrewday +% \Hebrewmonth and \Hebrewyear are set. +% For setting this registers without producing of date string +% command \Hebrewsetreg can be used. +% The command \Hebrewdate{Gday}{Gmonth}{Gyear} produces Hebrew +% calendar date corresponding to Gregorian date Gday.Gmonth.Gyear. +% Three numerical registers \Hebrewday \Hebrewmonth and +% \Hebrewyear are set. +% For converting arbitrary Gregorian date Gday.Gmonth.Gyear +% to Hebrew date Hday.Hmonth.Hyear without producing date string +% the command: +% \HebrewFromGregorian{Gday}{Gmonth}{Gyear}{Hday}{Hmonth}{Hyear} +% can be used. +% +\newcount\Hebrewday \newcount\Hebrewmonth \newcount\Hebrewyear +% +% +% \Hebrewtoday +% ============ +% Today's date in hebrew calendar +\def\Hebrewtoday{% + \HebrewFromGregorian{\day}{\month}{\year} + {\Hebrewday}{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear}% + \HebrewDayName{\Hebrewday} \HebrewMonthName{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear}, zyp"a% +% \HebrewMonthName{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear} \number\Hebrewday, \ % +% \number\Hebrewyear% +}% +\let\hebrewtoday=\Hebrewtoday +% +% \Hebrewsetreg +% ============ +% Set registers: today's date in hebrew calendar +\def\Hebrewsetreg{% + \HebrewFromGregorian{\day}{\month}{\year} + {\Hebrewday}{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear}% +}% +% +% \Hebrewdate{Gday}{Gmonth}{Gyear} +% ================================ +% Hebrew calendar date corresponding to Gregorian Gday.Gmonth.Gyear +\def\Hebrewdate #1#2#3{% + \HebrewFromGregorian{#1}{#2}{#3} + {\Hebrewday}{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear}% + \HebrewDayName{\Hebrewday} \HebrewMonthName{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear}, $\number\Hebrewyear$% +% \HebrewMonthName{\Hebrewmonth}{\Hebrewyear} \number\Hebrewday, \ % +% \number\Hebrewyear% +}% +% +% TO PREPARE ANOTHER LANGUAGE VERSION CHANGE HERE !!! +% +% \HebrewMonthName{month}{year} +% =============================== +% Name of month in the `year' +\def\HebrewMonthName #1#2{% + \ifnum #1 = 7% + \CheckLeapHebrewYear{#2}% + \if@HebrewLeap `cx a' \else `cx \fi% + \else% + \ifcase #1% + Dummy \or% + zyxi \or% + gyeo \or% + kqle \or% + haz \or% + yah \or% + `cx `' \or% + `cx a' \or% + piqo \or% + `iix \or% + qieo \or% + znef \or% + `a \or% + `lel % + \fi % + \fi % +}% +% +% \HebrewDayName{day} +% =============================== +% Name of day in Hebrew letters. +% +\def\HebrewDayName #1{ + \ifcase #1% + Dummy \or% + %Dummy \or% + `' \or% + a' \or% + b' \or% + c' \or% + d' \or% + e' \or% + f' \or% + g' \or% + h' \or% + i' \or% + i`' \or% + ia' \or% + ib' \or% + ic' \or% + he' \or% + hf' \or% + if' \or% + ig' \or% + ih' \or% + k' \or% + k`' \or% + ka' \or% + kb' \or% + kc' \or% + kd' \or% + ke' \or% + kf' \or% + kg' \or% + kh' \or% + l' \or% + l`'% + \fi +} +%\def\HebrewMonthName #1#2{% + %\ifnum #1 = 7% + %\CheckLeapHebrewYear{#2}% + %\if@HebrewLeap Adar II \else Adar \fi% + %\else% + %\ifcase #1% + %Dummy \or% + %Tishri \or% + %Heshvan \or% + %Kislev \or% + %Tebeth \or% + %Shebat \or% + %Adar I \or% + %Adar II \or% + %Nisan \or% + %Iyar \or% + %Sivan \or% + %Tammuz \or% + %Av \or% + %Ellul% + %\fi % + %\fi % +%}% +% ******************************************* +% * AUXILIARY MACROS * +% ******************************************* +% +\newcount\@common +% +% \Remainder{a}{b}{c} +% =================== +% c = a%b == a - b(a/b) +\def\Remainder #1#2#3{% + #3 = #1% % c = a + \divide #3 by #2% % c = a/b + \multiply #3 by -#2% % c = -b(a/b) + \advance #3 by #1% % c = a - b(a/b) +}% +% +\newif\if@Divisible +% +% \CheckIfDivisible{a}{b} +% ================== +% Set \@Divisibletrue if a%b == 0 +\def\CheckIfDivisible #1#2{% + {% + \countdef\tmp = 0% % \tmp == \count0 - temporary variable + \Remainder{#1}{#2}{\tmp}% + \ifnum \tmp = 0% + \global\@Divisibletrue% + \else% + \global\@Divisiblefalse% + \fi% + }% +}% + +% ******************************************* +% * GREGORIAN PART * +% ******************************************* +% +\newif\if@GregorianLeap +% +% \IfGregorianLeap{year} +% ====================== +% Conditional which is true if Gregorian `year' is +% a leap year: +% ( ( year%4 == 0 ) && ( year%100 != 0 ) || ( year%400 == 0 ) ) +\def\IfGregorianLeap #1{% + \CheckIfDivisible{#1}{4}% + \if@Divisible% + \CheckIfDivisible{#1}{100}% + \if@Divisible% + \CheckIfDivisible{#1}{400}% + \if@Divisible% + \@GregorianLeaptrue% + \else% + \@GregorianLeapfalse% + \fi% + \else% + \@GregorianLeaptrue% + \fi% + \else% + \@GregorianLeapfalse% + \fi% + \if@GregorianLeap% +}% +% +% \GregorianDaysInPriorMonths{month}{year}{days} +% =============================== +% Number of days in months prior to `month' in the `year' +\def\GregorianDaysInPriorMonths #1#2#3{% + {% + #3 = \ifcase #1% + 0 \or % % no month number 0 + 0 \or 31 \or 59 \or 90 \or 120 \or 151 \or % + 181 \or 212 \or 243 \or 273 \or 304 \or 334% + \fi% + \IfGregorianLeap{#2}% % in leap year ... + \ifnum #1 > 2% % if month after February ... + \advance #3 by 1% % add leap day + \fi% + \fi% + \global\@common = #3% + }% + #3 = \@common% +}% +% +% \GregorianDaysInPriorYears{year}{days} +% =============================== +% Number of days since 01.01.01 in years prior to the `year' +\def\GregorianDaysInPriorYears #1#2{% + {% + \countdef\tmpc = 4% % \tmpc==\count4 + \countdef\tmpb = 2% % \tmpb==\count2 + \tmpb = #1% + \advance \tmpb by -1% + \tmpc = \tmpb% % \tmpc = \tmpb = year-1 + \multiply \tmpc by 365% % Days in prior years = + #2 = \tmpc% % = 365*(year-1) ... + \tmpc = \tmpb% + \divide \tmpc by 4% % \tmpc = (year-1)/4 + \advance #2 by \tmpc% % ... plus Julian leap days ... + \tmpc = \tmpb% % + \divide \tmpc by 100% % \tmpc = (year-1)/100 + \advance #2 by -\tmpc% % ... minus century years ... + \tmpc = \tmpb% + \divide \tmpc by 400% % \tmpc = (year-1)/400 + \advance #2 by \tmpc% % ... plus 4-century years. + \global\@common = #2% + }% + #2 = \@common% +}% +% +% \AbsoluteFromGregorian{day}{month}{year}{absdate} +% ====================== +% Calculation of absolute date ( days since 01.01.01 ) from +% Gregorian date day.month.year +\def\AbsoluteFromGregorian #1#2#3#4{% + {% + \countdef\tmpd = 0% % \tmpd==\count0 + #4 = #1% % days so far this month + \GregorianDaysInPriorMonths{#2}{#3}{\tmpd}% + \advance #4 by \tmpd% % add days in prior months + \GregorianDaysInPriorYears{#3}{\tmpd}% + \advance #4 by \tmpd% % add days in prior years + \global\@common = #4% + }% + #4 = \@common% +}% +% +\newif\if@GregorianLeap +% +% \IfGregorianLeap{year} +% ====================== +% Conditional which is true if Gregorian `year' is +% a leap year: +% ( ( year%4 == 0 ) && ( year%100 != 0 ) || ( year%400 == 0 ) ) +\def\IfGregorianLeap #1{% + \CheckIfDivisible{#1}{4}% + \if@Divisible% + \CheckIfDivisible{#1}{100}% + \if@Divisible% + \CheckIfDivisible{#1}{400}% + \if@Divisible% + \@GregorianLeaptrue% + \else% + \@GregorianLeapfalse% + \fi% + \else% + \@GregorianLeaptrue% + \fi% + \else% + \@GregorianLeapfalse% + \fi% + \if@GregorianLeap% +}% +% +% \GregorianDaysInPriorMonths{month}{year}{days} +% =============================== +% Number of days in months prior to `month' in the `year' +\def\GregorianDaysInPriorMonths #1#2#3{% + {% + #3 = \ifcase #1% + 0 \or% % no month number 0 + 0 \or% + 31 \or% + 59 \or% + 90 \or% + 120 \or% + 151 \or% + 181 \or% + 212 \or% + 243 \or% + 273 \or% + 304 \or% + 334% + \fi% + \IfGregorianLeap{#2}% + \ifnum #1 > 2% % if month after February + \advance #3 by 1% % add leap day + \fi% + \fi% + \global\@common = #3% + }% + #3 = \@common% +}% +% +% \GregorianDaysInPriorYears{year}{days} +% =============================== +% Number of days in years prior to the `year' +\def\GregorianDaysInPriorYears #1#2{% + {% + \countdef\tmpc = 4% % \tmpc==\count4 + \countdef\tmpb = 2% % \tmpb==\count2 + \tmpb = #1% % + \advance \tmpb by -1% % + \tmpc = \tmpb% % \tmpc = \tmpb = year-1 + \multiply \tmpc by 365% % Days in prior years = + #2 = \tmpc% % = 365*(year-1) ... + \tmpc = \tmpb% % + \divide \tmpc by 4% % \tmpc = (year-1)/4 + \advance #2 by \tmpc% % ... plus Julian leap days ... + \tmpc = \tmpb% % + \divide \tmpc by 100% % \tmpc = (year-1)/100 + \advance #2 by -\tmpc% % ... minus century years ... + \tmpc = \tmpb% % + \divide \tmpc by 400% % \tmpc = (year-1)/400 + \advance #2 by \tmpc% % ... plus 4-century years. + \global\@common = #2% + }% + #2 = \@common% +}% +% +% \AbsoluteFromGregorian{day}{month}{year}{absdate} +% ====================== +% Calculation of absolute date ( days since 01.01.0001 ) from +% Gregorian date day.month.year +\def\AbsoluteFromGregorian #1#2#3#4{% + {% + \countdef\tmpd = 0% % \tmpd==\count0 + #4 = #1% % days so far this month + \GregorianDaysInPriorMonths{#2}{#3}{\tmpd}% + \advance #4 by \tmpd% % add days in prior months + \GregorianDaysInPriorYears{#3}{\tmpd}% + \advance #4 by \tmpd% % add days in prior years + \global\@common = #4% + }% + #4 = \@common% +}% + +% ******************************************* +% * HEBREW PART * +% ******************************************* +% +\newif\if@HebrewLeap +% +% \CheckLeapHebrewYear{year} +% ====================== +% Set \@HebrewLeaptrue if Hebrew `year' is +% a leap year: if (1+7*year)%19 < 7 then true else false +\def\CheckLeapHebrewYear #1{% + {% + \countdef\tmpa = 0% % \tmpa==\count0 + \countdef\tmpb = 1% % \tmpb==\count1 +% + \tmpa = #1% + \multiply \tmpa by 7% + \advance \tmpa by 1% + \Remainder{\tmpa}{19}{\tmpb}% + \ifnum \tmpb < 7% % \tmpb = (7*year+1)%19 + \global\@HebrewLeaptrue% + \else% + \global\@HebrewLeapfalse% + \fi% + }% +}% +% +% \HebrewElapsedMonths{year}{months} +% ============================== +% Number of months elapsed from the Sunday prior to the start +% of the Hebrew calendar to the mean conjunction of Tishri +% of Hebrew `year' +\def\HebrewElapsedMonths #1#2{% + {% + \countdef\tmpa = 0% % \tmpa==\count0 + \countdef\tmpb = 1% % \tmpb==\count1 + \countdef\tmpc = 2% % \tmpc==\count2 +% + \tmpa = #1% % + \advance \tmpa by -1% % + #2 = \tmpa% % #2 = \tmpa = year-1 + \divide #2 by 19% % Number of complete Meton cycles + \multiply #2 by 235% % #2 = 235*((year-1)/19) +% + \Remainder{\tmpa}{19}{\tmpb}% % \tmpa = years%19 - years this cycle + \tmpc = \tmpb% % + \multiply \tmpb by 12% % + \advance #2 by \tmpb% % add regular months this cycle +% + \multiply \tmpc by 7% % + \advance \tmpc by 1% % + \divide \tmpc by 19% % \tmpc = (1+7*((year-1)%19))/19 - +% % number of leap months this cycle + \advance #2 by \tmpc% % add leap months +% + \global\@common = #2% + }% + #2 = \@common% +}% +% +% \HebrewElapsedDays{year}{days} +% ============================== +% Number of days elapsed from the Sunday prior to the start +% of the Hebrew calendar to the mean conjunction of Tishri +% of Hebrew `year' +\def\HebrewElapsedDays #1#2{% + {% + \countdef\tmpa = 0% % \tmpa==\count0 + \countdef\tmpb = 1% % \tmpb==\count1 + \countdef\tmpc = 2% % \tmpc==\count2 +% + \HebrewElapsedMonths{#1}{#2}% % + \tmpa = #2% % + \multiply \tmpa by 13753% % + \advance \tmpa by 5604% % \tmpa=MonthsElapsed*13758 + 5604 + \Remainder{\tmpa}{25920}{\tmpc}% % \tmpc == ConjunctionParts + \divide \tmpa by 25920% +% + \multiply #2 by 29% + \advance #2 by 1% + \advance #2 by \tmpa% % #2 = 1 + MonthsElapsed*29 + +% % PartsElapsed/25920 + \Remainder{#2}{7}{\tmpa}% % \tmpa == DayOfWeek + \ifnum \tmpc < 19440% + \ifnum \tmpc < 9924% + \else% % New moon at 9 h. 204 p. or later ... + \ifnum \tmpa = 2% % on Tuesday ... + \CheckLeapHebrewYear{#1}% % of a common year + \if@HebrewLeap% + \else% + \advance #2 by 1% + \fi% + \fi% + \fi% + \ifnum \tmpc < 16789% + \else% % New moon at 15 h. 589 p. or later ... + \ifnum \tmpa = 1% % on Monday ... + \advance #1 by -1% + \CheckLeapHebrewYear{#1}% % at the end of leap year + \if@HebrewLeap% + \advance #2 by 1% + \fi% + \fi% + \fi% + \else% + \advance #2 by 1% % new moon at or after midday + \fi% +% + \Remainder{#2}{7}{\tmpa}% % \tmpa == DayOfWeek + \ifnum \tmpa = 0% % if Sunday ... + \advance #2 by 1% + \else% % + \ifnum \tmpa = 3% % Wednesday ... + \advance #2 by 1% + \else% + \ifnum \tmpa = 5% % or Friday + \advance #2 by 1% + \fi% + \fi% + \fi% + \global\@common = #2% + }% + #2 = \@common% +}% +% +% \DaysInHebrewYear{year}{days} +% ============================== +% Number of days in Hebrew `year' +\def\DaysInHebrewYear #1#2{% + {% + \countdef\tmpe = 12% % \tmpe==\count12 +% + \HebrewElapsedDays{#1}{\tmpe}% + \advance #1 by 1% + \HebrewElapsedDays{#1}{#2}% + \advance #2 by -\tmpe% + \global\@common = #2% + }% + #2 = \@common% +}% +% +% \HebrewDaysInPriorMonths{month}{year}{days} +% =============================== +% Number of days in months prior to `month' in the `year' +\def\HebrewDaysInPriorMonths #1#2#3{% + {% + \countdef\tmpf= 14% % \tmpf==\count14 +% + #3 = \ifcase #1% % Days in prior month of regular year + 0 \or% % no month number 0 + 0 \or% % Tishri + 30 \or% % Heshvan + 59 \or% % Kislev + 89 \or% % Tebeth + 118 \or% % Shebat + 148 \or% % Adar I + 148 \or% % Adar II + 177 \or% % Nisan + 207 \or% % Iyar + 236 \or% % Sivan + 266 \or% % Tammuz + 295 \or% % Av + 325 \or% % Elul + 400% % Dummy + \fi% + \CheckLeapHebrewYear{#2}% + \if@HebrewLeap% % in leap year + \ifnum #1 > 6% % if month after Adar I + \advance #3 by 30% % add 30 days + \fi% + \fi% + \DaysInHebrewYear{#2}{\tmpf}% + \ifnum #1 > 3% + \ifnum \tmpf = 353% % + \advance #3 by -1% % + \fi% % Short Kislev + \ifnum \tmpf = 383% % + \advance #3 by -1% % + \fi% % + \fi% +% + \ifnum #1 > 2% + \ifnum \tmpf = 355% % + \advance #3 by 1% % + \fi% % Long Heshvan + \ifnum \tmpf = 385% % + \advance #3 by 1% % + \fi% % + \fi% + \global\@common = #3% + }% + #3 = \@common% +}% +% +% \AbsoluteFromHebrew{day}{month}{year}{days} +% =============================== +% Absolute date of Hebrew day,month,year +\def\AbsoluteFromHebrew #1#2#3#4{% + {% + #4 = #1% + \HebrewDaysInPriorMonths{#2}{#3}{#1}% + \advance #4 by #1% % Add days in prior months this year + \HebrewElapsedDays{#3}{#1}% + \advance #4 by #1% % Add days in prior years + \advance #4 by -1373429% % Subtract days before Gregorian 1.1.1 + \global\@common = #4% + }% + #4 = \@common% +}% +% +% \HebrewFromGregorian{Gday}{Gmonth}{Gyear}{Hday}{Hmonth}{Hyear} +% =============================== +% Evaluating Hebrew date Hday,Hmonth,Hyear from +% Gregorian date Gday,Gmonth,Gyear +\def\HebrewFromGregorian #1#2#3#4#5#6{% + {% + \countdef\tmpx= 17% % \tmpx==\count17 + \countdef\tmpy= 18% % \tmpy==\count18 + \countdef\tmpz= 19% % \tmpz==\count19 +% + #6 = #3% % + \global\advance #6 by 3761% % approximation from above + \AbsoluteFromGregorian{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4} % + \tmpz = 1 \tmpy = 1% + \AbsoluteFromHebrew{\tmpz}{\tmpy}{#6}{\tmpx}% + \ifnum \tmpx > #4% % + \global\advance #6 by -1% % Hyear = Gyear + 3760 + \AbsoluteFromHebrew{\tmpz}{\tmpy}{#6}{\tmpx}% + \fi% % + \advance #4 by -\tmpx% % Days in this year + \advance #4 by 1% % + #5 = #4% % + \divide #5 by 30% % Approximation for month from below + \loop% % Search for month + \HebrewDaysInPriorMonths{#5}{#6}{\tmpx}% + \ifnum \tmpx < #4% + \advance #5 by 1% + \tmpy = \tmpx% + 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Fi(-l)g(hlwa)f(aezkp)h(m`)g(,lynl)f(.zeybcen)h +(zeize`a)g(daezk)f(didz)h(zfexgnde)1098 2364 y(.)p Fe(f)p Fi(ybcen)g(eiykre)p +Fe(g)p Fi(ybcd)p Fe(n)d Fi(mzq)j(hqwh)g(aialz)p Fe(n)1432 2443 +y Ff(T)1457 2452 y(E)1483 2443 y(X)p Fi(-a)f(ceair)h(ixg`)g(lawp)1387 +2508 y Fc(.)1399 2506 y(ybcen)f(eiykre)1398 2508 y(ybcen)g(eiykre)-239 +b(ybcen)13 b(eiykre)g(mzq)h(hqwh)89 2670 y Fi(.)p Fe(n)p Ff(L)f +Fi(a)h(enicwdl)f(jxev)f(oi`e)i(,dlibxd)g(dxeva)f(zixar)h(rhw)g(jeza)g(riten)f +Ff(math)g Fi(a)h(e`)f Ff(displa)o(y)h(math)e Fi(a)i(hqwh)965 +2770 y Fj(4)p eop +%%Page: 5 5 +5 4 bop 731 42 a Fg(zixara)16 b(zetqep)i(zecewt)0 250 y Fi(zixara)c(dcewtd) +366 b(zifrela)14 b(dcewtd)363 b(zexrd)p 0 263 2011 2 v 0 313 +a(dlecbdvitw)p Fe(n)418 b(n)p Ff(bigskip)0 363 y Fi(zipepiadvitw)p +Fe(n)398 b(n)p Ff(medskip)0 412 y Fi(dphwdvitw)p Fe(n)420 b(n)p +Ff(smallskip)0 512 y Fi(lecbswn)p Fe(n)54 b(n)p Ff(mak)m(afgadol)170 +b Fi(--)618 b(.zixara)14 b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 562 y(wprswn)p +Fe(n)40 b(n)p Ff(mak)m(afanak)205 b Fi(---)602 b(.zixara)14 +b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 662 y(yxb)p Fe(n)55 b(n)p Ff(geresh)352 +b(')637 b Fi(.zixara)14 b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 711 y(yxbgzt)p +Fe(n)55 b(n)p Ff(op)q(engeresh)176 b(')637 b Fi(.zixara)14 +b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 761 y(yxbxebq)p Fe(n)55 b(n)p Ff(closegeresh)172 +b(`)637 b Fi(.zixara)14 b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 811 y(hehivgzt)p +Fe(n)55 b(n)p Ff(op)q(enquote)157 b(")625 b Fi(.zixara)14 b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g +(jixv)0 861 y(hehivxebq)p Fe(n)55 b(n)p Ff(closequote)153 b(\\)625 +b Fi(.zixara)14 b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 960 y(meid)p Fe(n)548 +b(n)p Ff(heb)q(da)o(y)478 b Fi(.zixara)14 b(jix`zd)g(z`)g(dqitcn)0 +1010 y Fe(n)p Ff(Hebrewto)q(da)o(y)999 b Fi(.meid)13 b(ly)g(ixard)h(jix`zd)0 +1060 y Fe(n)p Ff(Hebrewdate)31 b(\(*\))933 b Fi(.ixard)13 b(geld)g(itl)g +(,edylk)g(ip`ixebxb)i(jix`z)0 1160 y(dwqit)p Fe(n)509 b(n)p +Ff(item)534 b Fi(.zixara)14 b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 1209 +y(dwqitdwqit)p Fe(n)389 b(n)p Ff(itemitem)439 b Fi(.zixara)14 +b(dcewta)f(ynzydl)g(jixv)0 1309 y(oinidxey)p Fe(n)1124 b Fi(.dpini)14 +b(zgfen)g(zixar)g(hqwh)g(zxey)0 1359 y(l`nydxey)p Fe(n)1084 +b Fi(.dl`ny)13 b(zgfen)g(zixar)h(hqwh)h(zxey)0 1409 y(fkxn)p +Fe(n)1194 b Fi(.fkxna)14 b(zixar)g(hqwh)g(zxey)0 1508 y Fe(n)p +Ff(undertext)p Fe(f)p Fi(hqwh)p Fe(g)916 b Fi(.oezgz)14 b(ewa)f(ybcen)h(hqwh) +p 0 1560 V 1389 1641 a(:oldlk)f(`ed)g(yeniyd)95 b(\(*\))83 +1691 y Fe(n)p Ff(new)o(coun)o(t)p Fe(n)p Ff(da)o(y)61 b Fe(n)p +Ff(new)o(coun)o(t)p Fe(n)p Ff(mon)n(th)f Fe(n)p Ff(new)o(coun)o(t)p +Fe(n)p Ff(y)o(ear)83 1741 y Fe(n)p Ff(da)o(y=12)79 b Fe(n)p +Ff(mon)o(th=10)e Fe(n)p Ff(y)o(ear=1884)83 1790 y Fe(n)p Ff(Hebrewdate)p +Fe(fn)p Ff(da)o(y)p Fe(gfn)p Ff(mon)n(th)o Fe(gfn)o Ff(y)o(ear)p +Fe(g)1715 1840 y Fi(:d`vezd)1538 1890 y(d'nxz)27 b(,)15 b(ixyz)27 +b('bk)508 2176 y Fj(02)9 b Fe(\000)h Fj(584539)i Fi(.lh)h(,milyexia)h(zixard) +g(dhiqxaipe`d)h(,miaeyigd)e(fkxn)h(,zxet)g(dnx)965 2770 y Fj(5)p +eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hebtex_guide.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hebtex_guide.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..91f7b91ae3 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hebtex_guide.tex @@ -0,0 +1,656 @@ +%% Written by Rama Porrat of the Computation Center, +%% Hebrew University of Jerusalem. + +\input heb_macros +\font\big=Jerusalem scaled \magstep1 +\def\centerhebrew#1{\vskip1.5cm\centerline{\beginR\big #1\endR}\vskip0.5cm} +\hebrewtext +\diem +\smallskip +\font\rm=cmbx10 +\font\bigrm=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 +\vskip 2cm +\centerline{\L{\bigrm \TeX} \R{\big dyiney abixqd draxiz yl} } +\vskip 1cm +dzekpiz \L{\TeX} +n`tyxz dkpz hwqhim ynkilim bm lerfiz ebm raxiz. +dkpqz dhwqh lzej nqnj dwlh pryiz rl ici dnyzny aqcx +dhari yl d`eziez azej dnlim, bm araxiz ebm alerfiz; +dzekpiz iecrz ldtej `z dhwqh draxi adz`m ltwecez +\L{(control sequences)} dklelez ahwqh. + +twecez dniercez ldwl rl riaec dhwqh draxi +pnv`ez aweau \L{heb\_macros.tex} +y`eze iy lklel azgilz weau dwlh a`nvrez dtwecd +\smallskip +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$input heb\_macros}} +\bigskip + +\centerhebrew{dtwecez daqiqiez anva raxiz} +\bigskip +dzekpiz \L{\TeX} nkild `xar twecez aqiqiez yn`tyxez ditej dhwqh. +twecez aqiqiez `ld do: +\hfill\break +\smallskip +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$beginR~~~~~~} + \R{raex lkziad ninio lyn`l.}} +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$endR~~~~~~~~~} + \R{qiim kziad ninio lyn`l.}} +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$beginL~~~~~~} + \R{raex lkziad nyn`l linio.}} +\centerline{\L{~$\backslash$endL~~~~~~~~~} + \R{qiim kziad nyn`l linio.}} +\hfill\break +txh ltwecez aqiqiez `ld, nebcxez azej \L{heb\_macros} +twecez +)\L{Control sequences}( +iezx "baedez" eiezx yineyiez. +ltwecez `ld iy acxj kll yzi vexez `weeielphiez - vexd raxiz evexd `pbliz, +epizo +ldyzny avexd dpegd iezx lti xveo dnyzny. +\hfill\break +\bigskip +\centerhebrew{dtwecez dyineyiez aiezx anva raxiz} + +\medskip +kci lwal `z ddfgez dnz`inez azej hwqh araxiz, iy ldyzny +a`gz ndtwecez dnz`xez `m qeb dhwqh \L{--} hwqh ykle +raxiz, `e hwqh ynkil whrim \L{(paragraphs)} +araxiz ealerfiz lqixebio. +\medskip +`m dhwqh kle araxiz, txh lngxefez lerfiez yryeiez +ldetir azej dhwqh draxi, +iy lkzea +azgilz dhwqh +\hfill\break +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$hebrewtext}~~~ \R{`e}~~~ \L{$\backslash$sethebrew}} +\hfill\break +`e araxiz +\hfill\break +\centerline{$\backslash$hwqhraxiz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~} +\medskip +e`f dhwqh kele idid +araxiz rm ddfgez dnz`inez. +bm whrim ynexkaim nyexd `gz alac idie nefgim. +\medskip +`m nrepipim, adnyj dhwqh, lraex lnva yl hwqh lerfi, +iy lkzea +\hfill\break +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$nohebrewtext}~~~\R{`e}~~~\L{$\backslash$unsethebrew}} +\medskip +`tyx bm ldzgil `z dnqnj anva yl +\smallskip +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$nohebrewtext}~~~\R{`e}~~~\L{$\backslash$unsethebrew}} +\hfill\break +\bigskip + +`m dhwqh nkil whrim araxiz ealerfiz lqixebio, iy lkzea +ax`y kl whr araxiz `z d\L{control~sequence} dnz`im, adz`m lkj +`m nrepipim `e l` nrepipim adfgd azgilz whr fd. `m `exke yl +dwhr yexd `gz alac, nceax adfgd `e `i dfgd yl yexd fe. +\bigskip +ltpi whr yyexze dx`yepd nefgz, iy lkzea +\hfill\break +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$hebrewpar~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~}} +`e araxiz +\hfill\break +\centerline{$\backslash$whrraxiz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~} +\hfill\break +ltpi whr yyexze dx`yepd `ipe nefgz )e`tyx ldziigq `lie k`eqs +yl yexez( iy lkzea +\hfill\break +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$hebrewlines~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~}} +`e araxiz +\hfill\break +\centerline{$\backslash$yexezraxiz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~} +\hfill\break +\bigskip +\bigskip +lqikem rpio ddfgd: +\medskip +\tiqwd{ }`m kezaim ax`y dhwqh +\L{$\backslash$hebrewtext}~~`e~~\L{$\backslash$sethebrew}~~`e~~ +$\backslash$hwqhraxiz +`fi kl dwhrim ahwqh idie araxiz, +rm dfgez. + +`gxz, iy ldziigq lkl whr araxiz aptxc; +\smallskip +\tiqwdtiqwd{ }ax`y whr raxiz rm dfgd iy lkzea \L{$\backslash$hebrewpar} `e +$\backslash$whrraxiz ~. + +\tiqwdtiqwd{ }ax`y whr raxiz +ll` dfgd iy lkzea +\L{$\backslash$hebrewlines}~~ `e ~~ +$\backslash$yexezraxiz ~. +\medskip +\tiqwd{ }ax`y nqnj ynzgil awhr lerfi iy lkzea \L{$\backslash$nohebrewtext}~~`e~~\L{$\backslash$unsethebrew}. +\vfil\eject +\centerhebrew{twecez ldkpqz ngxefez azej dhwqh} +\bigskip +dtwecez do: + +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$L$\{\ldots$string$\ldots\}$} \L{--} + \R{ldkpqz ngxefz lerfiz azej hwqh raxiz}} +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$R$\{\ldots$\R{ngxefz}$\ldots\}$} \L{--} + \R{ldkpqz ngxefz raxiz azej hwqh lerfi}} +\bigskip + +`ezo twecez araxiz: +\hfill\break +\centerline{$\backslash$ngxefzlerfiz$\{...........\}$} +\centerline{$\backslash$ngxefzraxiz$\{...........\}$} +\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip +yim la \L{--} `npm~~ \L{control sequence}~~ lerfi +ndeed arvne ngxefz lerfiz, +`j fedi ngxefz nqeb niegc, ynzgild a - \L{$\backslash$}. + ~`io lkzea \L{L}$\backslash$ ltpi \L{Control Sequence}. +\vskip 1.3cm +dtwecez {\rm L} e- {\rm R} kellez azeko bm `z ditej dkeeo ebm +`z dnrax +lteph draxi `e dlerfi. + +`m nrepipim ydngxefz zdid kzead +ateph `gx n`yx dteph yl axixz dngcl, vxij lviio antexy +`z dteph avnec lngxefz. lnyl, kci lwal, azej whr araxiz, +ngxefz lerfiz ykzead ateph~~ \L{cmr10 scaled $\backslash$magstep2},~~ +vxij lkzea +\hfil\break +\medskip +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$font$\backslash$bigger=cmr10 scaled $\backslash$magstep2}} +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$L{$\{\backslash$bigger The string$\}$}}} +\vfil\break +\centerhebrew{hal`ez dtephim draxiim daqiqiim} +\vskip 1.5cm + +\font\a=Jerusalem \font\b=TelAviv +\font\c=DeadSea \font\d=OldJaffa +\font\e=redis10 \font\f=rediss10 +\filbreak +\noindent\bf \L{Jerusalem} +\a +\vskip .4cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\vbox{\settabs 12 \columns +{\bf +\+& + &0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\cr + } +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\+{\bf 0}&\vrule&\char0&\char1&\char2&\char3&\char4&\char5&\char6&\char7&\char8&\char9\cr +\+{\bf 1}&\vrule&\char10&\char11&\char12&\char13&\char14&\char15&\char16&\char17&\char18&\char19\cr +\+{\bf 2}&\vrule&\char20&\char21&\char22&\char23&\char24&\char25&\char26&\char27&\char28&\char29\cr +\+{\bf 3}&\vrule&\char30&\char31&\char32&\char33&\char34&\char35&\char36&\char37&\char38&\char39\cr +\+{\bf 4}&\vrule&\char40&\char41&\char42&\char43&\char44&\char45&\char46&\char47&\char48&\char49\cr +\+{\bf 5}&\vrule&\char50&\char51&\char52&\char53&\char54&\char55&\char56&\char57&\char58&\char59\cr +\+{\bf 6}&\vrule&\char60&\char61&\char62&\char63&\char64&\char65&\char66&\char67&\char68&\char69\cr +\+{\bf 7}&\vrule&\char70&\char71&\char72&\char73&\char74&\char75&\char76&\char77&\char78&\char79\cr +\+{\bf 8}&\vrule&\char80&\char81&\char82&\char83&\char84&\char85&\char86&\char87&\char88&\char89\cr +\+{\bf 9}&\vrule&\char90&\char91&\char92&\char93&\char94&\char95&\char96&\char97&\char98&\char99\cr +\+{\bf 10}&\vrule&\char100&\char101&\char102&\char103&\char104&\char105&\char106&\char107&\char108&\char109\cr +\+{\bf 11}&\vrule&\char110&\char111&\char112&\char113&\char114&\char115&\char116&\char117&\char118&\char119\cr +\+{\bf 12}&\vrule&\char120&\char121&\char122&\char123&\char124&\char125&\char126&\char127\cr} +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\bigskip\bigskip\filbreak +\vskip .4cm +\noindent\bf \L{TelAviv} +\b +\vskip .4cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\vbox{\settabs 12 \columns +{\bf +\+& + &0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\cr + } +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\+{\bf 0}&\vrule&\char0&\char1&\char2&\char3&\char4&\char5&\char6&\char7&\char8&\char9\cr +\+{\bf 1}&\vrule&\char10&\char11&\char12&\char13&\char14&\char15&\char16&\char17&\char18&\char19\cr +\+{\bf 2}&\vrule&\char20&\char21&\char22&\char23&\char24&\char25&\char26&\char27&\char28&\char29\cr +\+{\bf 3}&\vrule&\char30&\char31&\char32&\char33&\char34&\char35&\char36&\char37&\char38&\char39\cr +\+{\bf 4}&\vrule&\char40&\char41&\char42&\char43&\char44&\char45&\char46&\char47&\char48&\char49\cr +\+{\bf 5}&\vrule&\char50&\char51&\char52&\char53&\char54&\char55&\char56&\char57&\char58&\char59\cr +\+{\bf 6}&\vrule&\char60&\char61&\char62&\char63&\char64&\char65&\char66&\char67&\char68&\char69\cr +\+{\bf 7}&\vrule&\char70&\char71&\char72&\char73&\char74&\char75&\char76&\char77&\char78&\char79\cr +\+{\bf 8}&\vrule&\char80&\char81&\char82&\char83&\char84&\char85&\char86&\char87&\char88&\char89\cr +\+{\bf 9}&\vrule&\char90&\char91&\char92&\char93&\char94&\char95&\char96&\char97&\char98&\char99\cr +\+{\bf 10}&\vrule&\char100&\char101&\char102&\char103&\char104&\char105&\char106&\char107&\char108&\char109\cr +\+{\bf 11}&\vrule&\char110&\char111&\char112&\char113&\char114&\char115&\char116&\char117&\char118&\char119\cr +\+{\bf 12}&\vrule&\char120&\char121&\char122&\char123&\char124&\char125&\char126&\char127\cr} +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\filbreak +\vskip .4cm +\noindent\bf \L{DeadSea} +\c +\vskip .4cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\vbox{\settabs 12 \columns +{\bf +\+& + &0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\cr + } +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\+{\bf 0}&\vrule&\char0&\char1&\char2&\char3&\char4&\char5&\char6&\char7&\char8&\char9\cr +\+{\bf 1}&\vrule&\char10&\char11&\char12&\char13&\char14&\char15&\char16&\char17&\char18&\char19\cr +\+{\bf 2}&\vrule&\char20&\char21&\char22&\char23&\char24&\char25&\char26&\char27&\char28&\char29\cr +\+{\bf 3}&\vrule&\char30&\char31&\char32&\char33&\char34&\char35&\char36&\char37&\char38&\char39\cr +\+{\bf 4}&\vrule&\char40&\char41&\char42&\char43&\char44&\char45&\char46&\char47&\char48&\char49\cr +\+{\bf 5}&\vrule&\char50&\char51&\char52&\char53&\char54&\char55&\char56&\char57&\char58&\char59\cr +\+{\bf 6}&\vrule&\char60&\char61&\char62&\char63&\char64&\char65&\char66&\char67&\char68&\char69\cr +\+{\bf 7}&\vrule&\char70&\char71&\char72&\char73&\char74&\char75&\char76&\char77&\char78&\char79\cr +\+{\bf 8}&\vrule&\char80&\char81&\char82&\char83&\char84&\char85&\char86&\char87&\char88&\char89\cr +\+{\bf 9}&\vrule&\char90&\char91&\char92&\char93&\char94&\char95&\char96&\char97&\char98&\char99\cr +\+{\bf 10}&\vrule&\char100&\char101&\char102&\char103&\char104&\char105&\char106&\char107&\char108&\char109\cr +\+{\bf 11}&\vrule&\char110&\char111&\char112&\char113&\char114&\char115&\char116&\char117&\char118&\char119\cr +\+{\bf 12}&\vrule&\char120&\char121&\char122&\char123&\char124&\char125&\char126&\char127\cr} +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\bigskip\bigskip\filbreak +\vskip .4cm + +\noindent\bf \L{OldJaffa} +\d +\vskip .4cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\vbox{\settabs 12 \columns +{\bf +\+& + &0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\cr + } +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\+{\bf 0}&\vrule&\char0&\char1&\char2&\char3&\char4&\char5&\char6&\char7&\char8&\char9\cr +\+{\bf 1}&\vrule&\char10&\char11&\char12&\char13&\char14&\char15&\char16&\char17&\char18&\char19\cr +\+{\bf 2}&\vrule&\char20&\char21&\char22&\char23&\char24&\char25&\char26&\char27&\char28&\char29\cr +\+{\bf 3}&\vrule&\char30&\char31&\char32&\char33&\char34&\char35&\char36&\char37&\char38&\char39\cr +\+{\bf 4}&\vrule&\char40&\char41&\char42&\char43&\char44&\char45&\char46&\char47&\char48&\char49\cr +\+{\bf 5}&\vrule&\char50&\char51&\char52&\char53&\char54&\char55&\char56&\char57&\char58&\char59\cr +\+{\bf 6}&\vrule&\char60&\char61&\char62&\char63&\char64&\char65&\char66&\char67&\char68&\char69\cr +\+{\bf 7}&\vrule&\char70&\char71&\char72&\char73&\char74&\char75&\char76&\char77&\char78&\char79\cr +\+{\bf 8}&\vrule&\char80&\char81&\char82&\char83&\char84&\char85&\char86&\char87&\char88&\char89\cr +\+{\bf 9}&\vrule&\char90&\char91&\char92&\char93&\char94&\char95&\char96&\char97&\char98&\char99\cr +\+{\bf 10}&\vrule&\char100&\char101&\char102&\char103&\char104&\char105&\char106&\char107&\char108&\char109\cr +\+{\bf 11}&\vrule&\char110&\char111&\char112&\char113&\char114&\char115&\char116&\char117&\char118&\char119\cr +\+{\bf 12}&\vrule&\char120&\char121&\char122&\char123&\char124&\char125&\char126&\char127\cr} +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\filbreak +\vskip .4cm +\noindent\bf \L{redis10 \hskip 2cm $\backslash$hrm} +\e +\vskip .4cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\vbox{\settabs 12 \columns +{\bf +\+& + &0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\cr + } +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\+{\bf 0}&\vrule&\char0&\char1&\char2&\char3&\char4&\char5&\char6&\char7&\char8&\char9\cr +\+{\bf 1}&\vrule&\char10&\char11&\char12&\char13&\char14&\char15&\char16&\char17&\char18&\char19\cr +\+{\bf 2}&\vrule&\char20&\char21&\char22&\char23&\char24&\char25&\char26&\char27&\char28&\char29\cr +\+{\bf 3}&\vrule&\char30&\char31&\char32&\char33&\char34&\char35&\char36&\char37&\char38&\char39\cr +\+{\bf 4}&\vrule&\char40&\char41&\char42&\char43&\char44&\char45&\char46&\char47&\char48&\char49\cr +\+{\bf 5}&\vrule&\char50&\char51&\char52&\char53&\char54&\char55&\char56&\char57&\char58&\char59\cr +\+{\bf 6}&\vrule&\char60&\char61&\char62&\char63&\char64&\char65&\char66&\char67&\char68&\char69\cr +\+{\bf 7}&\vrule&\char70&\char71&\char72&\char73&\char74&\char75&\char76&\char77&\char78&\char79\cr +\+{\bf 8}&\vrule&\char80&\char81&\char82&\char83&\char84&\char85&\char86&\char87&\char88&\char89\cr +\+{\bf 9}&\vrule&\char90&\char91&\char92&\char93&\char94&\char95&\char96&\char97&\char98&\char99\cr +\+{\bf 10}&\vrule&\char100&\char101&\char102&\char103&\char104&\char105&\char106&\char107&\char108&\char109\cr +\+{\bf 11}&\vrule&\char110&\char111&\char112&\char113&\char114&\char115&\char116&\char117&\char118&\char119\cr +\+{\bf 12}&\vrule&\char120&\char121&\char122&\char123&\char124&\char125&\char126&\char127\cr} +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\bigskip\bigskip\filbreak +\vskip .4cm + +\noindent\bf \L{rediss10 \hskip 2cm $\backslash$hsl} +\f +\vskip .4cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\vbox{\settabs 12 \columns +{\bf +\+& + &0&1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9\cr + } +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\vskip .2cm +\+{\bf 0}&\vrule&\char0&\char1&\char2&\char3&\char4&\char5&\char6&\char7&\char8&\char9\cr +\+{\bf 1}&\vrule&\char10&\char11&\char12&\char13&\char14&\char15&\char16&\char17&\char18&\char19\cr +\+{\bf 2}&\vrule&\char20&\char21&\char22&\char23&\char24&\char25&\char26&\char27&\char28&\char29\cr +\+{\bf 3}&\vrule&\char30&\char31&\char32&\char33&\char34&\char35&\char36&\char37&\char38&\char39\cr +\+{\bf 4}&\vrule&\char40&\char41&\char42&\char43&\char44&\char45&\char46&\char47&\char48&\char49\cr +\+{\bf 5}&\vrule&\char50&\char51&\char52&\char53&\char54&\char55&\char56&\char57&\char58&\char59\cr +\+{\bf 6}&\vrule&\char60&\char61&\char62&\char63&\char64&\char65&\char66&\char67&\char68&\char69\cr +\+{\bf 7}&\vrule&\char70&\char71&\char72&\char73&\char74&\char75&\char76&\char77&\char78&\char79\cr +\+{\bf 8}&\vrule&\char80&\char81&\char82&\char83&\char84&\char85&\char86&\char87&\char88&\char89\cr +\+{\bf 9}&\vrule&\char90&\char91&\char92&\char93&\char94&\char95&\char96&\char97&\char98&\char99\cr +\+{\bf 10}&\vrule&\char100&\char101&\char102&\char103&\char104&\char105&\char106&\char107&\char108&\char109\cr +\+{\bf 11}&\vrule&\char110&\char111&\char112&\char113&\char114&\char115&\char116&\char117&\char118&\char119\cr +\+{\bf 12}&\vrule&\char120&\char121&\char122&\char123&\char124&\char125&\char126&\char127\cr} +\vskip .2cm +\hrule width 16cm +\bigskip\bigskip\filbreak +\Jer +lkl `gc ndtephim wiinez ddbclez dnwealez - \L{$\backslash$magstephalf}, + \L{$\backslash$magstep1 to $\backslash$magstep5}. +kne ko wiinz raex kl teph ddbcld da`d: +\bigskip +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$font$\backslash$fontname = fontname scaled $0.750$}} +\smallskip +lnyl, +\smallskip +\centerline{\L{$\backslash$font$\backslash$Jerfootnote=Jerusalem scaled $0.750$}} +\smallskip +teph fd nkil `eziez whpez, ede` nierc lkziaz drxez )\L{footnotes}(. +\vfil\eject +\centerhebrew{dyiney atephim draxiim} + +dynez +\L{Jerusalem, TelAviv, DeadSea, OldJaffa} +)a`pbliz alac( dipm dynez daqiqiim yl dtephim draxiim. +pizo ldyzny adm a`eze `eto ae nyznyim aynez dtephim dxbilim, +lnyl \L{cmr10}, \L{msxm10} eke". kp"l awyx ltephim \L{redis10}, +\L{rediss10}. wiinim bm dtephim \L{redis8, 9, 12, 17}, eko +\L{rediss8, 9, 12}. +\bigskip +\bigskip +wiinez twecez ynhxzo ldwl `z dnrax nteph raxi `gc lniypde. +twecez `ld kellez azeko bm `z dbcxz dteph ebm `z dtrlze. +ldlo xyinz dtwecez: +\bigskip +\settabs 3 \columns +\+\R{twecd lerfiz}&\R{twecd araxiz}&\R{ntril `z dteph}\cr +\hrule +\+\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Jer}&\R{$\backslash$ixeylim}&\L{Jerusalem}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Tel}&\R{$\backslash$zlaia}&\L{TelAviv}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Dead}&\R{$\backslash$imdnlg}&\L{DeadSea}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Jaffa}&\R{$\backslash$ite}&\L{OldJaffa}\cr +\+\cr +\hrule +\bigskip\bigskip +lvexj dctqd atephim nebclim, dyzny adbclez dnwealez a \L{\TeX}. +zekl ldyzny bm atephim da`im, dnebcxim azej \L{heb\_macros}, +lym pegiez: + +\bigskip +\settabs 3 \columns +\+\R{teph}&\R{araxiz}&\R{fdd l -}\cr +\hrule +\+\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Jerfootnote}&\R{$\backslash$who}&\L{Jerusalem scaled 0.750}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Telfootnote}&&\L{TelAviv scaled 0.750}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Deadfootnote}&&\L{DeadSea scaled 0.750}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Jaffafootnote}&&\L{OldJaffa scaled 0.750}\cr +\+\cr +\hrule +\bigskip +\bigskip +axixz dngcl yl dteph draxi di` \L{Jer}$\backslash$ eyl dteph dlerfi +- \L{rm}$\backslash$. +\bigskip +\bigskip +dteph "ixeylim" de` dteph draxi dxbil, dteph "im dnlg" +de` teph necby )\L{boldface}(, dteph "zl `aia" de` +teph ll` qilqelim )\L{sans serif}( edteph "ite" +de` teph "cw". "im dnlg" yepd anwvz n"ixeylim" avexz +d`eziez. dteph \L{redis} de` nxear. dteph \L{rediss} +de` nxear ephei. + +lcebnd: + +\Jer yexd fe kzead a "ixeylim". + +\Tel yexd fe kzead a "zl `aia". + +\Dead fe cebn` lyexd a "im dnlg". + +\Jaffa fe yexd ykzead ateph "ite". + +\e fe yexd ykzead ateph \L{redis10}. + +\f fe yexd ykzead ateph \L{rediss10}. +\bigskip +\Jer +`m nrepipim ldcbiy hwqh ykzea ateph nqeim kj +ydglw dnecby ikza aciew a`eze teph kne dglw dalzi necby, +`tyx ldyzny atwecd +\smallskip +$\backslash$dcby$\}$$\ldots$ngxefz$\ldots$$\{$ +\smallskip +edngxefz zdid kzead a`eziez necbyez. +lnyl, `m pkzea awlh l-\L{\TeX} `z dwhr da`: +\medskip +$\backslash$zlaia hwqh qzm $\backslash$dcby$\}$erkyie necby$\{$. +\medskip +pwal `gxi riaec a-\L{\TeX} +\smallskip +\zlaia hwqh qzm \dcby{erkyie necby}. \ixeylim +\bigskip + +\bigskip +hwqh a \L{display math} `e a \L{math} netir +azej whr raxiz avexd dxbild, e`io vexj ldwcine a +\L{L}$\backslash$. + +\medskip +\centerhebrew{twecez peqtez araxiz} +\bigskip\bigskip +\settabs 3 \columns +\+\R{dtwecd araxiz}&\R{dtwecd alerfiz}&\R{drxez}\cr +\hrule +\+\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$wtivdbceld}&\L{$\backslash$bigskip}&\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$wtivdaipepiz}&\L{$\backslash$medskip}&\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$wtivdwhpd}&\L{$\backslash$smallskip}&\cr +\+\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$makafgadol}~~~ $\backslash$nwsbcel}&--&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$makafanak}~~~$\backslash$nwsrpw}&---&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$geresh}~~~ $\backslash$bxy}&\L{'}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$opengeresh}~~~ $\backslash$tzgbxy}&\L{'}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$closegeresh}~~~ $\backslash$qbexbxy}&\L{`}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$openquote}~~~ $\backslash$tzgviheh}&\L{''}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\R{\L{$\backslash$closequote}~~~ $\backslash$qbexviheh}&\L{``}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$diem}&\L{$\backslash$hebday}&\R{nctiqd `z dz`xij araxiz.