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-rw-r--r--info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml9361
1 files changed, 6039 insertions, 3322 deletions
diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
index 9ba4e402d7..826f258270 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.xml
@@ -1,56 +1,55 @@
<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.4//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.4/texinfo.dtd">
+<!DOCTYPE texinfo PUBLIC "-//GNU//DTD TexinfoML V6.6//EN" "http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/dtd/6.6/texinfo.dtd">
<texinfo xml:lang="en">
<filename file="latex2e.xml"></filename>
<preamble>\input texinfo
-</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 710 2018-10-14 14:32:52Z karl $ -->
+</preamble><!-- c $Id: latex2e.texi 935 2021-07-23 17:48:15Z jimhefferon $ -->
<!-- comment %**start of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<setfilename file="latex2e.info" spaces=" ">latex2e.info</setfilename>
-<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED October 2018">October 2018</set>
-<!-- c $Id: common.texi 701 2018-10-08 14:32:37Z jimhefferon $ -->
+<set name="UPDATED" line=" UPDATED July 2021">July 2021</set>
+<!-- c $Id: common.texi 729 2018-11-13 23:22:27Z karl $ -->
<!-- c Public domain. -->
-<set name="LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE" line=" LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman">https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</set>
+<set name="LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE" line=" LTXREFMAN_HOME_PAGE https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</set>
<set name="LTXREFMAN_BUGS" line=" LTXREFMAN_BUGS latexrefman@@tug.org">latexrefman@@tug.org</set>
<clear name="HAS-MATH" line=" HAS-MATH "></clear>
<macro name="iftexthenelse" line=" iftexthenelse {then,else}"><formalarg>then</formalarg><formalarg>else</formalarg>\else\@c
</macro>
-
-<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)</settitle>
+<tex endspaces=" ">
+</tex>
+<settitle spaces=" ">&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)</settitle>
<!-- comment %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
<!-- c latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
<!-- c xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
<!-- c xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file -->
+<!-- c xx read through latex2e news for things to update. -->
<!-- c -->
<!-- c xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX -->
-<!-- c xx classes and packages - required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
-<!-- c -->
+<!-- c xx classes and packages: required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
<!-- c xx merge permuted-index -->
<!-- c xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
<!-- c xx merge display style math -->
+<!-- c xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes -->
+<!-- c xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41) -->
+<!-- c xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX? -->
<!-- c xx JH explain nfss somewhere -->
<!-- c xx JH expand BiBTeX -->
<!-- c xx JH expand theorem, AMS math -->
<!-- c xx JH something on code listings -->
<!-- c xx JH ligatures -->
-<!-- c xx JH \xspace -->
-<!-- c xx JH \stretch -->
-<!-- c xx JH \mathstrut -->
-<!-- c xx JH \phantom https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/4519/how-do-i-create-an-invisible-character -->
-<!-- c xx JH \baselineskip https://texfaq.org/FAQ-baselinepar -->
-<!-- c xx JH \contentsline, \@@dottedtocline? -->
-<!-- c xx JH more on \write18, beyond what's mentioned in Command line. -->
-<!-- c xx JH \numexpr, \dimexpr, \glueexpr, \muexpr -->
+<!-- c xx JH \caption -->
<!-- c -->
<!-- c xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
<!-- c xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
<!-- c xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. -->
<!-- c xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. -->
+<!-- c -->
+<!-- c xx All the special characters should be definitively described. -->
<copying endspaces=" ">
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of October 2018.
+document preparation system, version of July 2021.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <file>LATEX.HLP</file> v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no
text was directly copied.)
</para>
<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Karl Berry.&linebreak;
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.&linebreak;
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
</para>
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
</para></copying>
<!-- c Merge into one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index). -->
-<syncodeindex from="fn" to="cp" line=" fn cp"></syncodeindex>
+<syncodeindex from="fn" to="cp" line="fn cp"></syncodeindex>
<dircategory spaces=" ">TeX</dircategory>
<direntry endspaces=" ">
@@ -104,10 +103,13 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<tex endspaces=" ">
</tex>
+<html endspaces=" ">
+</html>
+
<titlepage endspaces=" ">
<title spaces=" ">&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-<subtitle spaces=" ">October 2018</subtitle>
-<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</urefurl></url></author>
+<subtitle spaces=" ">July 2021</subtitle>
+<author spaces=" "><url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz</urefurl></url></author>
<page></page>
<vskip> 0pt plus 1filll</vskip>
<insertcopying></insertcopying>
@@ -134,11 +136,11 @@ into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<set name="NeedsAMSSymb" line=" NeedsAMSSymb @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{amssymb} package.</set>
<set name="NeedsSTIX" line=" NeedsSTIX @value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.">@value{NotInPlainTeX} In @LaTeX{} you need to load the @file{stix} package.</set>
-<node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">(dir)</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Top" spaces=" "><nodename>Top</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">About this document</nodenext></node>
<top spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</sectiontitle>
<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-October 2018) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
+July 2021) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">About this document</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Bug reporting, etc.
