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-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml6061
1 files changed, 3325 insertions, 2736 deletions
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
index 826f258270..5081bda02d 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
@@ -1,23 +1,25 @@
<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.6//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.6/texinfo.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.8//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.8/texinfo.dtd">
<texinfo xml:lang="en">
<filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename>
<preamble>\input texinfo
-</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 935 2021-07-23 17:48:15Z jimhefferon $ -->
+</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 1079 2022-01-26 18:15:20Z karl $ -->
<!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename>
-<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED July 2021">July 2021</set>
-<!-- c $Id: common.texi 729 2018-11-13 23:22:27Z karl $ -->
+<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED January 2022">January 2022</set>
+<!-- c $Id: common.texi 1031 2021-09-01 17:02:05Z vincentb1 $ -->
<!-- c Public domain. -->
<set name="LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE" line=" LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</set>
<set name="LTXREFMAN_BUGS" line=" LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org">latexrefman@@tug.org</set>
<clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH "></clear>
<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}"><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c
</macro>
+<macro name="package" line=" package {packagename}"><formalarg>packagename</formalarg>@code{\packagename\}
+</macro>
<tex endspaces=" ">
</tex>
-<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)</settitle>
+<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</settitle>
<!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
@@ -38,7 +40,8 @@
<!-- c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math -->
<!-- c xx JH something on code listings -->
<!-- c xx JH ligatures -->
-<!-- c xx JH \caption -->
+<!-- c -->
+<!-- c xx \NewCommandCopy et al. (Brian Dunn, 21 Dec 2021 06:50:17). -->
<!-- c -->
<!-- c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
<!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@
<copying endspaces=" ">
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of July 2021.
+document preparation system, version of January 2022.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no
text was directly copied.)
</para>
<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak;
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
</para>
@@ -108,7 +111,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<titlepage endspaces=" ">
<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle spaces=" ">July 2021</subtitle>
+<subtitle spaces=" ">January 2022</subtitle>
<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz</urefurl></url></author>
<page></page>
<vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip>
@@ -119,6 +122,8 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<contents></contents>
<!-- c Best Effort Symbol -->
+<macro name="visiblespace" line=" visiblespace">@w{ }
+</macro>
<macro name="BES" line=" BES {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
</macro>
<macro name="BESU" line=" BESU {utf8,math}"><formalarg>utf8</formalarg><formalarg>math</formalarg>@U{\utf8\}
@@ -133,14 +138,14 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
</macro>
<set name="NotInPlainTeX" line=" NotInPlainTeX Not available in plain @TeX{}.">Not available in plain @TeX{}.</set>
-<set name="NeedsAMSSymb" line=" NeedsAMSSymb @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.</set>
+<set name="NeedsAMSSymb" line=" NeedsAMSSymb @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @package{amssymb} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @package{amssymb} package.</set>
<set name="NeedsSTIX" line=" NeedsSTIX @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.</set>
<node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext></node>
<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-July 2021) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
+January 2022) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -1157,7 +1162,7 @@ command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</para>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104"><r>package</r>, <code>etoolbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105"><code>etoolbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <para>The <file>etoolbox</file> package offers the commands
+ <para>The <code>etoolbox</code> package offers the commands
<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
<code>\providerobustcmd</code>, and <code>\providerobustcmd*</code>. These are
@@ -1521,16 +1526,19 @@ alphabet free fonts available for easy use with &latex;.
<para>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112"><r>package</r>, <code>fontspec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113"><code>fontspec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the <command>xelatex</command> or
-<command>lualatex</command> engine then instead use the <file>fontspec</file> package.
+<command>lualatex</command> engine then instead use the <code>fontspec</code> package.
</para>
<para>&tex;&textrsquo;s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
<code>\accent</code> (<pxref label="_005caccent"><xrefnodename>\accent</xrefnodename></pxref>) but this disables hyphenation. &tex;
users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using
-<command>pdflatex</command> then this in the preamble
+<command>pdflatex</command> then put this in the preamble
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[T1]&lbrace;fontenc&rbrace;
@@ -1543,15 +1551,15 @@ words with accented letters then &latex; will hyphenate them and your
output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112"><r>package</r>, <code>lmodern</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113"><code>lmodern</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114"><r>package</r>, <code>cm-super</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115"><code>cm-super</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114"><r>package</r>, <code>lmodern</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115"><code>lmodern</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116"><r>package</r>, <code>cm-super</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117"><code>cm-super</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
sometimes called raster or Type&nbsp;3. You want vector fonts. Use a
-package such as <file>lmodern</file> or <file>cm-super</file> to get a font that
+package such as <code>lmodern</code> or <code>cm-super</code> to get a font that
extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default using vector fonts.
</para>
<para>For each <var>font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already
@@ -1620,9 +1628,9 @@ is not in effect.
<node name="_005cDeclareFontEncoding" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareFontEncoding</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">font encoding, declaring</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">encoding, font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">font encoding, declaring</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">encoding, font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareFontEncoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -1643,7 +1651,7 @@ is not in effect.
<para>The <var>text-settings</var> are the commands that &latex; will run every
time it switches from one encoding to another with the
-<code>\selectfont</code> or <code>\fontencoding</code> command. The
+<code>\selectfont</code> and <code>\fontencoding</code> commands. The
<var>math-settings</var> are the commands that &latex; will use whenever the
font is accessed as a math alphabet.
</para>
@@ -1668,8 +1676,8 @@ should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextAccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextAccent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareFontEncoding</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -1681,6 +1689,9 @@ should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
<para>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">slot, font</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>A <dfn>slot</dfn> is the number identifying a glyph within a font.
+</para>
<para>This line from <file>t1enc.def</file> declares that to make a circumflex
accent as in <code>\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot&nbsp;2
over the <samp>A</samp> character, which is represented in ASCII as&nbsp;65.
@@ -1701,17 +1712,17 @@ transcript file.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextAccentDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextAccentDefault&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>If there is an encoding-specific accent command <var>cmd</var> but there is
+<para>If there is an encoding-specific accent command \<var>cmd</var> but there is
no associated <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this
command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for
<var>encoding</var>.
@@ -1732,8 +1743,8 @@ definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from
&amp; \UseTextAccent</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
- &lbrace;\UseTextAccent&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\UseTextAccent&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Note that <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument
@@ -1745,30 +1756,29 @@ definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></sectiontitle>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn&rbrace;</var>
-\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn&rbrace;</var>
+\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>or one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Define the command <var>cmd</var>, which will be specific to one encoding.
-The command name <var>cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, \. These
-commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining <code>cmd</code> does
-not cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code
-in <var>defn</var> is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Define the command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, which will be specific to one
+encoding. The command name <var>cmd</var> must be preceded by a backslash,
+<code>\</code>. These commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining
+\<var>cmd</var> does not cause an error. The defined command will be robust
+even if the code in <var>defn</var> is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>For example, the file <file>t1enc.def</file> contains this line.
</para>
@@ -1789,22 +1799,23 @@ Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
OT1</samp>.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
-does nothing if <var>cmd</var> is already defined. The
+does nothing if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined. The
<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
slot-to-glyph association (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextSymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>)
</para>
-<para>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargsdefault</var> arguments play the
-same role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
+<para>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargdefault</var> arguments play the same
+role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
-specifying the number of arguments that the defined command <code>cmd</code>
-takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this
-argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that <var>cmd</var> will have
-no arguments. And, if <var>optargsdefault</var> is present then the first
-argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value
-<var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). If
-<var>optargsdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take
-an optional argument.
+specifying the number of arguments that the defined command
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> takes. This number includes any optional argument.
+Omitting this argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have no arguments. And, if <var>optargdefault</var>
+is present then the first argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional,
+with default value <var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string).
+If <var>optargdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not
+take an optional argument.
</para>
</subsection>
@@ -1819,18 +1830,18 @@ an optional argument.
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>or:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvideTextCommandDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvideTextCommandDefault&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Give a default definition for <var>cmd</var>, for when that command is not
-defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use
-encodings known to be available.
+<para>Give a default definition for <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>, for when that command
+is not defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should
+only use encodings known to be available.
</para>
<para>This makes <code>\copyright</code> available.
</para>
@@ -1838,6 +1849,7 @@ encodings known to be available.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;\copyright&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcircled&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
<para>It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available.
</para>
<para>The <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding
@@ -1847,7 +1859,7 @@ when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
<para>As with the related non-default commands, the
<code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as
<code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if
-<var>cmd</var> is already defined (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextCommand &amp;
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is already defined (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextCommand &amp;
\ProvideTextCommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
that other packages can improve upon.
</para>
@@ -1856,13 +1868,13 @@ that other packages can improve upon.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextComposite" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextComposite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextComposite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextComposite&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>simple_object</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextComposite&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>simple_object</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an
@@ -1870,7 +1882,7 @@ accent over a separate character.
</para>
<para>This line from <file>t1enc.def</file> means that <code>\^o</code> will cause
&latex; to typeset lowercase&nbsp;<samp>o</samp> by taking the character
-directly from location 224 in the font.
+directly from slot 224 in the font.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextComposite&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;o&rbrace;&lbrace;244&rbrace;
@@ -1880,7 +1892,7 @@ directly from location 224 in the font.
<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally
-<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
+\<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <file>t1enc.def</file>, the above line follows
the <code>\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;</code> command.
@@ -1890,17 +1902,17 @@ the <code>\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace
<node name="_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbol</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextComposite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>A more general version of <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs
-arbitrary code with <var>cmd</var>.
+arbitrary code with <code>\<var>cmd</var></code>.
</para>
<para>This allows accents on <samp>i</samp> to act like accents on dotless&nbsp;i,
<code>\i</code>.
@@ -1910,7 +1922,7 @@ arbitrary code with <var>cmd</var>.
</pre></example>
<para><xref label="fontenc-package"><xrefnodename>fontenc package</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
-<var>cmd</var> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
</para>
@@ -1918,13 +1930,13 @@ or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
<node name="_005cDeclareTextSymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextSymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">symbol, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">symbol, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbol&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Define a symbol in the encoding <var>encoding</var> at the location
@@ -1948,29 +1960,29 @@ can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code>'023</code>), or
hexadecimal (as in <code>&quot;13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that
single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package.
</para>
-<para>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code>
-does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
-transcript file.
+<para>If <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> has already been defined then
+<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> does not give an error but it does log the
+redefinition in the transcript file.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <var>cmd</var> but there is no
-associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then this command
-will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
-<var>encoding</var>.
+<para>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> but
+there is no associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then
+this command will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as
+described for <var>encoding</var>.
</para>
<para>For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning for
<code>\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code>OT1</code>, declare this.
@@ -1983,8 +1995,8 @@ will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
&amp; \UseTextAccent</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
- &lbrace;\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Note that <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a
@@ -2026,13 +2038,13 @@ name of the encoding explicitly.
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>or:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextAccent&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextAccent&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
@@ -2078,13 +2090,13 @@ and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">declaration form of font style commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">declaration form of font style commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
are used with an argument as in <code>\textit&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. This is
the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the
@@ -2162,7 +2174,7 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
@@ -2183,39 +2195,39 @@ needed.)
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to bold face.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Slanted (oblique).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2260,16 +2272,16 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion&lbrace;bold&rbrace;</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion&lbrace;normal&rbrace;</code> restores the default.
</para>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will
typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights
and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo;
@@ -2285,9 +2297,9 @@ entry: <url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</urefurl></url>.
<node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
@@ -2330,7 +2342,7 @@ options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">declaration form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">declaration form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form,
since that is how they are typically used. For example.
</para>
@@ -2346,7 +2358,19 @@ since that is how they are typically used. For example.
style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
in curly braces <code>&lbrace;\small This text is typeset in the small font.&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">environment form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Trying to use these commands in math, as with <code>$\small mv^2/2$</code>,
+results in <samp>LaTeX Font Warning: Command \small
+invalid in math mode</samp>, and the font size doesn&textrsquo;t
+change. To work with a too-large formula, often the best option is to
+use the <code>displaymath</code> environment (<pxref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></pxref>), or
+one of the environments from the <code>amsmath</code> package. For inline
+mathematics, such as in a table of formulas, an alternative is something
+like <code>&lbrace;\small $mv^2/2$&rbrace;</code>. (Sometimes <code>\scriptsize</code> and
+<code>\scriptstyle</code> are confused. Both change the font size, but the
+latter also changes a number of other aspects of how mathematics is
+typeset. <xref label="Math-styles"><xrefnodename>Math styles</xrefnodename></xref>.)
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">environment form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>An <dfn>environment form</dfn> of each of these commands is also defined; for
instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;</code>. However, in practice
this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
@@ -2365,8 +2389,8 @@ this particular use is not rare.)
<node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
@@ -2390,8 +2414,8 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily">low level font commands fontfamily</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font family. The web page
<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are
@@ -2444,7 +2468,7 @@ examples of some common families.
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries">low level font commands fontseries</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a
<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -2462,7 +2486,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold extended
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal) xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
@@ -2486,7 +2510,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra bold
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</para>
@@ -2516,10 +2540,10 @@ relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
(<samp><code>m</code></samp>).
</para>
+<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape">low level font commands fontshape</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape">low level font commands fontshape</anchor>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Slanted (oblique)xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
@@ -2543,7 +2567,7 @@ small caps are often missing as well.
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;<var>size</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>skip</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">font size</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">font size</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
@@ -2557,11 +2581,10 @@ reset every time a size change happens; instead use
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-linespread">low level font commands linespread</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Equivalent to
-<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>, and
-therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
-Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
-just described.
+<para>Equivalent to <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>,
+and therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any
+effect. Best specified in the preamble. <xref label="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><xrefnodename>\baselineskip &amp;
+\baselinestretch</xrefnodename></xref>, for using <code>setspace</code> package instead.
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont">low level font commands selectfont</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item>
@@ -2592,7 +2615,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</para>
@@ -2611,7 +2634,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -2630,8 +2653,8 @@ behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class opt
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -2792,7 +2815,7 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
@@ -2807,12 +2830,12 @@ option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class optio
<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
@@ -2999,13 +3022,13 @@ same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt.
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">space between lines</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">interline space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">leading</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">space between lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177">interline space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">leading</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It gives
-the leading, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
+the <dfn>leading</dfn>, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
baseline to baseline.
</para>
<para>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code>\baselineskip</code>
@@ -3019,9 +3042,9 @@ spacing, see the discussion of <code>\baselinestretch</code> below.
<para>Usually, a font&textrsquo;s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
a font&textrsquo;s style file has the command <code>\fontsize&lbrace;10pt&rbrace;&lbrace;12pt&rbrace;</code>
-then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall;
+then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10<dmn>pt</dmn> tall;
for instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does
-it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
+it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12<dmn>pt</dmn> apart then they risk
touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
<code>\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
</para>
@@ -3058,15 +3081,15 @@ lines would be too close together, closer than <code>\lineskiplimit</code>,
then &tex; instead uses <code>\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The
second is that &tex; doesn&textrsquo;t actually use the depth of the previous
line. Instead it uses <code>\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that
-depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list)
-or just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and this
-special value tells &tex; not to insert any interline glue at the
+depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list) or
+just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000<dmn>pt</dmn> and
+this special value tells &tex; not to insert any interline glue at the
paragraph start.
</para>
-<para>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0pt and
-<code>\lineskip</code> is 1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance
+<para>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn> and
+<code>\lineskip</code> is 1<dmn>pt</dmn>. By the prior paragraph then, the distance
between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than
-zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart.
+zero) then the lines jump to 1<dmn>pt</dmn> apart.
</para>
<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double
space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline
@@ -3080,23 +3103,24 @@ document is to put <code>\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code> in
For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
<code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
-1.6 gives a font size to baseline ratio of about 2. (The
+1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The
<code>\linespread</code> command is defined as
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code> so it won&textrsquo;t
take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
the start of a document, so there you don&textrsquo;t need to follow it with
<code>\selectfont</code>.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>A simpler approach is the <file>setspace</file> package. The basic example:
+<para>A simpler approach is the <code>setspace</code> package. The basic example:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;setspace&rbrace;
\doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
<para>In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing.
But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change
the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is
@@ -3106,8 +3130,10 @@ environments, such as <code>\begin&lbrace;doublespace&rbrace;
... \end&lbrace;doublespace&rbrace;</code>. The package also has commands to do
arbitrary spacing: <code>\setstretch&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code> and
<code>\begin&lbrace;spacing&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;spacing&rbrace;</code>.
+This package also keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
+where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
+captions. See the package documentation.
</para>
-
</section>
<node name="Floats" spaces=" "><nodename>Floats</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Floats</sectiontitle>
@@ -3119,7 +3145,7 @@ for instance floating to the top of a later page.
<para>&latex; can have a number of different classes of floating material.
The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>) and
<code>table</code> (<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>), but you can create a new class with the
-package <file>float</file>.
+package <code>float</code>.
</para>
<para>Within any one float class &latex; always respects the order, so that
the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
@@ -3137,8 +3163,8 @@ float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -3161,9 +3187,9 @@ FAQ: <url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</urefurl></url>.
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
@@ -3171,7 +3197,7 @@ defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">float page</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">float page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</para>
@@ -3199,15 +3225,15 @@ use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue
<code>\afterpage&lbrace;\clearpage&rbrace;</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
-the <file>flafter</file> package or using the command
+the <code>flafter</code> package or using the command
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
@@ -3306,27 +3332,127 @@ influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
&latex;?&textrdquo;
(<url><urefurl>https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</urefurl></url>).
</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\caption</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make a caption for a floating environment.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005ccaption" spaces=" "><nodename>\caption</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Floats</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\caption</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">captions</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\caption&lbrace;<var>caption-text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\caption[<var>short-caption-text</var>]&lbrace;<var>caption-text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Make a caption for a floating environment, such as a <code>figure</code> or
+<code>table</code> environment (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref> or <ref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+<para>In this example, &latex; places a caption below the vertical blank
+space that is left by the author for the later inclusion of a picture.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+ \vspace*&lbrace;1cm&rbrace;
+ \caption&lbrace;Alonzo Cushing, Battery A, 4th US Artillery.&rbrace;
+ \label&lbrace;fig:CushingPic&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;figure&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The <code>\caption</code> command will label the <var>caption-text</var> with
+something like <samp>Figure&nbsp;1:</samp> for an article or
+<samp>Figure&nbsp;1.1:</samp> for a book. The text is centered if it is
+shorter than the text width, or set as an unindented paragraph if it
+takes more than one line.
+</para>
+<para>In addition to placing the <var>caption-text</var> in the output, the
+<code>\caption</code> command also saves that information for use in a list of
+figures or list of tables (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Here the <code>\caption</code> command uses the optional
+<var>short-caption-text</var>, so that the shorter text appears in the list
+of tables, rather than the longer <var>caption-text</var>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;table&rbrace;
+ \centering
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|*&lbrace;3&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;|&rbrace;
+ \hline
+ 4 &amp;9 &amp;2 \\
+ 3 &amp;5 &amp;7 \\
+ 8 &amp;1 &amp;6 \\
+ \hline
+ \end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+ \caption[\textit&lbrace;Lo Shu&rbrace; magic square]&lbrace;%
+ The \textit&lbrace;Lo Shu&rbrace; magic square, which is unique among
+ squares of order three up to rotation and reflection.&rbrace;
+ \label&lbrace;tab:LoShu&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>&latex; will label the <var>caption-text</var> with something like
+<samp>Table&nbsp;1:</samp> for an article or <samp>Table&nbsp;1.1:</samp> for a
+book.
+</para>
+<para>The caption can appear at the top of the <code>figure</code> or <code>table</code>.
+For instance, that would happen in the prior example by putting the
+<code>\caption</code> between the <code>\centering</code> and the
+<code>\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Different floating environments are numbered separately, by default. It
+is <code>\caption</code> that updates the counter, and so any <code>\label</code>
+must come after the <code>\caption</code>. The counter for the <code>figure</code>
+environment is named <code>figure</code>, and similarly the counter for the
+<code>table</code> environment is <code>table</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The text that will be put in the list of figures or list of tables is
+moving argument. If you get the &latex; error <samp>! Argument of
+\&arobase;caption has an extra &rbrace;</samp> then you must put <code>\protect</code> in front
+of any fragile commands. <xref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191"><r>package</r>, <code>caption</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192"><code>caption</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>caption</code> package has many options to adjust how the caption
+appears, for example changing the font size, making the caption be
+hanging text rather than set as a paragraph, or making the caption
+always set as a paragraph rather than centered when it is short.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">part</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">section</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">part</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">section</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
@@ -3364,7 +3490,7 @@ not available in <code>article</code>.
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\subparagraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>5
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
@@ -3394,22 +3520,22 @@ a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before
<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
something like a subsection numbered <samp>3.0.1</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;section&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
preamble (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). CTAN
has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
-<file>titlesec</file>.
+<code>titlesec</code>.
</para>
<para>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="sectioning-secnumdepth">sectioning secnumdepth</anchor>
<anchor name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</anchor>
<para>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
@@ -3423,9 +3549,9 @@ produce output like <samp>Discussion</samp>, without the number. &latex;&textrsq
default <code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <file>article</file> class and
&nbsp;2 in the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="sectioning-tocdepth">sectioning tocdepth</anchor>
<anchor name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</anchor>
<para>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
@@ -3454,9 +3580,9 @@ list sections but not subsections. &latex;&textrsquo;s default
<node name="_005cpart" spaces=" "><nodename>\part</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\chapter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\part</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">part</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">part</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3497,8 +3623,8 @@ but it does not show the part number, does not increment the
<para>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the part title in
the table of contents (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>) and in running
headers (<pxref label="Page-styles"><xrefnodename>Page styles</xrefnodename></pxref>). If it is not present then <var>title</var>
-will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but leaves
-out the break in the table of contents.
+will be there. This example puts a line break in <var>title</var> but omits
+the break in the table of contents.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\part[Up from the bottom; my life]&lbrace;Up from the bottom\\ my life&rbrace;
@@ -3508,17 +3634,17 @@ out the break in the table of contents.
the table of contents, the level number of a part is&nbsp;-1
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>, and <ref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
-<file>indentfirst</file>.
+<code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <file>titlesec</file>.
+<para>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <code>titlesec</code>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
</para>
@@ -3526,8 +3652,8 @@ See its documentation on CTAN.
<node name="_005cchapter" spaces=" "><nodename>\chapter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\section</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\part</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\chapter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3594,12 +3720,12 @@ the break in the contents
the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is&nbsp;0
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
-<file>indentfirst</file>.
+<code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
<para>You can change what is shown for the chapter number. To change it to
something like <samp>Lecture 1</samp>, put in the preamble either
@@ -3612,24 +3738,24 @@ something like <samp>Lecture 1</samp>, put in the preamble either
\makeatother
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent><para>To make this change because of the primary language for
-the document, see the package <file>babel</file>.
+the document, see the package <code>babel</code>.
</para>
<para>In a two-sided document &latex; puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the &latex; format file and make adjustments. But
there are also many packages on CTAN that address this. One is
-<file>titlesec</file>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
+<code>titlesec</code>. See its documentation, but the example below gives a
sense of what it can do.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -3651,8 +3777,8 @@ running headers.
<node name="_005csection" spaces=" "><nodename>\section</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\chapter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\section</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">section</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">section</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3697,7 +3823,7 @@ prior section.)
in the table of contents (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>) and in
running headers (<pxref label="Page-styles"><xrefnodename>Page styles</xrefnodename></pxref>). If it is not present then
<var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in the title of the
-section,
+section:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section[Elizabeth~II]&lbrace;Elizabeth the Second,
@@ -3720,20 +3846,20 @@ so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
the table of contents, the level number of a section is&nbsp;1
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <file>indentfirst</file>.