}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Hebrewtoday}&&\R{dz`xij draxi yl diem.}\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$Hebrewdate~~(*)}&&\R{z`xij bxbexi`pi klyde, lti dleg draxi.}\cr +\+\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$tiqwd}&\L{$\backslash$item}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$tiqwdtiqwd}&\L{$\backslash$itemitem}&\R{vxij ldyzny atwecd araxiz.}\cr +\+\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$yexdinio}&&\R{yexz hwqh raxiz nefgz inipd.}\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$yexdyn`l}&&\R{yexz hwqh raxiz nefgz yn`ld.}\cr +\+\R{$\backslash$nxkf}&&\R{yexz hwqh raxiz anxkf.}\cr +\+\cr +\+\L{$\backslash$undertext$\{$\R{hwqh}$\}$}&&\R{hwqh necby awe zgzeo.}\cr +\+\cr +\hrule +\bigskip +)*( +~~~~~~dyiney de` kldlo: +\def\bs{$\backslash$} + +\unsethebrew +\bs newcount\bs day~~~ \bs newcount\bs month~~~ \bs newcount\bs year + +\bs day=12 ~~~ \bs month=10 ~~~ \bs year=1884 + +\bs Hebrewdate$\{$\bs day$\}\{$\bs month$\}\{$\bs year$\}$ + +\sethebrew +dzev`d: +~~~~~ +\newcount\dd \newcount\m \newcount\y +\dd=12 \m=10 \y=1884 +{ } + +\Hebrewdate{\dd}{\m}{\y} + +\vfil\break +\centerhebrew{raxiz \L{New Code}} + +atephim draxiim yze`xe wecm iypm $128$ qinpim `tyxiim akl teph. +atephim `ld d`eziez draxiez nnewnez anwenez dnqexziim yl +d`eziez dlerfiez dwhpez. +\bigskip +l`gxepd pkpqe lyiney tephim adm iy $256$ qinpim `tyxiim. +wiinim tephim raxiim nqeb fd; dm fdim nagipz vexz d`eziez +ltephim draxiim yze`xe wecm, `j d`eziez draxiez nnewnez +anwenez "baedim" iezx )`ls pnv`z anwem $224$ el` $96$ +kne atephim yze`xe(. +\bigskip +dtephim dgcyim pwx`im \L{Jerusalem\_newcode}, \L{TelAviv\_newcode} +eke". akci ldyzny adm )vxij lym kj nqes ynyzny a $8$ qiaiez lkl +`ez e`yx "iecr" ldwxio `eziez raxiez( vxij lviio aweau +\bigskip +\hfill \L{$\backslash$input heb\_macros\_newcode} + +e`f pryd yiney `ehenhi atephim dgcyim. +\vskip 6cm +pizo lwal ncxij fd rl ici dtwecd +\smallskip +\L{tex hebtex\_guide \hfil} +\vskip2cm +xnd texz, nxkf dgiyeaim, hl. $02-584539$ +\vfil\break + +\baselineskip=12pt +\font\h=Jerusalem +\font\x=cmssi17 +\vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hrule +\halign{&\vrule#& + \strut\quad\hfil#\quad\cr + height2pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr + &\R{lerfiz}\hfil&&\R{raxiz}&\cr + height2pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x `&&\hfill \h \char96&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x a&&\hfill \h \char97&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x b&&\hfill \h \char98&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x c&&\hfill \h \char99&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x d&&\hfill \h \char100&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x e&&\hfill \h \char101&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x f&&\hfill \h \char102&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x g&&\hfill \h \char103&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x h&&\hfill \h \char104&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x i&&\hfill \h \char105&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x j&&\hfill \h \char106&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x k&&\hfill \h \char107&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x l&&\hfill \h \char108&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x m&&\hfill \h \char109&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x n&&\hfill \h \char110&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x o&&\hfill \h \char111&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x p&&\hfill \h \char112&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x q&&\hfill \h \char113&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x r&&\hfill \h \char114&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x s&&\hfill \h \char115&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x t&&\hfill \h \char116&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x u&&\hfill \h \char117&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x v&&\hfill \h \char118&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x w&&\hfill \h \char119&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x x&&\hfill \h \char120&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x y&&\hfill \h \char121&\cr + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +\noalign{\hrule} + height5pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr +&\hfill \x z&&\hfill \h \char122&\cr + height2pt&\omit&&\omit&\cr} + \hrule} +\end diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hletter1.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hletter1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9cd11442b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/hletter1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +%(c) 1990,91 by Joel M. Hoffman +%hletter1.tex. Version 1.0. +%updated 5/15/91 by JMH + +%Defines \aleph - \taf according to the standard Israeli fonts, with a +%variety of spelling options for the Hebrew letters. Both ``\peh'' and +%``\pe'' are recognized, for example. ``\fchaf'' is a Final Chaf; other +%final letters are similar. +%Capitalized letters are letters with a _dagesh_ (requires the file +%``dots.tex''). So \Bet is \bet with a _dagesh_ in it. You can put a +%_dagesh_ in any letter you want, although sometimes it's a little silly. +%(``\Aleph'' for example). +%Also defined are \vowelayin -- a non-descending \ayin for use with vowels, +%and \alephlamed, the ligature. Most Israeli fonts do not contain these. + +%Use of this material in a commercial venture of any sort requires +%permission from me. Otherwise, you are free to use this for any +%legal, non-destructive purpose. If you find this useful, a +%contribution to charity will be most appreciated. + +%Send comments or complaints to: +% +%BITNET: hoffman@nyuacf.BITNET <-- this will change soon +%CompuServe: 72700,402 -or- 72700.402@compuserve.com +%SNAIL: Joel M. Hoffman +% 19 Hillcrest Lane +% Rye, NY 10580 +% U.S.A. + +\def\aleph{{\char96}} +\def\bet{a} +\def\gimel{b} +\def\dalet{c}\def\daled{c} +\def\he{d} \def\heh{d} +\def\vav{e} +\def\zion{f} +\def\chet{g} +\def\tet{h} +\def\yud{i} +\def\fkaf{j} \def\fchaf{j} +\def\kaf{k} \def\chaf{k} +\def\lamed{l} +\def\fmem{m} +\def\mem{n} +\def\fnun{o} +\def\nun{p} +\def\samech{q} +\def\ayin{r} +\def\fpe{s} \def\fpeh{s} \def\ffe{s} \def\ffeh{s} +\def\pe{t} \def\peh{t} \def\fe{t} \def\feh{t} +\def\ftzadi{u} \def\ftzadik{u} +\def\tzadi{v} \def\tzadik{v} +\def\kuf{w} \def\koof{w} +\def\resh{x} +\def\shin{y} \def\sin{y} +\def\tav{z} \def\taf{z} + + + +\def\Aleph{\dagesh{\char96}} +\def\Bet{\dagesh{a}} +\def\Gimel{\dagesh{b}} +\def\Dalet{\dagesh{c}}\def\Daled{\dagesh{c}} +\def\He{\dagesh{d}} \def\Heh{\dagesh{d}} +\def\Vav{\dagesh{e}} +\def\Zion{\dagesh{f}} +\def\Chet{\dagesh{g}} +\def\Tet{\dagesh{h}} +\def\Yud{\dagesh{i}} +\def\Fkaf{\dagesh{j}} \def\Fchaf{\dagesh{j}} +\def\Kaf{\dagesh{k}} \def\Chaf{\dagesh{k}} +\def\Lamed{\dagesh{l}} +\def\Fmem{\dagesh{m}} +\def\Mem{\dagesh{n}} +\def\Fnun{\dagesh{o}} +\def\Nun{\dagesh{p}} +\def\Samech{\dagesh{q}} +\def\Ayin{\dagesh{r}} +\def\Fpe{\dagesh{s}} \def\Fpeh{\dagesh{s}} \def\Ffe{\dagesh{s}} \def\Ffeh{\dagesh{s}} +\def\Pe{\dagesh{t}} \def\Peh{\dagesh{t}} \def\Fe{\dagesh{t}} \def\Feh{\dagesh{t}} +\def\Ftzadi{\dagesh{u}} \def\Ftzadik{\dagesh{u}} +\def\Tzadi{\dagesh{v}} \def\Tzadik{\dagesh{v}} +\def\Kuf{\dagesh{w}} \def\Koof{\dagesh{w}} +\def\Resh{\dagesh{x}} +\def\Shin{\dagesh{y}} \def\Sin{\dagesh{y}} +\def\Tav{\dagesh{z}} \def\Taf{\dagesh{z}} + +\def\alephlamed{\char124} +\def\vowelayin{\char123} diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.dvi b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.dvi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..63061c47ac --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.dvi diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.ps b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2cf2ee73e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.ps @@ -0,0 +1,591 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 +%%Creator: dvips 5.495 Copyright 1986, 1992 Radical Eye Software +%%Title: INTRODUC.dvi +%%Pages: 6 +%%PageOrder: Ascend +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 +%%EndComments +%DVIPSCommandLine: f:\appl\itp\emtex\dvips.exe INTRODUC +%DVIPSSource: TeX output 1993.06.16:1104 +%%BeginProcSet: texc.pro +%! +/TeXDict 250 dict def TeXDict begin /N{def}def /B{bind def}N /S{exch}N /X{S N} +B /TR{translate}N /isls false N /vsize 11 72 mul N /@rigin{isls{[0 -1 1 0 0 0] +concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{Resolution hsize +-72 div mul 0 TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR matrix +currentmatrix dup dup 4 get round 4 exch put dup dup 5 get round 5 exch put +setmatrix}N 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Fa(\\nobreak)p 588 2007 2 63 v 212 w Fi(Prev)o(en)o(ts)e(page)j(or)f(line)f +(break)h(here.)p 1807 2007 5 63 v 139 2069 V 242 2048 a Fa(\\noindent)p +588 2069 2 63 v 197 w Fi(Prev)o(en)o(ts)e(inden)o(tin)o(g)g(the)i(\014rst)f +(line)g(of)h(a)i(paragraph.)p 1807 2069 5 63 v 139 2073 1672 +5 v 0 2158 a Fh(zeize`a)j(yeniyd)f(oke)h(zepey)g(zelcbda)g(yeniyd)g(,mipey)g +(zeize`)h(ibeq)f(zece`)g(ztqep)g(divnxetpi`)g(zlaw)g(myl)489 +2205 y(.)p Fi(T)522 2214 y(E)547 2205 y(X)14 b Fh(a)g(yeniyl)f(`nbec)h(oldl)f +(d`x)h(.lirl)e(exkfedy)h(mini`znd)h(mikixcna)g(oiir)h(,zeixard)1033 +2333 y(.)p Fd(02)9 b Fe(\000)g Fd(58)g Fe(\000)g Fd(4539)k +Fh(.lh)h(,miaeyigd)f(fkxn)h(,zxet)g(dnx)965 2701 y Fd(6)p eop +%%Trailer +end +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1c7f21d492 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/introduction.tex @@ -0,0 +1,566 @@ +%% Written by Rama Porrat of the Computation Center, +%% Hebrew University of Jerusalem. +% +\font\bigger=cmbx12 +\def\TeX{T\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX} +\def\biggerTeX{\bigger T\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX} +\newcount\secnum +\newcount\subsec +\secnum=0 +\subsec=0 +\font\bff=Jerusalem scaled \magstep1 \font\bfff=Jerusalem scaled \magstep2 +\def\section#1{\advance \secnum by 1 \subsec=0 +\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip {\bigger\the\secnum}~~~ {\bfff #1} \bigskip\bigskip} +\def\subsection#1{\advance \subsec by 1 +\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip +{\bigger\the\subsec.\the\secnum}~~~{\bff #1} \bigskip\bigskip} + +\font\rm=cmbx10 +\input heb_macros +\def\centerhebrew#1{\centerline{\beginR\hebrew#1\endR}} +\sethebrew +\diem +\vskip 1.2cm +\centerline{\L{\biggerTeX} \R{\bfff ncxij lnyzny dgcy a-} } +\bigskip +{\obeylines +{\bff +\bigskip +dzeko: +\medskip +$1$. nae` l \L{\TeX}. + $2$. twecez yineyiez a \L{\TeX}. + $3$. cebn` lyiney a \L{\TeX}. +}} +\bigskip +\noindent\section{nae` l \L{\biggerTeX}.} +\vskip .5cm +\baselineskip=14.0pt +\L{\TeX} de` nrxkz nyekllz lriaec hwqhim. \L{\TeX} +nwal kwlh nlim, viexim, nyee`ez, legez ekcend erexj `ezm +avexd `ethinliz dnekpd lcteq. iy l-\L{\TeX} +ikelz nyekllz n`ec ldvib avexd itd +hwqh nzinhi nqeaj )ekneao bm hwqh l` nqeaj(. +\bigskip +\L{\TeX} n`tyx "cweiez `qzhiez" +yl` pizo ldyibo anrac znlilim nweal e`ikez dtlh yle dipd nreld. +fd nzah`, lnyl, akj ydxeegim +aio vnci `eziez nqeinim dm bcelim `e whpim ndxbil k`yx dnild +px`iz l` aqcx rm dxeegim dxbilim, eko +vncim nqeinim yl `eziez pizo lkzea avexd niegcz, lnyl \L{ff} +lrenz \L{{f}{f}}. `tyxez fe zneny awxea bm abixqd draxiz +yl \L{\TeX}. +\bigskip +bm hwqh tyeh )el` xw hwqh nzinhi( +nwal a-\L{\TeX} detrd `ethinliz, n`gx y \L{\TeX} +rexj `z rnec dtlh zej dzgyaez akl dwhrim \L{(paragraphs)} ynetirim ae, +ekl yexd nwalz `z vexzd dqetiz adzgya akl dyexez yyiikez l`eze whr. +dxeegim aio dnlim, aio dyexez eaio dwhrim dm bniyim )rc bael +nqeim ypwar azej \L{\TeX} epizo lypeze( edm nwalim `z beclm dqeti adz`m +lpzepim yl kl rnec. dbniyez yl \L{\TeX} n`tyxz le ltzex avexd p`d +ariez ylnraci znlilim `gxim `io tzxeo raexo, kne lnyl dkpqz +\L{footnotes} ynztxqim rl iezx nrnec `gc. +\bigskip +kneao ydbniyez dxad ed`tyxeiez dblenez a-\L{\TeX} beaez +ngix - iy vexj ldwciy fno xa iezx llinec dnrxkz, f`z `m nrepipim +lpvl `tyxeiez xaez yld, kell dkpz hwqh nzinhi e/`e legez. +dnyzny dtyeh - klenx ni ykeza hwqh ll` zeqtez, ikel ldyzny +anipinem dtwecez ddkxgi )yde` who( zej kci yiney aaxixez +dngcl yl \L{\TeX}. +\bigskip +`ij px`d weau dwlh l-\L{\TeX}? +\bigskip +dweau nkil hwqh xbil. zgilz whr gcy nqenpz rl ici yexd xiwd +)`gz `e iezx(. +ddex`ez l-\L{\TeX}, anicd yxevim lzz `ezo, vxikez ldetir +azej dweau. \L{\TeX} nagio aio twecd dnkeepz `lie laio nild +xbild ahwqh rl ici kj ydtwecd nzgild aqino $\backslash$. +lnyl, `m \L{\TeX} izwl anild +\smallskip +\L{smallskip}$\backslash$ +\smallskip +`e lglitio, abixqd draxiz, +\smallskip +$\backslash$wtivdwhpd +\smallskip +de` iaio yrlie "lwteu" nhd ndyexd dpekgiz nxgw who +oldzgil whr gcy. + +iypm rec nqtx qinpim "ynexim" a-\L{\TeX}, +lnyl qebxiim nqelqlim lqineo waevd, \$ lqineo nva nzinhi, +\% lqineo drxd )\L{comment}( erec. x`d ahal`ez aqes ncxij fd. +\bigskip +dbniyez dxad yl \L{\TeX} nzah`z bm akj ydnyzny ikel +lkzea twecez gcyez +l-\L{\TeX}. twecez k`ld nwlez n`ec rl draecd, akj +y`io vexj lkzea nqtx trnim napim nqeinim ygefxim +rl rvnm awlh. lnyl, `tyx ldbcix twecd yziwx` +\smallskip +$\backslash$nyth +\smallskip +yzclb rl 2 q"n l`exj drnec, zkzea `z dnld "nyth" aqeb `eziez +nqeim, el`gxid `z dnqtx dqicexi yl dnyth atxw dpekgi, +zkzea `z dnyth rvne anxkf dcs aqeb `eziez `gx, ezclb 2 q"n +l`exj dcs l`gx nko. pizo awlez lavr twecd kfe zej kci +yipei rxki dtxnhxim, kne qebi d`eziez, xega dyexez e/`e +becl dwtivez adctqez yepez yl `eze hwqh. +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{vexz draecd a \L{\biggerTeX}} +dci`bxnd ldlo nz`xz `z `eto draecd a-\L{\TeX}. +\vskip 2cm +\offinterlineskip +\lineskip=0pt +\baselineskip=0pt +\nointerlineskip +\def\boxit#1{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt\vbox{\kern3pt#1\kern3pt} + \vrule}\hrule}} +$$\vbox{ +\font\hebrew=Jerusalem +\boxit{ \hrule width 3cm + \hbox to 3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} + \hbox to 3cm{\vrule \hfil \R{weau wlh} \hfil \vrule} + \hbox to 3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} + \hrule width 3cm + } \hbox to 3cm{\hfil \vrule height1cm \hfil} + \hrule width 3cm + \hbox to 3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} + \hbox to 3cm{\vrule \hfil \L{\TeX} \hfil \vrule} + \hbox to 3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} + \hrule width 3cm + \hbox to 3cm{\hfil \vrule height1cm \hfil} +\boxit{ \hrule width 3cm + \hbox to 3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} + \hbox to 3cm{\vrule \hfil \L{dvi} \R{weau} \hfil \vrule} + \hbox to 3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} + \hrule width 3cm + } \hbox to 3cm{\bigg{/} \hfil + \bigg{\backslash}} + \nointerlineskip + }$$ +\font\hebrew=Jerusalem +\setbox2=\hbox to 4.3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} +\setbox3=\hbox to 4.3cm{\vrule\hfil\L{ps} \R{l-} \L{dvi} \R{zekpiz zixbem} \hfil\vrule} +\setbox4=\hbox to 4.3cm{\vrule\hfil\R{zekpiz zixbem `gxz} \hfil\vrule} +\setbox6=\vbox{ \hrule width4.3cm \copy2 \copy4 \copy2 + \hrule width4.3cm} +\setbox7=\vbox{ \hrule width4.3cm \copy2 \copy3 \copy2 + \hrule width4.3cm} + $$\vbox{ + \vskip -0.2cm + \nointerlineskip + \hbox to 9.5cm{\copy6 \hfil \copy7} + \hbox to 9.5cm{\hskip 2cm \bigg{/} \hfil + \bigg{\backslash} \hskip 2cm } + } $$ +\setbox2=\hbox to 4.3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} +\setbox3=\hbox to 4.3cm{\vrule\hfil\L{ps} \R{weau} \hfil\vrule} +\setbox4=\hbox to 4.3cm{\vrule\hfil\R{weau neko ldctqd} \hfil\vrule} +\setbox6=\vbox{ \hrule width4.3cm \copy2 \copy4 \copy2 + \hrule width4.3cm} +\setbox7=\vbox{ \hrule width4.3cm \copy2 \copy3 \copy2 + \hrule width4.3cm} + $$\vbox{ + \vskip -0.2cm + \nointerlineskip + \hbox to 11.2cm{\boxit{\copy6} \hfil \boxit{\copy7}} + \hbox to 11.2cm{\hskip 2.1cm \bigg{/} \hfil + \bigg{\backslash} \hskip 2.1cm} + } $$ +\setbox2=\hbox to 4.3cm{\strut \vrule \hfill \vrule} +\setbox3=\hbox to 4.3cm{\vrule\hfil \R{nctqz liifx} \hfil\vrule} +\setbox4=\hbox to 4.3cm{\vrule\hfil\R{nctqz `gxz} \hfil\vrule} +\setbox6=\vbox{ \hrule width4.3cm \copy2 \copy4 \copy2 + \hrule width4.3cm} +\setbox7=\vbox{ \hrule width4.3cm \copy2 \copy3 \copy2 + \hrule width4.3cm} + $$\vbox{ + \vskip -0.2cm + \nointerlineskip + \hbox to 12cm{\copy6 \hfil \copy7} + } $$ + +\lineskip=1pt +\baselineskip=12pt +\vskip 1cm +nxear arl nqbxz kteld nviio weau; nzgilim rm weau wlh +)weau yyne nkil `z dqienz \L{.tex}(, +rlie ntrilim `z \L{TeX} epevx weau \L{dvi} )\L{device independent}( +y`eze iy lzz kwlh lzekpiz zixbem. zekpiz fe ievxz weau +ypylg lnctqz. fd ryei ldiez, lnyl, weau \L{post script} +y`eze ikeld nctqz liifx ldctiq. +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{dtwecez ya`nvrezo nxivim `z \L{\biggerTeX}} +anrxkez \L{\bf shum} e \L{\bf noga}, dyiney a \L{TeX} pryd kj: +\vskip1cm +nkipim weau wlh arl qienz \L{.tex}. ppig yym dweau \L{filename.tex}. navrim +\medskip +\L{tex filename} +\vskip .7cm +pevx weau aym \L{filename.dvi}. ~~~~~navrim +\medskip +\L{dvips filename $>$ filename.ps} +\vskip.7cm +pevx weau aym \L{filename.ps}. yelgim `eze ldctqd rl ici +\medskip +\L{lpr~~ -Plwn~~ filename.ps} +\medskip +k`yx \L{n} azej \L{Plwn} nviio `z nqtx dnctqz dxveid. +\bigskip +`tyx bm lvxs `z dtwecez \L{dvips} e \L{lpr} elkza +\medskip +\L{dvips filename $|$ lpr -Plwn} +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{\L{\biggerTeX} araxiz.} +dbixqd draxiz yl \L{\TeX} di` \L{TeX{-}{-}XeT}. a \L{PC} +di` pwx`z \L{PUBTeX}. + +kci ldyzny ad, vxij ldzgil `z weau ddex`ez l \L{\TeX} a +\medskip +\hbox to 7cm{\L{$\backslash$input heb\_macros}\hfill} + +\hbox to 7cm{\L{$\backslash$sethebrew} \hfil} + +`e a \L{PC} +\medskip +\hbox to 7cm{\L{$\backslash$input heb\_pc}\hfill} + +\hbox to 7cm{\L{$\backslash$sethebrew} \hfil} + +`tyx lwal `z dzekpd e`z dex`ez dtrlzd `vl xnd. + +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{dncxikim dwiinim.} +peqs lncxij dpekgi, wiinim a-\L{shum} ea- \L{noga} ncxikim peqtim lnyzny +a-\L{\TeX} ea- \L{LaTeX}. +\bigskip +\undertext{\hfill\L{\TeX} \R{xyinz dncxikim dwiinim a }\hfill} +\bigskip +\settabs 3 \columns +\+\hfill\R{z`ex dncxij}&\hfil\R{nqtx rnecim}&\R{ym dncxij}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{nae`}&\hfil10&\L{introduction}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{ncxij llinec rvni}&\hfil89&\L{tex\_manual}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{dtwecez dyineyiez - bm araxiz}&\hfil9&\L{cs\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{dtwecez dyineyiez araxiz}&\hfil1&\L{hebrew\_cs\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{ncxij lyiney atephim}&\hfil4&\L{font\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{ncxij lkziaz legez}&\hfil10&\L{tables\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{ncxij lyilea \L{PS}+\L{\TeX}}&\hfil5&\L{psbox\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{\TeX} \R{dyiney abixqd draxiz yl }&\hfil9&\L{hebtex\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\R{tephim gcyim araxiz}&\hfil6&\L{newhfonts\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{DVIPS} \R{ncxij lyiney azekpiz}&\hfil33&\L{dvips\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{PLOT10} \R{dyiney a }&\hfil8&\L{plot10\_manual}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{PostScript} \R{dqax `ecez }&\hfil3&\L{postscript\_guide}&\cr +\medskip +pizo lwal ncxikim `ld a`nvrez dtwecd \L{tex guidename}. +\bigskip +\bigskip +\undertext{\hfill\L{LaTeX} \R{xyinz dncxikim dwiinim a }\hfill} +\bigskip +\settabs 3 \columns +\+\hfill\R{z`ex dncxij}&\hfil\R{nqtx rnecim}&\R{ym dncxij}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{LaTeX} \R{ncxij llinec }&\hfil17&\L{latex\_manual}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{LaTeX} \R{cebn` lyiney a }&\hfil8&\L{sample}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{LaTeX} \R{dbixqd dnweniz yl }&\hfil11&\L{local}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{\TeX, LaTeX} \R{ncxij lbxtiwd a }&\hfil15&\L{graphics\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{GNUPLOT} \R{ncxij llinec}&\hfil24&\L{gnuplot\_manual}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{GNUPLOT-LaTeX} \R{ncxij lyilea}&\hfil10&\L{gnuplot\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{siam style} \R{dyiney a }&\hfil3&\L{siam\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{amsabstract style} \R{dyiney a }&\hfil3&\L{amsabstract\_guide}&\cr +\+\hfill\L{epic style} \R{dyiney a }&\hfil33&\L{epic\_guide}&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+&&&\cr +\+\hfill\L{eepic style} \R{dyiney a }&\hfil12&\L{eepic\_guide}&\cr +\medskip +pizo lwal ncxikim `ld a`nvrez dtwecd \L{latex guidename}. +\sethebrew +\vskip 1cm +`iptexnvid klliz rl \L{TeX} pizo lwx` a`nvrez +\medskip +\L{man tex} +\vfill\eject +\noindent\section{twecez yineyiez a \L{\biggerTeX}} +dwlh l \L{\TeX} dipe weau hwqh ynkil dex`ez l \L{\TeX}. +dex`d l \L{\TeX} nzgild a $\backslash$. +yexd xiwd ahwqh nqnpz zgilze yl whr gcy. nqtx dxeegim aio +nlim ahwqh `ipe nynrezi, yko \L{\TeX} rexj `z dxeegim kxvepe. + +ldlo xyinez yl twecez eqinpim yineyiim a \L{\TeX}. adnyj +nveiez cebn`ez lyiney atwecez `ld. + +\input verbatim +\input tables +\bigskip +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{qinpim arli nynrez niegcz.} +\unsethebrew +\bigskip +\begintable +"1\1\hfil|introduces a directive\hfill\el +"1{ and }1\hfil|limit the scope of a directive\hfill\el +"1$1\hfil|introduces and terminates math mode\hfill\el +"1$$1\hfil|introduces and terminates displayed math mode\hfill\el +"1%1\hfil|introduces a comment\hfill\el +"1&1\hfil|denotes a tab\hfill\el +"1#1\hfil|denotes an item in a table and an argument in a macro\hfill\el +"1~1\hfil|denotes a non-splitting space\hfill +\endtable +\sethebrew +\bigskip +\bigskip +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{igicez ncicd.} +\bigskip +\unsethebrew +\begintable +"1\pt1\hfil|point. A small unit.\hfill\el +"1\in1\hfil|inch. 1in = 72.27 points.\hfill\el +"1\cm1\hfil|centimeter. 2.54cm = 1in.\hfill +\endtable +\bigskip +The word 'true` can be appended to the unit, to make sure that +possible magnifiction will have no effect on the specified length. +For example, 6.25truein. +\sethebrew +\bigskip +\bigskip +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{twecez dnziigqez lvexz drnec.} +\bigskip +\unsethebrew +\begintable +"1\hsize1\hfil|Horizontal size of page. Default is "1\1hsize=6.5in\hfill\el +"1\vsize1\hfil|Vertical size of page. Default is "1\1vsize=8.9in\hfill\el +"1\headline1\hfil|Defines a headline for the page. Default -- empty.\hfill\el +"1\footline1\hfil|Defines a footline for the page. Default -- centered page number.\hfill\el +"1\nopagenumbers1\hfil|No page numbers should be displayed on page.\hfill\el +"1\parindent1\hfil|Indentation on first line of paragraph. Default is "1\1parindent=20pt.\hfill\el +"1\parskip1\hfil|Vertical skip between paragraphs. Default is "1\1parskip=0pt.\hfill\el +"1\baselineskip1\hfil|Vertical skip between lines. Default is "1\1baselineskip=12pt.\hfill +\endtable +\bigskip +\sethebrew +\bigskip +\bigskip +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{twecez yineyiez lvexj wtivez l`exj elxega.} +\unsethebrew +\bigskip +\begintable +"1\hskip1\hfil|Skipping horizontally (Needs a length, e.g. "1\1hskip 1cm).\hfill\el +"1\vskip1\hfil|Skipping vertically (Needs a length, e.g. "1\1vskip 1cm).\hfill\el +"1\smallskip1\hfil|A 'small' vertical skip.\hfill\el +"1\medskip1\hfil|A 'medium' vertical skip.\hfill\el +"1\bigskip1\hfil|A 'big' vertical skip.\hfill +\endtable +\bigskip +\sethebrew +\bigskip +\bigskip +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{twecez lvexj yiney aqebi `eziez yepim.} +\unsethebrew +\bigskip +\begintable +"1\rm1\hfil|Gives the default English font.\hfill\el +"1\bf1\hfil|Gives bold type, that is, emphasized letters.\hfill\el +"1\sl1\hfil|Gives slanted letters.\hfill\el +"1\tt1\hfil|Gives 'typewriter' style type.\hfill\el +"1\it1\hfil|Gives italics type.\hfill +\endtable +\bigskip +\sethebrew +\bigskip +\bigskip +\filbreak +\noindent\subsection{twecez yineyiez yepez.} +\unsethebrew +\bigskip +\begintable +"1\centerline{...}1\hfil|Centers the text on the line.\hfill\el +"1\line{...}1\hfil|Enters the text into one line.\hfill\el +"1\leftskip1\hfil|Gives more indentation next to left margin.\hfill\el +"1\rightskip1\hfil|Gives more indentation next to right margin.\hfill\el +"1\narrower1\hfil|Makes a narrower paragraph.\hfill\el +"1\obeylines1\hfil|Keeps the lines existing in input.\hfill\el +"1\tolerance1\hfil|Default=100. Increasing it makes \TeX\ more tolerant \hfill\el +"1 1\hfil|\hfil to 'bad` lines. e.g. "1\1tolerance=2000.\hfill\el +"1\eject1\hfil|Forces a page break.\hfill\el +"1\vfil\eject1\hfil|A page break with filling current page with blank.\hfill\el +"1\nobreak1\hfil|Prevents page or line break here.\hfill\el +"1\noindent1\hfil|Prevents indenting the first line of a paragraph.\hfill +\endtable +\sethebrew +\bigskip +lym walz `iptexnvid peqtz `ecez qebi `eziez yepim, +dyiney adbclez yepez eko dyiney a`eziez draxiez, +riio ancxikim dnz`inim ydefkxe lril. x`d ldlo cebn` +lyiney a \L{\TeX}. +\vskip .7cm +xnd texz, nxkf dgiyeaim, hl. $02-58-4539$. +\unsethebrew +\tenrm +\vfill\eject +\special{psfile=HU.ps} % This writes and draws the header. +\leavevmode \vskip 3cm % This gives the vertical skip after header. +% +\font\black=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 % This defines a "black" font. +\centerline{\black An Example.} +% +\baselineskip=22pt % Specifying a larger space between lines. +\bigskip +\centerline{This is the title, in ordinary characters.} +\smallskip +\font\big=cmr10 scaled \magstep1 % This creates a font called "big". +\centerline{\big This is another title, in bigger characters.} +\vskip 0.5cm +% +Now we start an ordinary paragraph. We just write +the text. +\smallskip +This is just text. The paragraph is indented at the beginning. +The lines are arranged properly.\footnote{*}{We also insert +footnotes.} We can also {\bf emphasize} text, +or write {\it italic} or {\sl slanted} words. +We can insert mathematics into the text, for example +$\lim_{x\to0}{\sin x\over x}=1$. The math formula can easily +be centered, like in $$x+{y^2\over k}+1$$ + +or in +$$A=\left(\matrix{x-\lambda&1&0\cr + 0&x-\lambda&1\cr + 0&0&x-\lambda\cr}\right).$$ +\vskip .7cm +%\input heb_macros % This is inputting the Hebrew macros. +\unsethebrew % We want to remain in English. + +\tenrm After we input the file heb\_macros, we can +switch to Hebrew. +\bigskip +\sethebrew % Now we want to start writing Hebrew. +dpd hwqh araxiz: +\L{\TeX} de` nrxkz nyekllz lriaec hwqhim. \L{\TeX} +nwal kwlh nlim, viexim, nyee`ez, legez ekcend erexj `ezm +avexd `ethinliz dnekpd lcteq. iy l-\L{\TeX} +ikelz nyekllz n`ec ldvib avexd itd +hwqh nzinhi nqeaj )ekneao bm hwqh l` nqeaj(. +\bigskip +\L{\TeX} n`tyx 'cweiez `qhhiez' +yl` pizo ldyibo anrac znlilim nweal e`ikez dtlh yle dipd nreld. +fd nzah`, lnyl, akj ydxeegim +aio vnci `eziez nqeinim dm bcelim `e whpim ndxbil k`yx dnild +px`iz l` aqcx rm dxeegim dxbilim, eko +vncim nqeinim yl `eziez pizo lkzea avexd niegcz, lnyl \L{ff} +lrenz \L{{f}{f}}. `tyxez fe zneny awxea bm abixqd draxiz +yl \L{\TeX}. +\unsethebrew \tenrm +\vfill\eject +Here is the input file from which the previous example has been created. + +*********************************************************************** +\vskip 1cm +\input verbatim +"@ +\special{psfile=HU.ps} % This writes and draws the header. +\leavevmode \vskip 3cm % This gives the vertical skip after header. +% +\font\black=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 % This defines a "black" font. +\centerline{\black An Example.} +% +\bigskip +\centerline{This is the title, in ordinary characters.} +\smallskip +\baselineskip=22pt % Specifying a larger space between lines. +\font\big=cmr10 scaled \magstep1 % This creates a font called "big". +\centerline{\big This is another title, in bigger characters.} +\vskip 0.5cm +% +Now we start an ordinary paragraph. We just write +the text. +\smallskip +This is just text. The paragraph is indented at the beginning. +The lines are arranged properly.\footnote{*}{We also insert +footnotes.} We can also {\bf emphasize} text, +or write {\it italic} or {\sl slanted} words. +We can insert mathematics into the text, for example +$\lim_{x\to0}{\sin x\over x}=1$. The math formula can easily +be centered, like in $$x+{y^2\over k}+1$$ +% +or in +% +$$A=\left(\matrix{x-\lambda&1&0\cr + 0&x-\lambda&1\cr + 0&0&x-\lambda\cr}\right).$$ +\vskip .7cm +\input heb_macros % This is inputting the Hebrew macros. +\unsethebrew % We want to remain in English. +% +% +After we input the file heb\_macros, we can +switch to Hebrew. +\bigskip +\sethebrew % Now we want to start writing Hebrew. +dpd hwqh araxiz: +\L{\TeX} de` nrxkz nyekllz lriaec hwqhim. \L{\TeX} +nwal kwlh nlim, viexim, nyee`ez, legez ekcend erexj `ezm +avexd `ethinliz dnekpd lcteq. iy l-\L{\TeX} +ikelz nyekllz n`ec ldvib avexd itd +hwqh nzinhi nqeaj )ekneao bm hwqh l` nqeaj(. +% +\bigskip +% +\L{\TeX} n`tyx "cweiez `qhhiez" +yl` pizo ldyibo anrac znlilim nweal e`ikez dtlh yle dipd nreld. +fd nzah`, lnyl, akj ydxeegim +aio vnci `eziez nqeinim dm bcelim `e whpim ndxbil k`yx dnild +px`iz l` aqcx rm dxeegim dxbilim, eko +vncim nqeinim yl `eziez pizo lkzea avexd niegcz, lnyl \L{ff} +lrenz \L{{f}{f}}. `tyxez fe zneny awxea bm abixqd draxiz yl \L{\TeX}. +@ +\bye diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/postscript_guide.dvi b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/postscript_guide.dvi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..47cf760b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/postscript_guide.dvi diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/postscript_guide.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/postscript_guide.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f662f61e0f --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/postscript_guide.tex @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ + +%% Written by Rama Porrat of the Computation Center, +%% Hebrew University of Jerusalem. +% +\font\bigger=cmbx12 +\font\biggest=cmbx12 scaled \magstep1 +\def\TeX{T\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX} +\def\biggerTeX{\bigger T\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX} +\newcount\secnum +\newcount\subsec +\secnum=0 +\subsec=0 +\font\bff=Jerusalem scaled \magstep1 \font\bfff=Jerusalem scaled \magstep2 +\def\section#1{\advance \secnum by 1 \subsec=0 +\bigskip\bigskip\bigskip {\bigger\the\secnum}~~~ {\bfff #1} \bigskip\bigskip} +\def\subsection#1{\advance \subsec by 1 +\bigskip\bigskip +{\bigger\the\subsec.\the\secnum}~~~{\bff #1} \bigskip\bigskip} + +\font\rm=cmbx10 +\input heb_macros +\def\centerhebrew#1{\centerline{\beginR\hebrew#1\endR}} +\sethebrew +\diem +\vskip 1.2cm +\centerline{\L{\biggest PostScript}} +\bigskip +{\obeylines +\bigskip +zeko drpipim +\medskip +$1$. nd fd? +$2$. knd reacez aqiqiez awyx lytd. +$3$. twecez yineyiez. +~~~~~ $3.1$ yipei becle yl dviex. +~~~~~ $3.2$ yipei niwene yl dviex. +~~~~~ $3.3$ qiaeae yl dviex. +~~~~~ $3.4$ cebn` ldffd edwhpd yl viex. +$4$. `iptexnvid peqtz. + +\bigskip +} +\bigskip +\noindent\section{nd fd?} +\vskip .5cm +\baselineskip=14.0pt +\L{PostScript} )ldlo \L{PS}( dipd ytd dn`tyxz ivixz rnecim nectqim dnkilim +hwqh ayilea vexez bxtiez yepez. + +wavi \L{PS} dm wavi hwqh y`tyx lwx`m elypezm arfxz kl rexj )\L{editor}(. +k`yx yelgim weau \L{PS} lnctqz liifx, cebnz \L{lw5}~anxkf dgiyeaim, + )reyim f`z +arfxz twecz ddctqd dxbild, \L{lpr} a \L{Unix}( iy ldwtic rl kj ydyexd +dx`yepd yl dweau zzgil avixes ~~\L{\%!}~. vixes fd ayexd dx`yepd +yl dweau necir lnctqz ydweau `ipe weau hwqh xbil, `l` fde `eqs +yl twecez \L{PS} yrlid lrace exw `gx kj ldctiq `z dzev`d. + +`tyx bm ldvib )\L{to display}( weau \L{PS} rl dnqj arfxz +dzekpiz \L{ghost} a \L{Unix}, f`z azp`i yiy nqes nz`im. + +zekpiez bxtiez xaez ievxez `z dtlh yldo avexz +weau \L{PS}. zekpiez dnezwpez a \L{Shum} ea \L{VMS} +e`yx ikelez livex wavi \L{PS} do + +\L{DISSPLA, GNUPLOT, MONGO, EXPONENT, XFIG, GCG, MAPLE} + +zekpiez `ld n`tyxez lviix bxtim yepim. dzekpiz \L{xfig} +)nezwpz a \L{Shum}( nz`ind livixz viex arfxz d"rkax". + +dzekpiez \L{\TeX}, \L{LaTeX} ayilea rm \L{dvips} ievxez +bm do weau \L{PS}. arfxz \L{dvips} pizo lyla viexim +ydekpe a`gz dzekpez d`ld rm wavi hwqh ydekpe a \L{\TeX} `e a \L{LaTeX}. + +zekpizo ypzwl awavi \L{PS} xvei yicr knd pwecez aqiqiez awyx +lytd, kci yiekl lyleh rl ddctqez elavr yipeiim whpim +dpgevim nci trm avexz dtlh. +\vfil\eject +\section{knd reacez aqiqiez awyx lytd.} + +weau \L{PS} de` weau \L{ASCII} ynkil acxj kll yilea yl +twecez ehwqh. nilez hwqh dniercez ldiez nectqez +aweau dtlh netirez aweau azej qebxiim. + +dtwecez a \L{PS} do nilim ydebcxe nx`y. +twecez `e nyzpim ynebcxim aweau rvne netirim )anetr dx`yeo +yldm aweau( azeqtz lekqo )/( vnec ldm, ealieei dtwecd \L{def}. + +k`yx weau \L{PS} "nzavr", d \L{interpreter} )dnvei, lnyl, +anctqz liifx( wex` `z dweau enkpiq `z kl rxki dnyzpim, +nilez dhwqh ekcend lzej ngqpiz )\L{stack}(. xea dtwecez +yl \L{PS} yeltez rxj `gc `e iezx nx`y dngqpiz enyznyez +adm. + +\L{PS} nyznyz anrxkz we`exciphez, k`yx x`yiz dvixim pnv`z +atipd dyn`liz dzgzepd yl dcs. digicez ado nyznyim +do pwecez ybeclo $1/72$ yl `ipu'. iy k $500$ pwecez lxega +dcs, ek $700$ pwecez l`exke. +\section{twecez yineyiez.} + +lrzim wxeaez nyinze yl dzekpizo dipd lnwm viex dpzeo rl +ici weau \L{PS} azej hwqh `gx. anwxd kfd gyea lcrz `ij +ldfif `z dviex lnwem nqeim rl dcs, e`ij lypez `z becle. +ldlo zi`ex yl dtwecez ya`nvrezo `tyx ldyib yipeiim `ld. + +gyea n`ec lyim la lkj yyipei becle `e niwene yl dviex +dnekll ahwqh `gx rlel lypez a`eto alzi xvei `z nx`d kl dhwqh. +kci ldnpr ndytrez alzi xveiez yl yipeiim "fnpiim", +kc`i ldyzny atwecez yzegnez `z dyipeiim enbailez `ezo +xw lviex yae nhtlim. dtwecez do `ld: + +\L{gsave - graphic save} + +twecd fe iy lyim ltpi aiver dyipeiim; twecd fe bexnz +lynixz kl dtxnhxim yl dnva dbxti dpekgi. + +\L{grestore - graphic restore} + +twecd fe bexnz ldgfxz dqaiad dbxtiz, rl kl dtxnhxim yld, lwcnezd. +x`d ldlo cebn` lyiney atwecez `ld. + +\subsection{yipei becle yl dviex.} + +dtwecd \L{scale} nynyz ldbcld eldwhpd yl dviex. +\L{scale} yeltz nzej dngqpiz ypi nqtxim - yirex ddbcld lxega +dcs eyirex ddbcld l`exj dcs. `m neqitim twecd fe lweau, +iy lc`eb ldkpqz nqtxim `ld lngqpiz. fd ikel ldryez, lnyl, +rl ici deqtz dyexd da`d lweau: + +\L{.5 .4 scale} + +dzev`d zdid dwhpd ayirex $0.5$ lxega e $0.4$ l`exj dcs. + +\subsection{yipei niwene yl dviex.} + +dtwecd \L{translate} nynyz ldrzwz x`yiz dvixim lnwem klyde +rl dcs. l`gx drzwd kfe inewm dviex igqiz lx`yiz dvixim dgcyd. +lnyl: + +\L{200 300 translate} + +dzev`d zdid niwene yl dviex igqiz lx`yiz vixim gcyd dnveid a $(200,300)$. +\vfil\eject +\subsection{qiaeae yl dviex.} + +fd pryd rl ici dtwecd \L{rotate}, dnwalz ktxnhx feiz. lnyl qiaea +a $45$ nrlez akeeo dyreo pryd rl ici + +\L{45 rotate} + +\subsection{cebn` ldffd edwhpd yl viex.} + +ldlo cebn` lyipei becle enwene yl viex: + +\unsethebrew +\R{twecez \L{PS} wecnez ........} + +gsave + +100 359 translate + +.9 .9 scale + +- - \R{dviex } - - + +grestore + +\R{dnyj .......} + + +\sethebrew +\bigskip +{\bff gyea - } `m dviex `ipe netir atlh )lnxez yl` nzwalz +decrz ybi`d arz ddctqd( pqd +lypez `z dqcx yl twecez \L{PS} ydeqtz. +`m dviex rciio l` netir, de` +wxea lec`i iv` nbaelez dcs. ypd `z dtxnhxim eacew ypiz. + +\section{`iptexnvid peqtz.} + +wiinez rec twecez ldffd yl viexim elnhxez `gxez, kne +"fef lpwecd nqeinz", "fef igqiz lpwecd dpekgiz" ekcend. +dqtx dkgel yyne + +\L{POSTSCRIPT Language~~ Tutorial and Cookbook} + +nkil `iptexnvid aqiqiz alyeo )`pbliz( axexd, kell xyind yl +twecez edtxnhxim yldo. +\bigskip +lnyznyim a \L{\TeX} iy `tyxez lklel wavi \L{PS} anqnj +arfxz dtwecd~~ \L{$\backslash$special} - f`z adpgd +yddctqd zryd arfxz \L{dvips}. + + +dtwecd pkzaz kj: + +\L{$\backslash$special$\{$psfile={\it filename}$\}$} % $\backslash$ + +\sethebrew + +k`yx \L{\it filename} de` ym weau \L{PS} dnkil `z dviex. +\medskip +`tyx bm, anwem `e azeqtz lyipeiim azej weau d \L{PS}, +ldeqis txnhxim ltwecd \L{special} rvnd. +\sethebrew +x`d dqax nl` ancxij l \L{dvips}. +\bigskip +pizo ldctiq drzwim peqtim yl ncxij fd a`nvrez dtwecez da`ez a \L{Shum}: + +\L{tex postscript\_guide\hfill} + +\L{dvips postscript\_guide $|$ lpr -Plw5\hfill} +\vskip 2cm +xnd texz, nxkf dgiyeaim. + + + +\end diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/readme b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/readme new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e22e87fed2 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/readme @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +The available guides: + +introduction Introduction to TeX (In Hebrew) +cs_guide Most usable control sequences +tex_manual A Manual for Self-study (Also called Gentle TeX) +hebtex_guide TeX in Hebrew (In Hebrew) +postscript_guide Explaining PostScript. (In Hebrew) +classic_guide The Hebrew Classic fonts (By Joel Hoffman) + This guide inputs the available files + hletter1.tex, dots.tex, vowels.tex +tables_guide Writing tables (By Robert Nilsson, Texas) + diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/s_verbatim.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/s_verbatim.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..229099de53 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/s_verbatim.