@@ -167,13 +169,12 @@ October 2018) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Splitting the input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Dealing with big files by splitting.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Front/back matter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The <code>letter</code> class.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Terminal input/output</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">User interaction.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">System-independent command-line behavior.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Input/output</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">User interaction.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line interface</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Common command-line options.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Document templates</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Starter templates for various document classes.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Index</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General index.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-
</top>
<node name="About-this-document" spaces=" "><nodename>About this document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Overview</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Top</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>About this document</sectiontitle>
@@ -183,15 +184,11 @@ October 2018) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
preparation system, which is a macro package for the &tex;
typesetting program (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>This document&textrsquo;s home page is <url><urefurl>https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</urefurl></url>. There
-you can get the sources, subscribe to the mailing list or read its
-archives, see other infrastructure, and get the current output in
-various formats. In particular, the output comes in two web formats.
-Probably the most convenient one, shown at <url><urefurl>http://latexref.xyz/</urefurl></url>,
-has pages for each topic and so is good for a quick lookup; see also the
-note there about easy-to-remember links. The other, shown at
-<url><urefurl>http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co</urefurl></url>,
-has all the information on single page.
+<para>This document&textrsquo;s home page is <url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz</urefurl></url>; it has
+separate web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
+<url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html</urefurl></url> has the entire document on
+a single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more
+information, see <url><urefurl>https://latexref.xyz/dev/</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="2">&latex; vs.&noeos; &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In this document, we will mostly just use &textlsquo;&latex;&textrsquo; rather than
@@ -201,40 +198,34 @@ frozen decades ago.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="3">unofficial nature of this manual</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="4">&latex; Project team</indexterm></cindex>
<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1" mergedindex="cp"><email><emailaddress>latexrefman&arobase;tug.org</emailaddress></email> <r>email address</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>&latex; is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
-(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). The official documentation written by
-the &latex; project is available from their web site. This document is
-completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the &latex;
-maintainers.
+<para>&latex; is maintained by a group of volunteers
+(<url><urefurl>https://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). The official documentation written
+by the &latex; project is available from their web site. The present
+document is completely unofficial and has not been written or reviewed
+by the &latex; maintainers.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="5">bug reporting</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="6">reporting bugs</indexterm></cindex>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <email><emailaddress>latexrefman&arobase;tug.org</emailaddress></email>.
</para>
-<para>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
-of information about &latex;, at all levels. Here are a few
-introductions.
+<para>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
+of other information available about &latex;, at all levels. Here
+are a few introductions.
</para>
<table commandarg="url" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="2" mergedindex="cp">latex-doc-ptr <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Two pages of recommended references to &latex; documentation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="3" mergedindex="cp">first-latex-doc <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="4" mergedindex="cp">usrguide <r>official documentation</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of &latex;.
-Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
-of &latex; itself; one such is the next item:
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="5" mergedindex="cp">lshort <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>A short introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="4" mergedindex="cp">lshort <r>document</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>A longer introduction to &latex;, translated to many languages.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">http://tug.org/begin.html</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="url">https://tug.org/begin.html</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Introduction to the &tex; system, including &latex;, with further
references.
</para>
@@ -252,21 +243,25 @@ references.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="11">&latex; overview</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally
-created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
-(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>). It is widely used, particularly for
-complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="12">macro package, &latex; as</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>A &latex; user writes an input file containing text along with
-interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
-should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands
-that interface with Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program
-(the technical term is that &latex; is a <dfn>macro package</dfn> for the
-&tex; engine). The user produces the output document by giving that
-input file to the &tex; engine.
+created by Leslie Lamport in 1984, but has been maintained by a group
+of volunteers for many years now (<url><urefurl>https://latex-project.org</urefurl></url>).
+It is widely used, particularly but not exclusively for mathematical
+and technical documents.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="12">UTF-8, default &latex; input encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>A &latex; user writes an input file containing text to be typeset
+along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
+UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
+should be formatted.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; is implemented as a set of related so-called &textldquo;macros&textrdquo; which
+use Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&textrsquo;s &tex; typesetting program or one of its
+derivatives, collectively known as &textldquo;engines&textrdquo;. Thus, the user
+produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a &tex;
+engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.)
</para>
<para>The term &latex; is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
-the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
+the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a &latex; user.
</para>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="13">Lamport &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
@@ -279,9 +274,9 @@ sensible, such as in plain text, write it as <samp>LaTeX</samp>.
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Starting and ending</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The standard beginning and end of a document.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Output files</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Files produced.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that can compile &tex; and &latex;.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&tex; engines</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Programs that can compile &tex; and &latex;.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">&latex; command syntax</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">General syntax of &latex; commands.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Area of the source giving distinct behavior.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Environment</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">An area of the source with distinct behavior.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">CTAN</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Our repository.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -341,12 +336,12 @@ The main output file&textrsquo;s name ends in either <file>.dvi</file> or <file>
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.dvi</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="6" mergedindex="cp">.dvi <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="7" mergedindex="cp">latex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="8" mergedindex="cp">xdvi <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="9" mergedindex="cp">dvips <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="10" mergedindex="cp">dvipdfmx <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="11" mergedindex="cp">dvitype <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="5" mergedindex="cp">.dvi <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="6" mergedindex="cp">latex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="7" mergedindex="cp">xdvi <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="8" mergedindex="cp">dvips <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="9" mergedindex="cp">dvipdfmx <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="10" mergedindex="cp">dvitype <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="output-files-dvi">output files dvi</anchor>
<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>latex</command> then it
produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <file>.dvi</file>. You
@@ -355,12 +350,12 @@ it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <command>dvips</command> or to a
Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <command>dvipdfmx</command>.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
<command>dvitype</command>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
-available (<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</urefurl></url>).