+package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command
(<pxref label="_005c_0040startsection"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection</xrefnodename></pxref>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
-address this, including <file>titlesec</file>. See the documentation but the
+address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</para>
<!-- c credit: egreg https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.text.tex/tvc8oM5P4y4 -->
@@ -3756,8 +3882,8 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do.
<node name="_005csubsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\subsection</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\section</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsection</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3794,8 +3920,8 @@ But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
</para>
<para>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
in the table of contents (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full text in
-the title of the subsection,
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This
+shows the full text in the title of the subsection:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]&lbrace;\textit&lbrace;The Origin of
@@ -3810,20 +3936,20 @@ paper</samp> on the contents page.
the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is&nbsp;2
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <file>indentfirst</file>.
+package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command
(<pxref label="_005c_0040startsection"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection</xrefnodename></pxref>). There are also many packages on CTAN that
-address this, including <file>titlesec</file>. See the documentation but the
+address this, including <code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation but the
example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -3845,12 +3971,12 @@ text.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3916,20 +4042,20 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is&nbsp;3, of
a paragraph is&nbsp;4, and of a subparagraph is&nbsp;5
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
-package <file>indentfirst</file>.
+package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command (<pxref label="_005c_0040startsection"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection</xrefnodename></pxref>).
There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
-<file>titlesec</file>. See the documentation on CTAN.
+<code>titlesec</code>. See the documentation on CTAN.
</para>
</section>
@@ -3937,9 +4063,9 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\appendix</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">appendix</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">appendices</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">appendix</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">appendices</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3971,10 +4097,10 @@ book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
<samp>Appendix A</samp> and <samp>Appendix B</samp>. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>,
for another example.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232"><r>package</r>, <code>appendix</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233"><code>appendix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238"><r>package</r>, <code>appendix</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239"><code>appendix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <file>appendix</file> package adds the command
+<para>The <code>appendix</code> package adds the command
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate <samp>Appendices</samp> in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
@@ -3987,17 +4113,17 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" spaces=" "><nodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;startsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\appendix</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">front matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">main matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">back matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">end matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">front matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">main matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">back matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">end matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one or more of:
</para>
@@ -4038,8 +4164,8 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
<node name="_005c_0040startsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;startsection</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4050,7 +4176,7 @@ switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
<para>Used to help redefine the behavior of commands that start sectioning
divisions such as <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>.
</para>
-<para>Note that the <file>titlesec</file> package makes manipulation of sectioning
+<para>Note that the <code>titlesec</code> package makes manipulation of sectioning
easier. Further, while most requirements for sectioning commands can be
satisfied with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, some cannot. For instance, in
the standard &latex; <code>book</code> and <code>report</code> classes the commands
@@ -4289,9 +4415,9 @@ display that counter.
<node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">label</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">label</indexterm></cindex>
<para>We often want something like <samp>See Theorem~31</samp>. But by-hand typing
the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <dfn>label</dfn> such as
<code>\label&lbrace;eq:GreensThm&rbrace;</code> and then <dfn>reference</dfn> it, as with
@@ -4315,8 +4441,8 @@ the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <file>calculus.tex</fi
the information is in <file>calculus.aux</file>. &latex; puts the
information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
happens when your document has a <dfn>forward reference</dfn>, a <code>\ref</code>
that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
@@ -4328,8 +4454,8 @@ change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances &latex;&textrsquo;s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
<code>\begin&lbrace;thm&rbrace;\label&lbrace;th:Nerode&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;</code> then
@@ -4347,7 +4473,7 @@ having to enter the &textldquo;Theorem.&textrdquo;
<node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4419,9 +4545,9 @@ See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
<node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4454,12 +4580,12 @@ those.)
<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xr package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4489,10 +4615,10 @@ so this document would have to be compiled twice.
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <file>cleveref</file> package includes text such as <samp>Theorem</samp> in the
+<para>The <code>cleveref</code> package includes text such as <samp>Theorem</samp> in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</para>
@@ -4500,10 +4626,14 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="xr-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xr package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>xr</code> package</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp"><code>xr</code> package</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp"><code>xr-hyper</code> package</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">cross referencing, across documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264"><r>package</r>, <code>xr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265"><code>xr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266"><r>package</r>, <code>xr-hyper</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267"><code>xr-hyper</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">cross referencing, across documents</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4512,6 +4642,7 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
\externaldocument&lbrace;<var>document-basename</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
<para>or
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -4520,9 +4651,9 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</pre></example>
<para>Make cross references to the external document
-<code><var>document-basename</var>.tex</code>.
+<file><var>document-basename</var>.tex</file>.
</para>
-<para>Here is an example. If <code>lectures.tex</code> has this in the preamble
+<para>Here is an example. If <file>lectures.tex</file> has this in the preamble
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;xr&rbrace;
@@ -4531,21 +4662,24 @@ reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
\externaldocument&lbrace;answers&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
<para>then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents.
-Suppose that <code>exercises.tex</code> has an enumerated list containing
+Suppose that <file>exercises.tex</file> has an enumerated list containing
this,
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\item \label&lbrace;exer:EulersThm&rbrace; What if every vertex has odd degree?
</pre></example>
-<para>and <code>hints.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this,
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>and <file>hints.tex</file> has an enumerated list with this,
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\item \label&lbrace;exer:EulersThm&rbrace; Distinguish the case of two vertices.
</pre></example>
-<para>and <code>answers.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this.
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>and <file>answers.tex</file> has an enumerated list with this,
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\item \label&lbrace;ans:EulersThm&rbrace; There is no Euler path, except if there
@@ -4553,7 +4687,7 @@ this,
</pre></example>
<para>After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering
-this in the body of <code>lectures.tex</code> will result in the lectures
+this in the body of <file>lectures.tex</file> will result in the lectures
getting the reference numbers used in the other documents.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -4577,9 +4711,9 @@ uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
<node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
@@ -4597,7 +4731,7 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin&lbrace;table*&rbrace; on input line 5 ended by
\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;.</samp>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Environments are executed within a group.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -4635,10 +4769,10 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4665,8 +4799,8 @@ default only in the <code>report</code> class.
\end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262"><r>package</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263"><code>abstract</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><r>package</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273"><code>abstract</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
@@ -4698,10 +4832,10 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
<node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4723,10 +4857,10 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
</pre></example>
<para>Produce a mathematical array. This environment can only be used in math
-mode, and normally appears within a displayed mathematics environment
-such as <code>equation</code> (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>). Inside of each row the
-column entries are separated by an ampersand, (<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are
-terminated with double-backslashes (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>), and normally appears within a displayed
+mathematics environment such as <code>equation</code> (<pxref label="equation"><xrefnodename>equation</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+Inside of each row the column entries are separated by an ampersand,
+(<code>&amp;</code>). Rows are terminated with double-backslashes (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>This example shows a three by three array.
</para>
@@ -4753,20 +4887,20 @@ other common features of the two environments, including the optional
</para>
<para>There are two ways that <code>array</code> diverges from <code>tabular</code>. The
first is that <code>array</code> entries are typeset in math mode, in
-textstyle (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies
+textstyle (<pxref label="Math-styles"><xrefnodename>Math styles</xrefnodename></pxref>) except if the <var>cols</var> definition specifies
the column with <code>p&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in
text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
governed by
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is <samp>5pt</samp> so that between two columns comes
10<dmn>pt</dmn> of space.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <file>amsmath</file>
+<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <code>amsmath</code>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by parentheses&nbsp;<code>(...)</code>, <code>bmatrix</code> for an array
surrounded by square brackets&nbsp;<code>[...]</code>, <code>Bmatrix</code> for an
@@ -4775,10 +4909,10 @@ an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The next example uses the <file>amsmath</file> package.
+<para>The next example uses the <code>amsmath</code> package.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;amsmath&rbrace; % in preamble
@@ -4791,14 +4925,14 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269"><r>package</r>, <code>array (package)</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270"><code>array (package)</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279"><r>package</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280"><code>array</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271"><r>package</r>, <code>dcolumn</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><code>dcolumn</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281"><r>package</r>, <code>dcolumn</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282"><code>dcolumn</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <file>array</file> package has
-many useful extensions, including more column types. The <file>dcolumn</file>
+<para>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <code>array</code> package has
+many useful extensions, including more column types. The <code>dcolumn</code>
package adds a column type to center on a decimal point. For both see
the documentation on CTAN.
</para>
@@ -4807,10 +4941,10 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4825,7 +4959,7 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<para>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then &latex; will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
@@ -4873,9 +5007,8 @@ entire page.
<node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
-
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4931,11 +5064,11 @@ centered lines <samp>xx</samp> and <samp>yy</samp>, followed by a new paragraph
<node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4966,14 +5099,14 @@ missing \item</samp>.
<para>The labels <samp>lama</samp> and <samp>llama</samp> are output in boldface, with the
left edge on the left margin.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
@@ -4990,7 +5123,7 @@ boldface and flush left at all levels.
</para>
<para>For information about list layout parameters, including the default
values, and for information about customizing list layout, see
-<ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for customizing
+<ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing
lists.
</para>
<para>This example changes the description labels to small caps.
@@ -5006,8 +5139,8 @@ lists.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle>
<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -5028,21 +5161,21 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
</para>
<para>&latex; will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has significantly more extensive
+<para>Note that the <code>amsmath</code> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace; <var>math</var> \end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is
sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is
not a synonym, and is not officially supported in &latex; at all;
@@ -5067,8 +5200,8 @@ consistency checks.)
<node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
@@ -5083,8 +5216,8 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xr
<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5106,8 +5239,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtEndDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5131,10 +5264,10 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5164,7 +5297,7 @@ As a top-level list the labels would come out as <samp>1.</samp> and
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
@@ -5186,10 +5319,10 @@ the outermost level.
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>uppercase letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumi">enumerate enumi</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumii">enumerate enumii</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumiii">enumerate enumiii</anchor>
@@ -5200,13 +5333,13 @@ the outermost level.
<para>For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see
<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="itemize"><xrefnodename>itemize</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about list layout
parameters, including the default values, and for information about
-customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <file>enumitem</file> is
+customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <code>enumitem</code> is
useful for customizing lists.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumi">enumerate labelenumi</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumii">enumerate labelenumii</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumiii">enumerate labelenumiii</anchor>
@@ -5217,7 +5350,7 @@ through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\textbf&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
@@ -5234,20 +5367,20 @@ period.
<node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen
<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). New documents
-should include the <file>amsmath</file> package and use the displayed
+should include the <code>amsmath</code> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
working with old documents.
@@ -5271,7 +5404,7 @@ working with old documents.
\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -5279,18 +5412,18 @@ mode.
<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -5311,11 +5444,11 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5333,10 +5466,10 @@ The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
<code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The package <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation
+<para>The package <code>amsmath</code> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
</para>
@@ -5344,11 +5477,11 @@ facilities. New documents should include this package.
<node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5392,13 +5525,12 @@ spans both columns, at the top of the page. To add the possibility of
placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</code>
in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
-references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
-The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
-figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
-used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of
-contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+references</xrefnodename></pxref>). The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption
+text for the figure (<pxref label="_005ccaption"><xrefnodename>\caption</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default it is numbered.
+If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is used in the list of figures
+instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>This example makes a figure out of a graphic. &latex; will place that
graphic and its caption at the top of a page or, if it is pushed to the
@@ -5419,14 +5551,14 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5459,16 +5591,16 @@ version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">force</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">overwrite</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Overwrite an existing file.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">noheader</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">nosearch</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
</para>
@@ -5476,8 +5608,8 @@ specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
<para>These options were added in a 2019 release of &latex;.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">self-contained sources</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">source files, making self-contained</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">self-contained sources</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">source files, making self-contained</indexterm></cindex>
<para>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it
often appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is
commonly used to create a <code>.bib</code> or other such data file from the
@@ -5514,11 +5646,11 @@ Article by \myname.
<node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5530,7 +5662,7 @@ Article by \myname.
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
@@ -5560,10 +5692,10 @@ flush left and ragged right.
<node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5610,11 +5742,11 @@ delimit its effect.
<node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
@@ -5624,7 +5756,7 @@ delimit its effect.
\end&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>flushright</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that
@@ -5644,10 +5776,10 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by
<node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5685,14 +5817,14 @@ where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
<node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">bullet lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">bullet lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5718,12 +5850,12 @@ must be at least one <code>\item</code> within the environment; having none caus
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>With the default locale&textmdash;without loading e.g.&noeos; <file>babel</file> package
+<para>With the default locale&textmdash;without loading e.g.&noeos; <code>babel</code> package
with another language than USenglish&textmdash;as a top-level list each label
would come out as a bullet, &bullet;. The format of the labeling
depends on the nesting level; see below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
@@ -5736,10 +5868,10 @@ the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemi">itemize labelitemi</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemii">itemize labelitemii</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemiii">itemize labelitemiii</anchor>
@@ -5764,13 +5896,13 @@ the first level use diamonds.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelitemi&rbrace;&lbrace;$\diamond$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmargin">itemize leftmargin</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmargini">itemize leftmargini</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmarginii">itemize leftmarginii</anchor>
@@ -5787,15 +5919,15 @@ command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are:
level 2, <code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with
smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see
<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. The <code>itemize</code>,
<code>enumerate</code> and <code>description</code> environment use the same list
layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and
for information about customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The
-package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for customizing lists.
+package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</para>
<para>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
lists.
@@ -5804,7 +5936,7 @@ lists.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\leftmargini&rbrace;&lbrace;1.25em&rbrace; % default 2.5em
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -5825,8 +5957,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -5836,10 +5968,10 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5902,7 +6034,7 @@ counter will be reset to zero each time &latex; enters the environment,
and the counter is incremented by one each time &latex; encounters an
<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="list-makelabel">list makelabel</anchor> <para>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
@@ -5928,12 +6060,12 @@ command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;2pt plus1pt minus
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemindent">list itemindent</anchor>
<para>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemsep">list itemsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
@@ -5946,13 +6078,13 @@ plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelsep">list labelsep</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
and <samp>report</samp> classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelwidth">list labelwidth</anchor>
<para>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
@@ -5974,7 +6106,7 @@ mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-leftmargin">list leftmargin</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
@@ -5992,14 +6124,14 @@ error message <samp>Too deeply nested</samp>.)
<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is
<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-listparindent">list listparindent</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-parsep">list parsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>,
<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt
@@ -6009,7 +6141,7 @@ defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt
minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-partopsep">list partopsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
@@ -6025,13 +6157,13 @@ minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code
defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-rightmargin">list rightmargin</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-topsep">list topsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
to <code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>). The defaults for
@@ -6110,22 +6242,22 @@ e.g., <code>\&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
page break.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-beginparpenalty">list beginparpenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itempenalty">list itempenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-endparpenalty">list endparpenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</para>
@@ -6257,10 +6389,10 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">inline formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">inline formulas</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6270,8 +6402,8 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
\end&lbrace;math&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -6281,10 +6413,10 @@ the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -6347,16 +6479,14 @@ vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
-<!-- c xx Is there any reason why the word ``match'' is used instead of word -->
-<!-- c ``align''. Do we mean some more permissive alignment? -->
-<para>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Align the baseline of the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
+baseline of the surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>(plain &tex;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Align the baseline of the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the
+baseline of the surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<para>To see the effects of these, contrast running this
@@ -6413,15 +6543,15 @@ in place of <code>b</code>.
Text after
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
that with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pc&rbrace;</code> at
the start of <var>contents</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -6454,8 +6584,8 @@ Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
<para>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
are vertically centered.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">% siunitx to have the S column specifier,
@@ -6488,11 +6618,11 @@ are vertically centered.
<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation &amp; quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para><example endspaces=" ">
@@ -6521,7 +6651,7 @@ covered in this document; see CTAN.
</para>
<para>To start, here&textrsquo;s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;1cm&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
@@ -6565,7 +6695,7 @@ the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Each <var>picture command</var> tells &latex; where to put something by
providing its position. A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <dfn>coordinate</dfn> is a not a length,
@@ -6601,7 +6731,7 @@ often used is <code>\put</code>. This
<para>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
<math>(11.3,-0.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn> (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) can
go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
@@ -6668,7 +6798,7 @@ page header to get repeat material on each of a document&textrsquo;s pages.
<node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6695,7 +6825,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>.
<node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\qbezier</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6726,7 +6856,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>.
<node name="_005cqbezier" spaces=" "><nodename>\qbezier</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\qbezier</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6778,7 +6908,7 @@ that curve.
<node name="_005cgraphpaper" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphpaper</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\qbezier</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphpaper</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -6786,10 +6916,10 @@ that curve.
\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334"><r>package</r>, <code>graphpap</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335"><code>graphpap</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344"><r>package</r>, <code>graphpap</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345"><code>graphpap</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <file>graphpap</file> package.
+<para>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
The grid&textrsquo;s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up.
@@ -6813,7 +6943,7 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
<node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6853,22 +6983,21 @@ then the line&textrsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
<para>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338"><r>package</r>, <code>pict2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339"><code>pict2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347"><r>package</r>, <code>pict2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348"><code>pict2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342"><r>package</r>, <code>PSTricks</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343"><code>PSTricks</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351"><r>package</r>, <code>PSTricks</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352"><code>PSTricks</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344"><r>package</r>, <code>MetaPost</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345"><code>MetaPost</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353"><r>package</r>, <code>MetaPost</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354"><code>MetaPost</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
@@ -6878,7 +7007,7 @@ relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
-<code>picture</code>, see the package <file>pict2e</file>
+<code>picture</code>, see the package <code>pict2e</code>
(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</urefurl></url>). Another solution
is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks,
MetaPost, or Asymptote.
@@ -6888,7 +7017,7 @@ MetaPost, or Asymptote.
<node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6900,14 +7029,14 @@ MetaPost, or Asymptote.
picture to be <var>dim</var>, which must be a positive length
(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It differs from <code>\thinlines</code> and
<code>\thicklines</code> in that it does not affect the thickness of slanted
-lines, circles, or ovals.
+lines, circles, or ovals (<pxref label="_005coval"><xrefnodename>\oval</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.4<dmn>pt</dmn>. This is the default
@@ -6919,19 +7048,19 @@ changed with either <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness
<node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\circle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.8<dmn>pt</dmn>. See also
<ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="_005cthinlines"><xrefnodename>\thinlines</xrefnodename></ref>. This command is illustrated
-in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <ref label="picture"><xrefnodename>picture</xrefnodename></ref>.
+in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <ref label="_005cqbezier"><xrefnodename>\qbezier</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6958,7 +7087,7 @@ integers from 1 to 15.
<node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6967,9 +7096,10 @@ integers from 1 to 15.
\oval(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)[<var>portion</var>]
</pre></example>
-<para>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional argument
-<var>portion</var> allows you to produce only half or a quarter of the oval.
-For half an oval take <var>portion</var> to be one of these.
+<para>Produce a rectangle with rounded corners, hereinafter referred to as an
+<dfn>oval</dfn>. The optional argument <var>portion</var> allows you to produce
+only half or a quarter of the oval. For half an oval take <var>portion</var>
+to be one of these.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
@@ -6998,14 +7128,14 @@ top half.
<para>These shapes are not ellipses. They are rectangles whose corners are
made with quarter circles. These circles have a maximum radius of
20<dmn>pt</dmn> (<pxref label="_005ccircle"><xrefnodename>\circle</xrefnodename></pxref> for the sizes). Thus large ovals are just
-boxes with a small amount of corner rounding.
+frames with a small amount of corner rounding.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7015,19 +7145,23 @@ boxes with a small amount of corner rounding.
<para>Produce a vertical stack of objects.
</para>
-<para>This labels the <math>y</math> axis.
+<para>This labels the <math>y</math> axis by writing the word <samp><math>y</math></samp> above
+the word <samp>axis</samp>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(1,0)&lbrace;4&rbrace;&rbrace; % x axis
-\put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(0,1)&lbrace;2&rbrace;&rbrace; % y
-\put(-0.25,2)&lbrace;\makebox[0][r]&lbrace;\shortstack[r]&lbrace;$y$\\ axis&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;1cm&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(5,2.5)(-0.75,0)
+ \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(1,0)&lbrace;4&rbrace;&rbrace; % x axis
+ \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(0,1)&lbrace;2&rbrace;&rbrace; % y
+ \put(-0.2,2)&lbrace;\makebox(0,0)[r]&lbrace;\shortstack[r]&lbrace;$y$\\ axis&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>For a short stack, the reference point is the lower left of the stack.
-In the above example the <ref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></ref> puts the stack flush
-right in a zero width box so in total the short stack sits slightly to
-the left of the <math>y</math>&nbsp;axis.
+In the above example the <code>\makebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) puts
+the stack flush right in a zero width box so in total the short stack
+sits slightly to the left of the <math>y</math>&nbsp;axis.
</para>
<para>The valid positions are:
</para>
@@ -7040,14 +7174,16 @@ the left of the <math>y</math>&nbsp;axis.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Center objects (default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
-rows are not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in
+rows are not spaced out to be of even baseline skips. Thus, in
<code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code> the first and last rows are taller than
-the middle two. You can adjust row heights either by putting in the
-usual interline spacing with <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\ \strut o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code>,
-or by hand, via an explicit zero-width box <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X \\
+the middle two, and therefore the baseline skip between the two middle
+rows is smaller than that between the third and last row. You can
+adjust row heights and depths either by putting in the usual interline
+spacing with <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\ \strut o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>),
+or explicitly, via an zero-width box <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X \\
\rule&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;&lbrace;12pt&rbrace; o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code> or by using <code>\\</code>&textrsquo;s optional
argument <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -7059,7 +7195,7 @@ argument <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code>.
<node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7088,7 +7224,7 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
<node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vector</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7137,7 +7273,7 @@ two of these letters.
<node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7169,8 +7305,8 @@ the text in the center.
<var>text</var>; see <ref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></ref> for the values that it can
take.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</para>
@@ -7184,7 +7320,7 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (<pxref label="_
<node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7202,7 +7338,7 @@ between the frame and the object. It is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><x
<node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7243,18 +7379,18 @@ take.
<node name="quotation-_0026-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation &amp; quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7297,12 +7433,12 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
<!-- c xx TODO align on the French which is more precise and has more illustrative examples. -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7350,14 +7486,14 @@ of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
<code>\linewidth</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <dfn>tabbed
rows</dfn>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
<code>\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">pattern, current tab stops, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">pattern, current tab stops, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <dfn>current tab stop
pattern</dfn>, a sequence of <math><var>n</var> &gt; 0</math> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
@@ -7375,37 +7511,37 @@ done in LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>
They are all fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last
column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
@@ -7415,29 +7551,29 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or
<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> command that ends the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead,
use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
effect.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -7469,15 +7605,15 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
end;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
@@ -7491,11 +7627,11 @@ there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
<node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7538,11 +7674,12 @@ float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnod
</para>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
-The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text
-<var>title</var> for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
-<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
-instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption
+text <var>title</var> for the table (<pxref label="_005ccaption"><xrefnodename>\caption</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default it is
+numbered. If its optional <var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is
+used in the list of tables instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of
+contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>In this example the table and caption will float to the bottom of a page,
unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
@@ -7565,11 +7702,11 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7607,12 +7744,12 @@ illustrates many of the features.
<para>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument
<code>&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">&amp; <r>for table cells</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp">&amp; <r>for table cells</r></indexterm></findex>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <code>&amp;</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</para>
@@ -7690,7 +7827,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
@@ -7749,25 +7886,25 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
<!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arrayrulewidth">tabular arrayrulewidth</anchor>
<para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\arrayrulewidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arraystrech">tabular arraystrech</anchor>
<para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\arraystretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-doublerulesep">tabular doublerulesep</anchor>
<para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-tabcolsep">tabular tabcolsep</anchor>
<para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
@@ -7789,7 +7926,7 @@ lines:
<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7870,7 +8007,7 @@ range en-dash.