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +% +% S_Verbatim.TeX Macro +% +% macros for verbatim scanning +\chardef\other=12 +\newskip\ttglue +\ttglue=.5em plus.25em minus.15em +\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`\{=\other + \catcode`\}=\other + \catcode`\$=\other + \catcode`\&=\other + \catcode`\#=\other + \catcode`\%=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\^=\other + \catcode`\"=\other % this line is new stuff + \catcode`\|=\other + \catcode`\~=\other + \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt} + +\catcode`\"=\active + +\def"{\ttverbatim\continueverbatim} +\def\continueverbatim#1{\spaceskip\ttglue +\def\readit##1#1{##1\endgroup}\expandafter\readit} +% +% verbatim input macro, for inputting a complete file verbatim. +% Use \verbatiminput{filename} in much the same way as you would use +% \input filename. +% +\def^^L{\par} + \def\verbatiminput#1{\begingroup \frenchspacing \raggedbottom + \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12 } \dospecials \catcode`\|=12 + \parskip 0pt \parindent 0pt + \catcode`\ =\active \catcode`\^^M=\active + \catcode`\^^L=\active \outer\def^^L{\eject} + \tt \def\par{\ \endgraf} \obeylines \obeyspaces + \input #1 \endgroup} +% diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9d1e6d872f --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables.tex @@ -0,0 +1,260 @@ +% +% +% S-Tables Macro +% +\message{S-Tables Macro v1.0, ACS, TAMU (RANHELP@VENUS.TAMU.EDU)} +% +% Help Text +% +\newhelp\stablestylehelp{You must choose a style between 0 and 3.}% +\newhelp\stablelinehelp{You should not use special hrules when stretching +a table.}% +\newhelp\stablesmultiplehelp{You have tried to place an S-Table inside another +S-Table. I would recommend not going on.}% +% +% Line Thicknesses (Values) +% +\newdimen\stablesthinline +\stablesthinline=0.4pt +\newdimen\stablesthickline +\stablesthickline=1pt +% +% Border and Internal Line Thicknesses +% +\newif\ifstablesborderthin +\stablesborderthinfalse +\newif\ifstablesinternalthin +\stablesinternalthintrue +\newif\ifstablesomit +\newif\ifstablemode +\newif\ifstablesright +\stablesrightfalse +% +% Save Registers +% +\newdimen\stablesbaselineskip +\newdimen\stableslineskip +\newdimen\stableslineskiplimit +% +% Counters +% +\newcount\stablesmode +\newcount\stableslines +\newcount\stablestemp +\stablestemp=3 +\newcount\stablescount +\stablescount=0 +\newcount\stableslinet +\stableslinet=0 +% +% Table Style Selection +% +% 0 - Centered +% 1 - Left Justified +% 2 - Right Justified +% 3 - Not Justified +% +\newcount\stablestyle +\stablestyle=0 +% +% Element Buffering Definitions +% +\def\stablesleft{\quad\hfil}% +\def\stablesright{\hfil\quad}% +% +% Vertical Bar Activation +% +\catcode`\|=\active% +% +% Strut Control +% +\newcount\stablestrutsize +\newbox\stablestrutbox +\setbox\stablestrutbox=\hbox{\vrule height10pt depth5pt width0pt} +\def\stablestrut{\relax\ifmmode% + \copy\stablestrutbox% + \else% + \unhcopy\stablestrutbox% + \fi}% +% +% Misc. Internal Stuff +% +\newdimen\stablesborderwidth +\newdimen\stablesinternalwidth +\newdimen\stablesdummy +\newcount\stablesdummyc +\newif\ifstablesin +\stablesinfalse +% +% Table Macros +% +\def\begintable{\stablestart% + \stablemodetrue% + \stablesadj% + \halign% + \stablesdef}% +\def\begintableto#1{\stablestart% + \stablemodefalse% + \stablesadj% + \halign to #1% + \stablesdef}% +\def\begintablesp#1{\stablestart% + \stablemodefalse% + \stablesadj% + \halign spread #1% + \stablesdef}% +\def\stablesadj{% + \ifcase\stablestyle% + \hbox to \hsize\bgroup\hss\vbox\bgroup% + \or% + \hbox to \hsize\bgroup\vbox\bgroup% + \or% + \hbox to \hsize\bgroup\hss\vbox\bgroup% + \or% + \hbox\bgroup\vbox\bgroup% + \else% + \errhelp=\stablestylehelp% + \errmessage{Invalid style selected, using default}% + \hbox to \hsize\bgroup\hss\vbox\bgroup% + \fi}% +\def\stablesend{\egroup% + \ifcase\stablestyle% + \hss\egroup% + \or% + \hss\egroup% + \or% + \egroup% + \or% + \egroup% + \else% + \hss\egroup% + \fi}% +\def\stablestart{% + \ifstablesin% + \errhelp=\stablesmultiplehelp% + \errmessage{An S-Table cannot be placed within an S-Table!}% + \fi + \global\stablesintrue% + \global\advance\stablescount by 1% + \message{<S-Tables Generating Table \number\stablescount}% + \begingroup% + \stablestrutsize=\ht\stablestrutbox% + \advance\stablestrutsize by \dp\stablestrutbox% + \ifstablesborderthin% + \stablesborderwidth=\stablesthinline% + \else% + \stablesborderwidth=\stablesthickline% + \fi% + \ifstablesinternalthin% + \stablesinternalwidth=\stablesthinline% + \else% + \stablesinternalwidth=\stablesthickline% + \fi% + \tabskip=0pt% + \stablesbaselineskip=\baselineskip% + \stableslineskip=\lineskip% + \stableslineskiplimit=\lineskiplimit% + \offinterlineskip% + \def\borderrule{\vrule width \stablesborderwidth}% + \def\internalrule{\vrule width \stablesinternalwidth}% +% + \def\thinline{\noalign{\hrule height \stablesthinline}}% + \def\thickline{\noalign{\hrule height \stablesthickline}}% + \def\trule{\omit\leaders\hrule height \stablesthinline\hfill}% + \def\ttrule{\omit\leaders\hrule height \stablesthickline\hfill}% + \def\tttrule##1{\omit\leaders\hrule height ##1\hfill}% + \def\stablesel{&\omit\global\stablesmode=0% + \global\advance\stableslines by 1\borderrule\hfil\cr}% + \def\el{\stablesel&}% + \def\elt{\stablesel\thinline&}% + \def\eltt{\stablesel\thickline&}% + \def\elttt##1{\stablesel\noalign{\hrule height ##1}&}% + \def\elspec{&\omit\hfil\borderrule\cr\omit\borderrule&% + \ifstablemode% + \else% + \errhelp=\stablelinehelp% + \errmessage{Special ruling will not display properly}% + \fi}% +% + \def\stmultispan##1{\mscount=##1 \loop\ifnum\mscount>3 \stspan\repeat}% + \def\stspan{\span\omit \advance\mscount by -1}% +% + \def\multicolumn##1{\omit\multiply\stablestemp by ##1% + \stmultispan{\stablestemp}% + \advance\stablesmode by ##1% + \advance\stablesmode by -1% + \stablestemp=3}% + \def\multirow##1{\stablesdummyc=##1\parindent=0pt\setbox0\hbox\bgroup% + \aftergroup\emultirow\let\temp=} + \def\emultirow{\setbox1\vbox to\stablesdummyc\stablestrutsize% + {\hsize\wd0\vfil\box0\vfil}% + \ht1=\ht\stablestrutbox% + \dp1=\dp\stablestrutbox% + \box1}% +% +% \def\stvcen##1{\vtop{\vfill\hbox{##1}\vfill}}% Currently does not work! + \def\stpar##1{\vtop\bgroup\hsize ##1% + \baselineskip=\stablesbaselineskip% + \lineskip=\stableslineskip% + \lineskiplimit=\stableslineskiplimit\bgroup\aftergroup\estpar\let\temp=}% + \def\estpar{\vskip 6pt\egroup}% + \def\stparrow##1##2{\stablesdummy=##2% + \setbox0=\vtop to ##1\stablestrutsize\bgroup% + \hsize\stablesdummy% + \baselineskip=\stablesbaselineskip% + \lineskip=\stableslineskip% + \lineskiplimit=\stableslineskiplimit% + \bgroup\vfil\aftergroup\estparrow% + \let\temp=}% + \def\estparrow{\vfil\egroup% + \ht0=\ht\stablestrutbox% + \dp0=\dp\stablestrutbox% + \wd0=\stablesdummy% + \box0}% +% + \def|{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&&&}% + \def\|{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\vrule width 0pt% + \hfil&&}% + \def\vt{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\vrule width \stablesthinline% + \hfil&&}% + \def\vtt{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\vrule width \stablesthickline% + \hfil&&}% + \def\vttt##1{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\vrule width ##1% + \hfil&&}% + \def\vtr{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\hfil\vrule width% + \stablesthinline&&}% + \def\vttr{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\hfil\vrule width% + \stablesthickline&&}% + \def\vtttr##1{\global\advance\stablesmode by 1&\omit\hfil\vrule width ##1&&}% + \stableslines=0% + \stablesomitfalse} +% +\def\stablesdef{\bgroup\stablestrut\borderrule##\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil% + &\stablesleft##\stablesright% + &##\ifstablesright\hfill\fi\internalrule\ifstablesright\else\hfill\fi% + \tabskip 0pt&&##\hfil\tabskip=0pt plus 1fil% + &\stablesleft##\stablesright% + &##\ifstablesright\hfill\fi\internalrule\ifstablesright\else\hfill\fi% + \tabskip=0pt\cr% + \ifstablesborderthin% + \thinline% + \else% + \thickline% + \fi&% +}% +\def\endtable{\advance\stableslines by 1\advance\stablesmode by 1% + \message{- Rows: \number\stableslines, Columns: \number\stablesmode>}% + \stablesel% + \ifstablesborderthin% + \thinline% + \else% + \thickline% + \fi% + \egroup\stablesend% +\endgroup% +\global\stablesinfalse} +% +% end of STABLES.TEX +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables_guide.dvi b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables_guide.dvi Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5534044d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables_guide.dvi diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables_guide.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables_guide.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f7d6820275 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tables_guide.tex @@ -0,0 +1,473 @@ +% +% S-Tables Quick Command Summary +% +% The name has been changed from s_tables to tables (tables.tex) +% by Rama, for convenience. +% +\input s_verbatim +\input tables +\tolerance=10000 +\centerline{\bf Creating Tables in \TeX} +%\centerline{\bf S-Tables v1.0} +\vfil +The macros and guide have been written by Robert Nilsson of the +Academic Computing Service, +Texas A\&M University. To use the macros, start by +"1\input tables1 +%\centerline{Robert Nilsson} +%\centerline{Academic Computing Service} +%\centerline{Texas A\&M University} +%\centerline{"1RANHELP@VENUS.TAMU.EDU1} +%\centerline{"1RANHELP@TAMVENUS1} +\vfil +\begintable +\multicolumn2\bf\hfil Types of Commands\hfil\eltt +Start/End|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent These are the commands for starting and ending +the table}\elt +Columns Separators|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent These are used to separate the column +s +in the tables}\elt +Row Separators|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent These are used to separate the rows}\elt +Configuration|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent These are used to set up the functioning +of the tables such as the width of a thick rule, whether the internal rules are +thin or thick, etc.}\elt +Specials|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent These include any commands that do not fit into +the above categories}\endtable +\vfil +\begintable +\multicolumn3\bf\hfil Start/End\hfil\eltt +Command|Arguments|Description\eltt +"1\begintable1\hfill|none|Start a table\hfill\el +"1\begintableto1\hfill|width|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Start a table with the +specified width. The table will be stretched until it is `width' wide}\el +"1\begintablesp1\hfill|stretch amount|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Start a table and +stretch +it `stretch amount' wider than it would normally be}\elt +"1\endtable1\hfill|none|End the table\hfill\endtable +\vfil +\begintable +\multicolumn3\bf\hfil Column Separators\hfil\eltt +Command|Arguments|Description\eltt +"1|1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent End a column and place a vertical rule +of the default width between the columns (do not use this at the end of a +line)}\el +"1\|1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above but the vertical rule +will be suppressed}\el +"1\vt1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above but the vertical rule +will be thin}\el +"1\vtt1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above but the vertical rule +will be thick}\el +"1\vttt1\hfill|thickness|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above but the vertical +rule will be `thickness' wide}\endtable +\eject +\begintable +\multicolumn3\bf\hfil Row Separators\hfil\eltt +Command|Arguments|Description\eltt +"1\el1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent End a line and don't put a rule under +it. (Do +not use this after the last line of the table, use "1\endtable1)}\el +"1\elt1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above except put a thin rule +under +the line}\el +"1\eltt1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above except put a thick rul +e under +the line}\el +"1\elttt1\hfill|thickness|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above except put a rul +e of +width `thickness' under the line}\el +"1\elspec1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent This command is used to set up +rules under rows that DO NOT span the entire row. It in effect indicates that +the next row will specify the rule to be used under the current row. This is +especially useful when using with the row spanning commands. This introduces +a subclass, the horizontal rule commands}\elt +\multicolumn3\hfil Horizonal Rule Command Subset\hfil\elt +"1\trule1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Places a thin horizontal rule +under a column. This command is only for use in conjunction with the "1\elspec1 + +command (To leave a column blank, i.e. no rule, just leave it blank)}\el +"1\ttrule1\hfill|none|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above but the rule will be + +thick}\el +"1\tttrule1\hfill|thickness|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Same as above but the rule +will be `thickness' thick}\endtable +\vfil +You may be wondering what the difference between the "1\elt1 and the "1\trule1 +command is. The "1\elt1 will end the line and draw a thin rule under it. The +"1\trule1 works in conjunction with the "1\elspec1 to generate a special rule. +The special rule line is entered the same way a regular row will be entered. +For example, a normal row would look like: +\vfil +"1This|is|a|Test\elt1 +\vfil +\noindent This will produce a row with a thin rule under it. To produce the +same effect without a rule under the column `is' the following would be used: +\vfil +"1This|is|a|Test\elspec +\trule||\trule|\trule\el1 +\vfil +\noindent Notice that the vertical bars are used. The macro is starting a new +row and the vertical bars need to be included if you want them to continue +through the line. (There is no need to only use the "1|1, any other column +separator is also valid). +\eject +\begintable +\multicolumn3\bf\hfill Configuration\hfill\eltt +Variable|Value|Description\eltt +\multicolumn3\hfill Dimensions\hfill\elt +"1\stablesthinline1\hfill|dimension|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent This variable +contains the width of a thin rule in the table. The default value is +0.4pt and it may be changed with the command: + +"1\stablesthinline=<dimen>1 + +\noindent where "1<dimen>1 is the new width.}\el +"1\stablesthickline1\hfill|dimension|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent This +variable contains the width of a thick rule in the table. The default +value is 1pt and it may be changed as above.}\elt +\multicolumn3\hfill Counters\hfill\elt +"1\stablestyle1\hfill|0|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Center the table using +the current "1\hsize1. This is the default setting and it may be +changed by the following command: + +"1\stablestyle=1$n$ + +\noindent where $n$ is the new value (0, 1, 2, or 3)}\el +|1|Left justify the table\hfill\el +|2|Right justify the table\hfill\el +|3|No justification\hfill\elt +\multicolumn3\hfill If Statements\hfill\elt +"1\ifstablesinternalthin1\hfill|true|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Make the +internal rules of the table thin. This sets the vertical rule +generated by the "1|1. To set the value of this variable the following +command must be used: + +"1\stablesinternalthintrue1 + +\noindent Please note the word `if' is removed and the word `true' has +been appended to the end. The value after this command will be true. +To set it to false append the word `false' instead of `true'.}\el +|false|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Use thick internal rules (where the "1|1 +is used)}\elspec +|\trule|\trule\el +"1\ifstablesborderthin1\hfill|true|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Use thin rules +for the border of the table}\el +|false|\stpar{2.5in}{\noindent Use thick rules for the border of the +table. This is the default.}\endtable +\vfil +All settings in the configuration section should be used {\bf OUTSIDE} +the table. The results of changing a setting inside the table will be +unpredictable, and undesirable. + +There are two more settings that need to be discussed. First is the +element buffering. There are two definitions that are used for this: +"1\stablesleft1 and "1\stablesright1. The default settings are as +follows: +\vfil +"1\def\stablesleft{\quad\hfil} +\def\stablesright{\hfil\quad}1 +\vfil +\noindent To change these, simply redefine them. + +The other setting is the strut. If you are interested in resetting +this, the \TeX book should provide sufficient information (The strut +is used to hold up the box). +\eject +\centerline{\bf Specials} +{\baselineskip=14pt +\vskip .25in +This section will be broken into three parts: the spanning commands, the +paragraph commands, and miscellaneous information. + +First of all we have two (actually three, but I'll discuss the third later) +spanning commands. They are "1\multicolumn1 and "1\multirow1. To use +"1\multicolumn1 to span several columns the command will be: + +"1\multicolumn1$n$ and your data here. + +\noindent The $n$ specifies the number of columns to span across. For +example, if a table has 3 columns and you want a title across the top, +$n$ would be 3. Omit each column separator that is spanned across (in +this case none would be used). When this command is used the buffering is +suspended on the spanning column, so it is necessary to put "1\hfil1's around +the data in the spanning column to center it. + +"1\multirow1 works slightly differently. The number of rows to span is +specified in the same way as the number of columns in the "1\multicolumn1 macro, + +but the text to be spanned must be placed in curly braces directly after: + +"1\multirow1$n$"1{<horizontal material>}1 + +\noindent The "1<horizontal material>1 will be vertically centered in the number + +of spanned rows. The horizontal rules are not automatically omitted under the +columns of the rows being spanned. The "1\elspec1 command must be used to omit + +these rules. There will be an example at the end of the documentation of this. + +The paragraph commands are "1\stpar1 and "1\stparrow1. The format for "1\stpar1 + +is: + +"1\stpar{<dimen>}{<vertical material>}1 + +\noindent The "1<dimen>1 is the width of the paragraph (the "1\hsize1) and the +"1<vertical material>1 is the paragraph. + +"1\stparrow1 will do the same thing as "1\stpar1 but it will also perform the +function of "1\multirow1. It is a composite command and the only way to span a +paragraph across multiple rows. The format is: + +"1\stparrow1$n$"1{<dimen>}{<vertical material>}1 + +\noindent In this command the $n$ is the number of rows to be spanned and the +other material is the same as in the "1\stpar1 macro. Please note that the +rules for spanning multiple rows apply to this macro also (the use of the +"1\elspec1 command. + +To use both multiple rows and multiple columns, specify the "1\multicolumn1 +command first, then the "1\multirow1 or "1\stparrow1. + +The last point I would like to make concerns the use of varying width vertical +rules. If a thin vertical rule runs into a thick vertical rule there will +be an offset. The default for this offset is to the left. There are two ways +to change the setting. The first is by using an `r' after any of the "1\vt1 +commands. For example "1\vttr1 will produce a thick vertical rule right +justified on any wider rules. The other method is by using the +"1\ifstablesright1 setting. A true setting will line up all vertical rules +generated by the "1|1 on the right. A false setting will make the vertical +rules generated by the "1|1 left justified (the default). + +In all of the specials using a $n$ parameter, if the number to be used is +greater than 9, it must be placed in curly braces ("1{}1). +} +\vfill\eject +\centerline{\bf Examples} +\vskip .25in +This section will give some example tables and the code to generate them +organized from simple to complex. +\vskip .25in +\leftline{\bf Example 1} +\vskip .125in +"*\begintable +Ck\#\vt Date\vt Memo\vt Debit\vt Credit\vt Balance\eltt +245|8--2|Rent|\$ \hfill 250.00||\$ \hfill 436.29\el +246|8--2|Danson Electric|\$ \hfill 49.28||\$ \hfill 387.01\el +247|8--5|Jeff's Grocery|\$ \hfill 35.88||\$ \hfill 351.13\el +248||Void|||\el +249|8--10|Danson Times|\$ \hfill 19.00||\$ \hfill 332.13\el +250|8--14|Pizza Palace|\$ \hfill 9.95||\$ \hfill 322.18\el +251|8--15|Jones Hardware|\$ \hfill 45.20||\$ \hfill 276.98\el +252|8--15|Deposit||\$ \hfill 255.81|\$ \hfill 532.79\el +253|8--21|Account Fee|\$ \hfill .85||\$ \hfill 531.94\el +254|8--29|Telephone Co.|\$ \hfill 21.19||\$ \hfill 510.75\endtable* +\vskip .125in +\begintable +Ck\#\vt Date\vt Memo\vt Debit\vt Credit\vt Balance\eltt +245|8--2|Rent|\$ \hfill 250.00||\$ \hfill 436.29\el +246|8--2|Danson Electric|\$ \hfill 49.28||\$ \hfill 387.01\el +247|8--5|Jeff's Grocery|\$ \hfill 35.88||\$ \hfill 351.13\el +248||Void|||\el +249|8--10|Danson Times|\$ \hfill 19.00||\$ \hfill 332.13\el +250|8--14|Pizza Palace|\$ \hfill 9.95||\$ \hfill 322.18\el +251|8--15|Jones Hardware|\$ \hfill 45.20||\$ \hfill 276.98\el +252|8--15|Deposit||\$ \hfill 255.81|\$ \hfill 532.79\el +253|8--21|Account Fee|\$ \hfill .85||\$ \hfill 531.94\el +254|8--29|Telephone Co.|\$ \hfill 21.19||\$ \hfill 510.75\endtable +\vfill\eject +\leftline{\bf Example 2} +\vskip .125in +"*\begintableto{6.5truein} +\multicolumn6 \hfill Account Activity for August\hfill\eltt +Ck\#\vt Date\vt Memo\vtt Debit\vt Credit\vtt Balance\eltt +245|8--2|Rent\vtt\$ \hfill 250.00|\vtt\$ \hfill 436.29\el +246|8--2|Danson Electric\vtt\$ \hfill 49.28|\vtt\$ \hfill 387.01\el +247|8--5|Jeff's Grocery\vtt\$ \hfill 35.88|\vtt\$ \hfill 351.13\el +248||Void\vtt|\vtt\el +249|8--10|Danson Times\vtt\$ \hfill 19.00|\vtt\$ \hfill 332.13\el +250|8--14|Pizza Palace\vtt\$ \hfill 9.95|\vtt\$ \hfill 322.18\el +251|8--15|Jones Hardware\vtt\$ \hfill 45.20|\vtt\$ \hfill 276.98\el +252|8--15|Deposit\vtt|\$ \hfill 255.81\vtt\$ \hfill 532.79\el +253|8--21|Account Fee\vtt\$ \hfill .85|\vtt\$ \hfill 531.94\el +254|8--29|Telephone Co.\vtt\$ \hfill 21.19|\vtt\$ \hfill 510.75\endtable* +\vskip .125in +\begintableto{6.5truein} +\multicolumn6 \hfill Account Activity for August\hfill\eltt +Ck\#\vt Date\vt Memo\vtt Debit\vt Credit\vtt Balance\eltt +245|8--2|Rent\vtt\$ \hfill 250.00|\vtt\$ \hfill 436.29\el +246|8--2|Danson Electric\vtt\$ \hfill 49.28|\vtt\$ \hfill 387.01\el +247|8--5|Jeff's Grocery\vtt\$ \hfill 35.88|\vtt\$ \hfill 351.13\el +248||Void\vtt|\vtt\el +249|8--10|Danson Times\vtt\$ \hfill 19.00|\vtt\$ \hfill 332.13\el +250|8--14|Pizza Palace\vtt\$ \hfill 9.95|\vtt\$ \hfill 322.18\el +251|8--15|Jones Hardware\vtt\$ \hfill 45.20|\vtt\$ \hfill 276.98\el +252|8--15|Deposit\vtt|\$ \hfill 255.81\vtt\$ \hfill 532.79\el +253|8--21|Account Fee\vtt\$ \hfill .85|\vtt\$ \hfill 531.94\el +254|8--29|Telephone Co.\vtt\$ \hfill 21.19|\vtt\$ \hfill 510.75\endtable +\vfill\eject +\leftline{\bf Example 3} +\vskip .125in +"*\begintable +\multirow2{\#}\vt\multirow2{Date}\vt\multirow2{Memo}\vt Debit/Credit\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||Balance\eltt +\multirow2{245}|\multirow2{8--2}|\multirow2{Rent}|\$ \hfill 250.00\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 436.29\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{246}|\multirow2{8--2}|\multirow2{Danson Electric}|\$ \hfill 49.28\els +pec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 387.01\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{247}|\multirow2{8--5}|\multirow2{Jeff's Grocery}|\$ \hfill 35.88\elsp +ec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 351.13\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{248}||\multirow2{Void}|\elspec +|||\el +|||\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{249}|\multirow2{8--10}|\multirow2{Danson Times}|\$ \hfill 19.00\elspe +c +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 332.13\endtable* +\vskip .125in +\begintable +\multirow2{\#}\vt\multirow2{Date}\vt\multirow2{Memo}\vt Debit/Credit\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||Balance\eltt +\multirow2{245}|\multirow2{8--2}|\multirow2{Rent}|\$ \hfill 250.00\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 436.29\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{246}|\multirow2{8--2}|\multirow2{Danson Electric}|\$ \hfill 49.28\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 387.01\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{247}|\multirow2{8--5}|\multirow2{Jeff's Grocery}|\$ \hfill 35.88\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 351.13\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{248}||\multirow2{Void}|\elspec +|||\el +|||\elttt{.7pt} +\multirow2{249}|\multirow2{8--10}|\multirow2{Danson Times}|\$ \hfill 19.00\elspec +|||\trule\el +|||\$ \hfill 332.13\endtable +\vfill\eject +\leftline{\bf Example 4} +\vskip .125in +"*\begintable +Account|Ck\#|Debit|Credit|Balance\eltt +\stparrow3{3in}{\noindent The Lyons Investment Memorial Student Fund following +specifications 11.2.3 of the U.S. Governmental Code CCA1} +|123|\$\hfill 1,000.00||\$\hfill 20,000\elspec +|\trule|\trule|\trule|\trule\el +|124|\$\hfill 200.00||\$\hfill 19,800\elspec +|\trule|\trule|\trule|\trule\el +|||\$\hfill 4,000.00|\$\hfill 23,800\elttt{.7pt} +\multicolumn4\hfil\stpar{5.25in}{At the end of the physical year 1990 the +balance in the account for Lyons Investment Memorial Student Fund will be +tallied and the results will be published as per Governmental Code 3.4.2 of the +last payable week in the session. The value presented here is a projection of +the actual that will be available.}\hfil|\$\hfill 25,000\endtable* +\vskip .125in +\begintable +Account|Ck\#|Debit|Credit|Balance\eltt +\stparrow3{3in}{\noindent The Lyons Investment Memorial Student Fund following +specifications 11.2.3 of the U.S. Governmental Code CCA1} +|123|\$\hfill 1,000.00||\$\hfill 20,000\elspec +|\trule|\trule|\trule|\trule\el +|124|\$\hfill 200.00||\$\hfill 19,800\elspec +|\trule|\trule|\trule|\trule\el +|||\$\hfill 4,000.00|\$\hfill 23,800\elttt{.7pt} +\multicolumn4\hfil\stpar{5.25in}{At the end of the physical year 1990 the +balance in the account for Lyons Investment Memorial Student Fund will be +tallied and the results will be published as per Governmental Code 3.4.2 of the +last payable week in the session. The value presented here is a projection of +the actual that will be available.}\hfil|\$\hfill 25,000\endtable +\vfill\eject +\leftline{\bf Example 5} +\vskip .125in +"*\begintable +\multicolumn2 \hfill MH commands \hfill \eltt +|\stparrow4{6in}{\noindent compose a message by putting you in the editor on a prototype +message form and then lets you send it. After completing the +message, use {\it list } to review it or { \it send } to send it.}\elspec +comp|\el +|\el +|\elt +inc|incorporates new mail into your 'inbox' folder.\elt +show n|displays message {\it No. n } in the current folder\el +show m-n|displays message {\it m } to {\it n } in the current folder.\el +show|(default) show the current message.\elt +next|displays the next message in the current folder.\el +prev|displays the previous message in the current folder.\elt +rmm n|removes message {\it No. n } in the current folder.\el +rmm m-n|removes messages {\it m } to {\it n } in the current folder.\el +rmm|(default) removes the current message.\elt +|\stparrow3{6in}{\noindent reply to the current message. It places you in the editor with a +prototype response form. After completing your response, type '{\it +list }' to review it or '{\it send }' it.}\elspec +repl|\el +|\elt +refile +xxxx|put current message in another folder named xxxx\elt +folder +xxxx|go to folder named xxxx.\el +folders|prints a list of all folders.\elt +|\stparrow2{6in}{\noindent produce a one line per message scan listing. '{\it scan m-n }' prints +a list of the messages from m to n in your current folder.}\elspec +scam m-n|\el +scan m-n +xxxx|lists all the messages in folder named xxxx.\el +scan last:-n +xxxx|lists last {\it n } messages in folder named xxxx.\el +scan|(default) listing of all the messages in your current folder.\elt +forw|forward the current message to another user.\elt +ali|list mail aliases\endtable +\vskip 1cm +\begintable +\multicolumn2\hfil Practical commands:\hfil \eltt +comp -editor vi\hfill|Write a message using the editor vi\hfill\elt +forw n -editor vi\hfill|Forward message No. n using the editor vi\hfill\elt +forw n -form components\hfill|Edit a returned message No. n \hfill\elt +forw n -editor vi -form components\hfill|Edit a returned message No. n with vi as editor\hfill\endtable +* +\vfill\eject +\vskip .125in +\begintable +\multicolumn2 \hfill MH commands \hfill \eltt +|\stparrow4{6in}{\noindent compose a message by putting you in the editor on a prototype +message form and then lets you send it. After completing the +message, use {\it list } to review it or { \it send } to send it.}\elspec +comp|\el +|\el +|\elt +inc|incorporates new mail into your 'inbox' folder.\elt +show n|displays message {\it No. n } in the current folder\el +show m-n|displays message {\it m } to {\it n } in the current folder.\el +show|(default) show the current message.\elt +next|displays the next message in the current folder.\el +prev|displays the previous message in the current folder.\elt +rmm n|removes message {\it No. n } in the current folder.\el +rmm m-n|removes messages {\it m } to {\it n } in the current folder.\el +rmm|(default) removes the current message.\elt +|\stparrow3{6in}{\noindent reply to the current message. It places you in the editor with a +prototype response form. After completing your response, type '{\it +list }' to review it or '{\it send }' it.}\elspec +repl|\el +|\elt +refile +xxxx|put current message in another folder named xxxx\elt +folder +xxxx|go to folder named xxxx.\el +folders|prints a list of all folders.\elt +|\stparrow2{6in}{\noindent produce a one line per message scan listing. '{\it scan m-n }' prints +a list of the messages from m to n in your current folder.}\elspec +scam m-n|\el +scan m-n +xxxx|lists all the messages in folder named xxxx.\el +scan last:-n +xxxx|lists last {\it n } messages in folder named xxxx.\el +scan|(default) listing of all the messages in your current folder.\elt +forw|forward the current message to another user.\elt +ali|list mail aliases\endtable +\vskip 1cm +\begintable +\multicolumn2\hfil Practical commands:\hfil \eltt +comp -editor vi\hfill|Write a message using the editor vi\hfill\elt +forw n -editor vi\hfill|Forward message No. n using the editor vi\hfill\elt +forw n -form components\hfill|Edit a returned message No. n \hfill\elt +forw n -editor vi -form components\hfill|Edit a returned message No. n with vi as editor\hfill\endtable +\vskip 2cm +Obtain this guide by \hskip 2cm \bf tex tables\_guide + +\bye diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tex_manual.ps 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b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/tex_manual.tex @@ -0,0 +1,5378 @@ +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 1 of a 15-part set +%% Thanks for your interest in A Gentle Introduction to TeX. +%% Any comments on this manual would be appreciated. These may +%% be typesetting, English, or TeX criticisms. If you decide to +%% translate this document into another language, I'd appreciate +%% receiving a copy. +%% +%% This file is a complete TeX input file. Just run it +%% through TeX and print out the resulting "DVI" file. If you are +%% familiar with TeX, the macros at the top of the file have a few +%% switches which you may want to set. If you have problems or +%% can't run TeX at all, write to me and I'll send you a hard copy. +%% +%% You should feel free to photocopy and/or distribute this manual. +%% My only request is that it remain in one piece and not be chopped +%% up. The only machine dependent section (#1.2) may need to be +%% rewritten for your local site, of course. +%% +%%% Michael Doob +%% Department of Mathematics +%% The University of Manitoba +%% Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 +%% Canada +%% mdoob@uofmcc (bitnet) +%% mdoob@ccu.umanitoba.ca (internet) +%% +%% Here is a character listing to check to be sure that no +%% unwanted translations took place within the bowels of the net. +%% Upper case letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ +%% Lower case letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz +%% round parentheses, square brackets, curly braces: () [] {} +%% Exclaim, at, sharp, dollar, percent: ! @ # $ % +%% Caret, ampersand, star, underscore, hyphen: ^ & * _ - +%% vertical bar, backslash, tilde, backprime, plus: | \ ~ ` + +%% plus, equal, prime, quote, colon: + = ' " : +%% less than, greater than, slash, question, comma: < > / ? , +%% period, semicolon: . ; +%% +%% +%% +%% Now here come the macros used in this manual. If you are already +%% already familiar with TeX, you may want to fiddle with them. +%% In particular, the hooks are left to generate a new control +%% word index and table of contents if you change section 1.2. +%% +%% Updated 01/04/90 + + + +%%%%%%%% Here are the fonts other than the sixteen defined in %%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%% plain.tex that are used %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + %%%% first, choose between amr or cmr fonts %%% +\newif \ifamrfonts +\amrfontsfalse % use this line if you use the cmr fonts +%\amrfontstrue % use this line if you use the old armfonts + +\ifamrfonts \font\brm=amr10 scaled \magstep1 + \else \font\brm=cmr10 scaled \magstep1 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\halfrm=amr10 scaled \magstephalf + \else \font\halfrm=cmr10 scaled \magstephalf \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\bbrm=amr10 scaled \magstep2 + \else \font\bbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep2 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\bbbrm=amr10 scaled \magstep3 + \else \font\bbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep3 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\bbbbrm=amr10 scaled \magstep4 + \else\font \bbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep4 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\bbbbbrm=amr10 scaled \magstep5 + \else \font\bbbbbrm=cmr10 scaled \magstep5 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\sf = amssmc10 + \else \font\sf = cmss10 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\chapfont=ambx10 scaled \magstep2 + \else \font\chapfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep2 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\secfont=ambx10 scaled \magstep1 + \else \font\secfont=cmbx10 scaled \magstep1 \fi +\ifamrfonts \font\sc= amcsc10 + \else \font\sc= cmcsc10 \fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%\vbadness=10000 %%%%%% I don't want to hear about underfull vboxes +\raggedbottom %%%%% delete this line for aligned page bottoms +\hsize=5.5in +\vsize=7in +\voffset=.75in +\parskip=\baselineskip +\widowpenalty=1000 \clubpenalty=1000 %%% I hate widows and orphans! %%% + +%%%%%%%%% choosing between Canadian and American spellings %%%%%%%%% +\newif \ifcanspell +\canspelltrue %%%% Canadian spelling + \canspellfalse %%% use this line for American spelling + +\def\aesthetic{\ifcanspell \ae{}sthetic\else esthetic\fi} +\def\analogue{\ifcanspell analogue\else analog\fi} + \let\analog=\analogue +\def\cancelled{\ifcanspell cancelled\else canceled\fi} + \let\canceled=\cancelled +\def\centimetre{\ifcanspell centimetre\else centimeter\fi} + \let\centimeter=\centimetre +\def\centre{\ifcanspell centre\else center\fi} + \let\center=\centre +\def\centred{\ifcanspell centred\else centered\fi} + \let\centered=\centred +\def\our{\ifcanspell our\else or\fi} +\def\postcode{\ifcanspell postalcode\else zipcode\fi} +\def\province{\ifcanspell province\else state\fi} +\def\theatre{\ifcanspell theatre\else theater\fi} + \let\theater=\theatre +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% headline routines %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\gentleheadline{% + \vbox {\hrule% + \line {\strut \vrule \quad \tenrm A \TeX{} intro + \ifcanspell (Canadian \else (U.S. \fi spelling) + \hfil + \ifnum \secnum > 0 Section \the\secnum: \fi \sectiontitle \quad + \vrule}% + \hrule}% +} + +\newif \iftitlepage \titlepagetrue +\headline= + {\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse \else \gentleheadline \fi} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% define contents and index files %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% Normally the contents and index are hard coded into the input file. %%% +%% To generate new ones, use \writingcontentstrue and \writingindextrue. %% + +\newif \ifwritingcontents +\newif \ifwritingindex +\newwrite\contents \newwrite\index + +\writingcontentsfalse \writingindexfalse +%%% \writingcontentstrue %%% use this line to make the contents +%%% \writingindextrue %%% use this line to make the index + +\ifwritingcontents \openout\contents=contents.tex \fi +\ifwritingindex \openout\index=index.tex + \def\toindex#1{\immediate\write\index{#1 \the\pageno}} + \else \def\toindex#1{} \fi +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% determine whether answers are printed %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\newif \ifwritinganswers +\writinganswersfalse %%% use this line to suppress answer section +\writinganswerstrue %%% use this line to include answer section +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% footnote macro with counter %%%%%%%%%%%% +\newcount\footnotenum \footnotenum=0 +\def\fnote#1{\advance \footnotenum by 1% +\footnote{$^{\the\footnotenum}$}{#1}} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% exercise, section, and subsection macros %%%%%%%%%%%% +\newcount\exno %%%%%% counter for exercises %%%%%%%% +\newcount\secnum \secnum=0 %%%% counter for section numbers %%%% +\newcount\subsecnum + +\def\section#1{ + \vfill\eject %%%%% new section starts on a new page + %%%\ifodd\pageno \else\ \vfill\eject \fi %start on an odd page + \advance\secnum by 1 \subsecnum=0 \exno=0 + \ifnum \secnum = 1 \pageno=1 \fi + \ifnum \secnum > 0 + \leftline{\chapfont Section \the\secnum} + \vskip 3pt \fi + \leftline{\chapfont #1} + \def\sectiontitle{#1} + \vskip\baselineskip + \hrule + \vskip 1cm + \ifwritingcontents \write\contents{\string\line\string{#1 + \string\dotfill{} + \ifnum \pageno < 0 \romannumeral-\pageno + \else \the\pageno \fi + \string}}\fi + \titlepagetrue} + +\def\subsection#1{\advance\subsecnum by 1 + \vskip 30pt + \leftline{\secfont \the\secnum .