+available (<url><urefurl>https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</urefurl></url>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.pdf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="12" mergedindex="cp">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="11" mergedindex="cp">.pdf <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="21">pdf&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13" mergedindex="cp">pdflatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="12" mergedindex="cp">pdflatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="output-files-pdf">output files pdf</anchor>
<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>pdflatex</command>,
among other commands (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), then the main output is
@@ -369,13 +364,13 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<para>&latex; also produces at least two additional files.
+<para>&latex; always produces at least two additional files.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="22">transcript file</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="23">log file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="14" mergedindex="cp">.log <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="13" mergedindex="cp">.log <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="output-files-log">output files log</anchor>
<para>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
@@ -383,7 +378,7 @@ additional information for any errors.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">.aux</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="24">auxiliary file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="15" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="14" mergedindex="cp">.aux <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="25">cross references, resolving</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="26">forward references, resolving</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="27">references, resolving forward</indexterm></cindex>
@@ -401,11 +396,11 @@ location.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="16" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="15" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="28">list of figures file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="17" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="16" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="29">list of tables file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="17" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="30">table of contents file</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="31">contents file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
@@ -422,30 +417,38 @@ open-ended.
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="32">engines, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="33">implementations of &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">UTF-8</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="34">UTF-8, engine support for</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="35">Unicode input, native</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="36">TrueType fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="37">OpenType fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a &tex;
-implementation (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). This section gives a terse
-overview of the main programs (see also&nbsp;<ref label="Command-line"><xrefnodename>Command line</xrefnodename></ref>).
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">&tex; format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">&latex; format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">format files, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="18" mergedindex="cp">.fmt <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>&latex; is a large set of commands that is executed by a &tex;
+program (<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>). Such a set of commands is called a
+<dfn>format</dfn>, and is embodied in a binary <code>.fmt</code> file, which can
+be read much more quickly than the corresponding &tex; source.
</para>
-<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">latex</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pdflatex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="38">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="19" mergedindex="cp">etex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="39">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>This section gives a terse overview of the &tex; programs that are
+commonly available (see also <ref label="Command-line-interface"><xrefnodename>Command line interface</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="19" mergedindex="cp">latex</indexterm>latex</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="20" mergedindex="cp">pdflatex</indexterm>pdflatex</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="21" mergedindex="cp">etex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">pdf&tex; engine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">e-&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="tex-engines-latex">tex engines latex</anchor>
-<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>), if &latex; is invoked
+<para>In &tex; Live (<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/texlive</urefurl></url>), if &latex; is invoked
via either the system command <command>latex</command> or <command>pdflatex</command>,
-then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</urefurl></url>).
+then the pdf&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</urefurl></url>).
When invoked as <command>latex</command>, the main output is a <file>.dvi</file>
file; as <command>pdflatex</command>, the main output is a <file>.pdf</file> file.
</para>
<para>pdf&tex; incorporates the e-&tex; extensions to Knuth&textrsquo;s original
-program (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</urefurl></url>), including additional
+program (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</urefurl></url>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of
extensions of its own. e-&tex; is available on its own as the system
command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces
@@ -455,27 +458,24 @@ command <command>etex</command>, but this is plain &tex; (and produces
rather than pdf&tex;. In any case, the e-&tex; extensions can be
assumed to be available in &latex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">lualatex</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="20" mergedindex="cp">lualatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="40">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="22" mergedindex="cp">lualatex</indexterm>lualatex</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">Lua&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="tex-engines-lualatex">tex engines lualatex</anchor>
<para>If &latex; is invoked via the system command <command>lualatex</command>, the
-Lua&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</urefurl></url>). This
+Lua&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</urefurl></url>). This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
(<url><urefurl>http://luatex.org</urefurl></url>) to interact with &tex;&textrsquo;s typesetting.
Lua&tex; handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType
and TrueType fonts, and produces a <file>.pdf</file> file by default.
-There is also <command>dvilualatex</command> to produce a <file>.dvi</file> file,
-but this is rarely used.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">xelatex</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="21" mergedindex="cp">xelatex <r>command</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="41">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="22" mergedindex="cp">.xdv <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="23" mergedindex="cp">xdvipdfmx</indexterm></findex>
+There is also <command>dvilualatex</command> to produce a <file>.dvi</file> file.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="23" mergedindex="cp">xelatex</indexterm>xelatex</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">Xe&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24" mergedindex="cp">.xdv <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25" mergedindex="cp">xdvipdfmx</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="tex-engines-xelatex">tex engines xelatex</anchor>
<para>If &latex; is invoked with the system command <command>xelatex</command>, the
-Xe&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/xetex</urefurl></url>). Like Lua&tex;,
+Xe&tex; engine is run (<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/xetex</urefurl></url>). Like Lua&tex;,
Xe&tex; natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
external libraries instead of internal code. Xe&tex; produces a
@@ -486,28 +486,62 @@ and translates that to PDF using the (<code>x</code>)<code>dvipdfmx</code>
program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
useful for debugging.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="26" mergedindex="cp">platex</indexterm>platex</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="27" mergedindex="cp">uplatex</indexterm>uplatex</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
+other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
+<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</urefurl></url> and <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</urefurl></url>.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<para>Other variants of &latex; and &tex; exist, e.g., to provide
-additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]p&tex;,
-<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</urefurl></url>, <url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</urefurl></url>).