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l|r&arobase;&lbrace;--&rbrace;l&rbrace;
\multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Period&rbrace;&rbrace;
- &amp;multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Span&rbrace;&rbrace; \\ \hline
+ &amp;\multicolumn&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;Span&rbrace;&rbrace; \\ \hline
Baroque &amp;1600 &amp;1760 \\
Classical &amp;1730 &amp;1820 \\
Romantic &amp;1780 &amp;1910 \\
@@ -7889,7 +8026,7 @@ in the first row here. That&textrsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
@@ -7922,7 +8059,7 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7952,7 +8089,7 @@ height.
<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -7977,10 +8114,10 @@ is required.
<node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8025,8 +8162,8 @@ as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less
than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex>
<para>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as <samp>Bibliography</samp>.
To change it there are two cases. In the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file>
classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the
@@ -8037,10 +8174,10 @@ title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
as with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\refname&rbrace;&lbrace;Cited references&rbrace;</code>, after
<code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Language support packages such as <file>babel</file> will automatically
+<para>Language support packages such as <code>babel</code> will automatically
redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
language.
</para>
@@ -8057,7 +8194,7 @@ language.
<node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8074,7 +8211,7 @@ language.
<para>Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the
<code>enumi</code> counter. The <dfn>citation key</dfn>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</para>
@@ -8131,7 +8268,7 @@ recompiling.
<node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8194,7 +8331,7 @@ the fix may be to run &latex; again.
<node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8215,19 +8352,19 @@ have not explicitly cited them (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite</xr
<node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
<para>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
Bib&tex; program. This is only an introduction; see the full
documentation on CTAN (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>With Bib&tex;, you don&textrsquo;t use <code>thebibliography</code>
-(<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead, include these lines.
+<para>With Bib&tex;, you don&textrsquo;t use the <code>thebibliography</code> environment
+directly (<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead, include these lines:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\bibliographystyle&lbrace;<var>bibstyle</var>&rbrace;
@@ -8253,8 +8390,8 @@ Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<noindent></noindent><para>Many, many other Bib&tex; style files exist,
-tailored to the demands of various publications. See CTAN&textrsquo;s listing
-<url><urefurl>https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></url>.
+tailored to the demands of various publications. See the CTAN topic
+<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/bibtex-sty</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<para>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
@@ -8285,16 +8422,66 @@ can keep all your sources together in one file, or a small number of
files, and rely on Bib&tex; to include in this document only those that
you used.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387"><samp>*</samp>, to <code>\nocite</code> all keys</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>&lbrace;*&rbrace;, for all keys</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>With Bib&tex;, the <var>keys</var> argument to <code>\nocite</code> can also be
+the single character <samp>*</samp>. This means to implicitly cite all
+entries from all given bibliographies.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">Bib&tex; error messages</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+<node name="BibTeX-error-messages" spaces=" "><nodename>Bib&tex; error messages</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodeup></node>
+<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Bib&tex; error messages</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">Bib&tex; error messages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">error messages, from Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file and Bib&tex; commands</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>If you forget to use <code>\bibliography</code> or <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+in your document (or, less likely, any <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code>
+command), Bib&tex; will issue an error message. Because Bib&tex;
+can be used with any program, not just &latex;, the error messages
+refer to the internal commands read by Bib&tex; (from the <file>.aux</file>
+file), rather than the user-level commands described above.
+</para>
+<para>Here is a table showing internal commands mentioned in the Bib&tex;
+errors, and the corresponding user-level commands.
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp">\bibdata</indexterm>\bibdata</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography <r>and internal <code>\bibdata</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<para><code>\bibliography</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp">\bibstyle</indexterm>\bibstyle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle <r>and internal <code>\bibstyle</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<para><code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp">\citation</indexterm>\citation</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp">\cite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp">\nocite <r>and internal <code>\citation</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<para><code>\cite</code>, <code>\nocite</code>
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+
+<para>For example, if your document has no <code>\bibliographystyle</code>
+command, Bib&tex; complains as follows:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">I found no \bibstyle command---while reading file <var>document</var>.aux
+</pre></example>
+
+</subsubsection>
</subsection>
</section>
<node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8322,11 +8509,11 @@ The next result follows immediately.
\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
@@ -8338,11 +8525,11 @@ such as styling options.
<node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8389,14 +8576,14 @@ environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnod
<node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8422,8 +8609,8 @@ Symbol swearing: %&amp;$#?&eosexcl;.
<para>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
the string <code>\end&lbrace;verbatim&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
@@ -8435,11 +8622,11 @@ already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
when the macro was called. However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can
help with this.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
@@ -8447,11 +8634,11 @@ instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
and <code>minted</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398"><r>package</r>, <code>verbatimbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399"><code>verbatimbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410"><r>package</r>, <code>verbatimbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411"><code>verbatimbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
@@ -8466,8 +8653,8 @@ and <code>minted</code>.
<node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8500,7 +8687,7 @@ synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the
other). The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The
<var>literal-text</var> cannot include a line break.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
<tex endspaces=" ">
@@ -8513,24 +8700,24 @@ space character.
<pre xml:space="preserve">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402"><r>package</r>, <code>url</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403"><code>url</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414"><r>package</r>, <code>url</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415"><code>url</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
is a better option than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
-<code>\verb</code>. One is <file>listings</file>, another is <file>minted</file>.
+<code>\verb</code>. One is <code>listings</code>, another is <code>minted</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
@@ -8547,10 +8734,10 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
<node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8571,7 +8758,7 @@ However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</para>
@@ -8599,8 +8786,8 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
<node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -8615,6 +8802,23 @@ before taking a final pass through and considering line breaks (and page
breaks). This differs from word processing, where you are formatting
text as you input it. Putting these off until the end prevents a lot of
fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
+<!-- c Alernative text proposed here: https://tug.org/pipermail/latexrefman/2021q3/000803.html -->
+<!-- c this text is that of the French version. -->
+<ignore>
+A common workflow with LaTeX is to get a final version of the document
+content before taking a final pass through and considering line breaks
+(and page breaks). Most people do not consider LaTeX as a word
+processor, because it does not show the output instantly. However
+differing the output encourages the user to put off until the end
+formatting adjustments, and thus it prevents a lot of fiddling with
+breaks that will change anyway.
+@noindent
+Differing the output has other advantages: it enables to make no
+compromise about the typesetting, which ensures that what you see it
+exactly what you get, and it also helps authors concentrate their mind
+on either writing or reading rather than distract it by doing both a the
+same time.
+</ignore>
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\\</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new line.
@@ -8631,9 +8835,9 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
<node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -8656,14 +8860,15 @@ rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxre
the line break is set at its normal length, that is, it is not stretched
to fill out the line width. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells &latex; not to start a new page
-between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>.
-</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\title&lbrace;My story: \\[0.25in]
a tale of woe&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The starred form, <code>\\*</code>, tells &latex; not to start a new page
+between the two lines, by issuing a <code>\nobreak</code>.
+</para>
<para>Explicit line breaks in the main text body are unusual in &latex;. In
particular, don&textrsquo;t start new paragraphs with <code>\\</code>. Instead leave a
blank line between the two paragraphs. And don&textrsquo;t put in a sequence of
@@ -8715,9 +8920,9 @@ something like this.
<node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>,
internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
@@ -8767,13 +8972,13 @@ fff ggg
<node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
-the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph mode
-(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>), the <code>\newline</code> command is equivalent to
-double-backslash (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). This command is fragile
+it, so the text before the end of line is not stretched. That is, in
+paragraph mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>), the <code>\newline</code> command is
+equivalent to double-backslash (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>). This command is fragile
(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>However, the two commands are different inside a <code>tabular</code> or
@@ -8787,7 +8992,7 @@ equivalent <code>\tabularnewline</code>.
single cell of the table.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;p&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;2in&rbrace;&rbrace;p&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;p&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;\hspace&lbrace;2in&rbrace;&rbrace;p&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&rbrace;
Name: \newline Address: &amp;Date: \\ \hline
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -8800,13 +9005,14 @@ single cell of the table.
<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Tell &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
-those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that &latex;
-might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+those points and not at any of the other hyphenation points that
+&latex; might otherwise have chosen. This command is robust
+(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>&latex; is good at hyphenating and usually finds most of the correct
hyphenation points, while almost never using an incorrect one. The
@@ -8833,17 +9039,17 @@ in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column.
better fit.
</para>
<para>The <code>\-</code> command only allows &latex; to break there, it does not
-require that it break there. You can insist on a split with something
-like <code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the
-text then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
+require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
+<code>Hef-\linebreak feron</code>. Of course, if you later change the text
+then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
care.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cdiscretionary" spaces=" "><nodename>\discretionary</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8857,10 +9063,10 @@ care.
<para>If a line break occurs at the point where <code>\discretionary</code> appears
then &tex; puts <var>pre-break</var> at the end of the current line and puts
<var>post-break</var> at the start of the next line. If there is no line
-break here then &tex; puts <var>no-break</var>
+break here then &tex; puts <var>no-break</var>.
</para>
<para>In <samp>difficult</samp> the three letters <code>ffi</code> form a ligature. But
-&tex; can nonetheless break between the two f&textrsquo;s with this.
+&tex; can nonetheless break between the two <samp>f</samp>&textrsquo;s with this.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">di\discretionary&lbrace;f-&rbrace;&lbrace;fi&rbrace;&lbrace;ffi&rbrace;cult
@@ -8869,14 +9075,55 @@ break here then &tex; puts <var>no-break</var>
<para>Note that users do not have to do this. It is typically handled
automatically by &tex;&textrsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
</para>
+<!-- c xxx TODO, complete this node, see LaTeX-fr (copied & pasted below, -->
+<!-- c with accented letter escaped) -->
+
+<ignore>
+@c Les arguments de @code{\discretionary} ne peuvent contenir que des
+@c caract@`eres, des bo@^{@dotless{i}}tes ou des cr@'enages.
+@c
+@c La commande @code{\discretionary} permet de contr@^oler
+@c finement la c@'esure dans les cas o@`u ne suffisent ni le contr@^ole standard
+@c de la c@'esure fait l'algorithme de c@'esure de @TeX{} et les r@`egles de
+@c c@'esures donn@'ees par les paquetages de gestion linguistiques, ni les
+@c moyens de contr@^ole explicites offerts par les commandes
+@c @code{\hyphenation} (@pxref{\hyphenation}) et @code{\-} (@pxref{\-
+@c (hyphenation),\- (c@'esure @`a gr@'e)}).
+@c
+@c L'usage typique de @code{\discretionary} est par exemple de contr@^oler la
+@c c@'esure au sein d'une formule math@'ematique en mode ligne (voir aussi
+@c @ref{Math miscellany,Miscellan@'ees math@'ematique (entr@'ee \*)}). Ci-dessous
+@c un exemple de contr@^ole de la c@'esure au sein d'une adresse r@'eticulaire,
+@c o@`u l'on autorise la c@'esure sur les obliques mais en utilisant une
+@c contr'oblique violette en lieu de trait d'union@tie{}:
+@c
+@c @example
+@c \documentclass@{article@}
+@c \usepackage[T1]@{fontenc@}
+@c \usepackage[utf8]@{inputenc@}
+@c \usepackage@{xcolor@}
+@c \usepackage@{hyperref@}
+@c \usepackage@{french@}
+@c \newcommand*\DiscrSlash@{\discretionary@{\mbox@{\textcolor
+@c @{purple@}@{\textbackslash@}@}@}@{/@}@{/@}@}
+@c \begin@{document@}
+@c Allez donc @`a \href@{http://une/tr\%c3\%A8s/tr\%c3\%A8s/longue%
+@c /mais/vraiment/tr\%c3\%A8s/longue/adresse/r\%C3\%A9ticulaire%
+@c /index.html@}@{http://une\DiscrSlash tr@`es\DiscrSlash tr@`es\DiscrSlash
+@c longue\DiscrSlash mais\DiscrSlash vraiment\DiscrSlash
+@c tr@`es\DiscrSlash longue\DiscrSlash adresse\DiscrSlash
+@c r@'eticulaire\DiscrSlash index.html@}
+@c \end@{document@}
+@c @end example
+</ignore>
</section>
<node name="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\discretionary</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Declarations to make &tex; more picky or less picky about line
breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
@@ -8885,10 +9132,10 @@ words, at the cost of an occasional overfull box. Conversely,
spacing.
</para>
<para>The default is <code>\fussy</code>. Line breaking in a paragraph is
-controlled by whichever declaration is current at the blank line, or
-<code>\par</code>, or displayed equation ending that paragraph. So to affect
-the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of
-the command.
+controlled by whichever declaration is current at the end of the
+paragraph, i.e., at the blank line or <code>\par</code> or displayed
+equation ending that paragraph. So to affect the line breaks, include
+that paragraph-ending material in the scope of the command.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">sloppypar</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Environment version of \sloppy command.
@@ -8898,8 +9145,10 @@ the command.
<node name="sloppypar" spaces=" "><nodename>sloppypar</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>sloppypar</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">sloppypar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>sloppypar</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp"><code>sloppypar</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8936,8 +9185,8 @@ the command.
<node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8956,17 +9205,22 @@ hyphenation with a dash character, <code>-</code>.
</pre></example>
<para>Use lowercase letters. &tex; will only hyphenate if the word matches
-exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
+exactly, no inflections are tried. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code>
+commands accumulate.
</para>
+<!-- c xx Re-align on LaTeX-fr which also mentions fontenc, and that -->
+<!-- c babel/polyglossia already load hyphenation patterns, and you have to -->
+<!-- c declare only non existing words. -->
+
</section>
<node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -8984,12 +9238,12 @@ exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
</pre></example>
<para>Encourage or discourage a line break. The optional <var>zero-to-four</var>
-is an integer that allows you to soften the instruction. The default is
-4, so that without the optional argument these commands entirely force
-or prevent the break. But for instance, <code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a
-suggestion that another place may be better. The higher the number, the
-more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
-(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+is an integer lying between 0 and 4 that allows you to soften the
+instruction. The default is 4, so that without the optional argument
+these commands entirely force or prevent the break. But for instance,
+<code>\nolinebreak[1]</code> is a suggestion that another place may be better.
+The higher the number, the more insistent the request. Both commands
+are fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Here we tell &latex; that a good place to put a linebreak is after the
standard legal text.
@@ -9001,18 +9255,17 @@ underrepresented groups.
</pre></example>
<para>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
-out so that it extends to the right margin. <xref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></xref>
+out so that the break point reaches the right margin. <xref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></xref>
and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></ref>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
</para>
-
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ordinarily &latex; automatically takes care of breaking output into
pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
@@ -9055,11 +9308,11 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
<node name="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code> </sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9114,9 +9367,9 @@ two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
<node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9159,8 +9412,8 @@ stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
<node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9193,10 +9446,10 @@ explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
<node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -9246,13 +9499,21 @@ this can cause you to get <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
occurred while \output is active</samp>. <xref label="_005cnewpage"><xrefnodename>\newpage</xrefnodename></xref>, for a command that
does not have these effects.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\samepage</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">samepage <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>(There is an obsolete declaration <code>\samepage</code>, which tries to only
+allow a break between two paragraphs. There is a related environment
+<code>samepage</code>, also obsolete. Neither of these work reliably. For
+more on keeping material on the same page, see the FAQ entry
+<url><urefurl>https://texfaq.org/FAQ-nopagebrk</urefurl></url>.)
+</para>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</para>
@@ -9286,7 +9547,7 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x
<node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9310,9 +9571,9 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x
the footnote. If you use this then &latex; does not increment the
<code>footnote</code> counter.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default, &latex; uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which
@@ -9323,11 +9584,11 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
</para>
<para>&latex; determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnoterule">footnote footnoterule</anchor>
<para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
@@ -9343,8 +9604,9 @@ Change the rule with something like this.
\kern 2pt&rbrace; % and this 2
</pre></example>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnotesep">footnote footnotesep</anchor>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">strut</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (<pxref label="Font-sizes"><xrefnodename>Font sizes</xrefnodename></pxref>), therefore there is no
@@ -9362,8 +9624,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; <pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
@@ -9375,7 +9637,7 @@ shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodenam
<node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9391,9 +9653,9 @@ footnote mark. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode
(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>If you use <code>\footnotemark</code> without the optional argument then it
-increments the footnote counter but if you use the optional <var>number</var>
-then it does not. The next example produces several consecutive footnote
-markers referring to the same footnote.
+increments the <code>footnote</code> counter, but if you use the optional
+<var>number</var> then it does not. The next example produces several
+consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">The first theorem\footnote&lbrace;Due to Gauss.&rbrace;
@@ -9401,10 +9663,11 @@ and the second theorem\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
and the third theorem.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;]
</pre></example>
-<para>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of the
-common mark. This example gives the same institutional affiliation to
-both the first and third authors (<code>\thanks</code> is a version of
-<code>footnote</code>), by-hand giving the number of the footnote.
+<para>If there are intervening footnotes then you must remember the value of
+the number of the common mark. This example gives the same
+institutional affiliation to both the first and third authors
+(<code>\thanks</code> is a version of <code>\footnote</code>), by-hand giving the
+number of the footnote.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\title&lbrace;A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem&rbrace;
@@ -9428,13 +9691,13 @@ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rb
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <file>cleveref</file>.
+<para>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <code>cleveref</code>.
</para>
<!-- c from SE user Jake http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/10116/339 -->
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -9446,17 +9709,17 @@ The corollary is from Chance.\footnote&lbrace;Evers, Chance, 1990.&rbrace;
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>It will work with the package <file>hyperref</file>.
+<para>It will work with the package <code>hyperref</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9479,8 +9742,8 @@ examples.
<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</para>
@@ -9509,7 +9772,7 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
@@ -9525,7 +9788,7 @@ the footnote text does not appear. The solution is to use a
\textit&lbrace;HMS Polychrest&rbrace; &amp;Post Captain \\
\textit&lbrace;HMS Lively&rbrace; &amp;Post Captain \\
\textit&lbrace;HMS Surprise&rbrace; &amp;A number of books\footnote&lbrace;%
- Starting with HMS Surprise.&rbrace;
+ Starting with \textit&lbrace;HMS Surprise&rbrace;.&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
@@ -9562,8 +9825,11 @@ part of the regular footnote sequence, use the <code>\footnotemark</code> and
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463"><r>package</r>, <code>tablefootnote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464"><code>tablefootnote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>For a floating <code>table</code> environment (<pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>), use the
-<file>tablefootnote</file> package.
+<code>tablefootnote</code> package.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;tablefootnote&rbrace; % in preamble
@@ -9590,14 +9856,14 @@ other footnotes.
<node name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes of footnotes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes of footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
-<file>bigfoot</file> extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
+<code>bigfoot</code> extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default footnote mechanism in many
ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -9607,7 +9873,7 @@ ways, including allow these two, as in this example.
...
The third theorem is a partial converse of the
second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
- First noted in Wilson.\footnote&lbrace;Second edition only.&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ Noted in Wilson.\footnote&lbrace;Second edition only.&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -9616,7 +9882,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
<node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
@@ -9640,11 +9906,11 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -9672,9 +9938,9 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
<para>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <ref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">\long</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\long</indexterm></findex>
<para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms, the commands
are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
@@ -9685,8 +9951,8 @@ multiple paragraphs.
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">cmd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem>
-<para>Required; the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>,
-and must not begin with the four letter string <code>\end</code>. For
+<para>Required; <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>,
+and must not begin with the four character string <code>\end</code>. For
<code>\newcommand</code>, it must not be already defined. For
<code>\renewcommand</code>, this name must already be defined.
</para>
@@ -9703,7 +9969,7 @@ different number of arguments than the old version.
(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present
then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in
<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]&lbrace;...&rbrace;...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the
parameter&nbsp;<code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the
@@ -9726,10 +9992,11 @@ argument and you don&textrsquo;t exercise the option).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>&tex; ignores spaces in the source following an alphabetic control
-sequence, as in <samp>\cmd </samp>. If you actually want a space there, one
-solution is to type <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> after the command (<samp>\cmd&lbrace;&rbrace; </samp>, and
-another solution is to use an explicit control space (<samp>\cmd\ </samp>).
+<para>&tex; ignores blanks in the source following a control word
+(<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), as in <samp>\cmd </samp>. If you actually want a
+space there, one solution is to type <code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> after the command
+(<samp>\cmd&lbrace;&rbrace; </samp>, and another solution is to use an explicit control
+space (<samp>\cmd\ </samp>).
</para>
<para>A simple example of defining a new command:
<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\RS&rbrace;&lbrace;Robin Smith&rbrace;</code> results in <code>\RS</code> being
@@ -9742,8 +10009,8 @@ defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>. If you try
to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get
something like <samp>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</samp>.
</para>
-<para>Here the first command definition has no arguments, and the second has
-one required argument.
+<para>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the
+second, one with one required argument.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\student&rbrace;&lbrace;Ms~O'Leary&rbrace;
@@ -9752,7 +10019,7 @@ one required argument.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Use the first as in <code>I highly recommend \student&lbrace;&rbrace; to you</code>. The
-second has a variable, so that <code>\defref&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code> expands to
+second has a variable argument, so that <code>\defref&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code> expands to
<code>Definition~\ref&lbrace;def:basis&rbrace;</code>, which ultimately expands to
something like <samp>Definition~3.14</samp>.
</para>
@@ -9799,25 +10066,67 @@ with <code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;</code>,
is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\shipname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;&lbrace;\it #1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Control sequences</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Control sequence, control word and control symbol.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+<node name="Control-sequences" spaces=" "><nodename>Control sequences</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Control sequence, control word and control symbol</sectiontitle>
+<para>When reading input &tex; converts the sequences of read characters into
+a sequence of <dfn>tokens</dfn>. When &tex; sees a backslash <code>\</code>, it
+will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
+<dfn>control sequence</dfn> token.
+</para>
+<para>The control sequences fall into two categories:
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>&bullet;</itemprepend>
+<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para><dfn>control word</dfn>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code>\</code> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one
+blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the
+<dfn>control sequence name</dfn>.
+</para></listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para><dfn>control symbol</dfn>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<code>\</code> followed by one non-letter character.
+</para></listitem></itemize>
+
+<para>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
+whitespace in the output (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref> and
+<ref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE)</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+<para>Just as the <code>\relax</code> command does nothing, the following will print
+<samp>Hello!</samp><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>tex</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt>:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Hel\relax<w> </w><w> </w><w> </w>
+<w> </w><w> </w><w> </w>lo!
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>This is because blanks after <code>\relax</code>, including the newline are
+ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
+(<pxref label="Leading-blanks"><xrefnodename>Leading blanks</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</subsection>
</section>
<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\providecommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\providecommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\providecommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\providecommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\providecommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
-\providecommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\providecommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\providecommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\providecommand&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\providecommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\providecommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\providecommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Defines a command, as long as no command of this name already exists.
@@ -9831,8 +10140,8 @@ that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\providecommand&lbrace;\myaffiliation&rbrace;&lbrace;Saint Michael's College&rbrace;
-\providecommand&lbrace;\myaffiliation&rbrace;&lbrace;Saint Michael's College&rbrace;
-&gt;From \myaffiliation.
+\providecommand&lbrace;\myaffiliation&rbrace;&lbrace;Lyc\'ee Henri IV&rbrace;
+From \myaffiliation.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -9859,9 +10168,9 @@ letter, code&nbsp;11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
category code of the at-sign to code&nbsp;12, its default value.
</para>
<para>As &tex; reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>catcode</dfn>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
character&nbsp;<samp><code>\</code></samp> the catcode&nbsp;0. Command names
consist of a category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
@@ -9883,8 +10192,8 @@ since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands alre
arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
catcode&nbsp;11.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>.
@@ -9905,9 +10214,9 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<node name="_005c_0040ifstar" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;ifstar</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;ifstar</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9975,18 +10284,18 @@ command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;</code> and
<code>\agentsecret<w> *</w>&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;</code> are equivalent. However, the
standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of
-<code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <file>suffix</file> package allows the
+<code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <code>suffix</code> package allows the
construct <code>\newcommand\mycommand&lbrace;<var>unstarred-variant</var>&rbrace;</code>
followed by
<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*&lbrace;<var>starred-variant</var>&rbrace;</code>.