\the\subsecnum\ #1} + \nobreak + \ifwritingcontents + \write\contents{\string\line\string{\string\qquad{}#1 + \string\dotfill{} \the\pageno\string}}\fi + } + +\def\exercise{\global\advance \exno by 1 + \vskip\baselineskip + \noindent $\triangleright$ Exercise \the\secnum.\the\exno\quad + } +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%% definitions of control sequences for characters in the typewriter font %%% +%%%% for short phrases this is easier than using a literal construction %%%% +\def\\{\char92{}} %%%%% backslash %%%%% +\def\lb{\char'173{}} %%%%% left brace %%%%% +\def\rb{\char'175{}} %%%%% right brace %%%%% +\def\sp{\char32{}} %%%%% special space symbol %%%%% + +\def\beginliteral{ +\vskip\baselineskip +\begingroup +\tt +\obeylines +%{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ } +\catcode`\@=0 +\parskip=0pt\parindent=0pt +\catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 +\catcode`\_=12\catcode`\~=12 +\def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} +\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 +} + +\def\endliteral{\endgroup} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% inhibit hyphenation of typewriter text %%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\hyphenchar\tentt=-1 + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% grouping to make input listing in typewriter type %%%%%%% +\def\beginuser{\vskip\parskip + \everypar={\nobreak} + \begingroup + \tt \obeylines \parskip=0pt \parindent=0pt} + +\def\enduser{\endgroup} + + +%%%%%%%%%%% macro to construct tables (easily) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%%% parameters: title goes between brackets, rest of the +%%% paragraph is the table +\def\maketable[#1]#2\par{ +\setbox1=\vbox{#2} +$$\vbox{ + \hbox to \wd1{\bf \hss #1 \hss} + \vskip 12pt + \box1 + } +$$ +} +%%%%%%%%%%% end of macro to construct tables %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + + + +%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put a box around the text %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\def\makebox#1#2#3% vsize, hsize, inserted text +{\hbox{\vrule + \vbox to #1{\hrule \vss + \hbox to #2{\hss#3\hss}\vss + \hrule}\vrule}} + +\def\displaytext#1{$$\hbox{#1}$$} + +\def\LaTeX{{\rm L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{\sc a}\kern-.15em + T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}} + +\def\AMSTeX{{$\cal A$}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox + {$\cal M$}\kern-.125em{$\cal S$}-\TeX} + + +%%%%%%%%%%%% macro to put TeX references in right margin %%%%%%%% +\newdimen\theight +\def \TeXref#1{% + \vadjust{\setbox0=\hbox{\sevenrm\quad\quad\TeX book: #1}% + \theight=\ht0 + \advance\theight by \dp0 \advance\theight by \lineskip + \kern -\theight \vbox to \theight{\rightline{\rlap{\box0}}% + \vss}% + }}% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\def\version{1.0} + +%%%%%%%%%%%% macro to write the date out the date and time %%%%%%%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%% TeXbook p. 406 for date %%%%%%%%%%% +\def\today{\ifcase\month\or January\or February\or March\or April\or +May\or June\or July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or +December\fi \space\number\day, \number\year} + +%END -- PART 1 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 2 of a 15-part set +\newcount\hour \newcount\minute +\hour=\time \divide \hour by 60 +\minute=\time +\loop \ifnum \minute > 59 \advance \minute by -60 \repeat +\def\writetime{\ifnum \hour<13 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's + \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % so add it it + \number\minute + \ifnum \hour < 12 \ A.M. \else \ P.M. \fi + \else \advance \hour by -12 \number\hour:% % supresses leading 0's + \ifnum \minute<10 0\fi% % add it in + \number\minute \ P.M. \fi} + +\def\datestamp{\vfill + \rightline{\sevenrm Gentle Intro \version{} run through \TeX{} + on \today{} at \writetime}} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\titlepagetrue +{\nopagenumbers +\def\sectiontitle{Introduction} +\topinsert \vskip 6 cm \endinsert +\centerline{\chapfont A Gentle Introduction to \TeX{}} +\vskip 15 pt +\centerline{\secfont A Manual for Self-study} +\vskip 3cm +\leftline{Michael Doob} +\leftline{Department of Mathematics} +\leftline{The University of Manitoba} +\leftline{Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2} +\vskip\baselineskip +\leftline{MDOOB@UOFMCC.BITNET} +\leftline{MDOOB@CCU.UMANITOBA.CA} + +\vfill\eject +\titlepagetrue. +\vfill\eject +} +\secnum=-2 \pageno=-1 + +\section{Introduction} + +First the bad news: \TeX{} is a large and complicated program that +goes to extraordinary lengths to produce attractive typeset material. +This very complication can cause unexpected things to happen at times. +Now the good news: straightforward text is very easy to typeset using +\TeX\null. So it's possible to start with easier text and work up to +more complicated situations. + +The purpose of this manual is to start from the very beginning and +to move towards these more complicated situations. No previous knowledge +of \TeX{} is assumed. By proceeding a section at a time, greater +varieties of text can be produced. + +Here are a few suggestions: there are some exercises in each +section. Be sure and do them! The only way to learn \TeX{} is +by using it. Better yet, experiment on your own; try to make +some variations on the exercises. There is no way that you can +damage the \TeX{} program with your experiments. You can find a +complete answer to most exercises by looking at the \TeX{} source +file that was used to produce this document. You'll notice that +there are references in the right margin to {\bf The \TeX +book}\fnote{Addison Wesley, Reading,Massachusetts, 1984, ISBN +0-201-13488-9}\null. When you feel that you want more +information on a topic, that's where to look. + +Incidently, there are a few fibs that appear in this manual; +they are used to hide complications (I look at this as something +like poetic license). As you become more experienced at using +\TeX{}, you'll be able to find them. + +\TeX{} is a public domain program that is available for no license +fee. It was developed by Donald Knuth at Stanford University as +a major project. +In the profit-oriented market place, +the program would certainly cost many thousands of dollars. The +\TeX{} Users Group (TUG) is a nonprofit organization which distributes +copies of \TeX{}, updates software, and gives information about +new developments in both hardware and software in its publications +TUGboat and \TeX niques. Joining this users group is inexpensive; +please consider doing so. The address is: +\vskip\baselineskip +\centerline{\TeX{} Users Group} +\centerline{P.O. Box 9506} +\centerline{Providence, RI 02940} +\centerline{U.S.A.} + +This manual would not have come into being without the aid of others. +In particular the proofreading and suggestions of the following +people have been invaluable: +\begingroup +\frenchspacing +Waleed A.~Al-Salam (University of Alberta), +Debbie L.~Alspaugh (University of California), +Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah), +Barbara Beeton (American Mathematical Society), +Bart Childs (Texas A.~\&~M\null. University), +Mary Coventry (University of Washington), +Dimitrios Diamantaras (Temple University), +Roberto Dominimanni (Naval Underwater Systems Center), +Victor Eijkhout (University of Nijmegen), +Moshe Feder (St. Lawrence University), +Josep~M.~Font (Uviversidad Barcelona), +Jonas de Miranda Gomes + (Instituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada - Brazil), +Rob Gross (Boston College), +Klaus Hahn (University of Marburg), +Anita Hoover (University of Delaware), +J\"urgen Koslowski (Macalester College), +Kees van der Laan (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), +John Lee (Northrop Corporation), +Silvio Levy (Princeton University), +Robert Messer (Albion College), +Emily H.~Moore (Grinnell College), +Young Park (University of Maryland), +Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), +David Roberts (Colorado), +Kauko Saarinen (University of Jyv\"askyl\"a), +Jim Wright (Iowa State University), +and +Dominik Wujastyk (Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine). + \endgroup + +In addition several people have sent me parts or all of their local +manuals. I have received a few others on the rebound. +In particular +\begingroup +\frenchspacing +Elizabeth Barnhart (TV Guide), +Stephan v.~Bechtolsheim (Purdue University), +Nelson H.~F.~Beebe (University of Utah) + and Leslie Lamport (Digital Equipment Corporation), +Marie McPartland-Conn and Laurie Mann (Stratus Computer), +Robert Messer (Albion College), +Noel Peterson (Library of Congress), +Craig Platt (University of Manitoba), +Alan Spragens (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now of Apple Computers), +Christina Thiele (Carleton University), +and Daniel M.~Zirin (California Institute of Technology) +\endgroup +have written various types of lecture notes that have been most helpful. + +\vfill \eject +\section{Contents} + +\line{Introduction \dotfill{} i} +\line{Contents \dotfill{} iii} +\line{1.~Getting Started \dotfill{} 1} +\line{\qquad{}1.1 What \TeX{} is and what \TeX{} isn't \dotfill{} 1} +\line{\qquad{}1.2 From \TeX{} file to readable output, + the big set up \dotfill{} 2} +\line{\qquad{}1.3 Let's do it! \dotfill{} 4} +\line{\qquad{}1.4 \TeX{} has everything under control \dotfill{} 7} +\line{\qquad{}1.5 What \TeX{} won't do \dotfill{} 8} +\line{2.~All characters great and small \dotfill{} 9} +\line{\qquad{}2.1 Some characters are more special than others \dotfill{} 9} +\line{\qquad{}2.2 Typesetting with an accent \dotfill{} 10} +\line{\qquad{}2.3 Dots, dashes, quotes, + $\textfont0=\tenbf \mathinner {\ldotp \ldotp \ldotp }$ \dotfill{} 13} +\line{\qquad{}2.4 Different fonts \dotfill{} 15} +\line{3.~The shape of things to come \dotfill{} 19} +\line{\qquad{}3.1 Units, units, units \dotfill{} 19} +\line{\qquad{}3.2 Page shape \dotfill{} 20} +\line{\qquad{}3.3 Paragraph shape \dotfill{} 22} +\line{\qquad{}3.4 Line shape \dotfill{} 26} +\line{\qquad{}3.5 Footnotes \dotfill{} 27} +\line{\qquad{}3.6 Headlines and footlines \dotfill{} 28} +\line{\qquad{}3.7 Overfull and underfull boxes \dotfill{} 29} +\line{4.~$\Bigl\{$Groups, $\bigl\{$Groups, + $\{$and More Groups$\}\bigr\}\Bigr\}$ \dotfill{} 31} +\line{5.~No math anxiety here! \dotfill{} 33} +\line{\qquad{}5.1 Lots of new symbols \dotfill{} 33} +\line{\qquad{}5.2 Fractions \dotfill{} 37} +\line{\qquad{}5.3 Subscripts and superscripts \dotfill{} 38} +\line{\qquad{}5.4 Roots, square and otherwise \dotfill{} 39} +\line{\qquad{}5.5 Lines, above and below \dotfill{} 39} +\line{\qquad{}5.6 Delimiters large and small \dotfill{} 40} +\line{\qquad{}5.7 Those special functions \dotfill{} 41} +\line{\qquad{}5.8 Hear ye, hear ye! \dotfill{} 42} +\line{\qquad{}5.9 Matrices \dotfill{} 43} +\line{\qquad{}5.10 Displayed equations \dotfill{} 45} +\line{6.~All in a row \dotfill{} 48} +\line{\qquad{}6.1 Picking up the tab \dotfill{} 48} +\line{\qquad{}6.2 Horizontal alignment with more sophisticated patterns + \dotfill{} 51} +\line{7.~Rolling your own \dotfill{} 55} +\line{\qquad{}7.1 The long and short of it \dotfill{} 55} +\line{\qquad{}7.2 Filling in with parameters \dotfill{} 57} +\line{\qquad{}7.3 By any other name \dotfill{} 60} +\line{8.~To err is human \dotfill{} 62} +\line{\qquad{}8.1 The forgotten bye \dotfill{} 62} +\line{\qquad{}8.2 The misspelled or unknown control sequence \dotfill{} 62} +\line{\qquad{}8.3 The misnamed font \dotfill{} 64} +\line{\qquad{}8.4 Mismatched mathematics \dotfill{} 64} +\line{\qquad{}8.5 Mismatched braces \dotfill{} 65} +\line{9.~Digging a little deeper \dotfill{} 68} +\line{\qquad{}9.1 Big files, little files \dotfill{} 68} +\line{\qquad{}9.2 Larger macro packages \dotfill{} 69} +\line{\qquad{}9.3 Horizontal and vertical lines \dotfill{} 70} +\line{\qquad{}9.4 Boxes within boxes \dotfill{} 72} +\line{10.~Control word list \dotfill{} 77} +\ifwritinganswers + \line{11.~I get by with a little help\dotfill{} 80} +\fi + + + +\section{Getting Started} + +\subsection{What \TeX{} is and what \TeX{} isn't} + +First of all, let's see what steps are necessary to produce a +document using \TeX\null. The first step is to type the file +that \TeX{} reads. This is usually called the \TeX{} file or the +input file, and it can be created using a simple text editor (in +fact, if you're using a fancy word processor, you have to be sure +that your file is saved in ASCII or nondocument mode without any +special control characters). The \TeX{} program then reads your +input file and produces what is called a DVI file (DVI stands for +DeVice Independent). This file is not readable, at least not by +humans. The DVI file is then read by another program (called a +device driver) that produces the output that is readable by +humans\TeXref{23}. Why the extra file? The same DVI file can be +read by different device drivers to produce output on a dot +matrix printer, a laser printer, a screen viewer, or a +phototypesetter. Once you have produced a DVI file that gives +the right output on, say, a screen viewer, you can be assured +that you will get exactly the same output on a laser printer +without running the \TeX{} program again. + +The process may be thought of as proceeding in the following way: +$$ +{\hbox{edit text\quad} \atop \longrightarrow} +\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.8cm}% +{\vbox{\hbox{\TeX{}} + \hbox{input} + \hbox{file} + }% +}% +{\hbox{\quad \TeX{} program\quad} \atop \longrightarrow} +\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.8cm}% +{\vbox{\hbox{DVI} + \hbox{file}} +}% +{\hbox{\quad device driver\quad} \atop \longrightarrow} +\lower .6cm \makebox{1.5cm}{1.8cm}% +{\vbox{\hbox{readable} + \hbox{output}} +}% +$$ + +This means that we don't see our output in its final form when it +is being typed at the terminal. But in this case a little +patience is amply rewarded, for a large number of symbols not +available in most word processing programs become available. In +addition, the typesetting is done with more precision, and the +input files are easily sent between different computers by +electronic mail or on a magnetic medium. + +Our focus will be on the first step, that is, creating the \TeX{} +input file and then running the \TeX{} program to produce +appropriate results. There are two ways of running the \TeX{} +program; it can be run in batch mode or interactively. In +batch mode you submit your \TeX{} input file to your computer; +it then runs the \TeX{} program without further intervention and +gives you the result when it is finished. In interactive mode +the program can stop and get further input from the user, that +is, the user can interact with the program. Using \TeX{} +interactively allows some errors to be corrected by the user, +while the \TeX{} program makes the corrections in batch mode as +best it can. Interactive is the preferred mode, of course. All +personal computer and many mainframe implementations are +interactive. On some mainframes, however, the only practical +method of running \TeX{} is in batch mode. + + +\subsection{From \TeX{} file to readable output, the big set up} +\vskip\baselineskip +The following subsection is meant to be updated locally. +In the current version of the guide, this subsection is local +to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. + +\TeX{} is available on various UNIX systems, on a VMS, +and as a convenient package organized for DOS PC users. +The \TeX{} installed on all system differs from +the standard distribution in that it contains right-to-left +as well as left-to-right capabilities. + +PC users can install \TeX{} plus many accessories (including +Hebrew processing) on their PCs, and work in a window +environment using the mouse. Details obtainable from Rama -- +rama@noa.huji.ac.il , tel. +972-2-584539 . + +On Unix systems (SHUM, PLUTO, OLIVE, SUNRISE ........) +you use the following commands for +running a \TeX{ } job: + +You prepare an input file for \TeX, containing text and +\TeX~ keywords. The file's name should have the .tex extension. + +Let's say you create a file called {\bf inp.tex}. +You run \TeX~ by typing + +{\tt tex inp} + +If all goes well, you get the computer's prompt again, and +you are told that a file called~~~ inp.dvi~~~ has been created. +You can process this file using the program {\bf dvips}, +which creates a PostScript version of the input file. +If you type + +{\tt dvips inp > inp.ps} + +a PostScript file called inp.ps will be created, and this +file can later be sent to a PosrScript printer, using +the command + +{\tt lpr -Plwn inp.ps} + +\noindent where "n" in -Plwn is the printer's number. You can also +type + +{\tt dvips inp | lpr -Plwn} + +\noindent in which case the file will be directed immediately to the printer. +\bigskip +Instead of creating a PostScript version of the file, you can +preview the file - that is, if you have an X-Windows terminal. +In that case, type + +{\tt xdvi inp} + +\noindent and you read the text on screen. + + +\noindent You will learn later what should be done if the response +to + +{\tt tex filename} + +shows that there are problems, and +you get a question mark instead of the computer's prompt. +Anyhow, it might be helpful at this point to know that, if this occurs, +you can either respond with "x" which will take you out of the +\TeX~ run, or with "e" which will put you into an editor +session with your input file. + +\bigskip +Guides and manuals are available for helping the \TeX~ user. +Guide are available either as \TeX{} / LA\TeX{} sources +or as PostScript files. PostScript files can be send to +PostScript printers to be printed. \TeX{} / LA\TeX{} sources +have to be processed first. + +The guides are obtainable via anonymous ftp from noa.huji.ac.il +[132.64.254.10] in tex/guides-ps tex/tex\_guides tex/latex\_guides . +Start by getting and reading the readme file in +each of these subsirectories. + +It is advisable to start with the \TeX{} guide "introduction", +which gives you both a short introduction to the local \TeX, +and also gives you the feeling of running a \TeX~ job. + +\noindent If you work on one of our Unix systems, type + +{\tt tex introduction} + +\noindent Then, to print it, once you have an access to a printer {\tt n}, type + +{\tt dvips introduction | lpr -Plwn} + +\noindent or, to read the file on screen, type + +{\tt xdvi introduction} +\bigskip +In the guide "introduction" you will find the names of other +available guides. You can also use the unix commands +~~~{\tt man tex}~~~or~~~ +{\tt man dvips} + +noa.huji.ac.il contains a reservoire of \TeX{} files, +especially all that has to do with the Hebrew \TeX . +For further details or help concerning those matters, +write to rama@noa.huji.ac.il -- tel. +972-2-584539. +\subsection{Let's do it!} + +So, from our viewpoint, the name of the game is to create the \TeX{} +file that produces the right readable output. What does +a \TeX{} file look like? It consists of characters from an +ordinary terminal, that is, upper and lower case letters, +numbers, and the usual punctuation and accent characters (these +are the usual ASCII characters). Text, for the most part, is just +typed normally. Special instructions usually start with one of a +few special symbols such as {\tt \#} or {\tt \&} (these will be +described in more detail later). Here is an example of a \TeX{} +input file: + +\beginuser +Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. +\\bye +\enduser +\toindex{TeX{} } \toindex{ } + + +First note that the characters in this example look like +typewriter type. We use these characters with all examples that +are meant to be typed from the computer terminal. Second, note +that the backslash appears three times in the text. We'll soon +see that this is one of the special symbols mentioned +previously, and it is used very frequently when making \TeX{} +documents. Make a file containing this example. Use the \TeX{} +program to make a DVI file and a device driver to see what you +have produced. If all goes well, you'll have a single page with +the following single sentence: + +Here is my first \TeX\ sentence. + + There will also be a page number at the bottom of the page. If +you've gotten this far, congratulations! Once you can produce one +\TeX{} document, it's just a matter of time before you can do +more complicated ones. Now let's compare what we typed in with +what we got out. The straightforward words were just typed in +normally, and \TeX{} set them in ordinary type. But the word ``\TeX'', +which can't be typed in on a terminal because the letters +aren't on the same line, is entered by using a word starting with +a backslash, and \TeX{} made the proper interpretation. Most +symbols that are not ordinary letters, numbers, or punctuation +are typeset by entering a word starting with a backslash. If we +look a little closer, we'll note that the word ``first'' is also +changed. +\TeXref{4} +The first two letters have been joined together and there isn't +a separate dot over the letter ``i''. This is standard +typesetting practice: certain letter combinations are joined up +to form what are called {\sl ligatures}. There is actually a good +\aesthetic{} reason for this. Compare the first two letters of +``first'' and ``{f}irst'' to see the difference. We note that +{\tt \\bye} appears in the input file with no corresponding word +in the final copy. +\toindex{bye} +This a typesetting instruction that tells \TeX{} that the input +is finished. We'll learn about lots of different typesetting +instructions as we go along. + +Let's look at the log file that was created when we ran \TeX +\null. It may vary slightly at your site, but should look +something like this: +\beginuser + 1. + 2. This is TeX, MVS Version 2.9 (no format preloaded) + 3. ** File PLAIN.FMT <-- DD=FMTLIB MEM=PLAIN + 4. + 5. ** File SRC.TEX <-- DD=SRC + 6. (src.tex [1] + 7. Output written on DVI (1 page, 256 bytes). + 8. Transcript written on TEXLOG. +\enduser + + +This is the file that will contain any error messages. On line 6, +{\tt (src.tex\ } indicated that \TeX{} has started reading that +file. The appearance of {\tt [1]} indicates that page 1 has been +processed. If there were errors on page 1, they would be listed +at that point. + +\vskip .5cm +\exercise Add a second sentence to your original \TeX{} file to get: +\beginuser +Here is my first \\TeX\\ sentence. +I was the one who typeset it! +\\bye +\enduser + +Use \TeX{} and look at your output. Is the second sentence on a +new line? + + +\exercise Now add this line to the beginning of your file: +\beginuser +\\nopagenumbers +\enduser +\noindent +Guess what will happen when you run the new file through +\TeX\null. Now try it and see what happens. +\toindex{nopagenumbers} + +\exercise Add three or four more sentences to your file. +Use letters, numbers, periods, commas, question marks, +and exclamation points, but don't use any other symbols. + + +\exercise Leave a blank line and add some more sentences. +You can now get new paragraphs. +\medskip + +We have now seen a major principle concerning the preparation of +\TeX{} input files. The placement of the text on your computer +terminal does not necessarily correspond to the placement of the +text on your output. You can not, for example, add space between +words in your output by adding spaces in your input file. Several +consecutive spaces and one space will produce exactly the same +output. As would be expected, a word at the end of one line will +be separated from the first word of the following line. In fact, +sometimes when working on a file that will be heavily edited, it +is convenient to start each sentence on a separate line. Spaces +at the beginning of a line, however, are always ignored. + +\exercise Add the following sentence as a new paragraph, and then +typeset it: +\beginuser +Congratulations! You received a grade of 100\% on your latest +examination. +\enduser +\noindent +The {\tt\%} sign is used for comments in your input file. +Everything on a line following this symbol is ignored. Notice +that even the space that normally separates the last word on one +line from the first word on the next line is lost. Now put a +backslash in front of the {\tt\%} sign to correct the +sentence. \toindex{\$} \toindex{\%} + +\exercise Add the following sentence as a new paragraph: +\beginuser +You owe me \$10.00 and it's about time you sent it to me! +\enduser +\noindent +This will produce an error in your log file (if your +implementation of \TeX{} is interactive, that is, sends you +messages and waits for answers, just hit the carriage return or +enter key when you get the error message). You will get output, +but not what you might expect. Look at the log file and see +where the error messages are listed. Don't worry about the +actual messages. We'll have a lot more to say about errors +(including this one) later. Now fix the error by putting a +backslash in front of the {\tt \$} sign, and typeset the result +(there are a small number of characters like the per cent and +dollar signs that \TeX{} uses for its own purposes. A table of +these characters will be provided shortly). + +\subsection{\TeX{} has everything under control} + +We have seen that the backslash has a special role. Any word +starting with a backslash will be given a special interpretation +when \TeX{} reads it from your input file. Such a word is called +a {\sl control sequence}. There are, in fact, two types of +control sequences: a {\sl control word\/} is a backslash followed +by letters only (for example, {\tt \\TeX}) and a {\sl control +symbol\/} is a backslash followed by a single nonletter (for +example, {\tt \\\$})\null. Since a space is a nonletter, a +backslash followed by a space is a legitimate control symbol. +\TeXref{7--8} +When we want to emphasize that a space is present, we will use a +special symbol {\tt\sp} to indicate the space, as in the control +symbol {\tt\\\sp}. This convention is used in {\bf The \TeX +book} as well as in this manual. + +When \TeX{} is reading your input file and comes to a backslash +followed by a letter, it knows that a control word is being +read. So it continues reading the name of the control word until +a nonletter is read. So if your file contains + +\displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX!} + +\noindent +the control word {\tt \\TeX} is terminated by the exclamation +point. But this presents a problem if you want to have a space +after a control word. If you have, for example, the sentence + +\displaytext{\tt I like \\TeX and use it all the time.} + +\noindent +in your input file, the control word {\tt\\TeX} is terminated by +the space (which is, of course, a nonletter). But then you won't +have a space between the words ``\TeX{}'' and ``and''; inserting +more spaces won't help, since \TeX{} doesn't distinguish between +one space and several consecutive spaces. But if you put the +control symbol {\tt\\\sp} after a control word, you will both +terminate the control word and insert a space. It's really easy +to forget to put in something like {\tt\\\sp} after a control +word. I promise you that you will do it at least once while +you're learning to use \TeX\null. + +\exercise Make an input file that will produce the following +paragraph: + +I like \TeX! Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy +to use. You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. + +Most control words are named so as to give a hint of their uses. +You can use {\tt \\par} to make a new paragraph, for example, +instead of putting in a blank line. +\toindex{par} + +\subsection{What \TeX{} won't do} + +\TeX{} is very good at setting type, but there are things that \TeX{} +can't do well. One is making figures. Space can be left +to insert figures, but there are no graphic procedures built into +the language (at present). Some implementations allow graphic +instructions to be inserted using the {\tt \\special} control +word but these are exceptional and definitely site dependent. + +\TeX{} sets type in horizontal straight lines and not in +straight lines at other angles. In particular, it is generally +not possible to make insertions in ``landscape mode'', that is, +with the text rotated by so that the baseline is parallel with +the long edge of the paper, or to include text that has a curve for +a baseline. Perspective type (gradually increasing or +decreasing in height) is not handled well by \TeX\null. + +We have seen that there is an ``edit, \TeX{}, driver'' cycle that +is necessary for each different copy of output. This is true +even when the output device is a terminal. In particular, it's +not possible to type the input file and see the results on the +screen immediately without going through the full cycle. Some +implementations have both text and graphics displays with +reasonably quick turnaround (a few seconds for a single page); as +hardware becomes less expensive and processors become faster, we +may see improvement. + + + + + + +\section{All characters great and small} + +\subsection{Some characters are more special than others} + +We saw in the last section that most text is entered at the +terminal as sentences of ordinary words just as when typing with +a typewriter. But we also saw that, in particular, the backslash +could be used for at least two different purposes. It can be +used for symbols (or combinations of symbols) that don't appear +on the keyboard such as typing {\tt \\TeX} to get \TeX\null. It +can also be used to give \TeX{} special instructions such as +typing {\tt \\bye} to indicate the end of the input file. In +general, a word starting with a backslash will be interpreted by +\TeX{} as one requiring special attention. There are several +hundred words that \TeX{} knows, and you can define more +%END -- PART 3 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 3 of a 15-part set +yourself, and so the backslash is very important. We'll spend a +lot of time as we proceed learning some of these words; +fortunately we'll only need to use a small number of them most of +the time. + +There are ten characters which, like the backslash, are used +by \TeX{} for special purposes, and we now want to give the +complete list. +\TeXref{37--38}What if we want to use a sentence with one of these +special characters in it? With this in mind we'll ask the following +questions: +\item{(1)} What are the different special characters? +\item{(2)} How do we use a special character if we really want to +typeset it in our text? + +Here is a table of each special character, its purpose, and the +method of typesetting the special character itself if you need +it: + + +\maketable [Characters requiring special input] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil#\hfil & \quad # \hfil & \quad\tt # \hfil\cr + \bf Character & \bf Purpose & \bf Input for literal output \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + $\backslash$ & Special symbols and instructions & \$\\backslash\$ \cr + $\{$ & Open group & \$\\\lb\$ \cr + $\}$ & Close group & \$\\\rb\$ \cr + \% & Comments & \\\% \cr + \& & Tabs and table alignments & \\\& \cr + \~{} & Unbreakable space & \\\~{}\lb\rb \cr + \$ & Starting or ending math text & \\\$ \cr + \^{} & Math superscripts & \\\^{}\lb\rb \cr + \_{} & Math subscripts & \\\_{}\lb\rb \cr + \# & Defining replacement symbols & \\\# \cr + } + +\toindex{\lb} +\toindex{\rb} +\toindex{\%} +\toindex{\&} +\toindex{\~{}} +\toindex{\$} +\toindex{\^{}} +\toindex{\_{}} +\toindex{\#} + +\subsection{Typesetting with an accent} + +Now we're going to start using some of \TeX{}'s goodies! So far +we've just been using \TeX{} to make our output look attractive, +but now we'll start to do things that are difficult or impossible +on the typewriter. In particular, we're going to look at accents +now. How do you produce an accent when the symbol doesn't appear on +the keyboard? Just as with the symbol \TeX{}, it is necessary to +enter a word starting with a backslash. For the word ``premi\`ere'', +as a first example, you need to type in {\tt premi\\`ere} +(you may have to hunt around to find the ``back prime'' +or ``grave'' symbol {\tt `} on your keyboard, but it's there +somewhere\fnote{If you have a very old or obscure +keyboard and the back prime is {\it really\/} not there, you can +use {\tt \\lq\lb\rb} instead. Similarly {\tt \\rq\lb\rb} can be +used for the symbol {\tt '}. You can think of the symbols as +being abbreviations for ``left quote'' and ``right quote.'' In +addition, {\tt \\lq\\lq\lb\rb} and {\tt \\rq\\rq\lb\rb} give the +usual quotation marks. But this won't work as a method to produce +an accent over the following letter, so you're really better off +with a proper keyboard.}). In general, to put an accent +on a letter, the appropriate control sequence precedes the letter. + +Here are some examples: +$$\vbox{ + +\halign{ +\strut \hfil\tt # & \quad # \hfil\cr +\bf \TeX{} input & \bf \TeX{} output \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\\`a la mode & \`a la mode \cr +r\\'esum\\'e & r\'esum\'e \cr +soup\\c{\sp}con & soup\c con \cr +No\\"el & No\"el \cr +na\\"\\i{\sp}ve & na\"\i ve \cr +} +}$$ + + +We see several principles illustrated by these examples. Most +accents are produced by using a control symbol with a similar +shape. A few of them are produced by control words containing a +single letter. Some care must be used in this case, for a space +must be used to terminate the control word. If you have {\tt +soup\\ccon} in your file, for example, \TeX{} will look for the +control word {\tt\\ccon}\fnote{We'll see that there is another +method when we look at the grouping concept in Section~4.}. +\TeXref{52--53} + +Notice that there is a control word {\tt\\i} also. This produces +the letter ``i'' without the dot over it; this allows an accent +to be put over the lower part of the letter. There is an +analogous control word {\tt\\j} that produces a dotless ``j'' +for accenting purposes. + +\maketable [Accents that may be immediately followed by a letter] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil\cr + \bf Name & \bf \TeX{} input & \bf \TeX{} output \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + grave & \\`o & \`o \cr + acute & \\'o & \'o \cr + circumflex & \\\^{}o & \^o \cr + umlaut/dieresis/tr\'emat & \\"{}o & \"o \cr + tilde & \\\~{}o & \~o \cr + macron & \\={}o & \=o \cr + dot & \\\char'056{}o & \.o \cr + } + +\toindex{`} +\toindex{'} +\toindex{\^{}} +\toindex{"} +\toindex{i} +\toindex{j} +\toindex{=} +\toindex{.} + +\maketable [Accents requiring an intervening space] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil\cr + \bf Name & \bf \TeX{} input & \bf \TeX{} output \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + cedilla & \\c o & \c{o} \cr + underdot & \\d o & \d{o} \cr + underbar & \\b o & \b{o} \cr + h\'a\v{c}ek & \\v o & \v{o} \cr + breve & \\u o & \u{o} \cr + tie & \\t oo & \t oo \cr + Hungarian umlaut& \\H o & \H{o} \cr + } + +\toindex{c} +\toindex{d} +\toindex{b} +\toindex{v} +\toindex{u} +\toindex{t} +\toindex{H} + +\TeX{} also allows some letters from languages other than English to +be typeset. + +\maketable [A\kern-1pt vailable foreign language symbols] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil\cr + \bf Example& \bf \TeX{} input & \bf \TeX{} output \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + \AE gean, \ae sthetics & \\AE, \\ae & \AE, \ae \cr + \OE uvres, hors d'\oe uvre & \\OE \\oe & \OE, \oe \cr + \AA ngstrom & \\AA, \\aa & \AA, \aa \cr + \O re, K\o benhavn & \\O, \\o & \O, \o \cr + \L odz, \l\'odka & \\L, \\l & \L, \l \cr + Nu\ss & \\ss & \ss \cr + ?`Si? & {?}{`} & ?` \cr + !`Si! & {!}{`} & !` \cr + Se\~nor & \\\~{} & \~{} \cr + & \lb\\it\\\$\rb & {\it\$} \cr + } + +\toindex{AE} +\toindex{ae} +\toindex{OE} +\toindex{oe} +\toindex{AA} +\toindex{aa} +\toindex{O} +\toindex{o} +\toindex{L} +\toindex{l} +\toindex{ss} + +Typeset the sentence in each of the following exercises: + +\exercise Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? + +\exercise The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63\AA. + +\exercise They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a +{\it \$}5 note. + +\exercise \'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! + +\exercise Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? + +\exercise Mein Tee ist hei\ss. + +\exercise Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. + +\exercise ?`Por qu\'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est\'a avinagrado! + +\exercise M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en worden niet be\"\i nvloed. + +\exercise Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? + +\exercise T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? + + +\def\bdots{$\textfont0=\tenbf \ldots$} %%% boldface version of \ldots + +\subsection{Dots, dashes, quotes, \bdots} + +Typing has always been a compromise: the small number of keys +(compared to the number of typeset symbols available) has forced +some changes on the typist. When preparing material using \TeX{}, +there is no need to be so restricted. In this section we'll look +at some differences between typing and using \TeX\null. + +There are four types of dashes that are used. The hyphen is used +for combining words into one unit as with mother-in-law. +\TeXref{3--5} +The en-dash is used to indicate a sequence of page numbers, years +or such things. The em-dash is a grammatical symbol. The minus +sign is used for negative numbers. Here they are with their uses: + +\maketable [Different types of dashes] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil + & \hfil # \hfil\cr + \bf Name& \bf \TeX{} input & \bf \TeX{} output & \bf Example\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + hyphen & - & - & The space is 3-dimensional. \cr + en-dash & {-}{-} & -- & Read pages 3--4. \cr + em-dash & {-}{-}{-} & --- & I saw them---there were 3 men alive. \cr + minus sign & \$-\$ & $-$ & The temperature dropped to $-$3 degrees. \cr + } + +\exercise I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my +father-in-law and my mother-in-law. + +\exercise The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. +\bigskip + + +Another difference between typing and using \TeX{} is the use of +quotation marks. Opening and closing quotation marks are the +same on a typewriter. They are produced in \TeX{} by using the +apostrophe or prime key {\tt '} and backprime key {\tt `}\null. +An open quote is produced by {\tt ``} and the +close quote by {\tt ''}\null.