+<para>As of 2019, there is a companion <code>-dev</code> command and format for
+all of the above:
+</para>
+<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="28" mergedindex="cp">dvilualatex-dev</indexterm>dvilualatex-dev</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="29" mergedindex="cp">latex-dev</indexterm>latex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="30" mergedindex="cp">lualatex-dev</indexterm>lualatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="31" mergedindex="cp">pdflatex-dev</indexterm>pdflatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="32" mergedindex="cp">platex-dev</indexterm>platex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="33" mergedindex="cp">uplatex-dev</indexterm>uplatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="34" mergedindex="cp">xelatex-dev</indexterm>xelatex-dev</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">release candidates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">prerelease testing</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>These are candidates for an upcoming &latex; release. The main
+purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an
+official release.
+</para>
+<para>These <code>-dev</code> formats make it easy for anyone to help test
+documents and code: you can run, say, <code>pdflatex-dev</code> instead of
+<code>pdflatex</code>, without changing anything else in your environment.
+Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the <code>-dev</code>
+versions instead of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet
+times after a release, the commands will be equivalent.
+</para>
+<para>These are not daily snapshots or untested development code. They
+undergo the same extensive regression testing by the &latex; team
+before being released.
+</para>
+<para>For more information, see &textldquo;The &latex; release workflow and the
+&latex; <code>dev</code> formats&textrdquo; by Frank Mittelbach, <cite>TUGboat</cite> 40:2,
+<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</urefurl></url>.
</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
</section>
<node name="LaTeX-command-syntax" spaces=" "><nodename>&latex; command syntax</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">&tex; engines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>&latex; command syntax</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="42">command syntax</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="24" mergedindex="cp">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="25" mergedindex="cp">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="26" mergedindex="cp">&lbrace;...&rbrace; <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">command syntax</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35" mergedindex="cp">\ <r>character starting commands</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36" mergedindex="cp">[...] <r>for optional arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37" mergedindex="cp">&lbrace;...&rbrace; <r>for required arguments</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
(a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
</para>
<para>&latex; commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code>
differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
-Most commands are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
+Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
commands in the same case as they are defined.
</para>
<para>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
@@ -524,12 +558,6 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</para>
-<para>Some of &latex;&textrsquo;s commands are a <dfn>declaration</dfn>. Such a command
-changes the value the meaning of some other command or parameter. For
-instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> declaration changes the typesetting of
-page numbers from roman numerals to arabic (<pxref label="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><xrefnodename>\frontmatter &amp;
-\mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-</para>
<para>&latex; has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
@@ -538,7 +566,19 @@ to command.
<para>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52">&latex;3 syntax</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>As of the 2020-10-01 release of &latex;, the <code>expl3</code> and
+<code>xparse</code> packages are part of the &latex;2e format. They
+provide a completely different underlying programming language
+syntax. We won&textrsquo;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
+package documentation and other &latex; manuals.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="Environment" spaces=" "><nodename>Environment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">CTAN</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">&latex; command syntax</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environment</sectiontitle>
@@ -546,14 +586,14 @@ commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a.&noeos; bugs).
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;<var>environment name</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;<var>environment-name</var>&rbrace;
...
-\end&lbrace;<var>environment name</var>&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;<var>environment-name</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>An area of &latex; source, inside of which there is a distinct
-behavior. For instance, for poetry in &latex; put the lines between
-<code>\begin&lbrace;verse&rbrace;</code> and <code>\end&lbrace;verse&rbrace;</code>.
+<para>An <dfn>environment</dfn> is an area of &latex; source, inside of which
+there is a distinct behavior. For instance, for poetry in &latex;
+put the lines between <code>\begin&lbrace;verse&rbrace;</code> and <code>\end&lbrace;verse&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;verse&rbrace;
@@ -562,12 +602,12 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in &latex; put the lines between
\end&lbrace;verse&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para><xref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></xref> for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
+<para><xref label="Environments"><xrefnodename>Environments</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
that every &latex; document must have a <code>document</code> environment,
a <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> pair.
</para>
-<para>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
-the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
+<para>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. This includes the case where <var>environment-name</var> ends in a
star&nbsp;(<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
include the star.
</para>
@@ -585,9 +625,9 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
</section>
<node name="CTAN" spaces=" "><nodename>CTAN</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Environment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Overview</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>CTAN: the Comprehensive &tex; Archive Network</sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>CTAN: The Comprehensive &tex; Archive Network</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="43">CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53">CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The Comprehensive &tex; Archive Network, CTAN, is the &tex; and
&latex; community&textrsquo;s repository of free material. It is a set of
@@ -600,20 +640,22 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher&textrsquo;s
specifications.