-(2)&nbsp;&latex; provides the <file>xparse</file> package, which allows
+(2)&nbsp;&latex; provides the <code>xparse</code> package, which allows
this code:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -10001,8 +10310,8 @@ this code:
<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;ifstar</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -10054,24 +10363,26 @@ defined.</samp>
<node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Allocate a new length register (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). The required argument
-<var>arg</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The new register holds
-rubber lengths such as <code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code>
-(a &latex; length register is what plain &tex; calls a <code>skip</code>
-register). The initial value is zero. The control sequence
-<code>\<var>arg</var></code> must not be already defined.
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control
+sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The new register holds rubber lengths such as
+<code>72.27pt</code> or <code>1in plus.2in minus.1in</code> (a &latex; length
+register is what plain &tex; calls a <code>skip</code> register). The
+initial value is zero. The control sequence <code>\<var>len</var></code> must not
+be already defined.
</para>
<para>An example:
</para>
@@ -10080,7 +10391,7 @@ register). The initial value is zero. The control sequence
</pre></example>
<para>If you forget the backslash then you get <samp>Missing control sequence
-inserted</samp>. If the command sequence already exists then you get
+inserted</samp>. If the control sequence already exists then you get
something like <samp>LaTeX Error: Command \graphichgt already defined.
Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>.
</para>
@@ -10089,8 +10400,8 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10127,11 +10438,11 @@ Our logo is \usebox&lbrace;\logobox&rbrace;.
<node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -10159,7 +10470,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox&lbrace;\logobox&rbrace;.
<para>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
construct <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; ... <var>body</var> ... \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -10291,12 +10602,12 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
<node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -10426,9 +10737,9 @@ by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c @findex .fd @r{file} -->
<para>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
@@ -10449,8 +10760,8 @@ boldface with a roman (<pxref label="Fonts"><xrefnodename>Fonts</xrefnodename></
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
backslash, <code>\</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<dfn>at clause</dfn>. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The at clause can have the form either
@@ -10474,9 +10785,9 @@ relative to the font&textrsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
@@ -10494,7 +10805,7 @@ name</var>&rbrace;</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
@@ -10540,10 +10851,10 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<node name="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" spaces=" "><nodename>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xspace package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\protect</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10558,11 +10869,12 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\ignorespacesafterend
</pre></example>
-<para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore spaces after the end of the
-command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
-from plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
+<para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore blanks (that is, characters of
+catcode&nbsp;10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the
+command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a
+command from plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
</para>
-<para>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
+<para>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
example below illustrates. It allows a user to show the points values
for quiz questions in the margin but it is inconvenient because, as
@@ -10585,7 +10897,7 @@ the command and the question text.
\makebox[0pt]&lbrace;\makebox[10em][l]&lbrace;#1~pts&rbrace;&rbrace;\ignorespaces&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>A second example shows spaces being removed from the front of text. The
+<para>A second example shows blanks being removed from the front of text. The
commands below allow a user to uniformly attach a title to names. But,
as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
@@ -10609,7 +10921,7 @@ at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, as in
<code>\begin&lbrace;newenvironment&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>env
name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;... \ignorespaces&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use
+<para>To strip blanks off the end of an environment use
<code>\ignorespacesafterend</code>. An example is that this will show a much
larger vertical space between the first and second environments than
between the second and third.
@@ -10637,9 +10949,12 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
<node name="xspace-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xspace package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>xspace package</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513"><r>package</r>, <code>xspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514"><code>xspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10649,13 +10964,15 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
\newcommand&lbrace;...&rbrace;&lbrace;...\xspace&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command, adds a
-space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters.
+<para>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command definition,
+adds a space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation
+characters.
</para>
-<para>After a command name that uses letters (as opposed to single character
-command names using non-letters such as <code>\$</code>), &tex; gobbles white
-space. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has <samp>Vermont</samp>
-placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space.
+<para>After a command control sequence that is a control word (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control
+sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>, as opposed to control symbols such as <code>\$</code>), &tex;
+gobbles blank characters. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output
+has <samp>Vermont</samp> placed snugly against the period, without any
+intervening space.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\VT&rbrace;&lbrace;Vermont&rbrace;
@@ -10663,15 +10980,16 @@ Our college is in \VT .
The \VT&lbrace;&rbrace; summers are nice.
</pre></example>
-<para>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the dummy curly
+<para>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the empty curly
braces or else there would be no space separating <samp>Vermont</samp> from
-<samp>summers</samp>. (Many authors instead instead use a backslash-space
+<samp>summers</samp>. (Many authors instead use a backslash-space
<code>\ </code> for this. <xref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE)</xrefnodename></xref>.)
</para>
-<para>The <file>xspace</file> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
-commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It inserts a
-space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
-exceptions. In this example, the dummy braces are not needed.
+<para>The <code>xspace</code> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
+commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place
+at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space
+after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
+exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\VT&rbrace;&lbrace;Vermont\xspace&rbrace;
@@ -10682,16 +11000,17 @@ Our college is in \VT .
<para>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
-list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions&lbrace;\myfni \myfnii&rbrace;</code> and remove
-from that list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception&lbrace;!&rbrace;</code>.
+list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions&lbrace;\myfni \myfnii&rbrace;</code> which adds
+<code>\myfni</code> and&nbsp;<code>\myfnii</code> to the list, and remove from that
+list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception&lbrace;!&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<!-- c David Carlisle https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/86620/339 -->
<para>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in
a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
-But it isn&textrsquo;t easy to predict when to enter dummy braces because
+But it isn&textrsquo;t easy to predict when to enter empty braces because
<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
-error-prone than instead always remembering the dummy braces.
+error-prone than instead always inserting the empty braces.
</para>
</section>
@@ -10699,8 +11018,8 @@ error-prone than instead always remembering the dummy braces.
<node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
@@ -10712,6 +11031,23 @@ track of the chapter number.
<para>Below is a list of the counters used in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document
classes to control numbering.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">part counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">chapter counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">section counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">subsection counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">subsubsection counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">paragraph counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">subparagraph counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">page counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">equation counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">figure counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">table counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">footnote counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">enumi counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">enumii counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">enumiii counter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">enumiv counter</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">part paragraph figure enumi
chapter subparagraph table enumii
@@ -10745,7 +11081,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</
<node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
@@ -10757,30 +11093,30 @@ instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>. Note that the counter name d
start with a backslash.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;,
&enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.</samp>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in Arabic numbers such as <samp>5</samp> or <samp>-2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the
counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
&latex; does not print anything in the output.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the
counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
&latex; does not print anything in the output.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
<var>counter</var> should be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive. If the
@@ -10790,7 +11126,7 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything.
</para>
<para>Here are the symbols:
</para>
-<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .30 .30 .30"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".11 .30 .30 .29"><columnfraction value=".11"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".29"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Number</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Symbol
</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
<para>1</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c -->
@@ -10821,9 +11157,9 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything.
<node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10858,8 +11194,8 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
<node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10902,9 +11238,9 @@ preceded by <code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\pr
<node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10930,7 +11266,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;exercise&rbrace;.
<node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10954,7 +11290,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
<node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10978,7 +11314,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11000,15 +11336,15 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<node name="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
-the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and year <code>\year</code>.
-When &tex; starts up, they are set from the current values on the
-system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string
+the year (nominally with value between 1 and 12), and <code>\year</code> for
+the year. When &tex; starts up, they are set from the current values
+on the system. The related command <code>\today</code> produces a string
representing the current day (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>They counters are not updated as the job progresses so in principle they
@@ -11023,22 +11359,24 @@ check:
<para>gives no error or warning and results in the output <samp>-2, -4</samp> (the
bogus month value produces no output).
</para>
-
+<para><xref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></xref>, to force the date to a given value from the
+command line.
+</para>
</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Lengths come in two types. A <dfn>rigid length</dfn> such as <code>10pt</code>
does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain
&tex; calls this a <dfn>dimen</dfn>.) A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what plain
@@ -11141,10 +11479,10 @@ the page.
\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>&tex; actually has three levels of infinity for glue components:
-<code>fil</code>, <code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more
-infinite than the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use
-the middle one (<pxref label="_005chfill"><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="_005cvfill"><xrefnodename>\vfill</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>&tex; has three levels of infinity for glue components: <code>fil</code>,
+<code>fill</code>, and <code>filll</code>. The later ones are more infinite than
+the earlier ones. Ordinarily document authors only use the middle one
+(<pxref label="_005chfill"><xrefnodename>\hfill</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="_005cvfill"><xrefnodename>\vfill</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Multiplying a rubber length by a number turns it into a rigid length, so
that after <code>\setlength&lbrace;\ylength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in plus 0.2in&rbrace;</code> and
@@ -11160,126 +11498,127 @@ that after <code>\setlength&lbrace;\ylength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in plus 0.2in&rbrace
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settowidth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the width of something.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stretch</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add infinite stretchability.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Expressions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Compute with lengths and integers.
-<!-- c * Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined. -->
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pt </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">point</indexterm></cindex>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm>pt </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-pt">units of length pt</anchor>
-<para>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units
-is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.845<dmn>mm</dmn> = .2845<dmn>cm</dmn>.
+<para>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The (approximate) conversion to metric units
+is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = .35146<dmn>mm</dmn> = .035146<dmn>cm</dmn>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">pica</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm>pc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">pica</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-pc">units of length pc</anchor>
<para>Pica, 12 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">in </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">inch</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm>in </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">inch</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-in">units of length in</anchor>
-<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
+<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">big point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm>bp </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535">big point</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">PostScript point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-bp">units of length bp</anchor>
<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm></findex>
-<anchor name="units-of-length-cm">units of length cm</anchor>
-<para>Centimeter
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">mm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm>mm </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-mm">units of length mm</anchor>
-<para>Millimeter
+<para>Millimeter, 2.845 pt
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm>cm </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="units-of-length-cm">units of length cm</anchor>
+<para>Centimeter, 10 mm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dd </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">didot point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm>dd </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">didot point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-dd">units of length dd</anchor>
<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cc </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">cicero</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm>cc </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">cicero</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-cc">units of length cc</anchor>
<para>Cicero, 12 dd
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">sp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm>sp </itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-sp">units of length sp</anchor>
<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">ex</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">em</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm></findex>
-<anchor name="Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</anchor>
-<anchor name="Lengths_002fen">Lengths/en</anchor>
+<para>Three other units are defined according to the current font, rather
+than being an absolute dimension.
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm>ex</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">ex</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="Lengths_002fex">Lengths/ex</anchor>
-<anchor name="units-of-length-em">units of length em</anchor>
-<anchor name="units-of-length-en">units of length en</anchor>
<anchor name="units-of-length-ex">units of length ex</anchor>
-<para>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
-the font. The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the
+<para>The x-height of the current font <dfn>ex</dfn>, traditionally the
height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
-lengths. Similarly <dfn>em</dfn>, traditionally the width of the capital
-letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths (there is also
-<code>\enspace</code>, which is <code>0.5em</code>). Use of these can help make a
-definition work better across font changes. For example, a definition
-of the vertical space between list items given as
-<code>\setlength&lbrace;\itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;1ex plus 0.05ex minus 0.01ex&rbrace;</code> is more
-likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
-given in points.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm></findex>
-<para>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
-<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
-math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>.
+lengths.
</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm>em</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">em</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</anchor>
+<anchor name="units-of-length-em">units of length em</anchor>
+<para>Similarly <dfn>em</dfn>, traditionally the width of the capital
+letter M, is often used for horizontal lengths. This is also often
+the size of the current font, e.g., a nominal 10<dmn>pt</dmn> font will
+have 1<dmn>em</dmn> = 10<dmn>pt</dmn>. &latex; has several commands to produce
+horizontal spaces based on the em (<pxref label="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"><xrefnodename>\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm>mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="units-of-length-mu">units of length mu</anchor>
+<para>Finally, in math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms
+of the math unit <dfn>mu</dfn>, defined by 1<dmn>em</dmn> = 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, where the
+em is taken from the current math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in
+math mode</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
+<para>Using these units can help make a definition work better across font
+changes. For example, a definition of the vertical space between list
+items given as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;1ex plus 0.05ex minus
+0.01ex&rbrace;</code> is more likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed
+than a definition given in points.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Set the length <var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name <var>len</var>
-must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> can be a
-rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
-and can be in any units that &latex; understands (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of
-length</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Set the length \<var>len</var> to <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control
+sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> can be a rubber length
+(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that &latex; understands (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Below, with &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults the first paragraph will be indented
while the second will not.
@@ -11291,33 +11630,32 @@ while the second will not.
He said stop going to those places.
</pre></example>
-<para>If you did not declare <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
-you mistype the above as
+<para>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype it as in
<code>\newlength&lbrace;\specparindent&rbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\sepcparindent&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
then you get an error like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
\sepcindent</samp>. If you omit the backslash at the start of the length name
-then you get an error like <samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be
-read again&gt; \relax l.19 \setlength&lbrace;specparindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0.6\parindent&rbrace;</samp>
+then you get an error like <samp>Missing number, treated as zero.</samp>.
</para>
-
</section>
<node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\addtolength&lbrace;<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\addtolength&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>amount</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Increment the length <var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
-<var>len</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. The <code>amount</code> is a
-rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It can be positive, negative or zero,
-and can be in any units that &latex; understands (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of
-length</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Increment the length \<var>len</var> by <var>amount</var>. The length name
+<code>\<var>len</var></code> has to be a control sequence (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control
+sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), and as such must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under
+normal circumstances. The <var>amount</var> is a rubber length
+(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It can be positive, negative or zero, and can be in
+any units that &latex; understands (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Below, if <code>\parskip</code> starts with the value <code>0pt plus 1pt</code>
</para>
@@ -11331,32 +11669,36 @@ Nurse: no change.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>then it has the value <code>1pt plus 1pt</code> for the second paragraph.
</para>
-<para>If you did not declare the length <var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if
-for example you mistype the above as
+<para>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, for example if
+you mistype it as in
+<code>\newlength&lbrace;\specparindent&rbrace;\addtolength&lbrace;\sepcparindent&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
+then you get an error like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
+\sepcindent</samp>. If the <var>amount</var> uses some length that has not been
+declared, for instance if for example you mistype the above as
<code>\addtolength&lbrace;\specparindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0.6\praindent&rbrace;</code>, then you get
something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \praindent</samp>.
-If you leave off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
+If you leave off the backslash at the start of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\addtolength&lbrace;parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pt&rbrace;</code>, then you get something like
<samp>You can't use `the letter p' after \advance</samp>.
</para>
-
</section>
<node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\settodepth&lbrace;<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\settodepth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Set the length <var>len</var> to the depth of box that &latex; gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<para>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the depth of box that &latex; gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</para>
-<para>This will show how low the character descenders go.
+<para>This will print how low the character descenders go.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\alphabetdepth&rbrace;
@@ -11364,10 +11706,10 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetdepth
</pre></example>
-<para>If you did not set aside the length <var>len</var>, if for example you
+<para>If you did not declare \<var>len</var> with <code>\newlength</code>, if for example you
mistype the above as <code>\settodepth&lbrace;\aplhabetdepth&rbrace;&lbrace;abc...&rbrace;</code>,
then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
-\aplhabetdepth</samp>. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+\aplhabetdepth</samp>. If you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settodepth&lbrace;alphabetdepth&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> then you get something like
<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>.
</para>
@@ -11376,19 +11718,20 @@ then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
<node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\settoheight&lbrace;<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\settoheight&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;text&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Sets the length <var>len</var> to the height of box that &latex; gets on
-typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<para>Sets the length \<var>len</var> to the height of box that &latex; gets on
+typesetting the <code>text</code> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</para>
-<para>This will show how high the characters go.
+<para>This will print how high the characters go.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\alphabetheight&rbrace;
@@ -11396,11 +11739,11 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetheight
</pre></example>
-<para>If no such length <var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
+<para>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>, if
for example you mistype as
<code>\settoheight&lbrace;\aplhabetheight&rbrace;&lbrace;abc...&rbrace;</code>, then you get something
like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \alphabetheight</samp>. If
-you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight&lbrace;alphabetheight&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> then you get something like
<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>.
</para>
@@ -11409,19 +11752,20 @@ you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\settowidth&lbrace;<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\settowidth&lbrace;\<var>len</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Set the length <var>len</var> to the width of the box that &latex; gets on
-typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <var>len</var> must
-begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
+<para>Set the length \<var>len</var> to the width of the box that &latex; gets on
+typesetting the <var>text</var> argument. The length name <code>\<var>len</var></code>
+has to be a control sequence (<pxref label="Control-sequences"><xrefnodename>Control sequences</xrefnodename></pxref>), and as such
+must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code> under normal circumstances.
</para>
-<para>This measures the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
+<para>This prints the width of the lowercase ASCII alphabet.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\alphabetwidth&rbrace;
@@ -11429,10 +11773,11 @@ begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>.
\the\alphabetwidth
</pre></example>
-<para>If no such length <var>len</var> has been set aside, if for example you
-mistype the above as <code>\settowidth&lbrace;\aplhabetwidth&rbrace;&lbrace;abc...&rbrace;</code>,
-then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
-\aplhabetwidth</samp>. If you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
+<para>If no such length \<var>len</var> has been declared with <code>\newlength</code>,
+if for example you mistype the above as
+<code>\settowidth&lbrace;\aplhabetwidth&rbrace;&lbrace;abc...&rbrace;</code>, then you get something
+like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \aplhabetwidth</samp>. If
+you leave the backslash out of \<var>len</var>, as in
<code>\settoheight&lbrace;alphabetwidth&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> then you get something like
<samp>Missing number, treated as zero. &lt;to be read again&gt; \setbox</samp>.
</para>
@@ -11441,7 +11786,7 @@ then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
<node name="_005cstretch" spaces=" "><nodename>\stretch</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Expressions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stretch</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11488,7 +11833,7 @@ We dedicate this book to our wives.
<node name="Expressions" spaces=" "><nodename>Expressions</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stretch</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Expressions</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex>
<!-- c Much from Joseph Wright's https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/245663/339 -->
<para>Synopsis, one of:
@@ -11570,10 +11915,11 @@ parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus
<para>&tex; will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
doing register assignment. Thus <code>\the\numexpr\dimexpr
1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in <samp>65536</samp>, which is <code>1pt</code>
-converted to scaled points (&tex;&textrsquo;s internal unit) and then coerced
-into an integer. With a <code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink
-would be dropped. Going the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a
-<code>\dimexpr</code> or <code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
+converted to scaled points (<pxref label="units-of-length-sp"><xrefnodename>units of length sp</xrefnodename><xrefinfoname><code>sp</code></xrefinfoname></pxref>,
+&tex;&textrsquo;s internal unit) and then coerced into an integer. With a
+<code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink would be dropped. Going
+the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a <code>\dimexpr</code> or
+<code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
<code>\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces
<samp>3.0pt</samp>.
</para>
@@ -11599,12 +11945,12 @@ because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while
<node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
-paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
-two empty lines.
+paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, the
+separation of which is made by two empty lines.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession
@@ -11619,15 +11965,35 @@ of some one or other of their daughters.
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
</pre></example>
-<para>The separator lines must be empty, including not containing a comment
-character, <code>%</code>.
+<para>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank
+line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank
+line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as
+space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <code>%</code> and
+span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns
+are identical:
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[twocolumn]&lbrace;article&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+First paragraph.
+
+Second paragraph.
+\newpage
+First paragraph.
+
+ % separator lines may contain blank characters.
+
+Second paragraph.
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
<para>Once &latex; has gathered all of a paragraph&textrsquo;s contents it divides that
content into lines in a way that is optimized over the entire paragraph
(<pxref label="Line-breaking"><xrefnodename>Line breaking</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>There are places where a new paragraph is not permitted. Don&textrsquo;t put a
-blank line in math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>); here the line before the
+blank line in math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>); here the blank line before the
<code>\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -11639,7 +12005,7 @@ blank line in math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>will get you the error <samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>. Similarly, the blank
-line in this <code>section</code> argument
+line in this <code>\section</code> argument
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\section&lbrace;aaa
@@ -11663,11 +12029,11 @@ complete</samp>.
<node name="_005cpar" spaces=" "><nodename>\par</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\indent &amp; \noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\par</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopsis (note that while reading the input &tex; converts two
-consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
+<para>Synopsis (note that while reading the input &tex; converts any sequence
+of one or more blank lines to a <code>\par</code>, <ref label="Making-paragraphs"><xrefnodename>Making paragraphs</xrefnodename></ref>):
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\par
@@ -11685,18 +12051,18 @@ readability.
\whatCheatingIs\par\whatHappensWhenICatchYou&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>In LR mode or a vertical mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing but
-it terminates paragraph mode, switching &latex; to vertical mode
-(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>In LR mode the <code>\par</code> command does nothing and is ignored. In
+paragraph mode, the <code>\par</code> command terminates paragraph mode,
+switching &latex; to vertical mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>You cannot use the <code>\par</code> command in a math mode. You also cannot
-use it in the argument of many commands, such as the <code>\section</code>
-command (<pxref label="Making-paragraphs"><xrefnodename>Making paragraphs</xrefnodename></pxref> and <ref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
-\renewcommand</xrefnodename></ref>).
+use it in the argument of many commands, such as the sectioning
+commands, e.g.&noeos; <code>\section</code> (<pxref label="Making-paragraphs"><xrefnodename>Making paragraphs</xrefnodename></pxref> and
+<ref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
<para>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as the <code>\paragraph</code>
command. The latter is, like <code>\section</code> or <code>\subsection</code>, a
-sectioning unit used by the standard &latex; documents
+sectioning command used by the &latex; document standard classes
(<pxref label="_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"><xrefnodename>\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>The <code>\par</code> command is not the same as <code>\newline</code> or the line
@@ -11728,10 +12094,10 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
<node name="_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent &amp; \noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\par</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11784,8 +12150,8 @@ because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
<code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Default &latex; styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
@@ -11796,11 +12162,11 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
<node name="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent &amp; \noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11825,27 +12191,29 @@ paragraphs, respectively.
<para>The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead
are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase <samp>x</samp>.
</para>
-<para>In standard &latex; documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
-in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the default text size is
-<code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
-<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. (These values
-are set before &latex; calls <code>\normalfont</code> so <code>em</code> is derived
-from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a different font
-then to set <code>\parindent</code> in units matching that font, do
-<code>\AtBeginDocument&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1em&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.)
+<para>In &latex; standard class documents, the default value for
+<code>\parindent</code> in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the
+default text size is <code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and
+<code>1.5em</code> for <code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>.
+(These values are set before &latex; calls <code>\normalfont</code> so
+<code>em</code> is derived from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use
+a different font then to set <code>\parindent</code> to 1<dmn>em</dmn> matching
+that font, put
+<code>\AtBeginDocument&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1em&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
+preamble.)
</para>
<para>The default value for <code>\parskip</code> in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document
-styles is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+classes is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -11866,8 +12234,8 @@ two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then &latex; will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
@@ -11884,18 +12252,18 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparpush">marginal notes marginparpush</anchor>
<para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>
documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. See also&nbsp;<ref label="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"><xrefnodename>page layout parameters
marginparpush</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparsep">marginal notes marginparsep</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth">marginal notes marginparwidth</anchor>
<para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document
is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for
@@ -11916,17 +12284,17 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce mathematical text by putting &latex; into math mode or display
@@ -12000,59 +12368,31 @@ equivalent to <code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace; <var>math</var>
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<para>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
-One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
-math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
-together.