\TeXref{3} Similarly the +opening single quote is produced by {\tt `} and the closing +single quote by {\tt '}\null. Notice that there is no need +to use the usual typing quotation mark (it normally gives a close +quote, but don't count on it). + +\exercise His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. + +\exercise Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' +\bigskip + +Sometimes ellipses (three dots) are used to indicate a passage +of time or missing material. Typing three periods will give +three dots very close together. The dots with proper spacing will +be produced by having {\tt \\dots} in your input file. +\TeXref{173} +\toindex{dots} + +\exercise He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the +last recorded syllable.'' + +Another problem with dots is that the period after an +abbreviation normally has less space after it than does the +period at the end of a sentence. There are two ways to solve this +problem: the dot can be followed by either {\tt\\\sp} or {\tt\~{}} +to change the spacing. +\TeXref{91--92} +The second alternative will give an unbreakable space; when such +a space is between two words, these words must typeset on the +same line. The input {\tt Prof.\~{}Knuth} would cause those two +words to be typeset on one line. This is desirable for names +like Vancouver, B.~C. and Mr.~Jones so that ``Mr.'' and ``Jones'' +do not end up on separate lines. Notice that no backslash is used +with the unbreakable space. + +\exercise Have you seen Ms.~Jones? + +\exercise Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from +\ifcanspell +Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. +\else +L.~A. to Washington, D.~C., via Fargo, N.~D. +\fi + + +\subsection{Different fonts} + +The most obvious difference between typewritten text and \TeX{} +output is undoubtedly the different fonts or types of symbols +used. When \TeX{} starts up it has sixteen fonts available. Some +of these are used for technical purposes, but even so there are +several different typefaces available as can be seen in the +following table. A complete list of the sixteen fonts is given in +Appendix F of {\bf The \TeX{}book}. +\TeXref{427--432} +Most of them are used automatically; a mathematical subscript, +for example, is put in smaller type by \TeX{} with no special +user intervention. + +To change from the usual (roman) typeface to italic, the control +word {\tt \\it} is used. To change back to the usual roman +typeface, use {\tt \\rm}. For example, you could have the +following sentence: {\tt I started with roman type, \\it switched +to italic type, \\rm and returned to roman type}. This would give +the following: I started with roman type, \it switched to italic +type,\fnote{Notice that the comma and this footnote are in +italic type, and this looks a little funny. We'll see that there +is another method for changing fonts when we talk about grouping +in Section 4.} +\rm and returned to roman type. + +Typefaces other than italic are also available. Those given below +are the ones most commonly used. They are available immediately +when \TeX{} starts. A little later we'll see how to use other +typefaces that aren't available when \TeX{} starts. + +\global\advance\footnotenum by 1 +\maketable [Font Samples] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil\cr + \bf Font name & \bf \TeX{} switch sequence & \bf Sample of typeface \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + Roman & \\rm & \rm This is roman type. \cr + Boldface & \\bf & \bf This is boldface type. \cr + Italic & \\it & \it This is italic type. \cr + Slanted & \\sl & \sl This is slanted type. \cr + Typewriter & \\tt & \tt This is typewriter type. \cr + Math symbol${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\cal & $\cal SOME\hbox{\quad}SCRIPT + \hbox{\quad}LETTERS$\rm. \cr + } + +\footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$}% +This example is cheating since you need to know a little about +mathematics input to use it, but I wanted to include it anyway. +You'll be able to use these letters after you study the use of +%END -- PART 4 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 5 of a 15-part set +mathematical symbols.} +\nobreak +\toindex{it} +\toindex{rm} +\toindex{bf} +\toindex{sl} +\toindex{tt} + +The slanted and italic fonts seem quite similar at first. It is +easy to see the difference between the letter ``a'' in each +sample. When changing from a slanted or italic font to a roman +font, the last letter in the first font will lean towards the +first letter of the roman font; this looks cramped, and to +compensate there is a little extra space that can be added called +the {\sl italic correction}. This is done using the control +symbol {\tt \\/}. +\toindex{/} +In the following sentence, there is no italic correction after +the first sequence of italic letters but there is after the +second sequence; see the difference: {\it If} the italic +correction is not used the letters are too close together, but +{\it if\/} the correction is used, the spacing is better. There +is no need for the italic correction when the italic characters +are followed by a comma or a period, but your text will +definitely look better if you use it before quotation marks or +parentheses. + + +It is possible to use fonts other than those initially defined in +\TeX{} when desired (assuming that they are available on +your computer system, of course). Different sizes can be used +with the aid of the control word {\tt \\magstep}. To define your +new font you will have to know its name on your computer system. +For example, the roman typeface is called ``cmr10'' on most +systems. If you use {\tt \\font\\bigrm = cmr10 scaled \\magstep +1}, you can then use {\tt\\bigrm} in exactly the same way as you +use {\tt\\it} or {\tt\\rm}. +\TeXref{13--17} +\toindex{magstep} +\toindex{font} +\toindex{scaled} + +Switching via {\tt\\bigrm} will give roman type that is larger +than the usual by 20\%\null. {\tt \\font\\bigbigrm = cmr10 +scaled \\magstep 2} will define a font that is about 44\% larger +than the usual roman typeface. The sizes {\tt \\magstep~0} to +{\tt \\magstep~5} are available. On most computers {\tt \\magstephalf} +is also available; this represents an enlargement of +about 9.5\%\null. Here are some samples at various sizes: + +\maketable [Different Font Magnifications] +\halign{ + \strut \tt # \hfil & \quad # \hfil \cr + \bf Magnification & \bf Sample \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + \\magstep 0 & \rm Sample text at magstep 0. \cr + \\magstephalf & \halfrm Sample text at magstephalf. \cr + \\magstep 1 & \brm Sample text at magstep 1. \cr + \\magstep 2 & \bbrm Sample text at magstep 2. \cr + \\magstep 3 & \bbbrm Sample text at magstep 3. \cr + \\magstep 4 & \bbbbrm Sample text at magstep 4. \cr + \\magstep 5 & \bbbbbrm Sample text at magstep 5. \cr + } +\bigskip + +It's also possible to use completely new typefaces. These +are dependent on system availability, of course. Many systems +have a file called CMSS10 which is a font that contains sans +serif letters. Using {\tt \\font\\sf = cmss10} will allow the +control word {\tt\\sf} to be used in the same manner as {\tt\\bf}. +Having made this definition, the input +\displaytext{\tt \\sf Here is a sample of our new Sans Serif font.} +will produce +\displaytext{\sf Here is a sample of our new Sans Serif font.} + +\exercise What problem might have arisen if we had used {\tt \\ss} +instead of {\tt \\sf} to turn on the Sans Serif font? Hint: if +the answer doesn't occur to you at first, think about the German +alphabet and it will finally come to you. + +\exercise Typeset a paragraph of magnified sans serif text. + +The extra fonts available may vary from site to site. The ones +in the following table are available at most places. + +\maketable [External Fonts Names] +\halign{ +\strut \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil + & \quad \tt # \hfil & \quad \tt # \hfil + & \quad \tt # \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +CMBSY10 &CMBXSL10 &CMBXTI10 &CMBX10 &CMBX12 &CMBX5 \cr +CMBX6 &CMBX7 &CMBX8 &CMBX9 &CMB10 &CMCSC10 \cr +CMDUNH10 &CMEX10 &CMFF10 &CMFIB8 &CMFI10 &CMITT10 \cr +CMMIB10 &CMMI10 &CMMI12 &CMMI5 &CMMI6 &CMMI7 \cr +CMMI8 &CMMI9 &CMR10 &CMR12 &CMR17 &CMR5 \cr +CMR6 &CMR7 &CMR8 &CMR9 &CMSLTT10 &CMSL10 \cr +CMSL12 &CMSL8 &CMSL9 &CMSSBX10 &CMSSDC10 &CMSSI10 \cr +CMSSI12 &CMSSI17 &CMSSI8 &CMSSI9 &CMSSQI8 &CMSSQ8 \cr +CMSS10 &CMSS12 &CMSS17 &CMSS8 &CMSS9 &CMSY10 \cr +CMSY5 &CMSY6 &CMSY7 &CMSY8 &CMSY9 &CMTCSC10 \cr +CMTEX10 &CMTEX8 &CMTEX9 &CMTI10 &CMTI12 &CMTI7 \cr +CMTI8 &CMTI9 &CMTT10 &CMTT12 &CMTT8 &CMTT9 \cr +CMU10 &CMVTT10 \cr +} +\bigskip + +Here's a little background about these names. The first two +letters {\tt CM} stands for Computer Modern, the name given to +this font family by the designer. The number at the end is the +point size: 10 point type is the normal size, 7 point is the +normal size for subscripts, and 5 point is the normal size for +subscripts of subscripts, 12 point is 20\% larger than 10 point, +etc. If the letters {\tt CM} are followed by {\tt B}, it is a +boldface type. Similarly {\tt R} indicates roman, {\tt I} is for +italics, {\tt CSC} is for small caps, {\tt SL} is for slanted, +{\tt SS} is for sans serif, {\tt SY} is for symbols, +and {\tt TT} is for typewriter type. + +\exercise Find the fonts available on your system, and print out +all the letters and numbers in several of them. + +\exercise The font {\tt CMR12} is 20\% larger than {\tt CMR10}. +Also {\tt \\magstep~1} magnifies the type by 20\%. Take some +text and print it using {\tt CMR12} then using {\tt CMR10} scaled +by {\tt \\magstep~1}. The results are quite different! + + + + +\section{The shape of things to come} + +In this section we want to see how to make text have different +shapes or sizes. One may use \TeX{} with the default sizes, of +course, just as we have been doing so far. We'll now become more +creative with our output. In discussing the size of various +parts of a page of text, there are several units of measure we +can use. + +\subsection{Units, units, units} + +\TeX{} can measure length using many types of units. The most +common are the inch, the \centimeter, the point, the pica. The +abbreviations for these units are {\tt in}, {\tt cm}, {\tt pt}, +and {\tt pc} respectively. The point is defined by the equation 1 +inch = 72.27 points, and the pica by 1 pica = 12 points. Thus a +point is rather small and is about the size of a decimal point. +Here is a sample to give an idea of the comparative sizes: +\def\pip{\vrule height 4 true pt } +\TeXref{57} + +$$ \hbox{1 inch: } \hbox to 1 true in{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$$ +$$ \hbox{1 \centimeter: }\hbox to 1 true cm{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$$ +$$ \hbox{20 points: }\hbox to 20 true pt{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$$ +$$ \hbox{1 pica: } \hbox to 1 true pc{\pip\hrulefill\pip}$$ + +Thus points are used to make fine changes; a pica is about the +distance between the baselines of two consecutive lines of +(unmagnified) normal text. \TeX{} is quite exact about +dimensions; internally its smallest unit is less than one +four-millionth of an inch. Hence it is the resolution of the +output device that will determine the accuracy of the output. + +There are two other units that are sometimes useful that have +different sizes in different fonts. The {\tt ex} is about the +height of a small ``x'' and the {\tt em} is a little smaller than +the width of a capital ``M''\null. +\TeXref{60} + +The shape of the output is generally determined by control +words. There are many such words; these allow very fine control +of the resulting text. But most of the time only a small number +of them are necessary. + +\subsection{Page shape} + +The text on a page consists of three basic parts. There is the +headline above the main text; this often contains a chapter +title, section title, or a page number, and may differ on odd and +even pages. Below this is the main text, which includes any +footnotes. And finally there is the footline that might contain a +page number. + +In the examples we have seen so far, the headline has been blank. +The footline has contained either a \centred{} number or, if {\tt +\\nopagenumbers} had been used, has also been blank. We'll have +more to say about headlines and footlines later in this section. +For the moment let's concentrate on the main text. + +To finish one page and start a new one, {\tt \\vfill \\eject} can +be used. The control word {\tt \\eject} forces the completion of +the current page, while {\tt \\vfill} causes any left over +vertical space to be gathered at the bottom of the page (you might +try leaving out the {\tt \\vfill} as an experiment to see how the +vertical \analog{} of justified horizontal lines of text works). +\toindex{vfill} +\toindex{eject} + + +{\hsize=4in +The current horizontal width of the text on the page is described +by the control word {\tt \\hsize}. It can be changed, say to 4 +inches, by {\tt \\hsize = 4 in\ } at any desired time using +methods to be described in the next few sections. The value of +{\tt \\hsize} in effect when the paragraph is completed +determines the width of the paragraph. As can be seen in this +paragraph, the text width can be changed (in this case to 4 +inches) for a single paragraph. Because it represents the +current value of the horizontal width, expressions such as {\tt + \\hsize = 0.75\\hsize} can make a new value that is relative +to the old one. \par} +\toindex{hsize} + +The vertical \analog{} of {\tt \\hsize} is {\tt \\vsize}, which +is the current height of the main text. It can be reset, just +like {\tt \\hsize}. Thus, {\tt \\vsize = 8 in\ } can be used to +change the vertical height of the main text. Note that {\tt \\vsize} +is the size of the text exclusive of any headline or +footline material. +\toindex{vsize} + +Text can also be shifted across the page. The upper left corner +of the text is one inch down and one inch in from the upper left +corner of the page. The control words {\tt \\hoffset} and {\tt \\voffset} +are used to shift the text horizontally and +vertically. Thus {\tt \\hoffset = .75 in} and {\tt \\voffset = +-.5 in} would shift the text an additional .75 inches to the +right and .5 inches up. Most of the time you'll need to set {\tt +\\hoffset}, {\tt \\voffset}, and {\tt \\vsize} at the beginning +of your document only. +\TeXref{251} +\toindex{hoffset} +\toindex{voffset} + +\global\advance\footnotenum by 1 +\maketable [Control words for page sizes] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil\cr + \bf Name & \bf \TeX{} Control Word & \bf \TeX{} default value (inches)\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + horizontal width & \\hsize & 6.5 \cr + vertical width & \\vsize & 8.9 \cr + horizontal offset${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\hoffset & 0 \cr + vertical offset${}^\the\footnotenum$ & \\voffset & 0 \cr + } + +\footnote{}{\llap{$^\the\footnotenum$}The text is initially 1 inch +down and 1 inch in from upper left corner of the page.} +\nobreak + +\exercise Enter a paragraph of text that is a few lines long. +Take several copies of your paragraph and put {\tt \\hsize = 5 +in\ } before one and {\tt \\hsize = 10 cm\ } in front of a second +one. Try a few other values for {\tt \\hsize}. + +\exercise Put {\tt \\hoffset = .5 in\ } and {\tt \\voffset = 1 +in\ } before the first paragraph of your previous exercise. + +\exercise Take your previous exercise and put {\tt \\vsize = 2 +in\ } before the first paragraph. +\bigskip + +In the previous section we saw that it is possible to use fonts +of larger size by using the {\tt \\magstep} control word. It's +also possible to magnify the entire document at once. If {\tt +\\magnification = \\magstep 1} appears at the top of your document, +then all of your output is magnified by 20\%\null. The other +values of {\tt \\magstep} can be used, too. {\bf It should be +emphasized that {\tt \\magnification} can only be used before +even a single character is typeset.} This magnification creates +a problem in units; if the document is to be magnified by 20\% +and {\tt \\hsize = 5 in} appears in the \TeX{} input file, should +the final output have an {\tt \\hsize} of 5 inches or should it +be magnified by 20\% to 6 inches? Unless told otherwise, all the +dimensions will be magnified so that, in this case, {\tt \\hsize} +would be 6 inches in the final output. This means that all the +dimensions will increase uniformly when {\tt \\magnification} is +used. But for some special situations it might not be desirable +for this to happen; for example, you might want to leave a space +of exactly 3 inches to insert a figure. In this case any unit +can be modified by {\tt true} so that {\tt \\hsize = 5 true in} +will always set the line width to 5 inches, regardless of +magnification. \TeXref{59--60} \toindex{magnification} + +\exercise Put {\tt \\magnification = \\magstep 1} as the first +line in one of your input files and see how the output changes. + +\subsection{Paragraph shape} + +When \TeX{} is reading the text to be typeset from your input +file, it reads in a paragraph at a time and then typesets it. +This means that there is a lot of control over paragraph shapes, +but also that some care must be taken. We've already seen that +{\tt \\hsize} can be used to control the width of a single +paragraph. But suppose the following appeared as part of your +input file: + +\beginuser +\\hsize = 5 in +Four score and seven years $\ldots$ +$\vdots$ +$\ldots$ from this earth. +%END -- PART 5 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 6 of a 15-part set +\\hsize = 6.5 in + +\enduser + +What is the width of the paragraph? The {\tt \\hsize} was +changed at the start of the paragraph and again at the end. +Since the paragraph was not completed (by putting in a blank line +or {\tt \\par}) until after the second change, the paragraph +would be typeset with a width of 6.5 inches. However, if a blank +line were inserted before {\tt \\hsize = 6.5 in}, then the +paragraph would be typeset with a width of 5 inches. So, in +general, when a paragraph is set, the values of the parameters +that are in effect when the paragraph is completed are the ones +that are used. + +Here is a table with some paragraph parameters: + +\maketable [Some paragraph shape parameters] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil # & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & \hfil \quad # \hfil\cr + \bf Function & \bf \TeX{} Control Word & \bf \TeX{} default\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + width & \\hsize & 6.5 inches \cr + indentation on first line & \\parindent & 20 points\cr + distance between lines & \\baselineskip & 12 points\cr + distance between paragraphs & \\parskip & 0 points \cr + } + +\toindex{parindent} +\toindex{parskip} +\toindex{baselineskip} + +The control word {\tt \\noindent} may be used at the beginning of +a paragraph to avoid the automatic indentation on the first line. +This control word will only affect the paragraph being set when +it is invoked (of course {\tt \\parindent = 0 pt} will cause no +indentation for all paragraphs). +\toindex{noindent} + +{\narrower +A more flexible way to control the width of a paragraph is to use +{\tt \\rightskip} and {\tt \\leftskip}. Setting {\tt \\leftskip += 20 pt} causes the left margin of the paragraph to be moved in +an extra twenty points. Negative values may be assigned to {\tt +\\leftskip} to move the left margin out. The control word {\tt +\\rightskip} does the same to the right side of the paragraph. +The single control word {\tt \\narrower} is the equivalent of +setting both {\tt \\leftskip} and {\tt \\rightskip} equal to {\tt +\\parindent}. This is quite useful for long quotations, and +this paragraph is an example of its use. As with {\tt \\hsize}, +the value of {\tt \\leftskip} and {\tt \\rightskip} in effect +when the paragraph is completed is the one which will apply to +the whole paragraph. +\TeXref{100} + +} +\toindex{leftskip} +\toindex{rightskip} +\toindex{narrower} + +\exercise Make two paragraphs with the following specifications: +the left margin of both paragraphs is indented by 1.5 inches, +the right margin of the first paragraph is indented by 0.75 +inches, and the right margin of the second paragraph is indented +by 1.75 inches. +\bigskip + +\def\hangparagraph{ Lines can be made with different lengths +within one paragraph by using {\tt \\hangindent} and {\tt +\\hangafter}. The amount of the indentation is determined by value +of {\tt \\hangindent}. If {\tt \\hangindent} is positive, the +indentation is made from the left, and if it is negative it is +made from the right. The lines on which the indentation occurs is +controlled by {\tt \\hangafter}. If {\tt \\hangafter} is +positive then it determines the number of lines at full width +before the indentation starts. Thus if {\tt \\hangindent = 1.75 +in} and {\tt \\hangafter = 6}, then the first six lines will be +at full width and the rest will be indented by 1.75 inches from +the left. On the other hand if {\tt \\hangindent = \hbox{-1.75} +in} and {\tt \\hangafter = -6}, then the first six lines will be +indented by 1.75 inches from the right and the rest will be at +full width. \TeX{} resets to the default values {\tt \\hangindent += 0 pt} and {\tt \\hangafter = 1} after each paragraph. These +control words are useful for paragraphs with ``hanging indents'' +and for flowing a paragraph around space reserved for a figure. +\TeXref{355}The control word {\tt \\hang} at the beginning of the +paragraph will cause the first line to be of full width ({\tt +\\hangafter=1}) and the rest of the paragraph to be indented by +the current value of {\tt \\parindent}. But you do have to use +{\tt \\noindent} if you want the first line to extend all the way +to the left margin. +\TeXref{102} +\par} + +\hangafter=6 \hangindent=1.75in +\hangparagraph +\toindex{hangindent} +\toindex{hangafter} +\toindex{hang} + +Here is the previous paragraph repeated with {\tt \\hangafter = -6} +and {\tt \\hangindent = -1.75 in}. + +\hangafter=-6 \hangindent=-1.75in \hangparagraph + + +The control word {\tt \\parshape} can be used to make paragraphs with +a greater variety of shapes. +\TeXref{101} +\toindex{parshape} + +Another useful control word for setting paragraphs is {\tt \\item}. +It can be used to make various types of itemized lists, +and is invoked using the pattern {\tt \\item\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. +This causes the next paragraph to be formed with every line +indented by {\tt \\parindent} and, in addition, the first line +labeled on the left by whatever is between the braces. It is +usually used with {\tt \\parskip = 0 pt}, since that control word +determines the vertical space between the different items. The control +word {\tt \\itemitem} is the same as {\tt \\item} except that the +indentation is twice as far, that is, twice the value of +{\tt \\parindent}. +\TeXref{102}Here is an example: +\toindex{item} +\toindex{itemitem} + +\beginliteral +\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt +\noindent +Answer all the following questions: +\item{(1)} What is question 1? +\item{(2)} What is question 2? +\item{(3)} What is question 3? +\itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? +\itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? +@endliteral + + +\noindent +will produce +\vfill\eject + +{\parskip = 0pt \parindent = 30 pt +\noindent +Answer all the following questions: +\item{(1)} What is question 1? +\item{(2)} What is question 2? +\item{(3)} What is question 3? +\itemitem{(3a)} What is question 3a? +\itemitem{(3b)} What is question 3b? + +} + +\exercise Make a paragraph several lines long and use it with +the {\tt \\item} control word to see the ``hanging indent.'' Now +take the same paragraph and use it with different values of {\tt +\\parindent} and {\tt \\hsize}. +\bigskip + +Now let's see how to put space between paragraphs. The control +word {\tt \\parskip} is used to determine how much space is +normally left between paragraphs. So if you put {\tt \\parskip = +12 pt} at the beginning of your \TeX{} source file, there will be +12 points between paragraphs unless other instructions are +given. The control word {\tt \\vskip} can be used to insert extra +vertical space between paragraphs. If {\tt \\vskip 1 in} or {\tt +\\vskip 20 pt} appears between two paragraphs, then the extra +space is inserted. + +There are a couple of peculiarities of {\tt \\vskip} that seem +quite strange at first. If you have {\tt \\vskip 3 in} and the +skip starts two inches from the bottom of the page, the rest of +the page is skipped, but the extra one inch is {\it not\/} +skipped at the top of the next page. In other words, {\tt \\vskip} +{\bf will not insert space across page boundaries}. In +fact, {\tt \\vskip~1~in} will have no effect at all if it happens +to appear at the top of a page! For many types of vertical +spacing this is quite appropriate. The space before a section +heading, for example, should not continue across page boundaries. + +A similar phenomenon occurs at the beginning of your document. +If, for example, you want a title page with the title about half +way down the page, you can not insert the space at the top of the +page using {\tt \\vskip}. + +But what if you really want some blank space at the top of a +page? You could start the page with {\tt\\\sp} but this in effect +typesets a one line paragraph containing a blank. So while +nothing is typeset, the extra space due to the values of {\tt +\\baselineskip} and {\tt \\parskip} will add extra space. An easier +method is to use {\tt \\vglue} instead of {\tt \\vskip} to get +the desired result. Thus {\tt \\vglue 1 in\ }will leave one inch +of blank space at the top of the page.\TeXref{352} +\toindex{vglue} + + +We can note in passing that there is another more general method +to put material at the top of a page using the control words {\tt +\\topinsert} and {\tt \\endinsert}. If {\tt \\topinsert $\ldots$ +\\endinsert} is used within a page, the material between +{\tt \\topinsert} and {\tt \\endinsert} will appear at the top +of the page, if possible. For example: + +\vbox{ + \beginuser + \\topinsert + \\vskip 1 in + \\centerline\lb Figure 1\rb + \\endinsert + \enduser +} +\noindent +is useful for inserting figures of a prescribed size. +\TeXref{115} +\toindex{topinsert} +\toindex{endinsert} + +There are also some special control words for making small +vertical skips. They are {\tt \\smallskip}, {\tt \\medskip}, and +{\tt \\bigskip}. Here is the size of each one: + +\def\hrl{\hrule width .5 in} + +\centerline{{\tt \\smallskip}: \vbox{\hrl \smallskip \hrl} \quad + {\tt \\medskip}: \vbox{\hrl \medskip \hrl} \quad + {\tt \\bigskip}: \vbox{\hrl \bigskip \hrl} + } +\toindex{smallskip} +\toindex{medskip} +\toindex{bigskip} + +\subsection{Line shape} + +For most material \TeX{} does a good job of breaking up a +paragraph into lines. But sometimes it's necessary to add +further instructions. It's possible to force a new line by +inserting {\tt \\hfill \\break} in your input file. It's also +possible to put some text on a line by itself using the control +word {\tt \\line\lb $\ldots$\rb}; then the material between the +braces will be restricted to one line (although the result will +be spread out over the whole line and may be horrible). The +control words {\tt \\leftline\lb $\ldots$\rb}, {\tt \\rightline\lb +$\ldots$\rb}, and {\tt \\centerline\lb $\ldots$\rb} will, +respectively, set the material between the braces on a single +line on the left margin, on the right margin, or \centred. Thus +\toindex{hfill} +\toindex{break} +\toindex{centerline} +\toindex{leftline} +\toindex{rightline} +\toindex{line} + + +\beginliteral +\leftline{I'm over on the left.} +\centerline{I'm in the @centre.} +\rightline{I'm on the right.} +\line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} +@endliteral + +\noindent +produces the four lines: +\vskip\baselineskip + + +{ +\hbadness = 10000 +\leftline{I'm over on the left.} +\centerline{I'm in the \center.} +\rightline{I'm on the right.} +\line{I just seem to be spread out all over the place.} + +Other types of spacing can be obtained by using the control word {\tt +\\hfil}. This causes all the extra space in the line to be +accumulated at the position where {\tt \\hfil} appears. +Thus if we alter our last example to +{\tt \\line\lb I just seem to be spread out \\hfil all over the place.\rb} +we will get \hfil\break +\medskip +\line{I just seem to be spread out \hfil all over the place.} +\medskip +If we have more than one {\tt \\hfil}, they will divide any extra +space among themselves equally. Hence +{\tt \\line\lb left text \\hfil \centre{} text\\hfil right text.\rb} +will produce +\medskip +\line{left text \hfil \centre{} text \hfil right text.} +\toindex{hfil} +} + +\exercise Typeset the following line: + +\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil +right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} + +\exercise Typeset the following line with twice as much space between +``left'' and ``right-\centre{}'' as between ``right-\centre{}'' and +``right'': + +\line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} + +It's possible to move horizontally using {\tt \\hskip} in a +manner analogous with {\tt \\vskip}. +\toindex{hskip} + +\exercise What happens with the following input:\hfil\break +{\tt \\line\lb\\hskip 1 in ONE \\hfil TWO \\hfil THREE\rb} +\bigskip + +The right justification can be canceled by using the +control word {\tt \\raggedright}. +\toindex{raggedright} + +\subsection{Footnotes} + +The general pattern to make footnotes using \TeX{} is +{\tt \\footnote\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. + +The footnote mark goes in between the first set of braces. Some +available marks are {\tt \\dag (\dag)}, {\tt \\ddag (\ddag)}, {\tt \\S +(\S)}, and {\tt \\P (\P)}\null. The text of the footnote +goes between the second set of braces. The use of numbers as +marks is a little less straightforward. The footnote% +\footnote{${}^{21}$}{This is the footnote at the bottom of the page.} +at the bottom of the page was produced by using {\tt \\footnote\lb\$\lb +\rb\^{}\lb{21}\rb\$\rb\lb This is the footnote at the +bottom of the page.\rb} after the word ``footnote'' in the +text. This construction is somewhat complicated; we'll see why +it's this way when we know a little more about typesetting +mathematics. But for the moment we can look at it as a way of +getting the job done. You may want to use {\tt \\rm} within the +footnote to ensure that the right font appears. Usually you will +not want a space between the text and the control word {\tt +footnote}.\TeXref{117} +\toindex{footnote} +\toindex{ddag} +\toindex{S} +\toindex{P} + +\exercise Make up a page with a relatively long footnote spanning +several lines. + +\exercise Make up a page with two different footnotes on it. + +\subsection{Headlines and Footlines} + +\headline={\hfil \tenrm Page \the\pageno} %example for this section + +The lines for title and page numbers that go above and below the +%END -- PART 6 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 7 of a 15-part set +main text are produced by using {\tt \\headline=\lb$\dots$\rb} +and {\tt \\footline=\lb$\dots$\rb}\null. +\TeXref{252--253} + +The principle is the same as using the control word {\tt \\line\lb +$\dots$\rb} within the usual text on the page. A helpful +control word is {\tt \\pageno} which represents the current page +number. Thus {\tt \\headline=\lb\\hfil \\tenrm Page \\the\\pageno\rb} +would cause the page number to appear in the upper +right corner preceded by the word ``Page'' (now look at the upper +right corner of this page). It is safer to explicitly name the +font that you want to use (in this case {\tt \\tenrm} to use the +10 point roman font), since you are never guaranteed that a +particular font will be in use when the headline or footline is +set. The control word {\tt \\the} takes the internal value of the +next word if it is an appropriate control word and prints it as +text. You can also use the control word {\tt \\folio} instead of +{\tt \\the \\pageno}. The difference is that {\tt \\folio} will +give roman numerals when {\tt \\pageno} is negative. +\toindex{headline} +\toindex{footline} +\toindex{pageno} +\toindex{the} +\toindex{folio} + +You can also assign values to {\tt \\pageno} if you want your +document to use a different sequence of page numbers from the +usual. Roman numerals can be produced by using negative numbers; +{\tt \\pageno=-1} at the beginning of a document will cause page +numbers to be in roman numerals. +\TeXref{252} + +Different headlines can be produced for even and odd pages in +the following manner: + +{\tt +\\headline=\lb\\ifodd \\pageno \lb$\dots$\rb \\else \lb$\dots$\rb +\\fi\rb} + +\noindent +where the material between the first set of braces is for the +right-hand pages and the material between the second set of +braces is for the left-hand pages. + +\exercise Change the footline so that the page number is \centred{} +with a en-dash on either side. + +\subsection{Overfull and underfull boxes} + +One of the most frustrating experiences for the new \TeX{} user +is the occurrence of overfull and underfull boxes. They are duly +noted in the log file and are also written to the screen when \TeX{} +is being run interactively. Overfull boxes are also marked +on the output by a slug (a large filled-in black rectangle that +looks like this: \vrule width \overfullrule) in the right +margin. Various obscene terms are applied to this slug. It +appears even though there is nothing wrong with the \TeX{} input. +So why is the slug there and what can be done about it? + +A good way to visualize the way \TeX{} organizes a page is to +think of the printed material as being put into boxes. There are +two types of boxes: {\sl hboxes\/} and {\sl vboxes}. Most of the +time these correspond to the organization of horizontal text +into lines and vertical paragraphs into pages. In particular, it +is the spacing of the words in a hbox corresponding to a line of +text that causes the slug to appear. + +Recall that \TeX{} reads in the complete paragraph before +deciding how to break it up into lines. This is better than +working a line at a time, since a slight improvement in one line +might cause catastrophic changes farther down in the paragraph. +When words are gathered together to form a line, space is added +between the words to justify the right margin. Very large spaces +between words is obviously undesirable; the badness of the line +is a measure of how badly the words are spaced. An underfull +hbox means that there is too much space between words. More +specifically, the badness of any line is a number between 0 +(perfect) and 10000 (horrible). There is a parameter called {\tt +\\hbadness} whose default value is 1000\null. Any line whose +badness is greater than {\tt \\hbadness} is reported as an +underfull hbox. If the value of {\tt \\hbadness} is increased, +then fewer underfull hboxes will be reported. In fact {\tt +\\hbadness = 10000} will suppress the reporting of underfull +hboxes altogether. Similarly, if the words must be squeezed into +a line so that the spaces are very small or even so the words +extend a little into the right margin, then an overfull hbox +results. \toindex{hbadness} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%% restore original headline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\headline={\iftitlepage \hfil \global\titlepagefalse + \else \gentleheadline \fi} + +In a similar way, sometimes \TeX{} allows a line to be slightly +longer than {\tt \\hsize} in order to achieve a more balanced +appearance. The control word {\tt \\tolerance} determines when +this happens. If the badness of a line is greater than {\tt +\\tolerance}, \TeX{} will make the line longer by adding a new word +at the end of the line, even though it might exceed the value of +{\tt \\hsize}. A line which is only slightly longer is set +without being reported. The control word {\tt \\hfuzz} determines +how much excess is allowed; the default is {\tt \\hfuzz +=~0.1~pt}. A line that is more than slightly longer than {\tt \\hsize} +is obviously a serious problem; \TeX{} puts a slug in +the margin to make its point forcefully. It's possible to avoid +overfull hboxes altogether by increasing the value of {\tt \\tolerance}. +With {\tt \\tolerance = 10000} there will never be +overfull boxes or slugs. The default is {\tt \\tolerance = 200}\null. +\TeXref{29} +\toindex{hfuzz} +\toindex{tolerance} + +The width of the slug is determined by the control word {\tt +\\overfullrule}. Including {\tt \\overfullrule = 0 pt} in your +file will delete any further printing of the slugs. The +overfull boxes will still be there, of course, and they will +probably be harder to spot. +\toindex{overfullrule} + +So we see why overfull boxes and underfull boxes are reported; we +can also change the reporting by changing the values of {\tt +\\badness}, {\tt \\hfuzz}, and {\tt \\tolerance}. In addition, a +small value of {\tt \\hsize} obviously makes it more difficult to +set lines and causes more overfull and underfull hboxes to be +reported. These are warnings that you ignore at your own peril! + +Adding new possibilities of hyphenation will sometimes eliminate +an overfull box. \TeX{} has automatic hyphenation and usually +finds good places to hyphenate a word; however, it's possible to +add hyphenations to let lines break at new places. For example, +the automatic hyphenation will never put a hyphen in the word +``database''. If you type in {\tt data\\-base}, it will allow a +hyphen to be inserted after the second letter ``a'' in the word. +More generally, if you put {\tt \\hyphenation\lb data-base\rb} in +the beginning of your input file, then all occurrences of the +word ``database'' will allow hyphenation after the letter ``a''. +\TeXref{28} The log file will show the possible hyphenations on +the line containing the overfull or underfull box. Sometimes the +best solution to an overfull or underfull hbox is a little +judicious editing of the original document. +\toindex{hyphenation} + +Our discussion has involved the setting of type into lines, that is, +the horizontal page structure. There are several vertical \analog{}s. +Overfull and underfull hboxes indicate how well words are gathered +into lines. Similarly, overfull and underfull vboxes are reported +when paragraphs are gathered to form pages. A large table that +can't be broken in the middle, for example, can produce an underfull +vbox that is reported in the log file when the page being typeset is +completed. The control word {\tt \\vbadness} works for the vertical +placement of text in the same way as {\tt \\hbadness} works for +horizontal text. +\toindex{vbadness} + +\exercise Take a few paragraphs and print them using various (small) +values of {\tt \\hsize} to see what kind of overfull boxes result. +Repeat with various values of {\tt \\hbadness}, {\tt \\hfuzz}, and +{\tt \\tolerance}. + + + + + + +\section{$\Bigl\{$Groups, $\bigl\{$Groups, + $\{$and More Groups$\}\bigr\}\Bigr\}$} + +The concept of gathering text into groups allows \TeX{} input +files to be greatly simplified. A new group is started by the +character {\tt\lb} and terminated by the character {\tt \rb}\null. +Changes made within a group will lose their effect when the +group terminates. So, for example if {\tt \lb \\bf three +boldface words\rb} appears in your text, the opening brace starts +the group, the {\tt \\bf} control word changes to a boldface +font, and the closing brace finishes up the group. Upon +completion of the group the font being used is the one in effect +before the group started. This is the (easier) way of having a +few words in a different font. It's also possible to have groups +nested within groups. + +\def\sectiontitle{$\Bigl\{$Groups, $\bigl\{$Groups, $\dots \bigr\}\Bigr\}$} + +As another example, size changes can be made in the text that are +only temporary. For example +\beginuser +\lb +\\hsize = 4 in +\\parindent = 0 pt +\\leftskip = 1 in +will produce a paragraph that is four +$\vdots$ +(this is an easy mistake to make). +\\par +\rb +\enduser + +{\hsize = 4 in +\parindent = 0 pt +\leftskip = 1 in +will produce a paragraph that is four inches wide with the text +offset into the paragraph by one inch regardless of the settings +in effect before the start of the group. This paragraph is set +with those values. After the end of the group, the old settings +are in effect again. Note that it is necessary to include +{\tt \\par} or to use a blank line before the closing brace to end +the paragraph, since otherwise the group will end and \TeX{} will +go back to the old parameters before the paragraph is actually +typeset (this is an easy mistake to make). \par} + +When a control word (like {\tt \\centerline}) acts on text +following it in braces, that text is implicitly in a group. Thus +{\tt \\centerline\lb\\bf A bold title\rb} will produce a \centred{} +boldface line, and the text following that line will be in +whatever font was in effect before the {\tt \\centerline} was +invoked. + +The empty group {\tt\lb\rb} is useful. One use allows accents to be +typeset with no accompanying letter. For example, {\tt \\\~{}\lb\rb} +will print a tilde with no letter under it. It can also be used to +stop \TeX{} from eating up consecutive spaces. Hence {\tt I use +\\TeX\lb\rb{} all the time} will leave a space after ``\TeX'' in the +output. This is an alternative to using {\tt \\\sp} as we did in +Section~1. +\TeXref{19--21} + +Grouping can also be used to avoid spaces in the middle of a word +when including accents. Either {\tt soup\\c\sp con} or {\tt +soup\\c\lb c\rb on} will produce the word soup\c{c}on. + +\exercise Change the dimensions of one paragraph on a page using the +grouping idea. + +\exercise Mathematicians sometime use the word ``i{f}f'' as an +abbreviation for ``if and only if''\null. In this case it looks +better if the first and second letter ``f'' are {\sl not\/} +joined as a ligature. How do you do this (there are several +solutions)? + +It's really easy to forget to match braces properly. The effect +can be dramatic; if you get output that suddenly changes to an +italic font for the rest of the document, a mismatched brace is +probably the cause. If you have an extra {\tt \lb} \TeX{} will +give a message in the log file: {\tt (\\end occurred inside a +group at level 1)}. An extra {\tt\rb} will result in the message +\hbox{\tt! Too many \rb's.