</para>
-<para>In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
-as search by name or by functionality.
+<para>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site
+offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="44">DANTE e.V.</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="45">mirrors of CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
-sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
-instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
-hosted by the German &tex; group DANTE e.V. Other sites around the
-world help out by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their
-collections with the core site and then in turn making their copies
-publicly available. This gives users close to their location better
-access and relieves the load on the core site. The list of mirrors is
-at <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/mirrors</urefurl></url>.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54">DANTE e.V.</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of which
+is the so-called &textldquo;master&textrdquo;. The master host actively manages the
+material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated
+packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German &tex;
+group, DANTE e.V.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55">mirrors of CTAN</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is,
+automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then
+in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close
+to their location better access and relieves the load on the master
+site. The list of mirrors is at <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/mirrors</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</section>
@@ -621,9 +663,9 @@ at <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/mirrors</urefurl></url>.
<node name="Document-classes" spaces=" "><nodename>Document classes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Fonts</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Overview</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document classes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="46">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="47">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="27" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">document classes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">classes of documents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass</indexterm></findex>
<para>The document&textrsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
@@ -632,11 +674,11 @@ normally the first command in a &latex; source file.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]&lbrace;<var>class</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="28" mergedindex="cp">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="29" mergedindex="cp">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="30" mergedindex="cp">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="31" mergedindex="cp">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="32" mergedindex="cp">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39" mergedindex="cp">article <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40" mergedindex="cp">report <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41" mergedindex="cp">book <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42" mergedindex="cp">letter <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43" mergedindex="cp">slides <r>class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into &latex;.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
<pxref label="Overview"><xrefnodename>Overview</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
@@ -664,9 +706,10 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">slides</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="document-classes-slides">document classes slides</anchor>
-<para>For slide presentations&textmdash;rarely used today. In its place the
-<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (<pxref label="beamer-template"><xrefnodename>beamer
-template</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>For slide presentations&textmdash;rarely used nowadays. The
+<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</urefurl></url>). <xref label="beamer-template"><xrefnodename>beamer template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a
+small template for a beamer document.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
@@ -682,10 +725,10 @@ template</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<node name="Document-class-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Document class options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional packages</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document class options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="48">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="49">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="50">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="51">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">document class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">global options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can specify <dfn>global options</dfn> or <dfn>class options</dfn> to the
<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
@@ -697,9 +740,9 @@ specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma.
<para>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="33" mergedindex="cp">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="34" mergedindex="cp">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="35" mergedindex="cp">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44" mergedindex="cp">10pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45" mergedindex="cp">11pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46" mergedindex="cp">12pt <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</para>
@@ -707,12 +750,12 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
<pre xml:space="preserve">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="36" mergedindex="cp">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="37" mergedindex="cp">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="38" mergedindex="cp">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="39" mergedindex="cp">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="40" mergedindex="cp">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="41" mergedindex="cp">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47" mergedindex="cp">a4paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48" mergedindex="cp">a5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49" mergedindex="cp">b5paper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50" mergedindex="cp">executivepaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51" mergedindex="cp">legalpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52" mergedindex="cp">letterpaper <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (these show height by width):
</para>
@@ -736,63 +779,63 @@ size (these show height by width):
</tableterm><tableitem><para>8.5 by 11&nbsp;inches (the default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="42" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="43" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="52"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="53"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpagewidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54" mergedindex="cp">\pdfpageheight</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>When using one of the engines pdf&latex;, Lua&latex;, or Xe&latex;
(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&textrsquo;s preamble.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="54"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="55"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64"><r>package</r>, <code>geometry</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65"><code>geometry</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
<para>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="44" mergedindex="cp">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="45" mergedindex="cp">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="46" mergedindex="cp">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="47" mergedindex="cp">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="48" mergedindex="cp">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="49" mergedindex="cp">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="50" mergedindex="cp">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="51" mergedindex="cp">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55" mergedindex="cp">draft <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56" mergedindex="cp">final <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57" mergedindex="cp">fleqn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58" mergedindex="cp">landscape <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59" mergedindex="cp">leqno <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60" mergedindex="cp">openbib <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61" mergedindex="cp">titlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62" mergedindex="cp">notitlepage <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Miscellaneous other options:
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">final</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="56">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">black boxes, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">fleqn</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="57">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="58">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="59">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">flush left equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">centered equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">equations, flush left vs.&noeos; centered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">landscape</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="60">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="61">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">landscape orientation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">portrait orientation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">leqno</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="62">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="63">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="64">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">left-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">right-hand equation numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">equation numbers, left vs.&noeos; right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">openbib</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="65">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">bibliography format, open</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Use &textldquo;open&textrdquo; bibliography format.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">titlepage</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">notitlepage</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="66">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">title page, separate or run-in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
@@ -801,12 +844,12 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<para>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="52" mergedindex="cp">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="53" mergedindex="cp">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="54" mergedindex="cp">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="55" mergedindex="cp">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="56" mergedindex="cp">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="57" mergedindex="cp">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63" mergedindex="cp">onecolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64" mergedindex="cp">twocolumn <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65" mergedindex="cp">oneside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66" mergedindex="cp">twoside <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67" mergedindex="cp">openright <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68" mergedindex="cp">openany <r>option</r></indexterm></findex>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">onecolumn</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twocolumn</itemformat></itemx>
@@ -814,8 +857,9 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">oneside</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">twoside</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="58" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="59" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<!-- c xx TODO re-align on the French version which is more accurate. -->
<para>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</para>
@@ -832,7 +876,7 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
<code>openright</code> for <code>book</code>, and <code>openany</code> for <code>report</code>.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="60" mergedindex="cp">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71" mergedindex="cp">clock <r>option to <code>slides</code> class</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</para>
@@ -841,10 +885,10 @@ the time at the bottom of each note.