-</para>
-<para>Sometimes you want the display math typographical treatment to happen in
-the inline math mode. For this, the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration
-forces the size and style of the formula to be that of
-<code>displaymath</code>. Thus <code>\(\displaystyle \sum_&lbrace;n=0&rbrace;^\infty
-x_n\)</code> will have the limits above and below the summation sign, not next
-to it. Another example is that
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r|cc&rbrace;
- \textsc&lbrace;Name&rbrace; &amp;\textsc&lbrace;Series&rbrace; &amp;\textsc&lbrace;Sum&rbrace; \\ \hline
- Arithmetic &amp;\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \)
- &amp;\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac&lbrace;b&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;\) \\
- Geometric &amp;\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^&lbrace;n-1&rbrace; \)
- &amp;\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac&lbrace;1-b^n&rbrace;&lbrace;1-b&rbrace;\) \\
-\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>because it has no <code>\displaystyle</code>, the <samp>Arithmetic</samp> line&textrsquo;s
-fraction will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>,
-the <samp>Geometric</samp> line&textrsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
-characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
-<file>amsmath</file> and <file>amssymb</file> (also be aware of the <file>mathtools</file>
-package that is an extension to, and loads, <file>amsmath</file>). New
+<code>amsmath</code> and <code>amssymb</code> (also be aware of the <code>mathtools</code>
+package that is an extension to, and loads, <code>amsmath</code>). New
documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages.
Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Also known as exponent or index.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Also known as exponents or indices.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Various mathematical squiggles.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math functions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Math function names like sin and exp.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Accents in math.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Over- and Underlining</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Things over or under formulas.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Spacing in math mode</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Determine the size of things.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Math miscellany</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stuff that doesn&textrsquo;t fit anywhere else.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -12060,11 +12400,11 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</para>
@@ -12135,24 +12475,24 @@ attaching to a prior symbols.
display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
the error <samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
-<file>mhchem</file>; see CTAN.
+<code>mhchem</code>; see CTAN.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
@@ -12172,184 +12512,184 @@ mode, see <ref label="_005censuremath"><xrefnodename>\ensuremath</xrefnodename><
<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html -->
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U>, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box
-(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U>, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
-<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also used:
+<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package. Also used:
<code>$S^&lbrace;\mathsf&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar&lbrace;S&rbrace;$</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related:
@@ -12357,205 +12697,205 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and -->
<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
&tex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&lbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\Leadsto&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\leadsto&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
-<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
+<code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\vee</code>.
See also logical&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>\land</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\&lbrace;\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -12565,129 +12905,129 @@ ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c the "@ "s put in spaces so the not slash doesn't hit the next char. -->
<para><U>0020</U><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/>Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
</para>
<para>Many negated operators are available that don&textrsquo;t require <code>\not</code>,
-particularly with the <file>amssymb</file> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
+particularly with the <code>amssymb</code> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A6</U> Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
@@ -12697,334 +13037,334 @@ typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&rbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb&lbrace;R&rbrace;</code>; to access
-this, load the <file>amsfonts</file> package.
+this, load the <code>amsfonts</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
-<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U>, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>stix</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
-load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+load <code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;<U>03F1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C2</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U>, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
-subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U>, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
-superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
Similar: the synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command
<code>\sqrt&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;<U>03D1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
-should load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
+should load <code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
-<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
+<code>amssymb</code> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
-normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
+normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
-normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
+normal subgroup symbol load <code>amssymb</code> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>.
-Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U>, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
-<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <code>amssymb</code> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>,
-for how to use the <file>mathtools</file> package to create flexibly-sized
+for how to use the <code>mathtools</code> package to create flexibly-sized
norm symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &textldquo;such
that&textrdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it
-is a relation. <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to use the <file>mathtools</file>
+is a relation. <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to use the <code>mathtools</code>
package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -13033,19 +13373,19 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, <U>00B6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode <U>00A7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underscore in math mode: _.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -13064,18 +13404,18 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
<node name="Arrows" spaces=" "><nodename>Arrows</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Arrows</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">arrows</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">arrows</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the arrows that come with standard &latex;. The
-<file>latexsym</file> and <file>amsfonts</file> packages contain many more.
+<code>latexsym</code> and <code>amsfonts</code> packages contain many more.
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .40 .50"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".50"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab">
@@ -13136,24 +13476,24 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
<para>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code>
is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
-<file>tikz-cd</file> and <file>amscd</file>.
+<code>tikz-cd</code> and <code>amscd</code>.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" spaces=" "><nodename>\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Arrows</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
</para>
@@ -13168,8 +13508,8 @@ is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
@@ -13194,11 +13534,11 @@ Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp> and <samp>LaTeX
Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
11</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
-the <file>bm</file> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete
+the <code>bm</code> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete
description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
</para>
@@ -13216,8 +13556,8 @@ we have $\bm&lbrace;v&rbrace; = 5\cdot\bm&lbrace;u&rbrace;$
<node name="Blackboard-bold" spaces=" "><nodename>Blackboard bold</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Blackboard bold</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13252,9 +13592,9 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
<node name="Calligraphic" spaces=" "><nodename>Calligraphic</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Delimiters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Calligraphic</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">script fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600">script fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13279,11 +13619,11 @@ an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
<node name="Delimiters" spaces=" "><nodename>Delimiters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Dots</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Delimiters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">braces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">curly braces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">brackets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">braces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">curly braces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606">brackets</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark
the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of
@@ -13334,22 +13674,22 @@ parentheses delimiting the three subformulas.
<para><U>2016</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Double vertical bar
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <file>mathtools</file> package allows you to create commands for paired
+<para>The <code>mathtools</code> package allows you to create commands for paired
delimiters. For instance, if you put
<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs&lbrace;\lvert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rvert&rbrace;</code> in your preamble
then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work
-in math mode). The starred version, such as
+in math mode). The starred form, such as
<code>\abs*&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, has the height of the vertical bars
-match the height of the argument. The unstarred version, such as
+match the height of the argument. The unstarred form, such as
<code>\abs&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
-This version accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
+This form accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
command</var>]&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, where the height of the bars is given in
-<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using <code>\lVert</code> and
-<code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same
-behavior.
+<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using instead <code>\lVert</code>
+and <code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the
+same behavior.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\left &amp; \right</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatically sized delimiters.
@@ -13360,13 +13700,13 @@ behavior.
<node name="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" spaces=" "><nodename>\left &amp; \right</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeup></node>
<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex>
<!-- c Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 -->
@@ -13399,11 +13739,11 @@ example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message
<samp>Extra \right</samp>. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets <samp>You
can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
@@ -13420,9 +13760,9 @@ case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
-backslash, <code>\&lbrace;</code>. (The packages <file>amsmath</file> and
-<file>mathtools</file> allow you to get the above construct through in a
-<code>cases</code> environment.)
+backslash, <code>\&lbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Reserved-characters"><xrefnodename>Reserved characters</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The packages
+<code>amsmath</code> and <code>mathtools</code> allow you to get the above
+construct through in a <code>cases</code> environment.)
</para>
<para>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that
the formula enclosed in the <code>\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have
@@ -13469,7 +13809,7 @@ form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural
width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
</para>
<para>&tex; scales the delimiters according to the height and depth of the
-contained formula. Here &latex; grows the brackets to extend the full
+enclosed formula. Here &latex; grows the brackets to extend the full
height of the integral.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -13515,10 +13855,10 @@ delimiter; you can&textrsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
-\Bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
-\biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
-\Biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+\Bigl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+\biggl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
+\Biggl<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter2</var>
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -13526,20 +13866,20 @@ delimiter; you can&textrsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
paired, see below), or one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigm<var>delimiter</var>
-\Bigm<var>delimiter</var>
-\biggm<var>delimiter</var>
-\Biggm<var>delimiter</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\biggm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Biggm<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>(as with <code>\bigm|</code>), or one of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\big<var>delimiter</var>
-\Big<var>delimiter</var>
-\bigg<var>delimiter</var>
-\Bigg<var>delimiter</var>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\big<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Big<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\bigg<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigg<inlinefmt><inlinefmtformat>info</inlinefmtformat></inlinefmt><var>delimiter</var>
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -13560,8 +13900,8 @@ causing &latex; to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant
for displayed equations.
</para>
<para><xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of
-commands with <samp>l</samp> and <samp>r</samp>, <var>delimiter1</var> and
-<var>delimiter2</var> need not be the same.
+commands with <samp>l</samp> or&nbsp;<samp>r</samp>, <var>delimiter1</var> and
+<var>delimiter2</var> need not match together.
</para>
<para>The <samp>l</samp> and <samp>r</samp> commands produce open and close delimiters
that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the
@@ -13591,12 +13931,12 @@ some circumstances, as with this large vertical line
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
-from the <file>amsmath</file> package), and as with this larger slash.
+from the <code>amsmath</code> package), and as with this larger slash.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
@@ -13605,7 +13945,7 @@ from the <file>amsmath</file> package), and as with this larger slash.
</pre></example>
<para>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (<pxref label="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><xrefnodename>\left &amp; \right</xrefnodename></pxref>), the
-commands here with <samp>l</samp> and&nbsp;<samp>r</samp> do not make a group.
+commands here with <samp>l</samp> or&nbsp;<samp>r</samp> do not make a group.
Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something
like this.
</para>
@@ -13633,8 +13973,8 @@ formulas, as here.
<node name="Dots" spaces=" "><nodename>Dots</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Greek letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Dots, horizontal or vertical</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">ellipses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">dots</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">ellipses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">dots</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
continues.
@@ -13651,21 +13991,21 @@ continues.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="ellipses-cdots">ellipses cdots</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in <U>22EF</U>. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace;
\)</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-ddots">ellipses ddots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Diagonal ellipsis, <U>22F1</U>. See the above array example for a
usage.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-ldots">ellipses ldots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Ellipsis on the baseline, <U>2026</U>. Used as: <code>\(
x_0,\ldots x_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace; \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
-synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <file>amsmath</file>
+synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <code>amsmath</code>
package is <code>\hdots</code>.
</para>
<para>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in
@@ -13673,16 +14013,16 @@ package is <code>\hdots</code>.
mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-vdots">ellipses vdots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical ellipsis, <U>22EE</U>. See the above array example for a
usage.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <file>amsmath</file> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
+<para>The <code>amsmath</code> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
for the first two uses of the <code>\dots</code> command.
</para>
@@ -13712,7 +14052,7 @@ or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
<node name="Greek-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Greek letters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Dots</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Greek letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they
differ from Roman upper case letters.
@@ -13769,13 +14109,13 @@ differ from Roman upper case letters.
<para><U>03C9</U>, <U>03A9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Omega
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For omicron, if you are using &latex;&textrsquo;s default Computer Modern font
then enter omicron just as <samp>o</samp> or <samp>O</samp>. If you like having the
name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
-<code>\newcommand\omicron&lbrace;o&rbrace;</code>. The package <file>unicode-math</file> has
+<code>\newcommand\omicron&lbrace;o&rbrace;</code>. The package <code>unicode-math</code> has
<code>\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code>\mitomicron</code> for math
italic.
</para>
@@ -13788,124 +14128,124 @@ italic.
<node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse tangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cotangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cotangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosecant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Degrees
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Determinant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dimension
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Exponential
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Greatest common divisor
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Homomorphism
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Infinum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Kernel
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Base 2 logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit inferior
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit superior
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Natural logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Probability
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Secant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>sup
<!-- c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a -->
<!-- c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions -->
<!-- c when it's just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Tangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic tangent
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <file>amsmath</file> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
+<para>The <code>amsmath</code> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
briefly, you can define an identity operator with
<code>\DeclareMathOperator&lbrace;\identity&rbrace;&lbrace;id&rbrace;</code> that is like the ones
@@ -13918,68 +14258,68 @@ below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\ma
<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math acute accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math bar-over accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math breve accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dieresis accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dot accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math grave accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math ring accent <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math tilde accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math vector symbol
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide hat accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide tilde accent
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -13992,35 +14332,35 @@ one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (<pxref label="Math
<node name="Over_002d-and-Underlining" spaces=" "><nodename>Over- and Underlining</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Over- and Underlining</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631">overlining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632">underlining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">overlining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">underlining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
putting braces over or under some material.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code>\(\underline&lbrace;y&rbrace;\)</code> the line is lower than in
<code>\(\underline&lbrace;x&rbrace;\)</code>. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Note that the package <file>ulem</file> does text mode underlining and allows
+<para>Note that the package <code>ulem</code> does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<ref label="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><xrefnodename>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</xrefnodename></ref> for
producing a line, for such things as a signature.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
outside. For example, <code>\overline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
<code>(1-\underbrace&lbrace;1/2)+(1/2&rbrace;-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
@@ -14036,26 +14376,26 @@ Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
<para>The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look
unconnected to the underbrace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
<code>\overbrace&lbrace;x+x+\cdots+x&rbrace;^&lbrace;\mbox&lbrace;\(k\) times&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. See also
<code>\underbrace</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The package <file>mathtools</file> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
+<para>The package <code>mathtools</code> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When typesetting mathematics, &latex; puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
@@ -14079,39 +14419,44 @@ a&nbsp;<samp>M</samp>.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace">spacing in math mode thickspace</anchor>
-<para>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. With
+the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release,
+can be used in text mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode
+only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negthickspace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
+package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be used in text
+mode as well as math mode; otherwise, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&gt;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace">spacing in math mode medspace</anchor>
-<para>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+<para>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus
+4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
+&latex; release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode; before
+that, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negmedspace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code>
+package, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be used in text
+mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</anchor>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace">spacing in math mode thinspace</anchor>
<para>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6<dmn>em</dmn>.
@@ -14130,19 +14475,20 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</pre></example>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace">spacing in math mode negthinspace</anchor>
-<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>.
-With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
-used in text mode as well as math mode; before that,
-The <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code>
-command has always worked in text mode (<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Synonym: <code>\negthinspace</code>. A negative thin space. Normally
+<code>-3mu</code>. With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as of the 2020-10-01
+&latex; release, can be used in text mode as well as math mode;
+otherwise, the <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the
+<code>\negthinspace</code> command has always also worked in text mode
+(<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">quad</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">quad</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad">spacing in math mode quad</anchor>
<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
@@ -14150,7 +14496,7 @@ two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad">spacing in math mode qquad</anchor>
<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
@@ -14166,8 +14512,8 @@ both text and math mode.
<node name="_005csmash" spaces=" "><nodename>\smash</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\smash</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14234,8 +14580,8 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
\leavevmode\smash&lbrace;zzz&rbrace; % usual paragraph indent
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
@@ -14245,12 +14591,12 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
<node name="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" spaces=" "><nodename>\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\mathstrut</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\smash</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14273,11 +14619,13 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
<para>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
&latex; to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here
-&latex; will put a box of the right size for the quotation, but empty.
+&latex; will put a blank line that is the correct width for the answer,
+but will not show that answer.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\fbox&lbrace;\phantom&lbrace;Conservatism is the fear-filled worship of dead radicals.
- --- Mark Twain&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
+ \int x^2\,dx=\mbox&lbrace;\underline&lbrace;$\phantom&lbrace;(1/3)x^3+C&rbrace;$&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>The <code>\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same
@@ -14302,24 +14650,24 @@ two expressions come out at the same level.
<para>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>.
<xref label="_005csmash"><xrefnodename>\smash</xrefnodename></xref>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The three phantom commands appear often but note that &latex; provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
convenient, including <code>\makebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) as well
as <code>\settodepth</code> (<pxref label="_005csettodepth"><xrefnodename>\settodepth</xrefnodename></pxref>), <code>\settoheight</code>
(<pxref label="_005csettoheight"><xrefnodename>\settoheight</xrefnodename></pxref>), and <code>\settowidth</code> (<pxref label="_005csettowidth"><xrefnodename>\settowidth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-In addition, the <file>mathtools</file> package has many commands that offer
+In addition, the <code>mathtools</code> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
should give it such a status, for example with the <code>\operatorname</code>
-command from the package <file>amsmath</file>.
+command from the package <code>amsmath</code>.
</para>
<para>While most often used in mathematics, these three can appear in other
contexts. However, they don&textrsquo;t cause &latex; to change into horizontal
@@ -14331,12 +14679,13 @@ with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
<node name="_005cmathstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\mathstrut</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mathstrut</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">strut, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14362,10 +14711,106 @@ amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. <xref label="_005
</subsection>
</section>
-<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Math-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Math styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math styles</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683">math styles</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>&tex;&textrsquo;s rules for typesetting a formula depend on the context. For
+example, inside a displayed equation, the input <code>\sum_&lbrace;0\leq
+i&lt;n&rbrace;k^m=\frac&lbrace;n^&lbrace;m+1&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;m+1&rbrace;+\mbox&lbrace;lower order terms&rbrace;</code> will give
+output with the summation index centered below the summation symbol.
+But if that input is inline then the summation index is off to the right
+rather than below, so it won&textrsquo;t push the lines apart. Similarly, in a
+displayed context, the symbols in the numerator and denominator will be
+larger than for an inline context, and in display math subscripts and
+superscripts are further apart then they are in inline math.
+</para>
+<para>&tex; uses four math styles.
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
+<beforefirstitem>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">display style</indexterm></cindex>
+</beforefirstitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Display style is for a formula displayed on a line by itself, such as
+with <code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">text style</indexterm></cindex>
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Text style is for an inline formula, as with <samp>so we have $ ... $</samp>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">script style</indexterm></cindex>
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Script style is for parts of a formula in a subscript or superscript.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">scriptscript style</indexterm></cindex>
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>Scriptscript style is for parts of a formula at a second level (or more)
+of subscript or superscript.
+</para>
+</listitem></itemize>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\textstyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">\scriptstyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\scriptscriptstyle</indexterm></findex>
+<para>&tex; determines a default math style but you can override it with a
+declaration of <code>\displaystyle</code>, or <code>\textstyle</code>, or
+<code>\scriptstyle</code>, or <code>\scriptscriptstyle</code>.
+</para>
+<para>In this example, the <samp>Arithmetic</samp> line&textrsquo;s fraction will look
+scrunched.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r|cc&rbrace;
+ \textsc&lbrace;Name&rbrace; &amp;\textsc&lbrace;Series&rbrace; &amp;\textsc&lbrace;Sum&rbrace; \\ \hline
+ Arithmetic &amp;$a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b)$
+ &amp;$na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac&lbrace;b&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;$ \\
+ Geometric &amp;$a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^&lbrace;n-1&rbrace;$
+ &amp;$\displaystyle a\cdot\frac&lbrace;1-b^n&rbrace;&lbrace;1-b&rbrace;$ \\
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>But because of the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration,
+the <samp>Geometric</samp> line&textrsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
+characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
+</para>
+<para>Another example is that, compared to the same input without the
+declaration, the result of
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">we get
+$\pi=2\cdot&lbrace;\displaystyle\int_&lbrace;x=0&rbrace;^1 \sqrt&lbrace;1-x^2&rbrace;\,dx&rbrace;$
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>will have an integral sign that is much taller. Note that here the
+<code>\displaystyle</code> applies to only part of the formula, and it is
+delimited by being inside curly braces, as <samp>&lbrace;\displaystyle ...&rbrace;</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>The last example is a continued fraction.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+a_0+\frac&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;
+ \displaystyle a_1+\frac&lbrace;\mathstrut 1&rbrace;&lbrace;
+ \displaystyle a_2+\frac&lbrace;\mathstrut 1&rbrace;&lbrace;
+ \displaystyle a_3&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>Without the <code>\displaystyle</code> declarations, the denominators would be
+set in script style and scriptscript style. (The <code>\mathstrut</code>
+improves the height of the denominators; <pxref label="_005cmathstrut"><xrefnodename>\mathstrut</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Math styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
@@ -14382,9 +14827,9 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<node name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">Colon character &amp; \colon</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\*</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">colon character</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">: <r>for math</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689">colon character</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">: <r>for math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14399,18 +14844,18 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<pre xml:space="preserve">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Ordinary &latex; defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\&lbrace;x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>But the widely-used <file>amsmath</file> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
+<para>But the widely-used <code>amsmath</code> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct&lbrace;:&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -14419,11 +14864,11 @@ the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct&lbrace;:&rbrace;<
<node name="_005c_002a" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\*</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frac</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colon character &amp; \colon</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\*</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14446,8 +14891,8 @@ break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
<node name="_005cfrac" spaces=" "><nodename>\frac</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sqrt</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\*</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frac</code> </sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">fraction</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698">fraction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14465,10 +14910,10 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
<node name="_005csqrt" spaces=" "><nodename>\sqrt</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stackrel</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frac</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sqrt</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">square root</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673">roots</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674">radical</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699">square root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">roots</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">radical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14491,9 +14936,9 @@ a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical).
<node name="_005cstackrel" spaces=" "><nodename>\stackrel</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sqrt</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stackrel</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675">stack math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">stack math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14511,7 +14956,7 @@ arrow enter <code>\stackrel&lbrace;f&rbrace;&lbrace;\longrightarrow&rbrace;</cod
<node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">modes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">modes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>As &latex; processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
@@ -14522,13 +14967,15 @@ the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>&bullet;</itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<anchor name="modes-paragraph-mode">modes paragraph mode</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><dfn>Paragraph mode</dfn> is what &latex; is in when processing ordinary
-text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
-pages. This is the mode &latex; is in most of the time.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><dfn>Paragraph mode</dfn> (in plain &tex; this is called <dfn>horizontal
+mode</dfn>) is what &latex; is in when processing ordinary text. It breaks
+the input text into lines and finds the positions of line breaks, so that
+in vertical mode page breaks can be done. This is the mode &latex; is
+in most of the time.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-lr-mode">modes lr mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>LR mode</dfn> (for left-to-right mode; in plain &tex; this is called
<dfn>restricted horizontal mode</dfn>) is in effect when &latex; starts
@@ -14541,27 +14988,28 @@ that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
box won&textrsquo;t fit there.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-math-mode">modes math mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating
an inline mathematical formula.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">display math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709">display math mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>Display math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<anchor name="modes-vertical-mode">modes vertical mode</anchor>
-<para><dfn>Vertical mode</dfn> is when &latex; is building the list of lines and
-other material making the output page. This is the mode &latex; is in
-when it starts a document.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="modes-vertical-mode">modes vertical mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Vertical mode</dfn> is when &latex; is
+building the list of lines and other material making the output page,
+which comprises insertion of page breaks. This is the mode &latex; is
+in when it starts a document.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-internal-vertical-mode">modes internal vertical mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>Internal vertical mode</dfn> is in effect when &latex; starts making a
-<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
+<code>\vbox</code>. It has not such thing as page breaks, and as such is the
+vertical analogue of LR mode.
</para>
</listitem></itemize>
@@ -14573,8 +15021,8 @@ mode, then the next switch happens at the <samp>\(</samp> where &latex;
changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
back to paragraph mode.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode">modes inner paragraph mode</anchor>
<anchor name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode">modes outer paragraph mode</anchor>
<para>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
@@ -14624,8 +15072,8 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
<node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The style of a page determines where &latex; places the components of
that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
@@ -14633,10 +15081,10 @@ includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
the first page of an article.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The package <file>fancyhdr</file> is very helpful for constructing page
+<para>The package <code>fancyhdr</code> is very helpful for constructing page
styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -14650,8 +15098,8 @@ styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
<node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14694,10 +15142,10 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
within a single author&textrsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&textrsquo;s
@@ -14705,25 +15153,25 @@ institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit
the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Warning: No
\author given</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s date. The <var>text</var>
doesn&textrsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
omit <code>\date</code> then &latex; uses the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>).
To have no date, instead use <code>\date&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
address.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: No
@@ -14742,8 +15190,8 @@ house requirements.)
<node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14789,11 +15237,11 @@ get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>.
get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gobble</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; does not output a page number, although it
does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
-work with the popular package <file>hyperref</file> so to have the page number
+work with the popular package <code>hyperref</code> so to have the page number
not appear you may want to instead use <code>\pagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;</code> or
<code>\thispagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;</code>.)