} + +Here's a little hint to help you keep track of the braces in more +complicated groups: put the opening brace on a line by itself and +do the same for the closing brace. If there are braces nested +within the original ones, put them on separate lines also, but +indent them a few spaces. The text within the nested braces can +also be indented since \TeX{} ignores all spaces at the beginning +of a line. The matching braces will then stand out when you look +at your \TeX{} source file. In fact, if your editor is smart +enough, you can create the two lines with the braces first and +then insert the appropriate material within them with automatic +indenting. + +\exercise In section 2 we changed fonts the following method: +{\tt I started with roman type, \\it switched to italic type, +\\rm and returned to roman type}. Get the same result using the +idea of grouping. + + +\section{No math anxiety here!} + +\TeX{} is at its best when typesetting mathematics. The +conventions for doing this are many and complex, and the ability +of \TeX{} to take them into account makes the production of high +quality, attractive mathematical output possible. If you plan to +produce papers with mathematical symbols in them, this section +will give you all the basics necessary for creating beautiful +output in almost all circumstances; \TeX{} may be used without +any mathematics, of course, and if this is your goal, then the +following two subsections are probably sufficient for your needs. + +\subsection{Lots of new symbols} + +Mathematical text is inserted into normal text in two possible +ways: it can be {\sl in-line\/}, that is, as part of the usual +lines of text. It can also be {\sl displayed}, that is, \centred{} +in a gap between the usual text. The results in the spacing and +placement of symbols can be quite different in each case. The +in-line equation $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}$ +is easily seen to be different from the same equation when +displayed: +$$\sum_{k=1}^{\infty} {1\over k^2} = {\pi^2\over6}.$$ + +Since the spacing and the fonts used for mathematics are quite +different from those of ordinary text, \TeX{} needs to be told +when mathematics rather than normal text is being typeset. This +is done using the {\tt\$} symbol. More specifically, mathematics +is typeset in-line by surrounding the symbols to be entered by +%END -- PART 7 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 8 of a 15-part set +single dollar signs: {\tt \$$\ldots$\$}, and is typeset displayed +by surrounding the symbols to be entered by double dollar signs: +{\tt \$\$$\ldots$\$\$}\null. Hence {\tt \$x = y+1\$} will give +$x=y+1$ in-line while {\tt \$\$x = y+1.\$\$} will display +$$x=y+1.$$ + +The spacing for both in-line and displayed mathematics is +completely controlled by \TeX\null. Adding spaces to your input +has no effect at all. What if you need a space or some text in +the middle of some mathematics? You can insert text by inserting +it into an hbox (don't worry about the definition of an hbox for +now): {\tt \\hbox\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. This is particularly +useful for displayed mathematics. Hence ``$x=y+1 \hbox{ whenever +} y=x-1$'' can be typeset using {\tt \$x=y+1 \\hbox\lb\ whenever +\rb y=x-1\$}. Note the spaces on either side of the word within +the braces. Usually it isn't necessary to insert spaces into +mathematical text, but here are the control sequences that do the +job. +\TeXref{167} + +\maketable [Adding space to mathematical text] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil # & \quad \hfil\tt# \hfil \quad + & \hbox to 2cm{\hrulefill\vrule height 8pt#\vrule height 8pt\hrulefill} \cr + Name & \rm Control Sequence & \hfil{}$\gets$Size$\to$\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + Double quad & \\qquad &\qquad \cr + Quad & \\quad &\quad \cr + Space & \\\sp\ &\ \cr + Thick space & \\; &$\;$\cr + Medium space & \\> &$\>$\cr + Thin space & \\, &$\,$\cr + Negative thin space & \ \\!\ &$\!$\cr + } + +\toindex{quad} +\toindex{qquad} +\toindex{\sp} +\toindex{;} +\toindex{>} +\toindex{,} +\toindex{!} + +If you look closely at the negative thin space, you'll notice +that, unlike the other entries, the two arms overlap. This is +because the negative space is one in the opposite direction, that +is, while the other control sequences increase the amount of +space between two symbols being typeset, the negative thin space +decreases the space between them, even if it causes them to +overlap. + +\exercise Typeset the following: $C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$\null. Note the +spacing in the denominator. +\bigskip + +You shouldn't have any blank lines between the dollar signs +delimiting the mathematical text. \TeX{} assumes that all the +mathematical text being typeset is in one paragraph, and a blank +line starts a new paragraph; consequently, this will generate an +error message. This turns out to be useful, for one of the +easiest errors to make is to forget to put in the trailing dollar +sign(s) after the mathematical input (I promise that you'll do it +at least once while learning \TeX{}); if \TeX{} allowed more than +one paragraph to be between the dollars signs, then one omitted +trailing dollar sign might cause the rest of the document to be +typeset as mathematics. + +Most mathematical text is entered in exactly the same way for +in-line typesetting as for displayed typesetting (except for the +surrounding dollar signs, of course). The exceptions, such as +aligning multiline displays and placing equation numbers at the +left or right margin will be discussed in the last part of this +section. + +Many new symbols can appear when typesetting mathematics. Most +of the ones that actually appear on the keyboard can be used +directly. The symbols {\tt + - / * = ' | < > (} and {\tt )} are +all entered directly. Here they are as mathematics: $+ - / * =\> +'\> | <\> >\> ( \> )$. + +\exercise Typeset the equation $a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ as in-line and +displayed mathematical text. + +\exercise Typeset the equation $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ as in-line and +displayed mathematical text. +\bigskip + +Many other symbols, as you would expect, are predefined control +words. All Greek letters are available. Here is a table of them: +\TeXref{434} + +\maketable [Greek letters] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\alpha & \\alpha &\beta & \\beta &\gamma & \\gamma &\delta & \\delta \cr +\epsilon & \\epsilon & \varepsilon & \\varepsilon & \zeta & \\zeta & +\eta & \\eta \cr +\theta & \\theta & \vartheta & \\vartheta & \iota & \\iota & \kappa & +\\kappa \cr +\lambda & \\lambda & \mu & \\mu & \nu & \\nu & \xi & \\xi \cr +o & o & \pi & \\pi & \rho & \\rho & \varrho & \\varrho \cr +\sigma & \\sigma & \varsigma & \\varsigma & \tau & \\tau & \upsilon & +\\upsilon \cr +\phi & \\phi & \varphi & \\varphi & \chi & \\chi & \psi & \\psi \cr +\omega & \\omega & \Gamma & \\Gamma & \Delta & \\Delta & \Theta & +\\Theta \cr +\Lambda & \\Lambda & \Xi & \\Xi & \Pi & \\Pi & \Sigma & \\Sigma \cr +\Upsilon & \\Upsilon & \Phi & \\Phi & \Psi & \\Psi & \Omega & \\Omega \cr + } + +\toindex{alpha} +\toindex{beta} +\toindex{gamma} +\toindex{delta} +\toindex{epsilon} +\toindex{varepsilon} +\toindex{zeta} +\toindex{eta} +\toindex{theta} +\toindex{vartheta} +\toindex{iota} +\toindex{kappa} +\toindex{lambda} +\toindex{mu} +\toindex{nu} +\toindex{xi} +\toindex{pi} +\toindex{rho} +\toindex{varrho} +\toindex{sigma} +\toindex{varsigma} +\toindex{tau} +\toindex{upsilon} +\toindex{phi} +\toindex{varphi} +\toindex{chi} +\toindex{psi} +\toindex{omega} +\toindex{Gamma} +\toindex{Delta} +\toindex{Theta} +\toindex{Lambda} +\toindex{Xi} +\toindex{Pi} +\toindex{Sigma} +\toindex{Upsilon} +\toindex{Phi} +\toindex{Psi} +\toindex{Omega} + + +\exercise Typeset $\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ as in-line and displayed +mathematical text. + +\exercise Typeset $\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ as in-line and displayed +mathematical text. + +Sometimes accents are put above or below symbols. The control +words used for accents in mathematics are different from those +used for normal text. The normal text control words may not be +used for mathematics and vice-versa. +\TeXref{135--136} + +\maketable [Mathematical accents] +\halign{ + \strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & + \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + \hat o & \\hat o & \check o & \\check o & \tilde o & \\tilde o \cr + \acute o & \\acute o & \grave o & \\grave o & \dot o & \\dot o \cr + \ddot o & \\ddot o &\breve o & \\breve o & \bar o & \\bar o \cr + \vec o & \\vec o & \widehat {abc} & \\widehat \lb abc\rb + & \widetilde {abc} & \\widetilde \lb abc\rb\cr + } + +\toindex{hat} +\toindex{check} +\toindex{tilde} +\toindex{acute} +\toindex{grave} +\toindex{dot} +\toindex{ddot} +\toindex{breve} +\toindex{bar} +\toindex{vec} +\toindex{widehat} +\toindex{widetilde} + + + +Binary operators combine two mathematical objects to get another +object. Ordinary addition and multiplication, for example, +combine two numbers to get another number, and so they are binary +operators. When a binary operator such as $+$ or $\times$ is +typeset, a little extra space is put around it. Here is a list of +some of the available binary operators: +\TeXref{436} + +\maketable [Binary operators] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\cdot & \\cdot &\times & \\times &\ast & \\ast &\star & \\star \cr +\circ & \\circ & \bullet & \\bullet & \div & \\div & \diamond & \\diamond \cr +\cap & \\cap & \cup & \\cup & \vee & \\vee & \wedge & \\wedge \cr +\oplus & \\oplus &\ominus & \\ominus & \otimes &\\otimes &\odot &\\odot \cr + } + +\toindex{cdot} +\toindex{times} +\toindex{ast} +\toindex{star} +\toindex{circ} +\toindex{bullet} +\toindex{div} +\toindex{diamond} +\toindex{cap} +\toindex{cup} +\toindex{vee} +\toindex{wedge} +\toindex{oplus} +\toindex{ominus} +\toindex{otimes} +\toindex{odot} + +Ellipses are commonly used with binary operators. The control +word {\tt \\cdots} will raise the dots so that they are level +with the binary operator. Thus {\tt \$a + \\cdots + z\$} will +produce $a + \cdots + z$. The control word {\tt \\ldots} will +put the dots on the baseline, and so {\tt \$1\\ldots n\$} +produces $1\ldots n$. +\toindex{cdots} +\toindex{ldots} + +\exercise Typeset: $x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$. + +\exercise Typeset: $2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$. +\bigskip + +A relation indicates a property of two mathematical objects. We +already know how to show two objects equal, or how to show one +number less than or greater than another number (since these are +symbols on most terminal keyboards). To negate a relation, the +control word {\tt \\not} is put in front of the relation. Here +are some relations: +\TeXref{436} +\toindex{not} + +\maketable [Relations ] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\leq & \\leq &\not\leq & \\not \\leq + & \geq & \\geq & \not\geq & \\not \\geq \cr +\equiv & \\equiv & \not\equiv & \\not \\equiv + & \sim & \\sim & \not\sim & \\not \\sim \cr +\simeq & \\simeq & \not\simeq & \\not \\simeq + & \approx & \\approx & \not\approx & \\not \\approx \cr +\subset & \\subset & \subseteq & \\subseteq + & \supset & \\supset & \supseteq & \\supseteq \cr +\in & \\in & \ni & \\ni & \parallel & \\parallel & \perp & \\perp \cr + } + +\toindex{leq} +\toindex{geq} +\toindex{equiv} +\toindex{sim} +\toindex{simeq} +\toindex{approx} +\toindex{subset} +\toindex{subseteq} +\toindex{supset} +\toindex{supseteq} +\toindex{in} +\toindex{ni} +\toindex{parallel} +\toindex{perp} + + +\exercise +Typeset: $\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. + +\exercise +Typeset: $\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. + +Here are some other available mathematical symbols:\TeXref{435--438} + +\maketable [Miscellaneous symbols ] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \qquad &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\aleph & \\aleph & \ell & \\ell & \Re & \\Re & \Im & \\Im \cr +\partial & \\partial & \infty & \\infty & \| & \\| & \angle & \\angle \cr +\nabla & \\nabla & \backslash &\\backslash & \forall & \\forall + & \exists & \\exists \cr +\neg & \\neg & \flat & \\flat & \sharp & \\sharp & \natural & \\natural \cr + } + +\toindex{aleph} +\toindex{ell} +\toindex{Re} +\toindex{Im} +\toindex{partial} +\toindex{infty} +\toindex{|} +\toindex{angle} +\toindex{nabla} +\toindex{backslash} +\toindex{forall} +\toindex{exists} +\toindex{neg} +\toindex{flat} +\toindex{sharp} +\toindex{natural} + +\exercise Typeset: $(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. + +\subsection{Fractions} + +There are two methods of typesetting a fraction: it can be +typeset either in the form $1/2$ or in the form ${1\over2}$\null. +The first case is just entered with no special control sequences, +that is, {\tt \$1/2\$}\null. The second case uses the control +word {\tt \\over} and the following pattern: {\tt \lb +<numerator> \\over <denominator>\rb}\null. Hence {\tt \$\$\lb a+b +\\over c+d\rb.\$\$} gives $${a+b\over c+d}.$$ +\TeXref{139--140} +\toindex{over} + +\exercise Typeset the following: ${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c} +\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. + +\exercise Typeset: What are the points where +${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over \partial y} +f(x,y) = 0$? + +\subsection{Subscripts and superscripts} + +Subscripts and superscripts are particularly easy to enter using +\TeX\null. The characters {\tt \_{}} and {\tt \^{}} are used to +indicate that the next character is a subscript or a superscript. +Thus {\tt \$x\^{}2\$} gives $x^2$ and {\tt \$x\_{}2\$} gives +$x_2$\null. To get several characters as a subscript or +superscript, they are grouped together within braces. Hence we +can use {\tt \$x\^{}\lb 21\rb\$} to get $x^{21}$ and {\tt \$x\_{}\lb +21\rb\$} to get $x_{21}$\null. Notice that the +superscripts and subscripts are automatically typeset in a +smaller type size. The situation is only slightly more +complicated for a second layer of subscripts or superscripts. +You can {\sl not\/} use {\tt \$x\_{}2\_{}3\$} since this could +have two possible interpretations, namely, {\tt \$x\_{}\lb 2\_{}3\rb\$} +or {\tt \$\lb x\_{}2\rb\_{}3\$}; this gives two +different results: $x_{2_3}$ and ${x_2}_3$, the first of which is +the usual mathematical subscript notation. Thus you must put in +the complete braces to describe multiple layers of subscripts and +superscripts. They may be done to any level. +\TeXref{128--130} + +To use both subscripts and superscripts on one symbol, you use +both the {\tt \_{}} and {\tt \^{}} in either order. Thus either +{\tt \$x\_{}2\^{}1\$} or {\tt\$x\^{}1\_{}2\$} will give $x_2^1$. + +\exercise +Typeset each of the following: $e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad +e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 \quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. + +\exercise Typeset: +$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2} ++ {\partial^2 f \over\partial y^2}$. +\bigskip +%END -- PART 8 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 9 of a 15-part set + +A similar method is used for summations and integrals. The input +of {\tt \$\\sum\_{}\lb k=1\rb\^{}n k\^{}2\$} will give $\sum_{k=1}^n +k^2$, and {\tt \$\\int\_{}0\^{}x f(t) dt\$} will +give $\int_0^x f(t) dt$. +\TeXref{144--145} +\toindex{sum} +\toindex{int} + +Another use of this type of input is for expressions +involving limits. You can use +{\tt \$\\lim\_\lb n\\to \\infty\rb (\lb n+1 \\over n\rb)\^{}n = e\$} +to get $\lim_{n\to \infty} ({n+1\over n})^n = e$. +\toindex{lim} + +\exercise Typeset the following expression: $\lim_{x\to 0} +(1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. + +\exercise Typeset: The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. + +\exercise Typeset: $\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. +\bigskip + +Here's a hint to make integrals look a little nicer: look at the +difference between $\int_0^x f(t) dt$ and $\int_0^x f(t)\, dt$\null. +In the second case there is a little extra space after +$f(t)$, and it looks nicer; {\tt \\,} was used to add the +additional space. +\toindex{,} + +\exercise Typeset the following integral: $\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. + +\subsection{Roots, square and otherwise} + +To typeset a square root it is only necessary to use the construction +{\tt \\sqrt\lb$\ldots$\rb}\null. Hence {\tt \$\\sqrt\lb x\^{}2+y\^{}2\rb\$} +will give $\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$\null. Notice that \TeX{} takes care of the +placement of symbols and the height and length of the radical. +To make cube or other roots, the control words {\tt \\root} and {\tt +\\of} are used. You get $\root n \of {1+x^n}$ from the +input\TeXref{130--131} {\tt \$\\root n \\of \lb1+x\^{}n\rb\$}. +\toindex{root} +\toindex{sqroot} + +A possible alternative is to use the control word {\tt \\surd}; the +input {\tt \$\\surd 2\$} will produce $\surd 2$. +\toindex{surd} + +\exercise Typeset the following: $\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} +\quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. + +\exercise Typeset: $\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. + +\exercise Typeset: +$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. + + +\subsection{Lines, above and below} + +Use the constructions {\tt \\overline\lb$\ldots$\rb} and +{\tt \\underline\lb$\ldots$\rb} to put lines above or below mathematical +expressions. Hence {\tt \$\\overline\lb x+y\rb=\\overline x + \\overline +y\$} gives $\overline{x+y}=\overline x + \overline y$\null. +But notice that the lines over the letters are at +different heights, and so some care is necessary. The use of {\tt +\\overline\lb\\strut x\rb} will raise the height of the line +over\TeXref{130--131} $x$\null. +\toindex{overline} +\toindex{underline} + +To underline non-mathematical text, use {\tt \\underbar\lb$\dots$\rb}. +\toindex{underbar} + +\exercise Typeset the following: $\underline x \quad \overline y +\quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. + + +\subsection{Delimiters large and small} + +The most commonly used mathematical delimiters are brackets, +braces, and parentheses. As we have seen, they may be produced +by using {\tt [ ] \\\lb\ \\\rb\ ( )} to get $[\>]\>\{\>\}\>(\>)\>$. +Sometimes larger delimiters increase the clarity of +mathematical expressions, as in $$\bigl(a\times(b+c)\bigr) \bigl((a\times +b)+c\bigr).$$ To make larger left delimiters the +control words {\tt \\bigl}, {\tt \\Bigl}, {\tt \\biggl}, and {\tt +\\Biggl} are used in front of the delimiter; similarly, {\tt \\bigr}, +{\tt \\Bigr}, {\tt \\biggr}, and {\tt \\Biggr} are used +for the right delimiters. Hence {\tt \$\\Bigl[\$} and {\tt \$\\Bigr]\$} +will produce $\Bigl[$ and $\Bigr]$. +\TeXref{145--147} + +\toindex{bigl} +\toindex{Bigl} +\toindex{biggl} +\toindex{Biggl} +\toindex{bigr} +\toindex{Bigr} +\toindex{biggr} +\toindex{Biggr} + +Here is a table to compare the size of some of the delimiters. + +%% \everycr can add 4 points between lines in the following table %% +\everycr={\noalign{\vskip 4 pt}} +\maketable [Delimiters of various sizes] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \quad\qquad + &\hfil$#$ & \quad \tt# \hfil \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +\{ & \\\lb & \} & \\\rb & ( & ( & ) & )\cr +\bigl\{ & \\bigl\\\lb & \bigr\} & \\bigr\\\rb & \bigl( & \\bigl( & \bigr) & +\\bigr)\cr +\Bigl\{ & \\Bigl\\\lb & \Bigr\} & \\Bigr\\\rb & \Bigl( & \\Bigl( & \Bigr) & +\\Bigr)\cr +\biggl\{ & \\biggl\\\lb & \biggr\} & \\biggr\\\rb & \biggl( + & \\biggl( & \biggr) & \\biggr) \cr +\Biggl\{ & \\Biggl\\\lb & \Biggr\} & \\Biggr\\\rb & \Biggl( + & \\Biggl( & \Biggr) & \\Biggr)\cr + } + +\everycr={} + +If you want, you can let \TeX{} choose the size of delimiter by +using the control words {\tt \\left} and {\tt \\right} before +your delimiters. +\TeXref{148}Thus {\tt \\left[$\ldots$\\right]} will cause the material +to be enclosed by brackets that are appropriately big. {\bf Note +well:} each use of a {\tt \\left} delimiter must have a matching +{\tt \\right} delimiter (although the delimiters themselves may be +different). Hence {\tt \$\$\\left|\lb a+b \\over +c+d\rb\\right|.\$\$} gives $$\left|{a+b \over c+d}\right|.$$ + +\maketable [Mathematical delimiters] +\halign{ +\strut \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \qquad\qquad & + \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \qquad\qquad & + \hfill$#$ & \quad \tt # \cr +\noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} +( & ( & ) & ) & [ & [ \cr +] & ] &\{ & \\\lb & \} & \\\rb \cr +\lfloor & \\lfloor &\rfloor &\\rfloor & \lceil & \\lceil \cr +\rceil & \\rceil &\langle & \\langle & \rangle & \\rangle \cr +/ & / & \backslash & \\backslash &| & | \cr +\| & \\| &\uparrow & \\uparrow & \Uparrow & \\Uparrow \cr +\downarrow & \\downarrow & \Downarrow & \\Downarrow + & \updownarrow & \\updownarrow \cr +\Updownarrow & \\Updownarrow \cr + } + +\toindex{lfloor} +\toindex{rfloor} +\toindex{lceil} +\toindex{rceil} +\toindex{langle} +\toindex{rangle} +\toindex{|} +\toindex{uparrow} +\toindex{Uparrow} +\toindex{downarrow} +\toindex{Downarrow} +\toindex{updownarrow} +\toindex{Updownarrow} + +\exercise Typeset $\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil + \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil \bigr \rfloor$. + +\subsection{Those special functions} + +There are several types of functions that appear frequently in +mathematical text. In an equation like ``$\sin^2x + \cos^2x = +1$'' the trigonometric functions ``sin'' and ``cos'' are in roman +rather than italic type. This is the usual mathematical +convention to indicate that it is a function being described and +not the product of three variables. The control words {\tt +\\sin} and {\tt \\cos} will use the right typeface automatically. +Here is a table of these and some other special functions: +\TeXref{162} + +\maketable [Special mathematical functions] +\halign{ + \strut \tt {\\}#\hfil && \quad \tt {\\}#\hfil \cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + sin & cos & tan & cot & sec & csc & arcsin & arccos \cr + arctan & sinh & cosh & tanh & coth & lim & sup & inf \cr + limsup & liminf & log & ln & lg & exp & det & deg \cr + dim & hom & ker & max & min & arg & gcd & Pr \cr + } + +\toindex{sin} +\toindex{cos} +\toindex{tan} +\toindex{cot} +\toindex{sec} +\toindex{csc} +\toindex{arcsin} +\toindex{arccos} +\toindex{arctan} +\toindex{sinh} +\toindex{cosh} +\toindex{tanh} +\toindex{coth} +\toindex{lim} +\toindex{sup} +\toindex{inf} +\toindex{limsup} +\toindex{liminf} +\toindex{log} +\toindex{ln} +\toindex{lg} +\toindex{exp} +\toindex{det} +\toindex{deg} +\toindex{dim} +\toindex{hom} +\toindex{ker} +\toindex{max} +\toindex{min} +\toindex{arg} +\toindex{gcd} +\toindex{Pr} + +\exercise Typeset: $\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta \quad +\cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. + +\exercise Typeset: $$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ + +\exercise Typeset: $$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over +1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ + + +\subsection{Hear ye, hear ye!} + +There is a particular macro that is used in almost every +mathematical paper, and is different enough to require a special +explanation. This is the {\tt \\proclaim} macro. It is used when +stating theorems, corollaries, propositions, and the like. The +paragraph following {\tt \\proclaim} is broken into two parts: +the first part goes up to and including the first period that is +followed by a space, and the second part is the rest of the +paragraph. \TeXref{202--203}The idea is that the first part +should be something like ``Theorem 1.'' or ``Corollary B.'' The +second part is the statement of the theorem or corollary. Here +is an example: +\toindex{proclaim} + +\beginliteral +\proclaim Theorem 1 (H.~G.~Wells). In the country of the blind, +the one-eyed man is king. +@endliteral + +\noindent gives + +\proclaim Theorem 1 (H.~G.~Wells). In the country of the blind, +the one-eyed man is king. + +The statement of the theorem may contain mathematical expressions, of +course. + +\vfill\eject +\exercise Typeset: +\nobreak +\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of +primes. + +\exercise Typeset: +\proclaim Proposition 1. +$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq {1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ +with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. + +\subsection{Matrices} + +Matrices are typeset using combinations of the alignment +character {\tt \&} and the control word {\tt \\cr} to indicate +the end of the line. Start with {\tt \$\$\\pmatrix\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}. +Into the space between the braces go the rows of the matrix, each +one ended by {\tt \\cr}. The entries are separated by the +{\tt \&}\null. For example the input +\TeXref{176--178} + +\beginliteral +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +}.$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +gives as printed output +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +}.$$ +\toindex{pmatrix} + +The matrix entries in our examples have all been \centred{} +within their columns with a little space on each side. They can +be made flush right or flush left by inserting {\tt \\hfill} +before or after the entry. Notice the differences between the +following example and the previous one. + +\beginliteral +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c \hfill & \hfill d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab \hfill & \hfill cd \cr +}.$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +gives as printed output + +$$\pmatrix{ +a & b & c \hfill & \hfill d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab \hfill & \hfill cd \cr +}.$$ + + +\vbox{ +\exercise Typeset +$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ 1 &0 &0 &0 \cr + 0 &1 &0 &0 \cr + 0 &0 &1 &0 \cr + 0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ +} + +It's possible to have matrices that use other delimiters. Using +{\tt \\matrix} instead of {\tt \\pmatrix} will leave off the +parentheses, so the delimiters must be explicitly included using +{\tt \\left} and {\tt \\right}. Here is how we can change the +matrix of our first example. +\toindex{matrix} +\toindex{left} +\toindex{right} + +\beginliteral +$$ \left | +\matrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +} +\right | $$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +gives as printed output +$$ \left | +\matrix{ +a & b & c & d \cr +b & a & c+d & c-d \cr +0 & 0 & a+b & a-b \cr +0 & 0 & ab & cd \cr +} +\right | $$ + +It's even possible to use {\tt \\left.} and {\tt \\right.} to +indicate that the opening or closing delimiter is deleted (note +the use of the period). + +\exercise Use a matrix construction to typeset + +$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ x & x \ge 0 \cr + -x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ + +This exercise and more general constructions of this type +may also be typeset using the {\tt \\cases} macro. +\TeXref{175} + +Sometimes ellipses are used within matrices. The control words +{\tt \\cdots}, {\tt \\vdots}, and {\tt \\ddots} can be used to +insert horizontal, vertical, and diagonal dots. + +Thus we can use +\beginliteral +$$ \left [ +\matrix{ +aa & \cdots & az \cr +\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr +za & \cdots & zz \cr +} +\right ] $$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +to get as printed output +$$ \left [ +\matrix{ +aa & \cdots & az \cr +\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr +za & \cdots & zz \cr +} +\right ] $$ + + +Matrices may also be typeset in-line, but they are pretty ugly +unless they have a small number of rows. + + +\subsection{Displayed equations} + +All of the mathematics covered so far has identical input whether +it is to be typeset in-line or displayed. At this point we'll +look at some situations that apply to displayed equations only. + +The first is that of aligning multiline displays. This is done with +%END -- PART 9 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 10 of a 15-part set +the alignment character {\tt \&} and the control words {\tt \\cr} and +{\tt \\eqalign}. Starting with {\tt \$\$\\eqalign\lb$\dots$\rb\$\$}, +the equations to be aligned are entered with each one terminated by +{\tt \\cr}. In each equation there should be one alignment symbol +{\tt \&} to indicate where the alignment should take place. This is +usually done at the equal signs, although it is not necessary to do +so. For example +\TeXref{190--192} +\toindex{eqalign} + +\beginliteral +$$\eqalign{ +a+b &= c+d \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q \cr +}$$ +@endliteral + + +\noindent +yields +$$\eqalign{ +a+b &= c+d \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q \cr +}$$ + +Displayed equations can be numbered at either the right or left +margin. When the control word {\tt \\eqno} appears in a displayed +equation, everything after the control word is put at the right +margin. Hence {\tt \$\$ x+y=z. \\eqno (1)\$\$} yields +$$ x+y=z. \eqno (1)$$ +To number an equation at the left margin, use {\tt \\leqno} +in place of {\tt \\eqno}. +\toindex{eqno} +\toindex{leqno} + +It's possible to number aligned equations by using the control +word {\tt \\eqalignno}. The alignment character {\tt \&} is +used to separate the equation from the equation number. +\beginliteral +$$\eqalignno{ +a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr +}$$ +@endliteral + +\noindent +yields +$$\eqalignno{ +a+b &= c+d & (1) \cr +x &= w + y + z \cr +m + n + o + p &= q & * \cr +}$$ + +Use {\tt \\leqalignno} to put the equation numbers on the left. +\TeXref{192--193} +\toindex{eqalignno} +\toindex{leqalignno} + +Finally, suppose some text needs to appear in the middle of a +displayed equation. This can be done by putting it in an hbox. +We will describe hboxes in more detail in the next section. +For now we want to use them to temporarily resume using ordinary +roman type and to also allow the insertion of space between +words (remember that all spaces are ignored when typesetting +mathematics). Hence +{\tt \$\$X=Y \\hbox\lb{} if and only if \rb x=y.\$\$} will give +$$X=Y \hbox{ if and only if } x=y.