<node name="Additional-packages" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional packages</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Document class options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional packages</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="67">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="68">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="69">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="61" mergedindex="cp">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">loading additional packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">packages, loading additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">additional packages, loading</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72" mergedindex="cp">\usepackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
list <var>options</var>, as here.
</para>
@@ -856,8 +900,8 @@ list <var>options</var>, as here.
as in <code>\usepackage&lbrace;<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...&rbrace;</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="70">global options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="71">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">global options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">options, global</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
@@ -867,9 +911,9 @@ to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<node name="Class-and-package-construction" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package construction</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional packages</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document classes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package construction</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="72">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="73">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="74">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">document class commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">commands, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">new class commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
@@ -882,8 +926,8 @@ package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="75">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="76">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">class and package difference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">difference between class and package</indexterm></cindex>
</para>
<para>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>&arobase;</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
@@ -905,13 +949,13 @@ others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
<node name="Class-and-package-structure" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package structure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Class and package commands</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package structure</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="77">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="78">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="79">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="80">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="81">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="82">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="83">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">class and package structure</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">class file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">package file layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">options, document class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">package options</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
</para><enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
@@ -939,9 +983,9 @@ declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> to set the defa
document font size.
</para>
</listitem><listitem>
-<para>Finally, in the <dfn>more declarations part</dfn> the class or package usually does
-most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
-loading other files.
+<para>Finally, in the <dfn>more declarations part</dfn> the class or package
+usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
+fonts, and loading other files.
</para></listitem></enumerate>
<para>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <file>stub.cls</file>
@@ -955,7 +999,7 @@ where &latex; can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="84">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94">class file example</indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
@@ -964,7 +1008,7 @@ passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
</para>
<para>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
Class Guide, at
-<url><urefurl>http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</urefurl></url> (much
+<url><urefurl>https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</urefurl></url> (much
of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
<url><urefurl>https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</urefurl></url>.
</para>
@@ -972,21 +1016,21 @@ of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
</subsection>
<node name="Class-and-package-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Class and package commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Class and package structure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Class and package construction</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Class and package commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="85">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="86">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95">class and package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">commands, class and package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtBeginDvi&lbrace;specials&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="62" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDvi</indexterm></findex>
<para>Save in a box register things that are written to the <file>.dvi</file> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfClass&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AtEndOfPackage&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="63" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="64" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndOfPackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when &latex; finishes
processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
@@ -994,13 +1038,13 @@ called it. See also <ref label="_005cAtBeginDocument"><xrefnodename>\AtBeginDoc
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CheckCommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="65" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="66" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="87">new command, check</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77" mergedindex="cp">\CheckCommand*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">new command, check</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but does
not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="88">long command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">long command</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>long</dfn> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
@@ -1018,16 +1062,16 @@ redefined this command.
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfo&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ClassInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PackageInfoNoLine&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>info text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="67" mergedindex="cp">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="68" mergedindex="cp">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="69" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="70" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="71" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="72" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="73" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="74" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="75" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="76" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78" mergedindex="cp">\ClassError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79" mergedindex="cp">\PackageError</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarning</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82" mergedindex="cp">\ClassWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83" mergedindex="cp">\PackageWarningNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfo</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86" mergedindex="cp">\ClassInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87" mergedindex="cp">\PackageInfoNoLine</indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
</para>
<para>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
@@ -1048,19 +1092,19 @@ character does not allow it, like after a command. Note that &latex;
appends a period to the messages.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\CurrentOption</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="77" mergedindex="cp">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88" mergedindex="cp">\CurrentOption</indexterm></findex>
<para>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption&lbrace;<var>option</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="78" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="79" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="89">class options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="90">package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="91">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="92">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareOption*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">class options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">options, class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">options, package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]&lbrace;smcmemo&rbrace;</code> allowing
@@ -1069,10 +1113,10 @@ must contain <code>\DeclareOption&lbrace;logo&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbr
<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
</para>
<para>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code>
-Change this behaviour with the starred version
-<code>\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code>. For example, many classes extend
-an existing class, using a declaration such as
+will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s):
+[badoption].</code> Change this behavior with the starred version
+<code>\DeclareOption*&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;</code>. For example, many classes
+extend an existing class, using a command such as
<code>\LoadClass&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>, and for passing extra options to the
underlying class use code such as this.