</para>
@@ -14804,20 +15252,19 @@ contents, etc.&textmdash;then it is numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. The
main matter of a document uses arabic. <xref label="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><xrefnodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter
&amp; \backmatter</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-<para>If you want to address where the page number appears on the page,
-see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cpagestyle"><xrefnodename>\pagestyle</xrefnodename></ref>. If you want to change the value of page
-number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
-(<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>If you want to change where the page number appears on the page,
+see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cpagestyle"><xrefnodename>\pagestyle</xrefnodename></ref>. If you want to change the value of the page
+number, then you manipulate the <code>page</code> counter (<pxref label="Counters"><xrefnodename>Counters</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">header style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727">header style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14828,11 +15275,11 @@ number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
<para>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
-<file>fancyhdr</file> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
+<code>fancyhdr</code> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
footers. New documents that need to do anything other than one of the
standard options below should use this package. See its documentation
on CTAN.
@@ -14844,7 +15291,7 @@ on CTAN.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The header is empty. The footer contains only a page number, centered.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">empty</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The header and footer is empty.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The header and footer are both empty.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">headings</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put running headers and footers on each page. The document style
@@ -14902,7 +15349,7 @@ setting <code>\rightmark</code> to <samp>Subsection&nbsp;2.1</samp>, etc.
<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code>
@@ -14911,7 +15358,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
<code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
the last one that came before that page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -14921,8 +15368,8 @@ the last one that came before that page.
<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14962,14 +15409,12 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
<node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707">white space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734">white space</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of
-these are best suited to mathematical text; see&nbsp;<ref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in
-math mode</xrefnodename></ref>. Some spacing commands are suitable for both regular text
-and mathematical text; versions of some of these commands are in this
-chapter.
+<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white space, or filled space. Some of
+these are best suited to mathematical text; for these
+see&nbsp;<ref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menucomment><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal space
@@ -14997,9 +15442,9 @@ Vertical space
<node name="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" spaces=" "><nodename>\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hspace</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15035,7 +15480,7 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
<node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15044,11 +15489,12 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
\hspace*&lbrace;<var>length</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Insert the horizontal space <var>length</var>. The <var>length</var> can be
-positive, negative, or zero; adding negative space is like backspacing.
-It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a <code>plus</code> or
-<code>minus</code> component, or both (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). Because the space is
-stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called <dfn>glue</dfn>.
+<para>Insert the amount <var>length</var> of horizontal space. The <var>length</var> can
+be positive, negative, or zero; adding a negative amount of space is
+like backspacing. It is a rubber length, that is, it may contain a
+<code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component, or both (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+Because the space is stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called
+<dfn>glue</dfn>.
</para>
<para>This makes a line with <samp>Name:</samp> an inch from the right margin.
</para>
@@ -15056,10 +15502,10 @@ stretchable and shrinkable, it is sometimes called <dfn>glue</dfn>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][r]&lbrace;Name:\hspace&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>*</code>-version inserts horizontal space that non-discardable.
-More precisely, when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines any white
+<para>The <code>*</code>-form inserts horizontal space that is non-discardable. More
+precisely, when &tex; breaks a paragraph into lines any white
space&textmdash;glues and kerns&textmdash;that come at a line break are discarded. The
-<code>*</code>-version avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
+<code>*</code>-form avoids that (technically, it adds a non-discardable
invisible item in front of the space).
</para>
<para>In this example
@@ -15096,10 +15542,10 @@ space won&textrsquo;t shrink more than 0.25<dmn>cm</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths"
<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hss</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15117,7 +15563,7 @@ of the page and <samp>Quiz One</samp> on the right.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<code>\hspace*&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -15144,10 +15590,10 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<node name="_005chss" spaces=" "><nodename>\hss</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hss</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15184,7 +15630,7 @@ X\hbox to 0pt&lbrace;\hss Z&rbrace;Y
<pre xml:space="preserve">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
<para>Influence &latex;&textrsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
documents do not use this command.
</para>
@@ -15243,19 +15689,19 @@ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\normalsfcodes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Restore space factor settings to the default.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code> </sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name -->
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -15313,12 +15759,13 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\normalsfcodes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
+<node name="_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\normalsfcodes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
+<anchor name="_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</anchor><!-- c old node name -->
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code> &amp; <code>\nonfrenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15327,10 +15774,11 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
\nonfrenchspacing
</pre></example>
-<para>The first declaration causes &latex; to treat spacing between sentences
-in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a sentence.
-The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
-(<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>); this is the default.
+<para>The first declaration causes &latex; to handle spacing between
+sentences in the same way as spacing between words in the middle of a
+sentence. The second switches back to the default handling in which
+spacing between sentences stretches or shrinks more
+(<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Some typographic traditions, including English, prefer to adjust the
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
@@ -15341,11 +15789,11 @@ spaces are treated equally.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cnormalsfcodes" spaces=" "><nodename>\normalsfcodes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cnormalsfcodes" spaces=" "><nodename>\normalsfcodes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing &amp; \nonfrenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\normalsfcodes</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15353,7 +15801,7 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\normalsfcodes
</pre></example>
-<para>Reset the &latex; space factor values to the default
+<para>Reset the &latex; space factors to the default values
(<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -15362,17 +15810,17 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\(SPACE)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">~</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">\NEWLINE</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">\SPACE</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">\ (backslash-space)</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">\TAB</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\SPACE</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">\<key>NEWLINE</key></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747">\<key>TAB</key></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\<w> </w> <r>(backslash-space)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">\<key>SPACE</key></indexterm></findex>
<para>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
-backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
+backslash followed by a space.&linebreak;Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\<w> </w>
</pre></example>
<para>Produce a space. By default it produces white space of length
@@ -15382,10 +15830,10 @@ backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
space. But that is different than an explicit space. This illustrates.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l&rbrace;
-One blank: makes some space \\
-Three blanks: in a row \\
-Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;rl&rbrace;
+One blank:&amp; makes some space \\
+Three blanks:&amp; in a row \\
+Three spaces:&amp;\ \ \ in a row \\
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -15393,26 +15841,43 @@ Three spaces:\ \ \ in a row \\
<para>On the first line &latex; puts some space after the colon. On the
second line &latex; collapses the three blanks to output one
whitespace, so you end with the same space after the colon as in the
-first line. &latex; would similarly collapse a blank followed by a
-tab, or a blank and a newline and a blank. However, the bottom line
-asks for three spaces so the white area is wider. That is, the
-backslash-space command creates a fixed amount of horizontal space.
-(Note that you can define a horizontal space of any width at all with
-<code>\hspace</code>; see&nbsp;<ref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></ref>.)
+first line. &latex; would similarly collapse them to a single
+whitespace if one, two or all of the three blanks were replaced by a
+tab, or by a newline. However, the bottom line asks for three spaces so
+the white area is wider. That is, the backslash-space command creates a
+fixed amount of horizontal space. (Note that you can define a
+horizontal space of any width at all with <code>\hspace</code>;
+see&nbsp;<ref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></ref>.)
</para>
<para>The backslash-space command has two main uses. It is often used after
-control sequences to keep them from gobbling the space that follows, as
-in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But using curly parentheses, as in
-<code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is best</code>, has the advantage of still working if the next
-character is a period.) The other common use is that it marks a period
-as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>So
-says Prof.\ Smith</code> or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<para>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key>
+control sequences to keep them from gobbling the blank that follows, as
+after <code>\TeX</code> in <code>\TeX\ (or \LaTeX)</code>. (But using curly braces
+has the advantage of still working whether the next character is a blank
+or any other non-letter, as in <code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; (or \LaTeX&lbrace;&rbrace;)</code> in which
+<code>&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> can be added after <code>\LaTeX</code> as well as after
+<code>\TeX</code>.) The other common use is that it marks a period as ending
+an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>Prof.\ Smith</code>
+or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>TAB</key> and <code>\</code><key>NEWLINE</key>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
</para>
+<anchor name="Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</anchor>
+<para>Please also note that in order to allow source code indentation, under
+normal circumstances, &tex; ignores leading blanks in a line. So the
+following prints <samp>one word</samp>:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">one
+ word
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>where the white space between <samp>one</samp> and <samp>word</samp> is produced by
+the newline after <samp>one</samp>, not by the space before <samp>word</samp>.
+</para>
<!-- c @PkgIndex{xspace} -->
-<!-- c Some individual commands, notably those defined with the @code{xspace}, -->
+<!-- c Some individual commands, notably those defined with the @package{xspace}, -->
<!-- c package do not follow the standard behavior. -->
@@ -15420,12 +15885,12 @@ are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
<node name="_007e" spaces=" "><nodename>~</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>~</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">tie</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">hard space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726">NBSP</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748">tie</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">hard space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752">NBSP</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15433,12 +15898,19 @@ are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
<pre xml:space="preserve"><var>before</var>~<var>after</var>
</pre></example>
-<para>The tie character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
+<para>The <dfn>tie</dfn> character, <code>~</code>, produces a space between <var>before</var> and
<var>after</var> at which the line will not be broken. By default the white
space has length 3.33333<dmn>pt</dmn> plus 1.66666<dmn>pt</dmn> minus
1.11111<dmn>pt</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>Here &latex; will not break the line between the final two words.
+<!-- c This paragraph is not translated to French, as the French translation -->
+<!-- c uses a term that means ``unbreakable''. -->
+<para>Note that the word <samp>tie</samp> has this meaning in the &tex;/Texinfo
+community; this differs from the typographic term &textldquo;tie&textrdquo;, which
+is a diacritic in the shape of an arc, called a &textldquo;tie-after&textrdquo; accent
+in <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
+</para>
+<para>Here &latex; will not break the line between the final two words:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">Thanks to Prof.~Lerman.
@@ -15459,7 +15931,7 @@ from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
+<para>Between an enumerator label and number, such as in references:
<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref&lbrace;th:Wilsons&rbrace;</code>, or
<code>Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:KGraph&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -15467,15 +15939,15 @@ from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
<para>When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
(1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
-<file>siunitx</file> package has a special facility for this) or
-<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and a date:
-<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions
-where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+<code>siunitx</code> package has a special facility for this) or
+<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and day number in a date:
+<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
+numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common
choices here are a thin space (<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>) and
@@ -15509,12 +15981,12 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
<node name="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">~</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730">space, thin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">space, thin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15543,18 +16015,21 @@ think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\
Knuth</code>.
</para>
-<para>&latex; provides a variety of similar spacing commands
-(<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>). With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the
-2020-10-01 &latex; release, they can be used in text mode as well as
-math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; before that,
-they were available only in math mode.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>&latex; provides a variety of similar spacing commands for math mode
+(<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>). With the <code>amsmath</code> package, or as
+of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, they can be used in text mode as
+well as math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; but
+otherwise, they are available only in math mode.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15596,11 +16071,11 @@ where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most
upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators
do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Technically, &latex; uses another font-specific value, the so-called
-slant parameter (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether to
-possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
+<dfn>slant parameter</dfn> (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether
+to possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
particular font commands.
</para>
<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; math spacing is
@@ -15611,8 +16086,8 @@ done in a different way.
<node name="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15648,7 +16123,7 @@ here
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\hrulefill&rbrace;&lbrace;%
- \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern\z&arobase;&rbrace;
+ \leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 1pt\hfill\kern0pt &rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -15657,7 +16132,7 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\dotfill&rbrace;&lbrace;%
- \leavevmode\cleaders\hb&arobase;xt&arobase;1.00em&lbrace;\hss .\hss &rbrace;\hfill\kern\z&arobase;&rbrace;
+ \leavevmode\cleaders\hbox to 1.00em&lbrace;\hss .\hss &rbrace;\hfill\kern0pt &rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -15709,29 +16184,29 @@ file.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="bigskip">bigskip</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\bigskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="medskip">medskip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\medskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="smallskip">smallskip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\smallskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<para>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use on in mid-paragraph
+<para>Because each command is a <code>\vspace</code>, if you use it in mid-paragraph
then it will insert its vertical space between the line in which you use
it and the next line, not necessarily at the place that you use it. So
these are best between paragraphs.
@@ -15779,8 +16254,8 @@ with <samp>def</samp>.
<node name="_005cstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\strut</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\strut</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">strut</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">strut</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15792,7 +16267,7 @@ with <samp>def</samp>.
and depth at least <code>0.3\baselineskip</code>. Essentially, &latex;
inserts into the line a rectangle having zero width,
<code>\rule[-0.3\baselineskip]&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;&lbrace;\baselineskip&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005crule"><xrefnodename>\rule</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font and fontsize.
+The <code>\baselineskip</code> changes with the current font or fontsize.
</para>
<para>In this example the <code>\strut</code> keeps the box inside the frame from
having zero height.
@@ -15840,18 +16315,18 @@ item&textrsquo;s second line.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The final two lists use <code>\fbox</code> to show what&textrsquo;s happening. The
-third list&textrsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second
-<samp>test</samp>, which happens not have any characters that descend below
-the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed
-extra below-baseline space.
+first item <code>\parbox</code> of the third list goes only to the bottom of
+its second <samp>test</samp>, which happens not have any characters that
+descend below the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives
+the needed extra below-baseline space.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
-<file>TikZ</file> or <file>Asymptote</file>. For instance, you may have a command
+<code>TikZ</code> or <code>Asymptote</code>. For instance, you may have a command
such as <code>\graphnode&lbrace;<var>node-name</var>&rbrace;</code> that fits a circle around
<var>node-name</var>. However, unless you are careful the <var>node-name</var>&textrsquo;s
<samp>x</samp> and <samp>y</samp> will produce different-diameter circles because
@@ -15874,19 +16349,19 @@ second rule keeps the second integral from hitting the first.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>(Although the line-ending double backslash command has an available
-optional argument to put in more vertical room, that won&textrsquo;t work here.
-Changing the first double backslash to something like <code>\\[2.5ex]</code>
-will put the room between the header line and the <code>\hline</code>, and the
-integral would still hit the line.)
+optional argument to change the corresponding baseline skip, that won&textrsquo;t
+solve this issue. Changing the first double backslash to something like
+<code>\\[2.5ex]</code> will put more room between the header line and the
+<code>\hline</code> rule, and the integral would still hit the rule.)
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\strut</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -15912,9 +16387,9 @@ The new day dawned cold.
<para>(<xref label="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><xrefnodename>\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</xrefnodename></xref>, for common inter-paragraph
spaces.)
</para>
-<para>The <code>*</code>-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
+<para>The <code>*</code>-form inserts vertical space that is non-discardable. More
precisely, &latex; discards vertical space at a page break and the
-<code>*</code>-version causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
+<code>*</code>-form causes the space to stay. This example leaves space
between the two questions.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -15951,10 +16426,10 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15992,9 +16467,9 @@ Lost Dog!
<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16009,10 +16484,11 @@ space needed to make the natural length equal to the maximum of the
(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <var>vert-length</var> is a rubber length
(<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale. In a
-standard &latex; article the length <code>\baselineskip</code> is 12<dmn>pt</dmn>.
-The two rules here are 22<dmn>pt</dmn> apart: the sum of the
-<code>\baselineskip</code> and the 10<dmn>pt</dmn> from the first <code>addvspace</code>.
+<para>This example illustrates. The <code>picture</code> draws a scale over which
+to rules are placed. In a standard &latex; article the length
+<code>\baselineskip</code> is 12<dmn>pt</dmn>. As shown by the scale, the two
+rules are 22<dmn>pt</dmn> apart: the sum of the <code>\baselineskip</code> and the
+10<dmn>pt</dmn> from the first <code>\addvspace</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
@@ -16053,17 +16529,17 @@ with a <code>\par</code> command (<pxref label="_005cpar"><xrefnodename>\par</xr
<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c xx Expand on boxes and glue, for xref from elsewhere. -->
<para>At its core, &latex; puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page. So these commands are central.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
-One useful adjunct to the commands here is <file>adjustbox</file>.
+One useful adjunct to the commands here is <code>adjustbox</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\mbox &amp; \makebox</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Horizontal boxes.
@@ -16079,11 +16555,11 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <file>adjustbox</file>.
<node name="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">make a box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777">box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">make a box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16154,7 +16630,11 @@ values:
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Flush right.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">s</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
+</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx TODO add a generic node to make clear that some statement may be -->
+<!-- c not true for some internationalization or some script. Eg. in Arabic -->
+<!-- c script or with microtype package I think that the strech also plays -->
+<!-- c on word width -->
+<para>Stretch the interword space in <var>text</var> across the entire <var>width</var>.
The <var>text</var> must contain stretchable space for this to work. For
instance, this could head a press release:
<code>\noindent\makebox[\textwidth][s]&lbrace;\large\hfil IMMEDIATE\hfil
@@ -16172,16 +16652,16 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The right edge of the output <samp>10 points </samp> (note the ending space
after <samp>points</samp>) will be just before the <samp>What</samp>. You can use
-<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <file>TikZ</file>
-or <file>Asymptote</file>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
+<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <code>TikZ</code>
+or <code>Asymptote</code>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
location, regardless of the length of that text.
</para>
<para>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><xrefnodename>\fbox &amp; \framebox</xrefnodename></ref>. For colors
@@ -16203,8 +16683,8 @@ and&nbsp;<ref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></ref>.
<node name="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox &amp; \makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -16215,7 +16695,7 @@ and&nbsp;<ref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></ref>.
\framebox[<var>width</var>][<var>position</var>]&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four lines surrounding the space.
+<para>Create a box with an enclosing frame, four rules surrounding the <var>text</var>.
These commands are the same as <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code> except
for the frame (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>\fbox</code> command is
robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -16225,8 +16705,8 @@ robust, the <code>\framebox</code> command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotec
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>&latex; puts the text into a box that cannot be split or hyphenated.
-Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four lines making
+<para>&latex; puts the text into a box, the text cannot be hyphenated.
+Around that box, separated from it by a small gap, are four rules making
a frame.
</para>
<para>The first two command invocations, <code>\fbox&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> and
@@ -16241,32 +16721,32 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<dmn>in</dmn> wide.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The <code>\strut</code> inserts a vertical height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
+<para>The <code>\strut</code> ensures a total height of <code>\baselineskip</code>
(<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule">fbox framebox fboxrule</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The thickness of the rules around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2<dmn>pt</dmn>. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\fboxrule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep">fbox framebox fboxsep</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<dmn>pt</dmn>.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\fboxsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</code>
(<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>). Setting it to 0<dmn>pt</dmn> is useful sometimes:
this will put a frame around the picture with no white border.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\fboxsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\fboxsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;%
\framebox&lbrace;%
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]&lbrace;prudence.jpg&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -16290,18 +16770,18 @@ paragraph, and then frame the result.
<para><xref label="Colored-boxes"><xrefnodename>Colored boxes</xrefnodename></xref>, for colors other than black and white.
</para>
-<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
-units depend on <code>picture</code>&textrsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (<pxref label="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\framebox
-(picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of the <code>\framebox</code>
+command where the units depend on <code>picture</code>&textrsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\framebox (picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -16363,7 +16843,7 @@ stretchable space).
<node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16428,9 +16908,9 @@ second is the height of <file>meta.png</file>.
<node name="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760">box, save</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">box, save</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16484,7 +16964,8 @@ warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as her
</para>
<!-- c credit: egreg https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/41668/121234 -->
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\savebox&lbrace;\areg&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\areg&rbrace;
+\savebox&lbrace;\areg&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&lbrace;\linewidth&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
\item First item
@@ -16527,7 +17008,7 @@ header. &latex; only typesets it once.
<node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16538,8 +17019,8 @@ header. &latex; only typesets it once.
</pre></example>
<para>This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code>
-commands, and is equivalent to them. for the full description,
-<xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp; \savebox</xrefnodename></xref>.
+commands, and is equivalent to them. <xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp; \savebox</xrefnodename></xref>, for the
+full description.
</para>
<para>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register
referred to by variable <code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name
@@ -16565,8 +17046,8 @@ for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
<node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16576,8 +17057,8 @@ for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
<para>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var>box-cmd</var> by
the commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
-environment. For more information and examples, <xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp;
-\savebox</xrefnodename></xref>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
+environment. For more information and examples, <pxref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp;
+\savebox</xrefnodename></pxref>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -16586,7 +17067,7 @@ backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"
<node name="Color" spaces=" "><nodename>Color</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">color</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
@@ -16610,8 +17091,8 @@ significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
<node name="Color-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Color package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color models</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>color</code> package options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</para>
@@ -16661,7 +17142,7 @@ memory space.
<node name="Color-models" spaces=" "><nodename>Color models</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color models</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765">color models</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793">color models</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>color model</dfn> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s
capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <file>pdftex</file>,
@@ -16722,7 +17203,7 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
<node name="Commands-for-color" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for color</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Color models</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for color</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the commands available with the <file>color</file> package.
</para>
@@ -16737,9 +17218,9 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
<node name="Define-colors" spaces=" "><nodename>Define colors</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored text</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Define colors</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">define color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">define color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16773,8 +17254,8 @@ or style, rather than in the document body.
<node name="Colored-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Define colors</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored text</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -16875,9 +17356,9 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
<node name="Colored-boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored pages</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -16931,10 +17412,10 @@ of the second line.
<node name="Colored-pages" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored pages</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored pages</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -16965,8 +17446,8 @@ rather than the default transparent background.)
<node name="Graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document.
You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;.
@@ -16980,12 +17461,12 @@ This example is the short how-to.
<para>To use the commands described here your document preamble must contain
either <code>\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;</code> or
-<code>\usepackage&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;</code>. Most of the time, <file>graphicx</file> is the
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;graphics&rbrace;</code>. Most of the time, <code>graphicx</code> is the
better choice.
</para>
<para>Graphics come in two main types, raster and vector. &latex; can use
both. In raster graphics the file contains an entry for each location
-in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph,
+in an array, describing what color it is. An example is a photograph
in JPG format. In vector graphics, the file contains a list of
instructions such as <samp>draw a circle with this radius and that
center</samp>. An example is a line drawing produced by the Asymptote
@@ -17015,8 +17496,8 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<node name="Graphics-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</para>
@@ -17034,7 +17515,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<para>The <code>graphicx</code> package has a format for optional arguments to the
<code>\includegraphics</code> command that is convenient (it is the key-value
format), so it is the better choice for new documents. When you load
-the <file>graphics</file> or <file>graphicx</file> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
+the <code>graphics</code> or <code>graphicx</code> package with <code>\usepackage</code>
there are two kinds of available options.
</para>
<para>The first is that &latex; does not contain information about different
@@ -17096,9 +17577,9 @@ option has &latex; to read the size from the latter.
<node name="Graphics-package-configuration" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package configuration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package configuration</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for
the graphic.
@@ -17119,7 +17600,7 @@ the documentation in <file>grfguide.pdf</file>, or the &latex; source, or your
<node name="_005cgraphicspath" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphicspath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphicspath</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17197,7 +17678,7 @@ instead in <file>book/plots</file>.
<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphicspath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -17240,8 +17721,8 @@ the most recent <file>pdftex.def</file> has this extension list.
<pre xml:space="preserve">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package.
</para>
@@ -17254,7 +17735,7 @@ than once. Show its value with
<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17264,7 +17745,7 @@ than once. Show its value with
<para>Declare how to handle graphic files whose names end in <var>extension</var>.
</para>
-<para>This example declares that all files with names have the form
+<para>This example declares that all files with names of the form
<file>filename-without-dot.mps</file> will be treated as output from MetaPost,
meaning that the printer driver will use its MetaPost-handling code to
input the file.
@@ -17340,11 +17821,11 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
<node name="Commands-for-graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for graphics</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for graphics</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>These are the commands available with the <file>graphics</file> and
-<file>graphicx</file> packages.
+<para>These are the commands available with the <code>graphics</code> and
+<code>graphicx</code> packages.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\includegraphics</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using a graphic in your document.