$$ +Note carefully the spaces in the hbox. + +\exercise Do some of the challenge problems on pages 180--181 of The +\TeX book. + + + + +\section{All in a row} + +It's not uncommon to want to put a table in the middle of some +text. Fortunately \TeX{} makes it easy to do this. In fact there +are two separate methods of aligning text. The first is by using +the tabbing environment. This is similar to setting the tab +stops on a typewriter. Each line is handled individually, +according to set tab columns, but with greater flexibility than +that provided by a typewriter. The second is the horizontal +alignment environment which typesets the whole table at once +using a prescribed pattern. + +\subsection{Picking up the tab} + +To align material using the tabbing environment, you must first +set the tab positions using the {\tt \\settabs} control word. +Having done this, a line to use these tabs starts with the +control symbol {\tt \\+ } and ends with {\tt \\cr } (remember +that the actual spacing on lines in the input file in +unimportant). \toindex{settabs} + +The easiest way to use the {\tt \\settabs} control word is to put +the text into equal columns. +\TeXref{231} +Using {\tt \\settabs 4 \\columns} will set the tabs that will +produce four equal columns. The tabbing is then done by using +the alignment character {\tt \&} to move to the next tab stop. +So, for example, \toindex{columns} + +\beginliteral +\settabs 4 \columns +\+ British Columbia & Alberta & Saskatchewan & Manitoba \cr +\+ Ontario & Quebec & New Brunswick & Nova Scotia \cr +\+ & Prince Edward Island & Newfoundland \cr +@endliteral + + +\noindent +will produce the table +\vskip\baselineskip + +\settabs 4 \columns +\+ British Columbia & Alberta & Saskatchewan & Manitoba \cr +\+ Ontario & Quebec & New Brunswick & Nova Scotia \cr +\+ & Prince Edward Island & Newfoundland \cr + +Notice that it is possible to skip over some tab positions, and +it is not necessary to use all of the tabs in a given line. To +make the same table using five columns, it is only necessary to +use {\tt \\settabs 5 \\columns} to reset the tab stops; then the +same three lines from the last example will produce: +\vskip\baselineskip + +\settabs 5 \columns +\+ British Columbia & Alberta & Saskatchewan & Manitoba \cr +\+ Ontario & Quebec & New Brunswick & Nova Scotia \cr +\+ & Prince Edward Island & Newfoundland \cr + +In this example, the columns are smaller, of course. In fact +there are two overlapping entries in the last row. This is +because \TeX{} will tab to the next tab position even if (unlike +a typewriter) it means going backward on the page. + +There is an interesting relationship between grouping and +tabbing. The {\tt \\settabs} values are only applicable to the +group in which it is defined, as would be expected. Thus it is +possible to temporarily change the tab settings by grouping +within braces. In addition, each table entry is in a group of +its own. Hence we may make a single entry boldface, for example, +by using {\tt \\bf} without braces. In addition, for any column +but the last one it is possible to \centre{} the entry or to +align it either on the left or on the right, or to fill a column +with a line or dots. Each entry has an implicit {\tt \\hfil} at +the end so that it will be at the left of the column by default. +Adding {\tt \\hfil} at the beginning of the entry will then cause +it to be \centred{}, just as with the {\tt \\line} control word. +Adding {\tt \\hfill} to the beginning will cause the entries to +be pushed to the right ({\tt \\hfill} acts just like {\tt \\hfil} +in that it absorbs excess space; when both {\tt \\hfil} and {\tt +\\hfill} appear, the {\tt \\hfill} takes precedence). +\toindex{hfill} + +\beginliteral +\settabs 4 \columns +\+ \hfil British Columbia & \hfill Alberta \qquad & \bf Saskatchewan +@hskip 2.5in & Manitoba \cr +\+ \hfil Ontario & \hfill Quebec \qquad & \bf New Brunswick +@hskip 2.5in & Nova Scotia \cr +\+ \hfil --- & \hfill * \qquad & \bf Newfoundland +@hskip 2.5in & Prince Edward Island \cr +\+ \dotfill && \hrulefill & \cr +@endliteral + +\noindent +will produce a table with the first column \centred{}, the second +column flush right with a {\tt \\qquad} of padding, and the third +column boldface. The control words {\tt \\dotfill} and {\tt \\hrulefill} +give alternative column entries. +\toindex{dotfill} +\toindex{hrulefill} +\vskip\baselineskip + +\settabs 4 \columns +\+ \hfil British Columbia & \hfill Alberta \qquad & \bf Saskatchewan + & Manitoba \cr +\+ \hfil Ontario & \hfill Quebec \qquad & \bf New Brunswick + & Nova Scotia \cr +\+ \hfil --- & \hfill * \qquad & \bf Newfoundland & + Prince Edward Island \cr +\+ \dotfill && \hrulefill & \cr + +\exercise Take the table of Canadian provinces above and \centre{} each +entry within its column. + +The tab positions can be set with much more flexibility than just +in equal columns. The general pattern is to use a sample line of +the form {\tt \\settabs \\+ $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \& $\ldots$ \\cr}. +The spacing between the alignment characters {\tt \&} +determines the position of the tabs. For example, {\tt \\settabs +\\+ \\hskip 1 in \& \\hskip 2 in \& \\hskip 1.5 in \& \\cr} would +set the first tab one inch from the left margin, the next another +two inches further in, and the third 1.5 inches more. It's also +possible to use text to determine the distance between tabs. So, +for example, another possible sample line is +{\tt \\settabs \\+ \\quad Province \\quad \& \\quad Population \\quad +\& \\quad Area \\quad \& \\cr}. +The tab column would then be just wide enough to accept the headings +with a quad of space on each side. Here's a more complete example: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\settabs \\+ \\quad Year \\quad \& \\quad Price \\quad + \& \\quad Dividend \& \\cr +\\+ \\hfill Year \\quad \& \\quad Price \\quad \& \\quad Dividend \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 1971 \\quad \& \\quad 41--54 \\quad \& \\qquad \$2.60 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 2 \\quad \& \\quad 41--54 \\quad \& \\qquad \$2.70 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 3 \\quad \& \\quad 46--55 \\quad \& \\qquad \$2.87 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 4 \\quad \& \\quad 40--53 \\quad \& \\qquad \$3.24 \\cr +\\+ \\hfill 5 \\quad \& \\quad 45--52 \\quad \& \\qquad \$3.40 \\cr +\enduser + +\noindent +gives \TeXref{247} +\vskip\baselineskip + +\settabs \+ \quad Year \quad & \quad Price \quad & \quad +Dividend \quad & \cr +\+ \hfill Year \quad & \quad Price \quad & \quad Dividend \cr +\+ \hfill 1971 \quad & \quad 41--54 \quad & \qquad \$2.60 \cr +\+ \hfill 2 \quad & \quad 41--54 \quad & \qquad \$2.70 \cr +\+ \hfill 3 \quad & \quad 46--55 \quad & \qquad \$2.87 \cr +\+ \hfill 4 \quad & \quad 40--53 \quad & \qquad \$3.24 \cr +\+ \hfill 5 \quad & \quad 45--52 \quad & \qquad \$3.40 \cr + +\exercise Take the table given above and move it closer to the +\centre{} of the page. + +\exercise One way to \centre{} a block of text, possibly several +lines long, is to use: {\tt \$\$\\vbox\lb$\ldots$\rb\$\$}. Use +this to \centre{} the table given above. Does the +{\tt \\settabs} line need to be included in the {\tt \\vbox}? + +\exercise Improve your last result by putting a line under the +column heads. The control word {\tt \\hrule} will insert a +horizontal line if introduced between two rows of a table. Now +repeat with the control word {\tt \\strut} after the {\tt \\+ } +of the line containing the column heads. (A {\tt \\strut} +effectively makes the spacing between lines a little greater. The +size can be altered from the default.)\TeXref{82} Note the extra +space that results. +\toindex{strut} + +\exercise Make the following table with decimal alignment, that +is, with the decimal points above each other (think of the dollar +figure as being right aligned and the cents figure as being left +aligned against the decimal point): +\medskip +\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr +\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr +\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr +\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr +\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr +\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr +\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr +\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr +\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr +\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr +\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr +\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr +\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr + + +\exercise Devise a method to make a rough table of contents by using +{\tt settabs} and having entries looking something like:\hfil\break +\leftline{\tt Getting Started \\dotfill \& \\hfill 1} +\leftline{\tt All Characters Great and Small \\dotfill \& \\hfill 9.} + +\subsection{Horizontal alignment with more sophisticated patterns} + +The {\tt \\settabs} environment is not difficult to use, and once +the pattern is set, it can be used repeatedly in different +portions of the text that follows. It does have some drawbacks, +however. For one, the column size must be set before the entries +are known. Also, even though in one case we wanted the third +column to be boldface, it had to be specified in each line. +These problems can be handled more easily by using the {\tt +\\halign} environment. +\TeXref{235--238} +\toindex{halign} + + +The general pattern in the {\tt \\halign} is as follows: +\beginuser +\\halign\lb{} <template line> \\cr +<first display line> \\cr +<second display line> \\cr +$\vdots$ +<last display line> \\cr +\rb +\enduser + +Both the template line and the display lines are divided into +sections by the alignment symbol {\tt \&}\null. In the template +line each section uses control words in the same manner as does +{\tt \\line\lb\rb}\null. The control word {\tt \\hfil}, for +example, can be used to display flush left, flush right, or \centred. +Fonts can be changed using {\tt \\bf}, {\tt \\it}, etc. +Text may also be entered in the template line. In addition the +special symbol {\tt \#} must appear once in each section. Each +display line is then set by substituting each section of the +display line into its corresponding section of the template line +at the occurrence of the {\tt \#}\null. + +Consider the following example: + +\beginuser +\\halign\lb\\hskip 2 in \$\#\$\& \\hfil \\quad \# \\hfil \& \\qquad \$\#\$ + \hskip 3in \& \\hfil \\quad \# \\hfil \\cr +\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr +\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr +\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr +\rb +\enduser + +\noindent The template line indicates that the first section of +the typeset text will always be set two inches in from the left +and also be set as mathematics. The second section will be \centred{} +after adding a quad of space on the left. The third +and fourth sections are handled similarly. Here is the result: +\vskip\baselineskip + +\halign{\hskip 2in $#$& \hfil\quad # \hfil & \qquad $#$ + & \hfil\quad # \hfil\cr +\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr +\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr +\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr +} + +In this case the first display line is formed by substituting {\tt +\\alpha} for the first {\tt \#} in the template line, {\tt alpha} for +the second {\tt \#}, {\tt \\beta} for the third and {\tt beta} for +the fourth. The whole line is then saved for setting. This +continues until all the lines are accumulated, and then they are set +with each column being as wide as necessary to accept all of its +entries (an implication of this accumulation process is that a table +with too many entries could cause \TeX{} to run out of memory; it's +%END -- PART 10 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 11 of a 15-part set +better not to set tables that are more than a page or so long). + +Hence the template line establishes the pattern for the table entries +and the display lines insert the individual entries. + +Sometimes horizontal and vertical lines are used to delimit +entries in a table. To put in horizontal lines, we use {\tt \\hrule}, +just as we did in the {\tt \\settabs} environment. +However, we don't want the rule to be aligned according to the +template, so we use the control word {\tt \\noalign}. Hence +horizontal lines are inserted by putting {\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}; +vertical lines are inserted by putting {\tt \\vrule} +in either the template or the display line. But still all is not +completely straightforward. Suppose we take our last example and +change the template to get vertical lines and also insert +horizontal lines. +\toindex{noalign} + +\beginuser +\\halign\lb\\hskip 2in\\vrule\\quad \$\#\$\\quad \& \\vrule \\hfil\\quad % +\# \\hfil +\hskip 2 in \& \\quad \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad +\hskip 2 in \& \\vrule\\hfil \\quad \# \\quad \\hfil \\vrule \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +doesn't give exactly what we want. + +\vskip\baselineskip + +\halign{\hskip 2in\vrule\quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \hfil +& \quad \vrule \quad $#$\quad & \vrule \hfil\quad # \quad \hfil +\vrule \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +} + +There are several deficiencies: the most obvious is the extended +horizontal lines, but also the text looks somewhat squashed into +the boxes. In addition, the text has a little extra space on the +right rather than being perfectly \centred. As in the {\tt \\settabs} +environment, lines can be made taller by including the control +word {\tt \\strut} in the template.\TeXref{82} A further problem +can occur when the page is set since \TeX{} may spread lines +apart slightly to improve the appearance of the page. This would +leave a gap between the vertical lines, so we use the control +word {\tt \\offinterlineskip} within the {\tt \\halign} to avoid +this. Finally we can get rid of the lines sticking out on the +left by deleting the {\tt \\hskip 2 in} from the template line. +To move the table to the same position we use {\tt \\moveright}. +Finally, we can see how to \centre{} the text by noting that the +extra space occurs in the template line after the {\tt \#} where +the text is inserted. +Hence we can improve our result by using +\toindex{offinterlineskip} +\toindex{moveright} + +\beginuser +\\moveright 2 in +\\vbox\lb\\offinterlineskip + +\\halign\lb\\strut \\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad % +\#\\quad \\hfil +\&\\vrule \\quad \$\#\$\\quad \&\\vrule \\hfil \\quad \#\\quad \\hfil % +\\vrule \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\alpha \& alpha \& \\beta \& beta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\gamma \& gamma \& \\delta \& delta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\\epsilon \& epsilon \& \\zeta \& zeta \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\rb\rb +\enduser + +\noindent +to get +\vskip\baselineskip + +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{\offinterlineskip +\halign{\strut \vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil +&\vrule \quad $#$\quad &\vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil +\vrule \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\alpha & alpha & \beta & beta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\gamma & gamma & \delta & delta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +\epsilon & epsilon & \zeta & zeta \cr +\noalign{\hrule} +} +} + + + +In general, if we want to construct a table with boxed entries +that is \centred{} on the page, we can do so by putting the {\tt +\\vbox} within a {\tt \\centerline\lb\rb}\null. But here is a +trick that will produce a nicer result. If the {\tt \\vbox} is +put in between double dollar signs, it will be typeset as +displayed mathematics. Of course, there is no actual +mathematics being displayed, but \TeX{} will put in a little +extra space above and below the table as is appropriate for a +display. Hence a \centred{} table with this nice spacing may be +formed using the following four steps: +(1) put a {\tt \\vbox} between double dollar signs, +(2) put an {\tt \\offinterlineskip} and an {\tt \\halign} within +the {\tt \\vbox}, +(3) in the {\tt \\halign} put a template line with a {\tt \\strut} +in the beginning, and a {\tt \\vrule} surrounding each entry, +(4) each row of the table should be preceded and followed by +{\tt \\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb}. + +Here is the pattern to be followed: + +\beginuser +\$\$\\vbox\lb +\\offinterlineskip +\\halign\lb +\\strut \\vrule \# \& \\vrule \# \& \dots \& \\vrule \# \\vrule \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +<first column entry> \& <second column entry> \& \dots % +\& <last column entry> \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\dots +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +<first column entry> \& <second column entry> \& \dots % +\& <last column entry> \\cr +\\noalign\lb\\hrule\rb +\rb +\rb\$\$ +\enduser + + + +\section{Rolling your own} + +In this section we'll create new control words. The making of +these new definitions, also called macros, is one of the most +powerful techniques available in \TeX\null. For the first +application of this facility, we'll see how a new definition can +save a lot of typing by substituting short strings for long ones. + +\subsection{The long and short of it} + +The control word {\tt \\def} is used to define new control words. +The simplest form for doing this is {\tt \\def\\newname\lb$\ldots$\rb}. +Then whenever {\tt \\newname} appears in your +input file, it will be replaced by whatever is between the braces +in the definition. Of course {\tt \\newname} must satisfy the +convention for naming control sequences, that is, it must be a +control word (all letters) or a control symbol (exactly one +nonletter). So, for example, suppose you write a document that +contains the phrase ``University of Manitoba'' many times. Then +{\tt \\def\\um\lb University of Manitoba\rb} defines a new +control sequence {\tt \\um} which can then be used at any time. +The sentence {\tt I take courses at the \\um.}\ then makes +sense. If the control word exists, your new definition will +replace it (this includes the control words defined by \TeX{}, so +a little care must be taken in the choice of name). Any +definition is, however, local to the group in which it is +defined. For example, \toindex{def} + +\beginuser +\\def\\um\lb University of Manitoba\rb +I took my first course at the \\um. +\lb +\\def\\um\lb Universit\\'e de Montr\\'eal\rb +Then I took my next course at the \\um. +\rb +Finally I took my last course at the \\um. +\enduser + +\noindent gives \medskip + +\def\um{University of Manitoba} +I took my first course at the \um. +{ +\def\um{Universit\'e de Montr\'eal} +Then I took my next course at the \um. +} +Finally I took my last course at the \um. + +Remember that all spaces after a control word are absorbed; this +includes the control words that you define. In the previous +example, any space after {\tt \\um} would be ignored. However, +the space after the first period and the space after the first +opening brace are different; if you look closely at the end of +the first sentence typeset using the example, you'll see some +extra space. This can be eliminated by putting a {\tt \%} after +the opening brace to make the rest of the line a comment. The +same holds for the line with the last closing brace. Careful +control of spaces often calls for the ``commenting out'' of the +end of lines in this manner. + +Once a new control sequence has been defined, it may be used in +new definitions. This is one way of making simple form letters. +First let's define a simple letter. + +\beginuser +\\def\\letter\lb +\\par \\noindent +Dear \\name, +\ +This is a little note to let you know that your name is \\name. +\ +\\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\\vskip 2\\baselineskip +\\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\\smallskip \\hrule +\rb +\enduser + +\def\letter{ +\par \noindent +Dear \name, + +This is a little note to let you know that your name is \name. + +\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\vskip 2\baselineskip\nobreak +\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\smallskip \hrule +} + +Now this letter uses the control word {\tt \\name}, which is +undefined at this point. When {\tt \\letter} is used, the +current value of {\tt \\name} will appear in the body of the +letter. Hence + +\beginuser +\\def\\name\lb Michael Bishop\rb +\\letter +\\def\\name\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb +\\letter +\enduser + +\noindent will produce two copies of the letter, each with the +correct name, followed by a horizontal rule: + +\def\name{Michael Bishop} +\letter +\goodbreak +\def\name{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} +\letter + +We could have put anything between the braces in +{\tt \\def\\name\lb$\ldots$\rb}; it could be several paragraphs +long and use other control sequences (although in this context it +would be a little strange). Of course it is possible to use {\tt +\\vfill \\eject} as part of the definition of {\tt \\letter} to +eject the page when the letter is completed. + +\exercise Make a form letter that uses the control words {\tt \\name}, +{\tt \\address}, {\tt \\city}, {\tt \\\province}, and {\tt +\\\postcode}. + +\exercise An unnumbered list of items is often made +using {\tt \\item\lb\$\\bullet\$\rb}. Define a macro {\tt \\bitem} +that does this, and use it for several paragraphs. Now change +each bullet to a dash (note that a simple change in the macro +propagates all the necessary changes in all of the paragraphs). + +\exercise Suppose that you are going to have to format several +paragraphs in a paper using {\tt \\hangindent = 30 pt}, {\tt \\hangafter += 4}, and {\tt \\filbreak} (don't worry about what +these control sequences actually do; the only important thing +for now is that once they are set, they remain in effect for only +one paragraph). Define a single control sequence {\tt \\setpar} +which can then be put in front of each paragraph that needs to be +so formatted. + + +\subsection{Filling in with parameters} + +It's possible to use macros in much greater generality by +allowing parameters to be passed. The idea is somewhat similar +to the template line in the {\tt \\halign} environment. First, +let's look at the case where there is one parameter. In this +case a control sequence is defined by {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\lb +$\ldots$\rb}\null. The symbol {\tt \#1} may appear between the +braces (several times) in the definition of {\tt \\newword}. The +material between the braces acts like a template. When {\tt +\\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb} appears in the text, it will use the +definition of {\tt \\newword} with the material between the +braces inserted into the template at every occurrence of {\tt +\#1} in the original definition. {\bf The spacing in the original +definition is crucial here; there must be no spaces before the +opening brace}. + +As an example, we could use the form letter of the last section in +the following way: + + +\beginuser +\\def\\letter\#1\lb +\\par \\noindent +Dear \#1, +\vskip\baselineskip +This is a little note to let you know that your name is \#1. +\vskip\baselineskip +\\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\\vskip 2\\baselineskip +\\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\\smallskip \\hrule +\rb +\enduser + +\def\letter#1{ +\par \noindent +Dear #1, + +This is a little note to let you know that your name is #1. + +\hskip 2 in Sincerely yours, +\vskip 2\baselineskip +\hskip 2 in The NameNoter +\smallskip \hrule +} + +Now we can use + +\beginuser +\\letter\lb Michael Bishop\rb +\\letter\lb Michelle L\\'ev\\\^{}eque\rb +\enduser + +\noindent to get \medskip +\letter{Michael Bishop} +\goodbreak +\letter{Michelle L\'ev\^eque} + +\def\displaytext#1{$$\vbox{\hsize=12cm #1}$$} +\bigskip +\displaytext{ +Now let's define +{\tt\\def\\displaytext\#1\lb \$\$\\vbox\lb\\hsize = 12 cm \#1\rb\$\$\rb} +as a new macro to display text. +Then {\tt \\displaytext\lb$\ldots$\rb} will cause the material +between the braces to be put in a paragraph with width 12 \centimetre +s and then \centred{} with some space added above and +below as is appropriate for a display. This paragraph was set +using this {\tt \\displaytext} macro. +} + +The parameter of a macro can be no more than one paragraph long. +If a new paragraph is encountered as part of a parameter, an +error will be generated. This is a safety feature, for +otherwise the accidental omission of a closing brace would cause +\TeX{} to eat up the rest of the file as the parameter. + +\exercise Define a macro {\tt \\yourgrade} so that {\tt +\\yourgrade\lb89\rb} will cause the following sentence to be +typeset: The grade you received is 89\%\null. It should be able +to work with any other percentage, of course. +\medbreak + +It's not really any harder to use more than one parameter. The form +used to define a new control word with two parameters is +{\tt \\def\\newword\#1\#2\lb$\ldots$\rb}. The definition between the +braces may have {\tt \#1} and {\tt \#2} occurring in it, perhaps +several times. When {\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb} +appears in the text, the material between the first set of braces +replaces {\tt \#1} in the definition and the material between the +second set of braces replaces {\tt \#2} in the definition. Here is +an example followed by its result: + +\beginuser +\\def\\talks\#1\#2\lb \#1 talks to \#2.\rb +\\talks\lb John\rb\lb Jane\rb +\\talks\lb Jane\rb\lb John\rb +\\talks\lb John\rb\lb me\rb +\\talks\lb She\rb\lb Jane\rb +\enduser + +%END -- PART 11 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 12 of a 15-part set +\def\talks#1#2{#1 talks to #2.} +\talks{John}{Jane} +\talks{Jane}{John} +\talks{John}{me} +\talks{She}{Jane} + +\exercise In a manner similar to the previous exercise, define a +macro {\tt \\yourgrade} so that {\tt \\yourgrade\lb89\rb\lb85\rb} +causes the following sentence to be typeset: You received a grade +of 89\% on your first exam and a grade of 85\% on your second +exam. + +\exercise Write a macro {\tt \\frac} so that {\tt \\frac\lb +a\rb\lb b\rb} will typeset the fraction ${a\over b}$. + +\bigskip +It's important not to put any spaces before the first brace in +the definition. If you do, \TeX{} will interpret the definition +differently from the way described here. For more than two +parameters, the method of definition is similar. To define a +control word with three parameters, start with +{\tt \\def\\newword\#1\#2\#3\lb$\ldots$\rb}. Then {\tt \#1}, +{\tt \#2} and {\tt \#3} may occur between the braces. When +{\tt \\newword\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb\lb$\ldots$\rb} +appears in the text, the material between each set of braces +replaces its corresponding symbol in the definition of the +control word. The parameters may go up to {\tt \#9}. + +\subsection{By any other name} + +Sometimes it's convenient to be able to give a control word an +alternative name. For example, if you prefer a different spelling, +you might want to call the control word {\tt \\centerline} by the +name of {\tt \\centreline}. This can be done by using the {\tt +\\let} control word. The use of {\tt \\let \\centreline = +\\centerline} now makes a new (as well as the old) control word +available. This can also be used with mathematical names as with +{\tt \\let \\tensor = \\otimes}. It is then possible to use +\TeXref{206--207} + +\toindex{let} +\toindex{centreline} +\toindex{tensor} + +\let\tensor=\otimes +\beginuser +\$\$ (A \\tensor B) (C \\tensor D) = AC \\tensor BD. \$\$ +\enduser + +\noindent to get + +$$ (A \tensor B) (C \tensor D) = AC \tensor BD. $$ + + + +\exercise Define control sequences {\tt \\ll}, {\tt \\cl}, and +{\tt \\rl} that are equivalent to {\tt \\leftline}, {\tt \\centerline}, +and {\tt \\rightline}. + +The {\tt \\let} control word allows users to name their own +control sequences. This allows a personalized set of control +sequences that may be used in place of the ones provided by \TeX{} +when desired. + +\section{To err is human} + +In some ways \TeX{} is not completely divine. \TeX{} will respond +to invalid input by giving an error message to the screen if you +are using it interactively and also to the log file. Because +\TeX{} is very complicated, the actual point where the error is +detected may be deep within the program, so a full report of the +error may be rather long and involved. Not only that, \TeX{} +will try to recover from errors, and will report what was done in +that process. For this reason the reading of error messages may +be a little difficult for the uninitiated. The key is to know +what is important from your perspective and what can be safely +ignored. So let's look at some typical errors and the messages +that they generate. + +\subsection{The forgotten bye} + +The first mistake that we'll look at is one that everyone makes +at some time, namely, the omission of {\tt \\bye} at the end of +the file. If you're using \TeX{} interactively, an asterisk \hfil +\break +\leftline{\tt *} +will be printed on the screen and nothing will happen since, +having not been told to finish up, \TeX{} is waiting for input +(from your keyboard). Whatever you type in will be appended to +whatever has been input from your files. The usual response is +to type {\tt \\bye<CR>}\fnote{{\tt <CR>} is the key +used to end a line of input. It might be called the carriage +return, enter, or simply the return key on your terminal. +Sometimes it is indicated by a large left arrow.} since that will +finish things up. + +\subsection{The misspelled or unknown control sequence} + +Using a misspelled or other control sequence unknown to \TeX{} is +a common error. If \TeX{} is being run as a batch job, an error +message is printed and the job goes on ignoring the control +sequence. When using \TeX{} interactively, it is possible to +repair errors (of course this does not change the original input +file, so that must be done when the \TeX{} job is completed). +Suppose we have a \TeX{} input file consisting of the following +two lines: +\beginuser +\\line\lb The left side \\hfli the right side\rb +\\bye +\enduser + +The control word should be {\tt \\hfil}, of course. Here is the +message that would be sent to your terminal: + +\beginuser +\obeyspaces +! Undefined control sequence. +l.1 \\line\lb The left side \\hfli +\ the right side\rb +? +\enduser + +The first line starts with {\tt !} and gives the error message. +Next comes the line number on which the error occurred and the +part of the line that was read successfully. The next line gives +the continuation of the line after the error. At this point the +question mark means that \TeX{} is waiting for a response. There +are several legal ones: +\nobreak +\maketable [Responses to \TeX{} error messages] +\halign{ +\strut \hfil # \hfil & \quad \hfil \tt # \hfil & # \hfil\cr + \bf Desired response & \bf Input to \TeX{} & \bf \hfil Result\cr + \noalign{\hrule} \noalign{\smallskip} + Help & h<CR>& Reason for stopping listed on terminal.\cr + Insert & i<CR>& Next line inserted into \TeX{} input file.\cr + Exit & x<CR>& Exit from \TeX\null. Completed pages to DVI file.\cr + Scroll & s<CR>& List message and continue after minor errors.\cr + Run & r<CR>& List message and continue after any errors.\cr + Quiet & q<CR>& All terminal listings suppressed.\cr + Carry on &<CR> & \TeX{} continues as best it can.\cr + } + +In our last example a reasonable response might be to enter {\tt +h<CR>} to get a help message, then {\tt i<CR>} to insert more +text, (at which point \TeX{} responds with {\tt insert> } and +finally {\tt \\hfil} as the correct control word. Here is the +result: + + +\beginuser +? h <CR> +The control sequence at the end of the top line +of your error message was never \\def'ed. If you have +misspelled it (e.g., `\\hobx'), type `I' and the correct +spelling (e.g., `I\\hbox'). Otherwise just continue, +and I'll forget about whatever was undefined. + +? i <CR> +insert>\\hfil +[1] +\enduser + +The final {\tt [1]} means that the first (and only) page has +been completed and sent to the DVI file. The original input file +still needs to be fixed, of course. + +\subsection{The misnamed font} + +A misspelled font name is an error similar to the misspelled +control sequence. The error message is different and a little +confusing at first. Suppose for example the following appears in +your input file: + +\leftline{\tt \\font\\sf = cmss01} + +It should be {\tt cmss10}, that is, the numbers have been +transposed. Here are the error and help messages: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +! Font \\sf=cmss01 not loadable: Metric (TFM) file not found. +<to be read again> +\ \\par +\\bye ->\\par +\ \\vfill \\supereject \\end +l.2 \\bye + +? h <CR> +I wasn't able to read the size data for this font, +so I will ignore the font specification. +[Wizards can fix TFM files using TFtoPL/PLtoTF.] +You might try inserting a different font spec; +e.g., type `I\\font<same font id>=<substitute font name>'. +\enduser + +The TFM (\TeX{} font metric) file is an auxiliary file that is +used by \TeX\null. So this strange message is just telling you +that the font you defined doesn't exist on your computer system. + +\subsection{Mismatched mathematics} + +Another common error is to use {\tt \$} or {\tt \$\$} to start a +mathematical expression and then to forget the second {\tt \$} +or {\tt \$\$} when finished. The text that follows is then +treated as mathematics, and to make matters worse, if more +mathematics is started by a new {\tt \$} or {\tt \$\$}, it will +then be treated as ordinary text. Needless to say, error +messages galore may be generated. \TeX{} will attempt to correct +the problem by inserting a new {\tt \$} or {\tt \$\$}; in any +case, the problem is corrected by the end of the paragraph since +a new paragraph will automatically start as ordinary text. + +Consider the following correct input and its output: +\beginuser +Since \$f(x) > 0\$, \$a<b\$, and \$f(x)\$ is continuous, we know that +\$\\int\_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. +\enduser + +Since $f(x) > 0$, $a<b$, and $f(x)$ is continuous, we know that +$\int_a^b f(x)\,dx >0$. + +If we now leave out the second dollar sign in {\tt \$f(x)\$} we +then get the following error and help messages: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +! Missing \$ inserted. +<inserted text> +\ \$ +<to be read again> +\ \\intop +\\int ->\\intop +\ \\nolimits +l.2 \$\\int +\ \_{}a\^{}b f(x)\\,dx >0\$. +? h <CR> +I've inserted a begin-math/end-math symbol since I think +you left one out. Proceed, with fingers crossed. + +? +\enduser + +The line starting with {\tt !} tells us what has been done. The +line starting with {\tt l.2} shows us where we were in the input +file when the error occurred. As in our other examples, the part +of the line successfully read, that is, through {\tt \\int}, +appears on one line, and the continuation appears on the next +line. The remaining material may seem somewhat obscure. These +intermediate messages show what was happening further in the guts +of the \TeX{} program when the error occurred. The newer user +may ignore them. + +Here is what you get as output after \TeX{} tries to recover from +the error. + +Since $f(x) > 0$, $a<b$, and $f(x) is continuous, we know that +\int_a^b f(x)\,dx >0$. + +There is a stretch of text that is italic with no spacing. This +is typical for normal text being processed as mathematics; if you +see this in your output, you have almost certainly left out a +{\tt \$} or {\tt \$\$}. + +\subsection{Mismatched braces} + +It's easy to forget or mismatch the closing braces when making +groups. The result may be a relatively benign error, or it may +be catastrophic. Suppose, for example, you have {\tt \lb\\bf A +bold title } in your text with the closing right brace omitted. +The result will be the same as if no opening brace were there; +that is, the rest of the paper will be boldface if no other font +changes are made. You will get the following message at the end +of the file: + +{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 1)} + +If you had made the same mistake twice, then there would be two +more opening braces than closing braces, and you would get the +message: + +{\tt (\\end occurred inside a group at level 2)} + +\TeX{} doesn't know that the closing brace is missing until it +reaches the end of the input file. Hence the message doesn't +tell you where you went wrong. If the location of the missing +brace isn't obvious, it's always possible to insert {\tt \\bye} +halfway through your document. Running \TeX{} again will cause +only the first half to be processed, and if the error message +persists, you will know that the error is in the first half of +the document. By moving the {\tt \\bye} to different places, the +error can be localized. Also, looking at the output often +reveals what has gone wrong. + +Missing opening braces are much easier to spot. Here is a two +line input file and the resulting error and help messages: + +\beginuser +\\bf Here is the start\rb, but there is the finish. +\\bye +\enduser + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +! Too many \rb's. +l.1 \\bf Here is the start\rb +\ , but there is the finish. + +? h <CR> +You've closed more groups than you opened. +Such booboos are generally harmless, so keep going. +\enduser + +It's quite possible, of course, that the line that is supposed to +have the missing left brace will not be on the line where \TeX{} +catches the error. + +A mismatched brace in the definition of a new control sequence +can cause a major error. Since such a definition may include +several paragraphs, it may not be caught by the end of a +paragraph, but, rather will just keep piling more and more text +into the unfinished definition. It's even possible for \TeX{} to +run out of memory as it keeps eating up more text! This is called +a ``runaway definition''. +\TeXref{206} +Here is a two line input file with a runaway definition: + +\vbox{ +\beginuser +\\def\\newword\lb the def +\\newword +\\bye +\enduser +} + +Here are the resulting error and help messages: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +Runaway definition? +->the def +! Forbidden control sequence found while scanning definition of \\newword. +<inserted text> +\ \rb +<to be read again> +\ \\bye +l.3 \\bye + +? h <CR> +I suspect you have forgotten a `\rb', causing me +to read past where you wanted me to stop. +I'll try to recover; but if the error is serious, +you'd better type `E' or `X' now and fix your file. + +? <CR> +No pages of output. +\enduser + +This is obviously a serious error. If it occurs at the beginning +of a file (as in the previous example), there will be no output +at all! + +If a closing brace is left out while using a macro with +parameters, the runaway definition will be terminated at the end +of the paragraph. So if {\tt \\def\\newword\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb} has +been defined and you use {\tt \\newword\lb$\dots$ } without the +closing brace, then at most one paragraph will be ruined. +\TeXref{205} + +In short, when an error occurs, make a note of the line number to +see how much of the input file has been read, and also the line +%END -- PART 12 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 13 of a 15-part set +starting with an exclamation point to get a short description of +the error. If the error is still not clear, ask \TeX{} for more +information by typing {\tt h<CR>}. For small errors, \TeX{} can +carry on quite a way if you just keep hitting the {\tt <CR>}. + + + + +\section{Digging a little deeper} + +In this section we look at a few topics that allow \TeX{} to be +used with greater flexibility or efficiency. As the documents +being produced get longer, different techniques can help make +their creation easier. + +\subsection{Big files, little files} + +\TeX{} can read and write files as it runs. This makes it +possible to use files that are smaller and more convenient to +handle by creating a master file that reads the smaller files in +the proper order. This document, for example, consists of ten +sections plus an introduction. In addition, there are macros +that are used for all sections. The macros can be put in a file +called, say, {\tt macros.tex}, the introduction can be put in {\tt +intro.tex}, and each section put in its own file. The control +word {\tt \\input} is then used to read in a file. In general, +{\tt \\input filename} will cause the file called {\tt +filename.tex} to be read in and processed immediately, just as if +the text of {\tt filename.tex} had been part of the file that +read it in. This file may input other files. In fact it's often +convenient to make a single file that reads in smaller pieces, +perhaps as follows: +\toindex{input} + +\beginuser +\\input macros +\\input intro +\\input sec1 +\\input sec2 +\\input sec3 +\\input sec4 +\\input sec5 +\\input sec6 +\\input sec7 +\\input sec8 +\\input sec9 +\\input sec10 +\enduser + +While the text is still being heavily edited, it's possible to +process only some of the files by putting a {\tt \%} at the +beginning of each line that contains a file to be skipped (this +is sometimes called ``commenting out'' the unwanted files). + +The {\tt \\input} control word also allows the use of +predesigned macros. The macros for a memorandum, for example, +might be put in a file called {\tt memo.tex}. These macros might +set up the right {\tt \\hsize}, {\tt \\vsize} and other +parameters, and might stamp the time and date. Once this has +been set up, all memoranda may be started with {\tt \\input memo} +to make them come out with a common format. + +Be sure that you don't have the control word {\tt \\bye} in your +input file or the \TeX{} program will stop at that point. + +\exercise Make a \TeX{} input file that reads in a second file. +Try reading in the second file twice using the {\tt \\input} +control word twice. + +\subsection{Larger macro packages} + +Designing macros that can be used with many types of documents +is obviously useful. Most universities, for example, have +specific and often complicated format requirements for theses. A +collection of macros, that is, a macro package that meets all +these specifications could be somewhat time consuming to design +and could be quite long. It is possible to use the {\tt \\input} +command to use such a macro package, just as it is possible to +use it with your own macros. But \TeX{} has a better facility +for larger packages. + +A macro package can be put in a special form that can be quickly +read by \TeX\null. This is called a {\sl format file}, and +the exact form is of technical interest only. The important +thing is it allows \TeX{} to be run with many new control +sequences predefined. Certain commands called {\sl primitives\/} +are part of the definition of \TeX\null. + +What we have described in this manual is sometimes called {\sl +plain \TeX\/}, and consists of the \TeX{} primitives plus a set +of macros in a format file (that is usually included in \TeX{} +automatically) called {\tt plain.fmt}. For the curious, any +control word can be viewed using {\tt \\show}. The command {\tt +\\show\\centerline} will display +\beginliteral +> \centerline=macro: +#1->\line {\hss #1\hss }. +@endliteral +\noindent +on the screen and in the log file. You can use {\tt \\show} with +your own macros, too. If you end up using several macro +packages, you can use the {\tt \\show} command to see if a +particular macro is defined. + +Many computer \centre{}s have the \LaTeX{} macro package. This +package allows the user to create an index, a table of contents, +and a bibliography automatically. It also has the ability to +insert some elementary graphic figures such as circles, ovals, +lines, and arrows. \LaTeX{} also uses special predifined files +called {\sl style files\/} to set up +specific page parameters. Many different style files are +available; some journals will accept papers on a magnetic medium +for direct processing if they are prepared using \LaTeX{} and a +designated style file. It is not difficult to shift from \TeX{} +to \LaTeX\null. A user's guide by the author of the macro +package, Leslie Lamport, is available: +{\bf \LaTeX{}: A document preparation system}% +\fnote{Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1986, +ISBN 0-201-15790-X.