</para>
@@ -1095,9 +1139,9 @@ passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace; </itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DeclareRobustCommand*&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]&lbrace;<var>definition</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="80" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="81" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand*</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="93">new command, definition</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareRobustCommand*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">new command, definition</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
@@ -1111,8 +1155,8 @@ transcript file if a command is redefined.
using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&textrsquo;s data is fragile and the
command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="94"><r>package</r>, <code>etoolbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="95"><code>etoolbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104"><r>package</r>, <code>etoolbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105"><code>etoolbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <file>etoolbox</file> package offers the commands
<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
@@ -1135,10 +1179,10 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IfFileExists&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="82" mergedindex="cp">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="83" mergedindex="cp">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IfFileExists&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\InputIfFileExists&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>true code</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>false code</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93" mergedindex="cp">\IfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94" mergedindex="cp">\InputIfFileExists</indexterm></findex>
<para>Execute <var>true code</var> if &latex; finds the file <file><var>file
name</var></file> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
@@ -1162,8 +1206,8 @@ extensions see <ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref>
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\LoadClassWithOptions&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="84" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="85" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96" mergedindex="cp">\LoadClassWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
<para>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
list</var>]&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
<code>\LoadClass[twoside]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code>.
@@ -1192,7 +1236,7 @@ that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
<code>article</code> class, without having to track which options were passed.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;<var>options-list</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="86" mergedindex="cp">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97" mergedindex="cp">\ExecuteOptions</indexterm></findex>
<para>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
executes the command <code>\ds&arobase;<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
@@ -1203,7 +1247,7 @@ default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
<code>\ExecuteOptions&lbrace;11pt&rbrace;\ProcessOptions\relax</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;<var>format</var>&rbrace;[<var>format date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="87" mergedindex="cp">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98" mergedindex="cp">\NeedsTeXFormat</indexterm></findex>
<para>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
<code>\NeedsTeXFormat&lbrace;LaTeX2e&rbrace;</code>. When a document using that class is
@@ -1224,7 +1268,7 @@ release `2016/02/01' is available.
</pre></example>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OptionNotUsed</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="88" mergedindex="cp">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99" mergedindex="cp">\OptionNotUsed</indexterm></findex>
<para>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
@@ -1237,8 +1281,8 @@ within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToClass&lbrace;<var>option list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;<var>option list</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="89" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="90" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101" mergedindex="cp">\PassOptionsToPackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
@@ -1279,8 +1323,8 @@ option. The user could start their &latex; file with
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProcessOptions*<var>\&arobase;options</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="91" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="92" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103" mergedindex="cp">\ProcessOptions*</indexterm></findex>
<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
@@ -1324,8 +1368,8 @@ means that the global options are processed first.
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesClass&lbrace;<var>class name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesPackage&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="93" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="94" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesClass</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesPackage</indexterm></findex>
<para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
the log file.
</para>
@@ -1357,19 +1401,19 @@ with certain features by specifying that it must be released no earlier
than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;<var>file name</var>&rbrace;[<var>additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="95" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ProvidesFile&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;[<var>additional information</var>]</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106" mergedindex="cp">\ProvidesFile</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>file name</var> equal to
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to
<samp>test.config</samp> and <var>additional information</var> equal to
<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\RequirePackageWithOptions&lbrace;<var>package name</var>&rbrace;[<var>release date</var>]</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="96" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="97" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackageWithOptions</indexterm></findex>
<para>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (<pxref label="Additional-packages"><xrefnodename>Additional
packages</xrefnodename></pxref>). The &latex; development team strongly recommends use of
these commands over Plain&nbsp;&tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
@@ -1405,106 +1449,721 @@ causes &latex; to give error like <code>\usepackage before
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Fonts</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Typefaces">Typefaces</anchor><!-- c old name -->
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="96">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="97">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">typefaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>&latex; comes with powerful font capacities. For one thing, its New
+Font Selection Scheme allows you to work easily with the font families
+in your document (for instance, see&nbsp;<ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>). And,
+&latex; documents can use most fonts that are available today,
+including versions of Times Roman, Helvetica, Courier, etc. (Note,
+though, that many fonts do not have support for mathematics.)
+</para>
+<para>The first typeface in the &tex; world was the Computer Modern family,
+developed by Donald Knuth. It is the default for &latex; documents and
+is still the most widely used. But changing to another font often only
+involves a few commands. For instance, putting the following in your
+preamble gives you a Palatino-like font, which is handsome and more
+readable online than many other fonts, while still allowing you to
+typeset mathematics. (This example is from Michael Sharpe,
+<url><urefurl>https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf</urefurl></url>.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[osf]&lbrace;newpxtext&rbrace; % osf for text, not math
+\usepackage&lbrace;cabin&rbrace; % sans serif
+\usepackage[varqu,varl]&lbrace;inconsolata&rbrace; % sans serif typewriter
+\usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]&lbrace;newpxmath&rbrace; % bb from STIX
+\usepackage[cal=boondoxo]&lbrace;mathalfa&rbrace; % mathcal
+</pre></example>
-<para>Two important aspects of selecting a <dfn>font</dfn> are specifying a size
-and a style. The &latex; commands for doing this are described here.