@@ -17357,18 +17838,18 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
<node name="_005cincludegraphics" spaces=" "><nodename>\includegraphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\includegraphics</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Synopses for <file>graphics</file> package:
+<para>Synopses for <code>graphics</code> package:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\includegraphics&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
@@ -17379,7 +17860,7 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
\includegraphics*[<var>llx</var>,<var>lly</var>][<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Synopses for <file>graphicx</file> package:
+<para>Synopses for <code>graphicx</code> package:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\includegraphics&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
@@ -17422,7 +17903,7 @@ with that extension (<pxref label="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><xrefnodename
<para>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
them with curly braces, as in
<code>\includegraphics&lbrace;&lbrace;plot.2018.03.12.a&rbrace;.pdf&rbrace;</code>. Or, if you use
-the <file>graphicx</file> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
+the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can use the options <code>type</code> and
<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
with the package <file>grffile</file>.
</para>
@@ -17469,7 +17950,7 @@ text, with the two vertically centered.
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>If you use the <file>graphics</file> package then the only options involve the
+<para>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the only options involve the
size of the graphic (but see <ref label="_005crotatebox"><xrefnodename>\rotatebox</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="_005cscalebox"><xrefnodename>\scalebox</xrefnodename></ref>).
When one optional argument is present then it is
<code>[<var>urx</var>,<var>ury</var>]</code> and it gives the coordinates of the top
@@ -17482,7 +17963,7 @@ lower left. Thus, <code>\includegraphics[1in,0.618in]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
the graphic to be placed so it is 1&nbsp;inch wide and 0.618&nbsp;inches
tall and so its origin is at (0,0).
</para>
-<para>The <file>graphicx</file> package gives you many more options. Specify them
+<para>The <code>graphicx</code> package gives you many more options. Specify them
in a key-value form, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -17501,8 +17982,8 @@ two will end with different widths and heights.
</para>
<para>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799">bounding box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827">bounding box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is
traditionally referred to as its <dfn>bounding box</dfn> (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&textrsquo;s printed area may
@@ -17758,18 +18239,18 @@ external commands.
<node name="_005crotatebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\rotatebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\scalebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\includegraphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rotatebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Synopsis if you use the <file>graphics</file> package:
+<para>Synopsis if you use the <code>graphics</code> package:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\rotatebox&lbrace;<var>angle</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Synopses if you use the <file>graphicx</file> package:
+<para>Synopses if you use the <code>graphicx</code> package:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\rotatebox&lbrace;<var>angle</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;
@@ -17805,8 +18286,8 @@ from the first step (they need not coincide vertically). This new
bounding box, in its new position, is what &latex; uses as the box when
typesetting this material.
</para>
-<para>If you use the <file>graphics</file> package then the rotation is about the
-reference point of the box. If you use the <file>graphicx</file> package
+<para>If you use the <code>graphics</code> package then the rotation is about the
+reference point of the box. If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package
then these are the options that can go in the <var>key-value list</var>,
but note that you can get the same effect without needing this
package, except for the <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> options
@@ -17849,14 +18330,14 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
<node name="_005cscalebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\scalebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\resizebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\scalebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -17885,27 +18366,27 @@ defaults to the same value as the <var>horizontal factor</var>.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>If you use the <file>graphicx</file> package then you can accomplish the same
+<para>If you use the <code>graphicx</code> package then you can accomplish the same
thing with optional arguments to <code>\includegraphics</code>
(<pxref label="_005cincludegraphics"><xrefnodename>\includegraphics</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>The <code>\reflectbox</code> command abbreviates
<code>\scalebox&lbrace;-1&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;<var>material</var>&rbrace;</code>. Thus, <code>Able was
I\reflectbox&lbrace;Able was I&rbrace;</code> will show the phrase <samp>Able was I</samp>
-immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
+immediately followed by its mirror reflection against a vertical axis.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cresizebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\resizebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\scalebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\resizebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -17929,7 +18410,7 @@ vertically by the same factor to keep it from being distorted.
<para>The unstarred form <code>\resizebox</code> takes <var>vertical length</var> to be
the box&textrsquo;s height while the starred form <code>\resizebox*</code> takes it to
be height+depth. For instance, make the text have a height+depth of a
-quarter inch with <code>\resizebox*&lbrace;!&rbrace;&lbrace;0.25in&rbrace;&lbrace;\parbox&lbrace;1in&rbrace;&lbrace;This
+quarter-inch with <code>\resizebox*&lbrace;!&rbrace;&lbrace;0.25in&rbrace;&lbrace;\parbox&lbrace;3.5in&rbrace;&lbrace;This
box has both height and depth.&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>You can use <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\totalheight</code>, and
@@ -17944,8 +18425,8 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
@@ -17966,10 +18447,10 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments. They are
called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>. They are
@@ -17979,21 +18460,21 @@ all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
<para>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
@@ -18016,10 +18497,10 @@ there to split the lines in the output).
<node name="Upper-and-lower-case" spaces=" "><nodename>Upper and lower case</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Upper and lower case</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">uppercase</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">lowercase</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">uppercase</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">lowercase</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18062,23 +18543,23 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
<w> </w>\expandafter&lbrace;\schoolname&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The <file>textcase</file> package brings some of the missing feature of the
+<para>The <code>textcase</code> package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
-<file>mfirstuc</file>.
+<code>mfirstuc</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in
the original &tex; and &latex;. It has been implemented in the
@@ -18093,9 +18574,9 @@ good overview of the topic, past and present.
<node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbols by font position</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
@@ -18113,11 +18594,11 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
not available in OT1. As of the &latex; February 2020 release, all
@@ -18126,172 +18607,172 @@ the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
<code>TS1</code> font encoding).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&copyright; The copyright symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2020</U> The dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2021</U> The double dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&guillemotleft;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&guillemotright;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&guillemotleft;, &guillemotright;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&dots; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textlsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00B6</U> Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&bdquo; and &sbquo;
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00A7</U> Section sign.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &tex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>^ ASCII circumflex.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>~ ASCII tilde.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>* Centered asterisk.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>\ Backslash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>| Vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>23F8</U> Double vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>25EF</U>, Big circle symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lbrace; Left brace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&rbrace; Right brace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&bullet; Bullet.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>24B6</U>, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces <samp>fi</samp> without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
<code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font
while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2020</U> Dagger.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2021</U> Double dagger.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>$ Dollar sign.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<raggedright endspaces=" ">
<para>&textmdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
parentheses, as in &textlsquo;<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky
@@ -18299,145 +18780,145 @@ enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&textrsquo; Conventi
for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
</para></raggedright>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &textlsquo;<code>see pages 12--14</code>&textrsquo;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Euro currency symbol: &euro;.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
<para>For an alternative glyph design, try the
-<file>eurosym</file> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
+<code>eurosym</code> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
release of &latex;. When used in pdf&tex;, approximated by an
en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available
in the current font, or writes the usual &textldquo;Missing character&textrdquo; warning
to the log file.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above;
the pdf&tex; approximation is an em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lt; Less than symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2190</U>, Left arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
2021 release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code>
above; the pdf&tex; approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
breaks disallowed after).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00B7</U> Centered period.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo; Double left quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrdquo; Double right quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textlsquo; Single left quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrsquo; Single right quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>0027</U>, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c Unicode doesn't have these https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark -->
<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&registered; Registered symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2192</U>, Right arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2122</U> Trademark symbol.
</para>
<!-- c ?? Diff from \textthreequartersemdash? In Unicode? -->
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>_ Underscore.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2423</U>, Visible space symbol.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -18447,21 +18928,21 @@ breaks disallowed after).
<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and
languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which
supports pdf&latex;, Xe&latex; and Lua&latex;. The
-<file>polyglossia</file> package provides similar support with the latter
+<code>polyglossia</code> package provides similar support with the latter
two engines.
</para>
<para>This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core
@@ -18472,12 +18953,12 @@ use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
<para>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
lowercase <samp>o</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
<!-- c @dotless{i}, -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
<!-- c @dotless{j}. -->
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
@@ -18486,63 +18967,63 @@ accented.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&quot;</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="uml">o</accent> Umlaut (dieresis).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="acute">o</accent> Acute accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="dotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="macr">o</accent> Macron (overbar) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="circ">o</accent> Circumflex (hat) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="grave">o</accent> Grave accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="tilde">n</accent> Tilde accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent> Bar accent underneath.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Related to this, <code>\underbar&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> produces a bar under
<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
@@ -18551,65 +19032,66 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="cedil">c</accent> Cedilla accent underneath.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="udotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent underneath.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="doubleacute">o</accent> Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ogon">o</accent> Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ring">o</accent> Ring accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent> Tie-after accent. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in
-its box.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Tie-after accent (used for transliterating from Cyrillic, such as in the
+ALA-LC romanization). It expects that the argument has two characters.
+The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in its box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="breve">o</accent> Breve accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="caron">o</accent> H<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -18621,7 +19103,7 @@ its box.
<node name="_005caccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\accent</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Accents</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\accent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18630,9 +19112,9 @@ its box.
</pre></example>
<para>A &tex; primitive command used to generate accented characters from
-accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>,
-a numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var> argument
-constructs the accented character in the current font.
+accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>, a
+numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var>
+argument to construct the accented character in the current font.
</para>
<para>These are accented <samp>e</samp> characters.
</para>
@@ -18645,7 +19127,8 @@ constructs the accented character in the current font.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The first is a grave, the second is breve, etc.
+<para>The first is a grave, the second a caron, the third a breve, the fourth
+a macron, and the fifth a ring above.
</para>
<para>The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the
outcome of <code>\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In &latex; it is
@@ -18676,12 +19159,12 @@ cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional Latin letters</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters beyond
A&textndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
@@ -18690,84 +19173,84 @@ than English.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">aring</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\aa <r>(&aring;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\AA <r>(&Aring;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">aring</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aring; and &Aring;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">\ae <r>(&aelig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">\AE <r>(&AElig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\dh <r>(&eth;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\DH <r>(&ETH;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\ij <r>(ij)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\IJ <r>(IJ)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\l <r>(&lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">\L <r>(&Lslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lslash; and &Lslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex>
<para>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">\o <r>(&oslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">\O <r>(&Oslash;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\oe <r>(&oelig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\OE <r>(&OElig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\ss <r>(&szlig;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\SS <r>(SS)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&szlig; and SS.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\th <r>(&thorn;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\TH <r>(&THORN;)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
@@ -18779,7 +19262,7 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
<node name="inputenc-package" spaces=" "><nodename>inputenc package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>inputenc</code> package</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18792,14 +19275,14 @@ default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
useful to omit it.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997">encoding, of input files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998">character encoding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">Unicode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025">encoding, of input files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">character encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">Unicode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
called the <dfn>encoding</dfn>. There are many different encodings. The
simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
for most of the world&textrsquo;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
-a-umlaut character <accent type="uml">a</accent> in an ASCII-encoded &latex; source file, the
+a-umlaut character <samp><accent type="uml">a</accent></samp> in an ASCII-encoded &latex; source file, the
sequence <code>\&quot;a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
encoding is more convenient.
@@ -18833,6 +19316,8 @@ is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a
replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
&latex; equivalent command or character.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\inputencoding</indexterm></findex>
+<anchor name="_005cinputencoding">\inputencoding</anchor>
<para>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
necessary. Use the command
@@ -18846,7 +19331,7 @@ for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">inputenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -18857,8 +19342,8 @@ for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
<para>Produce a <dfn>rule</dfn>, a filled-in rectangle.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">tombstone</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">tombstone</indexterm></cindex>
<para>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
</para>
@@ -18866,11 +19351,11 @@ or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\qedsymbol&rbrace;&lbrace;\rule&lbrace;0.4em&rbrace;&lbrace;2ex&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The <file>amsthm</file> package includes this command, with a somewhat
+<para>The <code>amsthm</code> package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
</para>
<para>The mandatory arguments give the horizontal <var>width</var> and vertical
@@ -18898,9 +19383,9 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it.
<node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18912,13 +19397,13 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it.
<var>yyyy</var></samp>. An example of a date in that format is <samp>July 4,
1976</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Multilingual packages such as <file>babel</file> or <file>polyglossia</file>, or
+<para>Multilingual packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>, or
classes such as <file>lettre</file>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
the following will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>:
</para>
@@ -18935,10 +19420,10 @@ the following will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>:
<para><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <file>datetime</file> package
+<para>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <code>datetime</code> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
</para>
<para>The date is not updated as the &latex; process runs, so in principle the
@@ -18950,16 +19435,16 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
<node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">input file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
document. It can also speed processing.
</para>
<para>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">root file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>root file</dfn>, on which &latex; compilation starts. This shows such
a file with five included files.
</para>
@@ -19010,7 +19495,7 @@ your output correctly.
<node name="_005cendinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\endinput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\include &amp; \includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\endinput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19052,8 +19537,8 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
<node name="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\include &amp; \includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\endinput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19152,6 +19637,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name <samp>amo amas amat</samp>,
this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;book&rbrace;
\includeonly&lbrace;
@@ -19174,7 +19660,7 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
you get <samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp> The
<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
@@ -19196,7 +19682,7 @@ also delete the file <file><var>root</var>.aux</file> and rerun &latex;.
<node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\include &amp; \includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19231,6 +19717,7 @@ should avoid spaces in the file names. The tradition is to instead use
dashes or underscores. Nevertheless, for the name <samp>amo amas amat</samp>,
this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\input&lbrace;&quot;amo\space amas\space amat&quot;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -19253,18 +19740,18 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Glossaries</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Generate a glossary.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-
+<!-- c no comma in the node name because Texinfo doesn't support that well. -->
<node name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e" spaces=" "><nodename>Table of contents etc.</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Table of contents etc.</sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -19333,7 +19820,7 @@ input</xrefnodename></pxref>). For example, this &latex; file <file>test.tex</f
\contentsline &lbrace;subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1.1&rbrace;First subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code>
(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
@@ -19388,16 +19875,16 @@ inside a box of width <code>\&arobase;pnumwidth</code>. By default
<code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\&arobase;tocrmarg&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5em&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
-and tables (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>). The package <file>tocloft</file> is convenient for
+and tables (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>). The package <code>tocloft</code> is convenient for
adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
-<file>tocbibbind</file> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
+<code>tocbibbind</code> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
etc. to the table of contents.
</para>
<para>To change the header for the table of contents page, do something like
@@ -19410,13 +19897,13 @@ these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Internationalization packages such as <file>babel</file> or <file>polyglossia</file>
+<para>Internationalization packages such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>
will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -19432,8 +19919,8 @@ will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
<node name="_005c_0040dottedtocline" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19459,27 +19946,27 @@ file contains these definitions:
<para>In this example, <code>\&arobase;dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only
three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
-from a call to <code>\contentsline</code>.
+from a call to <code>\contentsline</code> (<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
box, these <code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code> commands insert <dfn>leaders</dfn>, that
is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
-<code>\&arobase;dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, which
-are <code>1/18</code>&nbsp;em. Change it using <code>\renewcommand</code>, as
-in <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\&arobase;dotsep&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5&rbrace;</code>.
+<code>\&arobase;dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, aka.&noeos;
+<code>mu</code>, which are <code>1/18</code>&nbsp;em. Change it using
+<code>\renewcommand</code>, as in <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\&arobase;dotsep&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>In the default book class, &latex; does not use dotted leaders for
-the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the default article class
-it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
+<para>In the standard <file>book</file> class, &latex; does not use dotted leaders
+for the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the standard
+<file>article</file> class it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19487,7 +19974,7 @@ it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>.
</para>
<para>The following will result in an <samp>Appendices</samp> line in the table of
@@ -19500,22 +19987,24 @@ contents.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>It will appear at the same indentation level as the sections, will be in
boldface, and will be assigned the page number associated with the point
-where it appears in the input file.
+where the command appears in the input file.
</para>
<para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command writes information to the file
-<file><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></file>. It writes that information as the
-text of the command
+<file><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></file>, where <var>root-name</var> is the file name
+of the root file (<pxref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xrefnodename></pxref>). It writes that
+information as the text of the command
<code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>
(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The most common case is the table of contents
and there <var>num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
</para>
<para>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>,
-etc., and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float environment. But it is
-also used by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style
-is to have an unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>.
-But that command leaves out table of contents information, which can be
-entered manually, as here.
+etc. (<pxref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></pxref>), and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float
+environment (<pxref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></pxref>). But it is also directly used by authors.
+For example, an author writing a book whose style is to have an
+unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that
+command leaves out table of contents information, which can be entered
+manually, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\chapter*&lbrace;Preface&rbrace;
@@ -19523,9 +20012,10 @@ entered manually, as here.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>In the <file>.toc</file> file &latex; will put the line <code>\contentsline
-&lbrace;chapter&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Preface&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace;</code>; note that the page number
-<samp>3</samp> is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually.
+<para>In the <file><var>root-name</var>.toc</file> file &latex; will put the line
+<code>\contentsline &lbrace;chapter&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Preface&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace;</code>; note
+that the page number <samp>3</samp> is automatically generated by the system,
+not entered manually.
</para>
<para>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required.
</para>
@@ -19536,7 +20026,8 @@ entered manually, as here.
tables. The filename extension of the information file.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">unit</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument:
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>A string that depends on the value of the <var>ext</var> argument, typically
+one of:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">toc</itemformat></item>
@@ -19551,8 +20042,8 @@ tables. The filename extension of the information file.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">text</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any commands that are
-fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The text of the entry. You must <code>\protect</code> any fragile commands
+(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>) used in it.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<para>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command has an interaction with
@@ -19562,7 +20053,8 @@ the same level, as with
in the table of contents can come out in the wrong order. The solution
is to move <code>\addcontentsline</code> into the file being included.
</para>
-<para>If you use a <var>unit</var> that &latex; does not recognize, as here
+<para>If you use a <var>unit</var> that &latex; does not recognize, as with the
+typo here
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\addcontentsline&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;setcion&rbrace;&lbrace;\protect\textbf&lbrace;Appendices&rbrace;&rbrace;
@@ -19577,7 +20069,7 @@ will not make sense.
<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\contentsline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19653,17 +20145,17 @@ move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
<node name="_005ccontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\contentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nofiles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\contentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057">table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19679,7 +20171,7 @@ etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline<
commands <code>\chapter</code>, <code>\section</code>, etc. for the table of
contents, or by the <code>\caption</code> command inside of a <code>\figure</code>
or <code>\table</code> environment (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). Thus,
-where the base file is <file>thesis.tex</file>, and contains the declaration
+where the root file is <file>thesis.tex</file>, and contains the declaration
<code>\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code>\chapter&lbrace;Chapter One&rbrace;</code>
produces something like this in the file <file>thesis.toc</file>.
</para>
@@ -19700,22 +20192,29 @@ something like this in <file>thesis.lof</file>.
where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code>
(<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
-the <file>tocloft</file> package.
+the <code>tocloft</code> package.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error
-<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra &rbrace;</code>. Fix this error by
-deleting the <file>.toc</file> or <file>.lof</file> or <file>.lot</file> file, and running
-&latex; again.
+<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra &rbrace;</code> when one adds/remove
+the use of package <code>hyperref</code> and a compilation was already run.
+Fix this error by deleting the <file>.toc</file> or <file>.lof</file> or <file>.lot</file>
+file, and running &latex; again.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cnofiles" spaces=" "><nodename>\nofiles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\numberline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\contentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nofiles</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19750,7 +20249,7 @@ the old information.
<node name="_005cnumberline" spaces=" "><nodename>\numberline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nofiles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\numberline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19762,7 +20261,7 @@ the old information.
<code>\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number
(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>For example, this line in a <file>.toc</file> file causes the <code>1</code> to be
+<para>For example, this line in a <file>.toc</file> file causes the <code>1.1</code> to be
typeset flush left.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -19773,16 +20272,22 @@ typeset flush left.
<code>\&arobase;tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands
<code>\l&arobase;section</code>, <code>\l&arobase;subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers
inside a natural-width box with
-<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\numberline&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;#1~&rbrace;</code>.
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\numberline&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;#1~&rbrace;</code> before
+<code>\tableofcontents</code>.
</para>
-<para>This command is fragile, so you may need to precede it with
+<para>This command is fragile so you may need to precede it with
<code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). An example is the use of
-<code>\protect</code> in the command
-<code>\addcontentsline&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\protect\numberline&lbrace;&rbrace;Summary&rbrace;</code>
-to get the <code>\numberline</code> into this command in the <file>.toc</file> file:
-<code>\contentsline &lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Summary&rbrace;&lbrace;6&rbrace;</code> (the
-page number <samp>6</samp> is automatically added by &latex;;
-<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<code>\protect</code> in this command,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\addcontentsline&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\protect\numberline&lbrace;&rbrace;Summary&rbrace;</code>
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>to get the <code>\numberline</code> into the <code>\contentsline</code>
+command in the <file>.toc</file> file: <code>\contentsline
+&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Summary&rbrace;&lbrace;6&rbrace;</code> (the page number <samp>6</samp>
+is automatically added by &latex;; <pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</subsection>
@@ -19790,70 +20295,132 @@ page number <samp>6</samp> is automatically added by &latex;;
<node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>This document has an index.
+<para>If you tell &latex; what terms you want to appear in an index then it
+can produce that index, alphabetized and with the page numbers
+automatically maintained. This illustrates the basics.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
-\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace; \makeindex
+\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace; % Provide indexing commands
+ \makeindex
+% \usepackage&lbrace;showidx&rbrace; % Show marginal notes of index entries
...
\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
...
-Recall Wilson's Theorem: \index&lbrace;Wilson's Theorem&rbrace;
-a number \( n&gt;1 \) is prime if and only if the factorial of \( n-1 \)
-is congruent to \( -1 \) modulo~\( n \).
+Wilson's Theorem\index&lbrace;Wilson's Theorem&rbrace;
+says that a number $n&gt;1$ is prime if and only if the factorial
+of $n-1$ is congruent to $-1$
+modulo~$n$.\index&lbrace;congruence!and Wilson's Theorem&rbrace;
...
\printindex
- ...
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The <code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;</code> and <code>\makeindex</code> in the preamble
-bring in the relevant commands.
-</para>
-<para>Producing an index is a three stage process. First, in the document
-body you declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
+<para>As that shows, declare index entries with the <code>\index</code> command
(<pxref label="_005cindex"><xrefnodename>\index</xrefnodename></pxref>). When you run &latex;, the <code>\index</code> writes its
-information to an auxiliary file <file><var>root-name</var>.idx</file>. Next, to
-alphabetize and to do other manipulations you run an external command,
-typically <command>makeindex</command> or <command>xindy</command> (<pxref label="makeindex"><xrefnodename>makeindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-These output a file <file><var>root-name</var>.ind</file>. Finally, you bring the
-information back into your document and typeset it with the
-<code>\printindex</code> command (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+information, such as <samp>Wilson's Theorem</samp> and the page number, to an
+auxiliary file whose name ends in <file>.idx</file>. Next, to alphabetize and
+do other manipulations, run an external command, typically
+<command>makeindex</command> (<pxref label="makeindex"><xrefnodename>makeindex</xrefnodename></pxref>), which writes a file whose name
+ends in <file>.ind</file>. Finally, <code>\printindex</code> brings this
+manipulated information into the output (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Thus, if the above example is in the file <file>numth.tex</file> then running
+<samp>pdflatex numth</samp> will save index entry and page number information
+to <file>numth.idx</file>. Then running <samp>makeindex numth</samp> will
+alphabetize and save the results to <file>numth.ind</file>. Finally, again
+running <samp>pdflatex numth</samp> will show the desired index, at the place
+where the <code>\printindex</code> command is in the source file.
+</para>
+<para>There are many options for the output. An example is that the
+exclamation point in <code>\index&lbrace;congruence!and Wilson's Theorem&rbrace;</code>
+produces a main entry of <samp>congruence</samp> with a subentry of <samp>and
+Wilson's Theorem</samp>. For more, <pxref label="makeindex"><xrefnodename>makeindex</xrefnodename></pxref>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\makeindex</code> and <code>\printindex</code> commands are independent.