}. + +The American Mathematical Society uses the \AMSTeX{} macro +package for its journals. It is readily available from that +Society, and papers may be submitted to their journals on a +magnetic medium using \AMSTeX\null. A manual by Michael Spivak, +{\bf The Joy of \TeX{}}\fnote{American Mathematical +Society, 1986, ISBN 0-8218-2999-8}, is available from the +American Mathematical Society. + +Other macro packages exist, and undoubtedly more will be +developed. They are usually of modest cost and can be very +effective in some circumstances. The \TeX{} Users Group +announces the existence of new macro packages in its +publications. + +\subsection{Horizontal and vertical lines} + +Making horizontal and vertical lines is easy using \TeX\null. +When typing in text, {\tt \\hrule } will cause the current +paragraph to end, will draw a horizontal line whose width is the +current value of {\tt \\hsize}, and then will continue on with a +new paragraph. It's possible to specify the width of the hrule +as, for example, with {\tt \\hrule width 5 cm}; also you can use +{\tt \\vskip} or {\tt \\bigskip} to put some space above or below +the hrule. Here is an example: + +\beginuser +\\parindent = 0 pt \\parskip = 12 pt +Here is the text before the hrule. +\\bigskip +\\hrule width 3 in +And here is some text after the hrule. +\enduser + +\noindent that produces +\vfill\eject + +{ +\parindent = 0 pt +Here is the text before the hrule. +\bigskip +\hrule width 3 in +And here is some text after the hrule. +} + +In fact this hrule not only has width of three inches, but also +by default has a height (the amount by which the hrule extends +above the baseline on which the type is being set) of 0.4 points +and a depth (the amount by which the hrule extends below the +baseline on which the type is being set) of 0 points. Each of +these parameters can be individually set. Thus if we change the +last example to say + +{\tt \\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt } we get + +{ +\parindent = 0 pt +Here is the text before the hrule. +\bigskip +\hrule width 3 in height 2 pt depth 3 pt +And here is some text after the hrule. +} + +The three parameters {\tt width}, {\tt height}, and {\tt depth} may +be given in any order. +\toindex{hrule} +\TeXref{221--222} + +A vrule may be defined analogously to an hrule by specifying the +{\tt width}, {\tt height}, and {\tt depth} if desired. +\TeXref{221--222} +But, unlike the hrule, the vrule will not automatically start a +new paragraph when it appears. By default the vrule will be 0.4 +points wide, and will be as high as the line on which it is being +set. Hence + +\toindex{vrule} + +\beginuser +Here is some text before the vrule +\\vrule\\ +and this follows the vrule. +\enduser + +\noindent will give + +Here is some text before the vrule +\vrule\ +and this follows the vrule. + +\exercise Make three horizontal lines that are 15 points apart, +3 inches in length, and one inch in from the left margin. + +Although we usually think of hrules and vrules as horizontal and +vertical lines, they need not necessarily be used that way. For +example: + +\beginuser +\\noindent +Name: \\vrule height 0 pt depth 0.4 pt width 3 in +\enduser + +\noindent will give + +\noindent +Name: \vrule height 0 pt depth 0.4 pt width 3 in + +\exercise Make the following grid (each box is 1 \centimetre{} square): +\medskip +\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{ +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +} + + +\subsection{Boxes within boxes} + +We have already seen (in our discussion of line shapes) that +vboxes and hboxes are objects that may be overfull or underfull. +In this section we will look at these boxes in a bit more detail. +They may be stacked or lined up to allow a variety of positions +for text on the page. + +An hbox is formed by using {\tt \\hbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}\null. +Once the material between the braces has been put into an hbox, +it is set and can not be further split (this means that material +that must go on one line can be put into an hbox, and it will +then remain as one unit). It's possible to specify the size of +an hbox.\TeXref{64--66} Thus {\tt \\hbox to 5 cm\lb contents of +the box\rb } will produce an hbox exactly five \centimetre{}s +wide containing the typeset text ``contents of the box''. +It's easy to get an underfull or overfull box in this way. An +underfull box can be avoided by using {\tt \\hfil} to absorb the +extra space. When no dimension is given, an hbox is formed that +is just wide enough to hold the enclosed text. +\toindex{hbox} + +Similarly, vboxes are formed using {\tt \\vbox\lb $\ldots$\rb}. +What makes these boxes interesting is that when a vbox contains +hboxes, these hboxes are stacked one above the other and set as a +unit. Similarly, an hbox can contain vboxes, which will be set in +a row. Suppose we take three hboxes and put them in a vbox: +\toindex{vbox} + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent gives +\vskip \baselineskip +\vbox{ + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + } + +Now suppose we take another vbox: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +These two vboxes can be put into an hbox; this will cause them to +be placed side by side. In other words + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\hbox\lb +\ \\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 1\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 2\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 3\rb +\ \rb +\ \\vbox\lb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 4\rb +\ \\hbox\lb{}Contents of box 5\rb +\ \rb +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent gives +\vskip \baselineskip +\hbox{ + \vbox{ + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + } + \vbox{ + \hbox{Contents of box 4} + \hbox{Contents of box 5} + } + } + + +Notice that the two vboxes are aligned so that the bottoms are +level; also there is a little space at the beginning of each line +and also between the vboxes. Actually, the reason these spaces +appear is rather subtle. Unless a line ends in a control word, +there is always a space between the last entry in one line and +the first one in the next line. For this reason the space between +the vboxes comes from the end of the line containing the closing +brace of the first vbox. Similarly, the spaces at the beginning +of the line is caused by the space after the opening brace of the +hbox. These spaces can be avoided by ``commenting out'' the end of +the line, that is, by putting a {\tt \%} immediately after the +closing brace of the first vbox or the opening brace of the hbox. +If you try to put some vboxes together and accidentally get extra +space by forgetting to comment out the end of the line, you're in +good company. Some very able and experienced \TeX{} users have +done the same thing! + +Extra space, say one \centimetre, can be added by putting an +{\tt \\hskip 1 cm } between the vboxes. They can be aligned so +that the tops are level by using {\tt \\vtop } instead of +{\tt \\vbox}. Making these two changes results in: + +\toindex{vtop} +\vskip \baselineskip +\hbox{ + \vtop{ + \hbox{Contents of box 1} + \hbox{Contents of box 2} + \hbox{Contents of box 3} + } + \hskip 1 cm + \vtop{ + \hbox{Contents of box 4} + \hbox{Contents of box 5} + } + } + + +We can combine vboxes, hboxes, vrules, and hrules to get boxed +text. How might we construct such a box? One way is to take the +material to be boxed and put it in an hbox preceded and followed +by a vrule. Then put this in a vbox with hrules above and below +it. This gives us: + +\beginuser \obeyspaces +\\vbox\lb +\ \\hrule +\ \\hbox\lb\\vrule{} The text to be boxed \\vrule\rb +\ \\hrule +\ \rb +\enduser + +\noindent which results in +\vskip \baselineskip +\vbox{ + \hrule + \hbox{\vrule{} The text to be boxed \vrule} + \hrule + } +%END -- PART 13 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 14 of a 15-part set + +This produces boxed material, but there is no margin around it +and so it looks very cramped (of course \TeX{} is just giving us +what we asked for). We can improve the spacing by putting a {\tt +\\strut} at the beginning of the hbox to make it a little taller +and deeper. This gives us: +\vskip \baselineskip +\vbox{ + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} The text to be boxed \vrule} + \hrule + } + +\def\boxtext#1{% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% + \hrule + }% +} + +\exercise Why is it that we were forced to add extra space above +and below the text but not before and after it? + + +\exercise Use the method of boxing material to put text \centred{} +in a box which extends from the left to the right margin. + +\exercise By stacking nine little boxes, make the following magic square: +\vskip\baselineskip + +\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} +\hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} +\hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} +} + +\exercise Notice that the magic square in the previous exercise +has internal lines that are twice as thick as the outside ones. +Also, there is a tiny space at the intersection of the internal +lines. Fix up the magic square so this doesn't happen. + +\def\boxtext#1 {% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% + \hrule + } +} + +\exercise Write a macro { \tt \\boxtext\#1\lb$\ldots$\rb } which +will take the text between the braces and put a box around it. Test +your macro by making up a sentence with every other word boxed. +I'm \boxtext not quite \boxtext sure why \boxtext someone +would \boxtext do this \boxtext since the \boxtext result is \boxtext +pretty strange. Note how the baseline and the bottom of +the surrounding boxes align. + +\def\boxtext#1 {% +\lower 3.5pt \hbox{% + \vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule #1\vrule}% + \hrule + } + } +} + +It's easy to move boxes up, down, left, or right on the page. A +{\tt \\vbox} can be moved to the right one inch by using {\tt +\\moveright 1 in \\vbox\lb\dots\rb}. To move it to the left, +use {\tt \\moveleft}. Similarly, an {\tt \\hbox} can be moved up +or down using {\tt \\raise} or {\tt \\lower}. +\toindex{moveright} +\toindex{moveleft} +\toindex{raise} +\toindex{lower} + +\exercise Rewrite the {\tt \\boxtext} macro from the previous +exercise so that all of the text is aligned (hint: by default the +depth of a strut is 3.5 points). This would give a sentence like +the following: I'm \boxtext not quite \boxtext sure why \boxtext +someone would \boxtext do this \boxtext since the \boxtext result +is \boxtext pretty strange. + +It's possible to fill a box with either an hrule or with dots. +The idea is to use {\tt \\hrulefill } or {\tt \\dotfill } in the +hbox. + +\beginuser +\\hbox to 5 in\lb Getting Started\\hrulefill 1\rb +\\hbox to 5 in\lb All Characters Great and Small\\hrulefill 9\rb +\\hbox to 5 in\lb The Shape of Things to come\\hrulefill 17\rb +\\hbox to 5 in\lb No Math Anxiety Here!\\hrulefill 30\rb +\enduser + +\noindent gives +\vskip \baselineskip + +\hbox to 5 in{Getting Started\hrulefill 1} +\hbox to 5 in{All Characters Great and Small\hrulefill 9} +\hbox to 5 in{The Shape of Things to come\hrulefill 17} +\hbox to 5 in{No Math Anxiety Here!\hrulefill 30} + +If {\tt \\hrulefill} is replaced by {\tt \\dotfill} we get +\vskip \baselineskip + +\hbox to 5 in{Getting Started\dotfill 1} +\hbox to 5 in{All Characters Great and Small\dotfill 9} +\hbox to 5 in{The Shape of Things to come\dotfill 17} +\hbox to 5 in{No Math Anxiety Here!\dotfill 30} + +\exercise Make a boxed headline appear at the top of the page +that is like the one used in this manual. + + + +\section{Control word list} + +Here is a list of the control words given in this manual. +If you want more detail about these words than is given here, +check the index of {\bf The \TeX book}. + +\vskip 2\baselineskip +\centerline{Control symbols} +\vskip\baselineskip + +\settabs \+ \hskip 1.5 in & \hskip 1.65in & \hskip 1.3in & \cr +{\tt +\+ \\\sp{} 4 & \\!\ 34 & \\" 11 & \\' 11 \cr +\+ \\, 34 & \\.\ 11 & \\/ 16 & \\; 34 \cr +\+ \\= 11 & \\> 34 & \\\# 10& \\\$ 6 \cr +\+ \\\% 6 & \\\& 10 & \\\char '173{} 10 & \\\char '175{} 10 \cr +\+ \\\underbar{ } 10 & \\` 11 & \\{\accent "7E } 10 & \\{\accent 94 } 10 \cr +\+ \\| 40 \cr +} + +\vskip 2\baselineskip +\centerline{Control words} +\vskip\baselineskip + +{\tt +\+ \\AA 12 & \\aa 12 & \\acute 36 & \\AE 12 \cr +\+ \\ae 12 & \\aleph 37 & \\alpha 35 & \\angle 37 \cr +\+ \\approx 37 & \\arccos 41 & \\arcsin 41 & \\arctan 41 \cr +\+ \\arg 41 & \\ast 36 & \\b 12 & \\backslash 37 \cr +\+ \\bar 36 & \\baselineskip 22 & \\beta 35 & \\bf 16 \cr +\+ \\biggl 40 & \\Biggl 40 & \\biggr 40 & \\Biggr 40 \cr +\+ \\bigl 40 & \\Bigl 40 & \\bigr 40 & \\Bigr 40 \cr +\+ \\bigskip 26 & \\break 26 & \\breve 36 & \\bullet 36 \cr +\+ \\bye 4 & \\c 12 & \\cap 36 & \\cdot 36 \cr +\+ \\centerline 26 & \\centreline 60 & \\check 36 & \\chi 35 \cr +\+ \\circ 35 & \\columns 48 & \\cos 41 & \\cosh 41 \cr +\+ \\cot 41 & \\coth 41 & \\csc 41& \\cup 36 \cr +\+ \\d 12 & \\ddag 27 & \\ddot 36 & \\def 55 \cr +\+ \\deg 41 & \\delta 35 & \\Delta 35 & \\det 41 \cr +\+ \\diamond 36 & \\dim 41 & \\div 36 & \\dot 36 \cr +\+ \\dotfill 49 & \\dots 14 & \\downarrow 41 & \\Downarrow 41 \cr +\+ \\eject 20 & \\ell 37 & \\endinsert 26 & \\epsilon 35 \cr +\+ \\eqalign 45 & \\eqalignno 46 & \\eqno 46 & \\equiv 37 \cr +\+ \\eta 35 & \\exists 37 & \\exp 41 & \\flat 37 \cr +\+ \\folio 28 & \\font 16 & \\footline 28 & \\footnote 27 \cr +\+ \\forall 37 & \\gamma 35 & \\Gamma 35 & \\gcd 41 \cr +\+ \\geq 37 & \\grave 36 & \\H 12 & \\halign 51 \cr +\+ \\hang 23 & \\hangafter 23 & \\hangindent 23 & \\hat 36 \cr +\+ \\hbadness 29 & \\hbox 72 & \\headline 28 & \\hfil 27 \cr +\+ \\hfill 26 & \\hfuzz 29 & \\hoffset 20 & \\hom 41 \cr +\+ \\hrule 71 & \\hrulefill 49 & \\hsize 20 & \\hskip 27 \cr +\+ \\hyphenation 30 & \\i 11 & \\Im 37 & \\in 37 \cr +\+ \\inf 41 & \\infty 37 & \\input 68 & \\int 38 \cr +\+ \\iota 35 & \\it 16 & \\item 24 & \\itemitem 24 \cr +\+ \\j 11 & \\kappa 35 & \\ker 41 & \\L 12 \cr +\+ \\l 12 & \\lambda 35 & \\Lambda 35 & \\langle 41 \cr +\+ \\lceil 41 & \\left 44 & \\leftline 26 & \\leftskip 23 \cr +\+ \\leq 37 & \\leqalignno 46 & \\leqno 46 & \\let 61 \cr +\+ \\lfloor 41 & \\lg 41 & \\lim 38 & \\liminf 41 \cr +\+ \\limsup 41 & \\line 26 & \\ln 41 & \\log 41 \cr +\+ \\lower 75 & \\magnification 21 & \\magstep 16 & \\matrix 44 \cr +\+ \\max 41 & \\medskip 26 & \\min 41 & \\moveleft 75 \cr +\+ \\moveright 75 & \\mu 35 & \\nabla 37 & \\narrower 23 \cr +\+ \\natural 37 & \\neg 37 & \\ni 37 & \\noalign 52 \cr +\+ \\noindent 22 & \\nopagenumbers 5 & \\not 36 & \\nu 35 \cr +\+ \\O 12 & \\o 12 & \\odot 36 & \\OE 12 \cr +\+ \\oe 12 & \\offinterlineskip 53 & \\omega 35 & \\Omega 35 \cr +\+ \\ominus 36 & \\oplus 36 & \\otimes 36 & \\over 37 \cr +\+ \\overfullrule 29 & \\overline 39 & \\P 27 & \\pageno 28 \cr +\+ \\par 7 & \\parallel 37 & \\parindent 23 & \\parshape 24 \cr +\+ \\parskip 22 & \\partial 37 & \\perp 37 & \\phi 35 \cr +\+ \\Phi 35 & \\pi 35 & \\Pi 35 & \\pmatrix 43 \cr +\+ \\Pr 41 & \\proclaim 42 & \\psi 35 & \\Psi 35 \cr +\+ \\qquad 34 & \\quad 34 & \\raggedright 27 & \\raise 75 \cr +\+ \\rangle 41 & \\rceil 41 & \\Re 37 & \\rfloor 41 \cr +\+ \\rho 35 & \\right 44 & \\rightline 26 & \\rightskip 23 \cr +\+ \\rm 16 & \\root 39 & \\S 27 & scaled 16 \cr +\+ \\sec 41 & \\settabs 48 & \\sharp 37 & \\sigma 35 \cr +\+ \\Sigma 35 & \\sim 37 & \\simeq 37 & \\sin 41 \cr +\+ \\sinh 41 & \\sl 16 & \\smallskip 26 & \\sqroot 39 \cr +\+ \\ss 12 & \\star 36 & \\strut 50 & \\subset 37 \cr +\+ \\subseteq 37 & \\sum 38 & \\sup 41 & \\supset 37 \cr +\+ \\supseteq 37 & \\surd 39 & \\t 12 & \\tan 41 \cr +\+ \\tanh 41 & \\tau 35 & \\tensor 60 & \\TeX{} 5 \cr +\+ \\tensor 60 & \\the 28 & \\theta 35 & \\Theta 35 \cr +\+ \\tilde 36 & \\times 36 & \\tolerance 29 & \\topinsert 26 \cr +\+ \\tt 16 & \\u 12 & \\underbar 39 & \\underline 39 \cr +\+ \\uparrow 41 & \\Uparrow 41 & \\updownarrow 41 & \\Updownarrow 41 \cr +\+ \\upsilon 35 & \\Upsilon 35 & \\v 12 & \\varepsilon 35 \cr +\+ \\varphi 35 & \\varrho 35 & \\varsigma 35 & \\vartheta 35 \cr +\+ \\vbadness 30 & \\vbox 71 & \\vec 36 & \\vee 36 \cr +\+ \\vfill 20 & \\vglue 25 & \\voffset 20 & \\vrule 71 \cr +\+ \\vsize 20 & \\vtop 74 & \\wedge 36 & \\widehat 36 \cr +\+ \\widetilde 36 & \\xi 35 & \\Xi 35 & \\zeta 35 \cr +} + +\ifwritinganswers + \let\next=\relax +\else + \let\next=\endinput + \datestamp +\fi + +\next + +\def\beginliteral{ +\vskip\baselineskip +\begingroup +\obeylines +\tt +\catcode`\@=0\catcode`\~=12 +\catcode`\$=12\catcode`\&=12\catcode`\^=12\catcode`\#=12 +\catcode`\_=12\catcode`\=12 +\def\par{\leavevmode\endgraf} +\catcode`\{=12\catcode`\}=12\catcode`\%=12\catcode`\\=12 +} +\def\endliteral{\nobreak \vskip 6pt \endgroup} + + +\section{I get by with a little help} +Many of the exercises can be answered in several ways. If you +like your way better than the way given below, by all means use +it! +\vskip 2\baselineskip + +\parskip=0pt \parindent=0pt +\raggedright +\hbadness=10000 + +\hrule +\beginliteral +I like \TeX! +Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy to use. +You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. +@endliteral +I like \TeX! Once you get the hang of it, \TeX{} is really easy +to use. You just have to master the \TeX nical aspects. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? +@endliteral +Does \AE schylus understand \OE dipus? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63\AA. +@endliteral +The smallest internal unit of \TeX{} is about 53.63\AA. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note. +@endliteral + They took some honey and plenty of money wrapped up in a {\it \$}5 note. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + \'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! +@endliteral + \'El\`eves, refusez vos le\c cons! Jetez vos cha\^\i nes! +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? +@endliteral + Za\v sto tako polako pijete \v caj? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Mein Tee ist hei\ss. +@endliteral + Mein Tee ist hei\ss. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. +@endliteral + Peut-\^etre qu'il pr\'ef\`ere le caf\'e glac\'e. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +?`Por qu/'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est/'a avinagrado! +@endliteral +?`Por qu/'e no bebes vino blanco? !`Porque est/'a avinagrado! +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en wordt niet be\"\i nvloed. +@endliteral + M\'\i\'\j n idee\"en wordt niet be\"\i nvloed. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? +@endliteral + Can you take a ferry from \"Oland to \AA land? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? +@endliteral + T\"urk\c ce konu\c san ye\u genler nasillar? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my father-in-law and my +mother-in-law. +@endliteral + I entered the room and---horrors---I saw both my father-in-law and my +mother-in-law. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. +@endliteral +The winter of 1484--1485 was one of discontent. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. +@endliteral +His ``thoughtfulness'' was impressive. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' +@endliteral + Frank wondered, ``Is this a girl that can't say `No!'?'' +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded +syllable.'' +@endliteral + He thought, ``\dots and this goes on forever, perhaps to the last recorded +syllable.'' +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral + Have you seen Ms.~Jones? +@endliteral + Have you seen Ms.~Jones? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from +Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. +@endliteral +Prof.~Smith and Dr.~Gold flew from +Halifax N.~S. to Montr\'eal, P.~Q. via Moncton, N.~B. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil @centre \hfil +right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} +@endliteral +\line{left end \hfil left tackle \hfil left guard \hfil \centre{} \hfil +right guard \hfil right tackle \hfil right end} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\line{left \hfil \hfil right-@centre \hfil right} +@endliteral +%END -- PART 14 OF 15 +% Save file as: GENTLE_INTRO.TEX Source: FILESERV@SHSU.BITNET +% NOTE: This is part 15 of a 15-part set +\line{left \hfil \hfil right-\centre{} \hfil right} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\line{\hskip 1 in ONE \hfil TWO \hfil THREE} +@endliteral +\line{\hskip 1 in ONE \hfil TWO \hfil THREE} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +i{f}f if{}f if{f} +@endliteral +i{f}f if{}f if{f} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +I started with roman type {\it switched to italic type}, and +returned to roman type. +@endliteral +I started with roman type {\it switched to italic type}, and +returned to roman type. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$ +@endliteral +$C(n,r) = n!/(r!\,(n-r)!)$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ +$$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$$ +@endliteral +$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$ +$$a+b=c-d=xy=w/z$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ +$$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$$ +@endliteral +$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ +$$(fg)' = f'g + fg'$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ +$$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$$ +@endliteral +$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$ +$$\alpha\beta=\gamma+\delta$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ +$$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$$ +@endliteral +$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$ +$$\Gamma(n) = (n-1)!$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$ +@endliteral +$x\wedge (y\vee z) = (x\wedge y) \vee (x\wedge z)$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$ +@endliteral +$2+4+6+\cdots +2n = n(n+1)$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. +@endliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y = 0$ if and only if $\vec x \perp \vec y$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. +@endliteral +$\vec x\cdot \vec y \not= 0$ if and only if $\vec x \not\perp \vec y$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. +@endliteral +$(\forall x\in \Re)(\exists y\in\Re)$ $y>x$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ +{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. +@endliteral +${a+b\over c}\quad {a\over b+c}\quad {1\over a+b+c} \not= {1\over a}+ +{1\over b}+{1\over c}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over +\partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? +@endliteral +What are the points where ${\partial \over \partial x} f(x,y) = {\partial \over +\partial y} f(x,y) = 0$? +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 +\quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. +@endliteral +$e^x \quad e^{-x} \quad e^{i\pi}+1=0 \quad x_0 \quad x_0^2 +\quad {x_0}^2 \quad 2^{x^x}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over +\partial y^2}$. +@endliteral +$\nabla^2 f(x,y) = {\partial^2 f \over\partial x^2}+ {\partial^2 f \over +\partial y^2}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. +@endliteral +$\lim_{x\to 0} (1+x)^{1\over x}=e$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. +@endliteral +The cardinality of $(-\infty, \infty)$ is $\aleph_1$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. +@endliteral +$\lim_{x\to {0^+}} x^x = 1$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. +@endliteral +$\int_0^1 3x^2\,dx = 1$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. +@endliteral +$\sqrt2 \quad \sqrt {x+y\over x-y} \quad \root 3 \of {10}$ \quad $e^{\sqrt x}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. +@endliteral +$\|x\| = \sqrt{x\cdot x}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. +@endliteral +$\phi(t) = {1 \over \sqrt{2\pi}} \int_0^t e^{-x^2/2}\,dx$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. +@endliteral +$\underline x \quad \overline y \quad \underline{\overline{x+y}}$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil +\bigr \rfloor$. +@endliteral +$\bigl \lceil \lfloor x \rfloor \bigr \rceil \leq \bigl \lfloor \lceil x \rceil +\bigr \rfloor$. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta +\quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. +@endliteral +$\sin(2\theta) = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta +\quad \cos(2\theta) = 2\cos^2\theta - 1 $. +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ +@endliteral +$$\int \csc^2x\, dx = -\cot x+ C +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to 0} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 1 +\qquad \lim_{\alpha\to \infty} {\sin\alpha \over \alpha} = 0.$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ +@endliteral +$$\tan(2\theta) = {2\tan\theta \over 1-\tan^2\theta}.$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. +@endliteral +\proclaim Theorem (Euclid). There exist an infinite number of primes. + +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\proclaim Proposition 1. +$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq +{1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. +@endliteral +\proclaim Proposition 1. +$\root n \of {\prod_{i=1}^n X_i} \leq +{1 \over n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$ with equality if and only if $X_1=\cdots=X_n$. + +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ +1 &0 &0 &0 \cr +0 &1 &0 &0 \cr +0 &0 &1 &0 \cr +0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ +@endliteral +$$ I_4 = \pmatrix{ +1 &0 &0 &0 \cr +0 &1 &0 &0 \cr +0 &0 &1 &0 \cr +0 &0 &0 &1 \cr}$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ +x & x \ge 0 \cr +-x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ +@endliteral +$$ |x| = \left\{ \matrix{ +x & x \ge 0 \cr +-x & x \le 0 \cr} \right.$$ +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr +\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr +\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr +\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr +\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr +\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr +\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr +\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr +\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr +\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr +\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr +\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr +\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr +@endliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 2 in & \hskip .75in & \hskip 1cm& \cr +\+ &Plums &\hfill\$1&.22 \cr +\+ &Coffee &\hfill1&.78 \cr +\+ &Granola &\hfill1&.98 \cr +\+ &Mushrooms & &.63 \cr +\+ &{Kiwi fruit} & &.39 \cr +\+ &{Orange juice} &\hfill1&.09 \cr +\+ &Tuna &\hfill1&.29 \cr +\+ &Zucchini & &.64 \cr +\+ &Grapes &\hfill1&.69 \cr +\+ &{Smoked beef} & &.75 \cr +\+ &Broccoli &\hfill\underbar{\ \ 1}&\underbar{.09} \cr +\+ &Total &\hfill \$12&.55 \cr +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr +\+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr +\+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr +@endliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 4.5 in & \cr +\+Getting Started \dotfill &1 \cr +\+All Characters Great and Small \dotfill &9 \cr +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{ +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +} +@endliteral +\settabs \+ \hskip 1cm&\hskip 1 cm&\hskip 1 cm& \cr +\moveright 2 in +\vbox{ +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +\+ \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm & \vrule height 1 cm + & \vrule height 1 cm \cr +\hrule width 3 cm +} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\goodbreak \vskip 2pt \hrule +\beginliteral +\def\boxtext#1{% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% + \hrule + }% +} +\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hbox{\boxtext{6}\boxtext{1}\boxtext {8}} +\hbox{\boxtext{7}\boxtext{5}\boxtext{3}} +\hbox{\boxtext{2}\boxtext{9}\boxtext{4}} +} +@endliteral +\def\boxtext#1{% +\vbox{% + \hrule + \hbox{\strut \vrule{} #1 \vrule}% + \hrule + }% +} +\moveright 2 in \vbox{\offinterlineskip +\hbox{\boxtext 6\boxtext 1\boxtext 8} +\hbox{\boxtext 7\boxtext 5\boxtext 3} +\hbox{\boxtext 2\boxtext 9\boxtext 4} +} +\vskip \baselineskip \hrule + + +\vfill +\datestamp + +\bye + +%END -- PART 15 OF 15 diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/verbatim.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/verbatim.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..229099de53 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/verbatim.tex @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +% +% S_Verbatim.TeX Macro +% +% macros for verbatim scanning +\chardef\other=12 +\newskip\ttglue +\ttglue=.5em plus.25em minus.15em +\def\ttverbatim{\begingroup + \catcode`\\=\other + \catcode`\{=\other + \catcode`\}=\other + \catcode`\$=\other + \catcode`\&=\other + \catcode`\#=\other + \catcode`\%=\other + \catcode`\_=\other + \catcode`\^=\other + \catcode`\"=\other % this line is new stuff + \catcode`\|=\other + \catcode`\~=\other + \obeyspaces \obeylines \tt} + +\catcode`\"=\active + +\def"{\ttverbatim\continueverbatim} +\def\continueverbatim#1{\spaceskip\ttglue +\def\readit##1#1{##1\endgroup}\expandafter\readit} +% +% verbatim input macro, for inputting a complete file verbatim. +% Use \verbatiminput{filename} in much the same way as you would use +% \input filename. +% +\def^^L{\par} + \def\verbatiminput#1{\begingroup \frenchspacing \raggedbottom + \def\do##1{\catcode`##1=12 } \dospecials \catcode`\|=12 + \parskip 0pt \parindent 0pt + \catcode`\ =\active \catcode`\^^M=\active + \catcode`\^^L=\active \outer\def^^L{\eject} + \tt \def\par{\ \endgraf} \obeylines \obeyspaces + \input #1 \endgroup} +% diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/vowels.tex b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/vowels.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9a8b5e3ab2 --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/vowels.tex @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +%(c) 1990,91 by Joel M. Hoffman +%vowels.tex. Version 1.0. +%updated 5/13/91 by JMH + +%Use of this material in a commercial venture of any sort requires +%permission from me. Otherwise, you are free to use this for any +%legal, non-destructive purpose. If you find this useful, a +%contribution to charity will be most appreciated. + +%This file provides the following commands: +% \patach{ let } % These are the basic vowel-commands. Each +% \kamatz{ let } % puts a vowel under the letter _let_. Each +% \segol{ let } % also has a corresponding \chatafxxxxxx +% \kibutz{ let } % command (e.g., \chatafpatach) for a chataf- +% \chiriq{ let } % vowel -- even when the vowel doesn't exist. +% \kamatzkatan{ let } % (There's a \chatafchiriq.) Additionally, +% \shva{ let } % each has a capitalized version (\Patach, etc.) +% \meteg{ let } % which puts a meteg with the vowel. There +% \tzere{ let } % is no way to put a meteg with a chataf-vowel. + +%All of the above use the general \hvowel macro, which puts a vowel under +%any letter. \hvowel automatically adjusts the vowel for certain letters +%(_resh_ and _daled_ require a horizontal adjustment, _final chaf_ a +%veritcal one.), and repalces \ayin with \vowelayin (which doesn't +%descend). Unfortunately, \Daled (a \daled with a _dagesh_) isn't yet +%handled correctly. + +%BITNET: hoffman@nyuacf.BITNET <-- this will change soon +%CompuServe: 72700,402 -or- 72700.402@compuserve.com +%SNAIL: Joel M. Hoffman +% 19 Hillcrest Lane +% Rye, NY 10580 +% U.S.A. + + +%usage: \hvowel{letter}{vowel(s)} +\def\hvowel#1#2{\def\l{#1}% \def was \let +\def\hadjust{0}\def\vadjust{0}% +\if\l\ayin \let\l=\vowelayin\fi% +\if\l\fchaf \def\vadjust{.75}\fi% +\if\l\resh \def\hadjust{.2}\fi% +\if\l\daled \def\hadjust{.2}\fi% +\if\l\koof \def\hadjust{.1}\fi% +\hbox{\setbox0=\hbox{\l}% +\setbox1=\hbox to \wd0{\hss #2\hss}% +\kern\hadjust\wd0\raise\vadjust\ht0\box1\kern-\hadjust\wd0\kern-\wd0\box0}} + +\def\patach#1{\hvowel#1{\char001}} +\def\kamatz#1{\hvowel#1{\char002}} +\def\segol#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char003}} +\def\kibutz#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char004}} +\def\chiriq#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char005}} +\def\kamatzkatan#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char006}} +\def\shva#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char007}} +\def\meteg#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char008}} +\def\tzere#1{\hvowel{#1}{\char009}} +\def\chatafpatach#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char001\char007}}} +\def\chatafkamatz#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char002\char007}}} +\def\chatafsegol#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char003\char007}}} +\def\chatafkibutz#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char004\char007}}} +\def\chatafhiriq#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char00\char0075}}}%this doesn't exist! +\def\chatafkamatzkatan#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char006\char007}}} +\def\Patach#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char001}}} +\def\Kamatz#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char002}}} +\def\Segol#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char003}}} +\def\Kibutz#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char004}}} +\def\Chiriq#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char005}}} +\def\Kamatzkatan#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char006}}} +\def\Tzere#1{\hvowel{#1}{\hbox{\char008\char009}}} + + diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/ww b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/ww new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bd2b8d642e --- /dev/null +++ b/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/ww @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +hebrew_tex_and_latex +hebrew_latex2e_usage.txt Note - this is a text file, not a tex file. diff --git a/language/hebrew/hebtex/doc/guides/tex_guides/xypic_guide.ps 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