+Leaving out the <code>\makeindex</code> will stop &latex; from saving the
+index entries to the auxiliary file. Leaving out the <code>\printindex</code>
+will cause &latex; to not show the index in the document output.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code>
package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
-page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.
+page where the <code>\index</code> appears. This can help in preparing the index.
The <code>multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</urefurl></url>, and the CTAN topic,
<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\index</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare an index entry.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">makeindex</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize index entries.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Produce the index manually</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize entries yourself.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\index</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare an index entry.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">makeindex</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Alphabetize index entries automatically.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\printindex</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put the index here.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005cindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\index</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">makeindex</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Produce-the-index-manually" spaces=" "><nodename>Produce the index manually</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\index</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Produce the index manually</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070">index, producing manually</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">theindex</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Documents that are small and static can have a manually produced index.
+This will make a separate page labeled <samp>Index</samp>, in twocolumn
+format.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theindex</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp"><code>theindex</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;
+\item acorn squash, 1
+\subitem maple baked, 2
+\indexspace
+\item bacon, 3
+\subitem maple baked, 4
+\end&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Note that the author must enter the page numbers, which is tedious and
+which will result in wrong numbers if the document changes. This is why
+in most cases automated methods such as <command>makeindex</command> are best.
+<xref label="Indexes"><xrefnodename>Indexes</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\subitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">\subsubitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>However we cover the commands for completeness, and because the
+automated methods are based on these commands. There are three levels
+of entries. As the example shows, a main entry uses <code>\item</code>,
+subentries use <code>\subitem</code>, and the lowest level uses
+<code>\subsubitem</code>. Blank lines between entries have no effect. The
+example above includes <code>\indexspace</code> to produce vertical space in
+the output that some index styles use before the first entry starting
+with a new letter.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\index</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">makeindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Produce the index manually</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\index</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038">index entry</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071">index entry</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -19870,13 +20437,16 @@ process the index entries with <code>makeindex test</code>, and then compile
again with <code>pdflatex test</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index&lbrace;Ackermann&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">% file test.tex
+ ...
+W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index&lbrace;Ackermann&rbrace;
...
Ackermann function\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function&rbrace;
...
rate of growth\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function!growth rate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072">index entries, subentries</indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>All three index entries will get a page number, such as <samp>Ackermann,
22</samp>. &latex; will format the second as a subitem of the first, on the
@@ -19884,7 +20454,8 @@ line below it and indented, and the third as a subitem of the second.
Three levels deep is as far as you can nest subentries. (If you add
<code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function!growth rate!comparison&rbrace;</code> then
<command>makeindex</command> says <samp>Scanning input file test.idx....done (4
-entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp> and nothing appears in the index).
+entries accepted, 1 rejected)</samp> and the fourth level is silently missing
+from the index.)
</para>
<para>If you enter a second <code>\index</code> with the same
<var>index-entry-string</var> then you will get a single index entry with two
@@ -19895,20 +20466,20 @@ document as above will give an index entry like <samp>Ackermann, 22,
instance <code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function&rbrace;</code> could come before
<code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039">index, page range</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">index, page range</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Get a page range in the output, like <samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">W~Ackermann (1896--1962).\index&lbrace;Ackermann&rbrace;
...
-D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index&lbrace;Ackermann!Hilbert\(&rbrace;
+D~Hilbert (1862--1943)\index&lbrace;Ackermann!Hilbert|(&rbrace;
...
-disapproved of his marriage.\index&lbrace;Ackermann!Hilbert\)&rbrace;
+disapproved of his marriage.\index&lbrace;Ackermann!Hilbert|)&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>If the beginning and ending of the page range are equal then the system
-just gives a single page entry, not a range.
+just gives a single page number, not a range.
</para>
<para>If you index subentries but not a main entry, as with
<code>\index&lbrace;Jones!program&rbrace;</code> and <code>\index&lbrace;Jones!results&rbrace;</code>, then
@@ -19916,26 +20487,25 @@ the output is the item <samp>Jones</samp> with no comma or page number,
followed by two subitems, like <samp>program, 50</samp> and <samp>results,
51</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Generate a index entry that says <samp>See</samp> by using a vertical bar
+<para>Generate a index entry that says <samp>see</samp> by using a vertical bar
character: <code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function|see&lbrace;P\'eter's
-function&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. You can instead get <samp>See also</samp> with <code>seealso</code>.
-(The text <samp>See</samp> is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and <samp>See also</samp>
+function&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. You can instead get <samp>see also</samp> with <code>seealso</code>.
+(The text <samp>see</samp> is defined by <code>\seename</code>, and <samp>see also</samp>
by <code>\alsoname</code>. You can redefine these either by using an
-internationalization package such as <file>babel</file> or <file>polyglossia</file>,
-or directly as with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\alsoname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;Also see
-#1&rbrace;</code>.)
+internationalization package such as <code>babel</code> or <code>polyglossia</code>,
+or directly as with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\alsoname&rbrace;&lbrace;Also see&rbrace;</code>.)
</para>
-<para>The <samp>See</samp> feature is part of a more general functionality. After
+<para>The <samp>see</samp> feature is part of a more general functionality. After
the vertical bar you can put the name of a one-input command, as in
<code>\index&lbrace;group|textit&rbrace;</code> (note the missing backslash on the
<code>\textit</code> command) and the system will apply that command to the
@@ -19977,21 +20547,21 @@ then <var>pos</var> gives the alphabetical position of the entry while
<samp>SMC</samp> alphabetized into a different location than its spelling
would naturally give it.
</para>
-<para>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>&arobase;</code>, or <code>|</code> character in an index
-entry, preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>. (The double quote
-gets deleted before alphabetization.)
+<para>To put a <code>!</code>, or <code>&arobase;</code>, or <code>|</code>, or <code>&quot;</code> character in
+an index entry, escape it by preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>.
+(The double quote gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
-provided by <file>makeidx</file>. One is <file>index</file>, which allows for
+provided by <code>makeidx</code>. One is <code>index</code>, which allows for
multiple indices and contains a command
<code>\index*&lbrace;<var>index-entry-string</var>&rbrace;</code> that prints the
<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048">idx file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082">idx file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
<file><var>root-name</var>.idx</file> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
@@ -20013,11 +20583,11 @@ message like this.
<node name="makeindex" spaces=" "><nodename>makeindex</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\printindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\index</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>makeindex</command></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049">index, processing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">makeindex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083">index, processing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -20033,9 +20603,9 @@ raw index files, <file><var>filename</var>.idx</file> files, and produces the
actual index file, the <file><var>filename</var>.ind</file> file that is input by
<code>\printindex</code> (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex>
<para>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
you to format the index by using an <dfn>index style file</dfn>, a
<file>.isty</file> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
@@ -20064,7 +20634,7 @@ on CTAN.
</para>
<para>A style file consists of a list of pairs: <var>specifier</var> and
<var>attribute</var>. These can appear in the file in any order. All of the
-<var>attributes</var> are strings, except where noted. Strings are
+<var>attribute</var>s are strings, except where noted. Strings are
surrounded with double quotes, <code>&quot;</code>, and the maximum length of a
string is 144 characters. The <code>\n</code> is for a newline and <code>\t</code>
is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash,
@@ -20073,25 +20643,25 @@ comment.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="makeindex-preamble">makeindex preamble</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the index is
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Preamble of the output index file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code>&quot;\\begin&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-postamble">makeindex postamble</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Postamble of the output file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Postamble of the output index file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-group-skip">makeindex group skip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
-entries starting with <samp>a</samp>, etc. This specifier gives what is
-inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n \\indexspace\n&quot;</code>
-(<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber length, by default
-<code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+entries starting with letter <samp>a</samp>, etc. This specifier gives what
+is inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n
+\\indexspace\n&quot;</code> (<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber
+length, by default <code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-letheadflag">makeindex letheadflag</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
@@ -20101,93 +20671,93 @@ then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is&nbsp;0.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-lethead-prefix">makeindex lethead prefix</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-lethead-suffix">makeindex lethead suffix</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-0">makeindex item 0</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\item
&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-1">makeindex item 1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-2">makeindex item 2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-01">makeindex item 01</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-x1">makeindex item x1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&textrsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
<code>\index&lbrace;aaa|see&lbrace;bbb&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>). Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-12">makeindex item 12</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-x2">makeindex item x2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
level&nbsp;1 item doesn&textrsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>&quot;\n
\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-0">makeindex delim 0</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-1">makeindex delim 1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-2">makeindex delim 2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-n">makeindex delim n</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-r">makeindex delim r</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code>&quot;--&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-line-max">makeindex line max</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&textrsquo;s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-indent-space">makeindex indent space</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code>&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-indent-length">makeindex indent length</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code>16</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-page-precedence">makeindex page precedence</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
@@ -20199,16 +20769,16 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>There are a number of other programs that do the job
<command>makeindex</command> does. One is <command>xindy</command>
-(https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy), which does internationalization and can
+(<uref><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy</urefurl></uref>), which does internationalization and can
process indexes for documents marked up using &latex; and a number of
other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in
markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as
described in its documentation.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>,
written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
</para>
@@ -20217,8 +20787,8 @@ written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
<node name="_005cprintindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\printindex</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">makeindex</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>\printindex</command></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054">index, printing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">index, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20226,9 +20796,11 @@ written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
<pre xml:space="preserve">\printindex
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>Place the index into the output.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089"><r>package</r>, <code>makeidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090"><code>makeidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>To get an index you must first include
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
compile the document, then run the system command <command>makeindex</command>,
@@ -20241,11 +20813,11 @@ discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
<node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Indexes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055">glossary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091">glossary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20289,9 +20861,9 @@ of a Turing machine</samp>. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
<samp>Turing machine</samp> and the rest of the item says in normal type
<samp>A model of a machine &dots; Computer Science</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
entry information, <file><var>root-file</var>.glo</file>. Put the
<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
@@ -20311,8 +20883,8 @@ CTAN.
<node name="_005cnewglossaryentry" spaces=" "><nodename>\newglossaryentry</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\gls</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newglossaryentry</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -20358,22 +20930,22 @@ paragraph.
here are a few.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
form given in the synopsis.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (<pxref label="_005cgls"><xrefnodename>\gls</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -20383,8 +20955,8 @@ form given in the synopsis.
<node name="_005cgls" spaces=" "><nodename>\gls</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newglossaryentry</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\gls</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -20425,8 +20997,8 @@ which also takes the plural.
<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20476,7 +21048,7 @@ such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc&lbrace;the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss&rbrace;</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -20530,7 +21102,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20563,8 +21135,8 @@ is formatted as a personal letter.
<node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20588,9 +21160,9 @@ with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
<node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20610,8 +21182,8 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
<node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20634,7 +21206,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20650,7 +21222,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
<node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20707,8 +21279,8 @@ columns having two labels each.
<para>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
@@ -20720,7 +21292,7 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes.
<node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20736,8 +21308,8 @@ with the return address.
<node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20756,8 +21328,8 @@ with the return address.
</section>
<node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20784,7 +21356,7 @@ with the return address.
... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex>
<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -20825,7 +21397,7 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20844,9 +21416,9 @@ page.
<node name="Input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line interface</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Input/output</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109">input/output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in
to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You
@@ -20866,13 +21438,13 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
<node name="_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" spaces=" "><nodename>\openin &amp; \openout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\read</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">file, opening</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">file, closing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076">open a file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1215" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110">file, opening</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111">file, closing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">open a file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20886,9 +21458,9 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
</pre></example>
-<para>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The <var>number</var>
-must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code> (in Lua&latex;
-<var>number</var> can be between 0 and 255).
+<para>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. In most engines,
+the <var>number</var> must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code>; in
+Lua&latex;, <var>number</var> can be between 0 and 127.
</para>
<para>Here &tex; opens the file <file>presidents.tex</file> for reading.
</para>
@@ -20954,9 +21526,9 @@ Bad number (16). &lt;to be read again&gt; = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>.
<node name="_005cread" spaces=" "><nodename>\read</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typein</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\openin &amp; \openout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\read</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077">file, reading</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078">read a file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1216" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113">file, reading</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">read a file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -20989,19 +21561,19 @@ is <code>\typein</code> (<pxref label="_005ctypein"><xrefnodename>\typein</xrefn
<code>\input</code> (<pxref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\include</code> (<pxref label="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><xrefnodename>\include &amp;
\includeonly</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081">mail merges</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">mail merges</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
-CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <file>datatool</file>.
+CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <code>datatool</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\read</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1217" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -21064,7 +21636,7 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1218" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21087,11 +21659,12 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
<code>\renewcommand</code> (among others) are replaced by their definitions
before being printed.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1219" mergedindex="cp">\space</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
-and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. As above,
-use the command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of
-surrounding spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent
-character with <code>\csname &arobase;percentchar\endcsname</code>.
+and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to <code>msg</code>. Use the
+command <code>\space</code> to get a single space, independent of surrounding
+spaces. Use <code>^^J</code> to get a newline. Get a percent character with
+<code>\csname &arobase;percentchar\endcsname</code>.
</para>
<para>This command can be useful for simple debugging, as here:
</para>
@@ -21109,7 +21682,7 @@ character with <code>\csname &arobase;percentchar\endcsname</code>.
<node name="_005cwrite" spaces=" "><nodename>\write</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typeout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1220" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21134,7 +21707,7 @@ it, and closes that file.
\immediate\closeout\myfile
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1221" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
name to make life easier, so that <code>stream
@@ -21143,9 +21716,9 @@ Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
name. &tex; ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string
in the file.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and&nbsp;15, because typically
&latex; authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated
by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
@@ -21160,12 +21733,12 @@ puts the same in the log file but also puts <samp>Hello World!</samp>
followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In Lua&tex;, instead of 16 output streams there are 256
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1222" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1223" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex>
<para>Use <code>\write\&arobase;auxout&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;</code> to write to the current
<file>.aux</file> file, which is associated with either the root file or
with the current include file; and use
@@ -21188,8 +21761,8 @@ in one of three contexts:
<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
<listitem>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1224" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex>
<para>With the first, &latex; writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately.
Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>,
@@ -21197,16 +21770,16 @@ Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
<code>##</code>).
</para>
</listitem><listitem>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1225" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things
(as a &tex; &textldquo;whatsit&textrdquo; item) and kept until the page is shipped out
and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At
<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded.
</para>
</listitem><listitem>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1226" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex>
<para>The third, <code>\protected&arobase;write</code>, is like the second except that
you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
@@ -21229,7 +21802,7 @@ the text <samp>XYZ</samp>:
<para>This results in the file <file>test.jh</file> containing the text
<samp>test XYZtest</samp> followed by a newline.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
<code>\write</code>&textrsquo;s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0
to 15 described above, in Plain&nbsp;&tex; <code>\write16</code> and
@@ -21239,8 +21812,8 @@ terminal; however, in &latex;, the natural way to do that is with
even more special; modern &tex; systems use it for giving commands to
the operating system (<pxref label="_005cwrite18"><xrefnodename>\write18</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
file:
@@ -21249,13 +21822,13 @@ file:
<pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog&lbrace;Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
-packages for this; one is <file>answers</file>.
+packages for this; one is <code>answers</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write and security</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Security.
@@ -21268,8 +21841,8 @@ packages for this; one is <file>answers</file>.
<node name="_005cwrite-and-security" spaces=" "><nodename>\write and security</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\message</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code> and security</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
downloaded &latex; file and it overwrote your password file then you
@@ -21292,7 +21865,7 @@ those. So, this code
! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can get just such an error when using commands such as
<code>\include&lbrace;../filename&rbrace;</code> because &latex; will try to open
<file>../filename.aux</file>. The simplest solution is to put the included
@@ -21303,7 +21876,7 @@ files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
<node name="_005cmessage" spaces=" "><nodename>\message</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\wlog</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\write and security</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\message</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1227" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21364,7 +21937,7 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
<node name="_005cwlog" spaces=" "><nodename>\wlog</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write18</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\message</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\wlog</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1228" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -21392,11 +21965,11 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
<node name="_005cwrite18" spaces=" "><nodename>\write18</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\wlog</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write18</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097">external commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100">shell access</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1229" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133">external commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136">shell access</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c Derived from: Joseph Wright: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/20446/121234 -->
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -21409,8 +21982,8 @@ starting your message at the beginning of a line.
runs the command and &latex;&textrsquo;s execution is blocked until that
finishes.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This sequence (on Unix)
</para>
@@ -21438,7 +22011,7 @@ in which case this is the option argument.
</para>
<para>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
-in the current directory (but see <file>texosquery</file> below):
+in the current directory (but see <code>texosquery</code> below):
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\immediate\write18&lbrace;ls *.pdf &gt; tmp.dat&rbrace;
@@ -21459,7 +22032,7 @@ safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code>
(<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is
a synonym, in &tex; Live.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use
a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those
that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use
@@ -21468,33 +22041,33 @@ commands is short and features only commands that are under the
control of the distribution maintainers (<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1230" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1231" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1232" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1233" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <file>/bin/sh</file> on
Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter
<file>cmd.exe</file> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106">system information</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">operating system information</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">system information</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">operating system information</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1145">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex>
<para>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
-<file>texosquery</file> package, which provides a convenient and secure
+<code>texosquery</code> package, which provides a convenient and secure
interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
<code>\write18</code>: <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</urefurl></url>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1146"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1147"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1234" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1235" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive
<code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
<code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all &tex; engines;
@@ -21512,9 +22085,9 @@ same reason.
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line interface</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Command-line">Command line</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">command line interface</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">CLI</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1148">command line interface</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1149">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1150">CLI</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</para>
@@ -21535,7 +22108,7 @@ creating the output <file>thesis.pdf</file>.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1236" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
Note that <file>.tex</file> is the default file name extension.
</para>
<para>pdf&tex; is an extension of the original &tex; program, as are
@@ -21578,7 +22151,7 @@ to do.
<node name="Command-line-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line input</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115">options, command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1151">options, command line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
authoring. For a full list, try running <samp>latex --help</samp> from the
@@ -21593,23 +22166,23 @@ argument with an <samp>=</samp> sign (<samp>--foo=val</samp>), but there can be
spaces around the <samp>=</samp>. We will generally use the <samp>=</samp> syntax.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1237" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-version</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Show the current version, like <samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp> along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1238" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-help</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</para>
<anchor name="interaction-modes">interaction modes</anchor>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1239" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-interaction=<var>mode</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116">batchmode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1152">batchmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1153">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1154">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1155">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <dfn>errorstopmode</dfn> (the default), &tex;
@@ -21630,17 +22203,17 @@ input, but nothing else.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>eliminates most terminal output.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1156">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1157">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1240" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-jobname=<var>string</var></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Set the value of &tex;&textrsquo;s <dfn>jobname</dfn> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <file><var>string</var>.log</file> and
<file><var>string</var>.pdf</file>. <pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
<anchor name="output-directory">output directory</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1158">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1241" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-output-directory=<var>directory</var></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
This applies to all external files created by &tex; or &latex;, such
@@ -21654,12 +22227,12 @@ external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
directory (in which &latex; was run) remains unchanged, and is also
checked for input files.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123">shell escape</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1159">shell escape</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1160"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1242" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1243" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1244" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1245" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--enable-write18</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--disable-write18</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--shell-escape</itemformat></itemx>
@@ -21680,12 +22253,12 @@ a limited number of &tex;-related programs, which they distribute.)
<code>\write18&lbrace;ls -l&rbrace;</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
file says <samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1246" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-halt-on-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Stop processing at the first error.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1247" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1248" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-no-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style
@@ -21697,7 +22270,7 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
<node name="Command-line-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Jobname</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1161">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>As part of the command line invocation
</para>
@@ -21709,10 +22282,10 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
allows you to do some special effects.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1162"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1163"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For example, this file (which uses the
-<file>hyperref</file> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
+<code>hyperref</code> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -21753,30 +22326,45 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers&lbrace;&rbrace;\input&lbrace;main
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called <file>main.pdf</file> and the second would overwrite the first. (See
-the next section.)
+called <file>main.pdf</file> and the second would overwrite the
+first. (<pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
</para>
-<para>In this example, we pass the <code>draft</code> option to the
-<file>graphicx</file> package:
+<para>In this example we use the command line to select which parts of a
+document to include. For a book named <file>mybook.tex</file> and structured
+like this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;book&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+ ...
+\include&lbrace;chap1&rbrace;
+\include&lbrace;chap2&rbrace;
+ ...
+\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>the command line
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex &quot;\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;\input&lbrace;aa.tex&rbrace;&quot;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex &quot;\includeonly&lbrace;chap1&rbrace;\input&lbrace;mybook&rbrace;&quot;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information
-but replaced in the PDF by a box with same size and that contains only
-the file name, which speeds up compilation time and saves printer ink.
+<para>will give output that has the first chapter but no other
+chapter. <xref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Jobname" spaces=" "><nodename>Jobname</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Recovering from errors</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Jobname</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129">document root name</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">name of document root</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1249" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1164">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1165">document root name</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1166">name of document root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1167">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1168">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Running &latex; creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or
DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the
@@ -21788,28 +22376,29 @@ Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>.
<para>In general, &latex; is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var>
<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is
<command>pdflatex</command>, <command>lualatex</command>, etc.&noeos; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case
-above with <code>thesis</code>, then &tex; considers it to be the name of
-the file to input as the main document. The name of that root file,
-without the <file>.tex</file> extension, is the jobname. If <var>argument</var>
-does start with a backslash, or if &tex; is in interactive mode, then
-it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command, and the jobname is the
-argument to <code>\input</code>.
+If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case above
+with <code>thesis</code>, then &tex; considers it to be the name of the file
+to input as the main document. This file is referred to as the <dfn>root
+file</dfn> (<pxref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xrefnodename></pxref>, and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>). The name of
+that root file, without the <file>.tex</file> extension if any, is the
+jobname. If <var>argument</var> does start with a backslash, or if &tex; is
+in interactive mode, then it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command,
+and the jobname is the argument to <code>\input</code>.
</para>
<para>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
-jobname=myname</code> (<pxref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></pxref> for a real example).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1250" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1169">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The final possibility is <file>texput</file>, which is the final fallback
-default if no other name is available to &tex;. For example, if no
+default if no other name is available to &tex;. That is, if no
<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
-there is any output, then the log file will be named
-<file>texput.log</file>.
+any input file is met, then the log file will be named
+<file>texput.log</file>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1251" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1252" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>A special case of this is that in &latex; versions of (approximately)
2020 or later, the jobname is also <file>texput</file> if the first
<code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either
@@ -21831,7 +22420,7 @@ a file named <file>texput.pdf</file>:
<para>the output file is <file>lipsum.pdf</file>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls
<code>\input</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1253" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex>
<para>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname.
(When you run &latex; on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.)
@@ -21839,9 +22428,9 @@ In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of
catcode&nbsp;12 (other) except that spaces are category&nbsp;10,
including letters that are normally catcode&nbsp;11.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1254" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1170"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1171"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro
@@ -21890,9 +22479,9 @@ l.5 The \PN
typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other
options.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1172"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1173">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1255" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex>
<para>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the <code>\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> or misspelled it. In this case
&latex; gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt. You can get back to the command
@@ -21920,8 +22509,8 @@ keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1174">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1175">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
@@ -21938,10 +22527,10 @@ be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">article template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1176"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1177">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1178"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1179"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
@@ -21978,7 +22567,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
<node name="article-template" spaces=" "><nodename>article template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>article</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1180">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A simple template for an article.
</para>
@@ -22007,7 +22596,7 @@ Some more text.
<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Larger book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">article template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1181">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This is a straightforward template for a book. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book
template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a more elaborate one.
@@ -22037,7 +22626,7 @@ The end.
<node name="Larger-book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>Larger book template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Larger <code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1182">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. <xref label="book-template"><xrefnodename>book template</xrefnodename></xref>,
for a simpler one.