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>In addition, the <command>xelatex</command> or <command>lualatex</command> engines allow
+you to use any fonts on your system that are in OpenType or TrueType
+format (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The &latex; Font Catalogue (<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</urefurl></url>) shows
+font sample graphics and copy-and-pasteable source to use many fonts,
+including many with support for mathematics. It aims to cover all Latin
+alphabet free fonts available for easy use with &latex;.
+</para>
+<para>More information is also available from the &tex; Users Group, at
+<url><urefurl>https://www.tug.org/fonts/</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select roman, italics, etc.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">fontenc package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Encoding of the font.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font styles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select roman, italics, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Font sizes</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select point size.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Low-level font commands</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
+<node name="fontenc-package" spaces=" "><nodename>fontenc package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font styles</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>fontenc</code> package</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">UTF-8, font support for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">T1</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">OT1</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109" mergedindex="cp">fontenc</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding</var>]&lbrace;fontenc&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding1</var>, <var>font_encoding2</var>, ...]&lbrace;fontenc&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
+character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
+</para>
+<para>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you use the <command>xelatex</command> or
+<command>lualatex</command> engine then instead use the <file>fontspec</file> package.
+</para>
+<para>&tex;&textrsquo;s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
+set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
+<code>\accent</code> (<pxref label="_005caccent"><xrefnodename>\accent</xrefnodename></pxref>) but this disables hyphenation. &tex;
+users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
+characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using
+<command>pdflatex</command> then this in the preamble
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[T1]&lbrace;fontenc&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>gives you support for the most widespread European languages, including
+French, German, Italian, Polish, and others. In particular, if you have
+words with accented letters then &latex; will hyphenate them and your
+output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
+to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112"><r>package</r>, <code>lmodern</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113"><code>lmodern</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114"><r>package</r>, <code>cm-super</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115"><code>cm-super</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
+blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
+sometimes called raster or Type&nbsp;3. You want vector fonts. Use a
+package such as <file>lmodern</file> or <file>cm-super</file> to get a font that
+extends &latex;&textrsquo;s default using vector fonts.
+</para>
+<para>For each <var>font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already
+declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
+<file><var>font_encoding</var>enc.def</file>. It also sets <code>\encodingdefault</code>
+to be the last encoding in the option list.
+</para>
+<para>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>.
+</para>
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">OT1</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>The original encoding for &tex;. Limited to mostly English characters.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">OMS, OML</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">T1</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>&tex; text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
+Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
+accented characters. The most common option for this package.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">TS1</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Text Companion encoding.
+</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default is to load <code>OML</code>, <code>T1</code>, <code>OT1</code>, and
+then <code>OMS</code>, and set the default to <code>OT1</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a font
+encoding if your font requires it.
+</para>
+<para>If you use <code>T1</code>&nbsp;encoded fonts other than the default Computer
+Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
+fonts before loading <file>fontenc</file>, to prevent the system from loading
+any <code>T1</code>&nbsp;encoded fonts from the default.
+</para>
+<para>The &latex; team reserve encoding names starting with: <samp>T</samp> for the
+standard text encodings with 256 characters, <samp>TS</samp> for symbols that
+extend the corresponding T encodings, <samp>X</samp> for test encodings,
+<samp>M</samp> for standard math encodings with 256 characters, <samp>A</samp> for
+special applications, <samp>OT</samp> for standard text encodings with 128
+characters, and <samp>OM</samp> for standard math encodings with 128
+characters (<samp>O</samp> stands for <samp>obsolete</samp>).
+</para>
+<para>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
+them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
+for one encoding but the current encoding is different then the command
+is not in effect.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareFontEncoding</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define an encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextAccent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define an accent in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">New encoding-specific command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextComposite</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextSymbol</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a symbol in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\LastDeclaredEncoding</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Save most recently declared encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005cDeclareFontEncoding" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareFontEncoding</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">font encoding, declaring</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">encoding, font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareFontEncoding</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareFontEncoding&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text-settings</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>math-settings</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Declare the font encoding <var>encoding</var>. It also saves the value of
+<var>encoding</var> in <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><xrefnodename>\LastDeclaredEncoding</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The file <file>t1enc.def</file> contains this line (followed by many others).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareFontEncoding&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <var>text-settings</var> are the commands that &latex; will run every
+time it switches from one encoding to another with the
+<code>\selectfont</code> or <code>\fontencoding</code> command. The
+<var>math-settings</var> are the commands that &latex; will use whenever the
+font is accessed as a math alphabet.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; ignores any space characters inside <var>text-settings</var> and
+<var>math-settings</var>, to prevent unintended spaces in the output.
+</para>
+<para>If you invent an encoding you should pick a two or three letter name
+starting with <samp>L</samp> for <samp>local</samp>, or <samp>E</samp> for
+<samp>experimental</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>Note that output encoding files may be read several times by &latex; so
+using, e.g., <code>\newcommand</code> may cause an error. In addition, such
+files should contain <code>\ProvidesFile</code> line (<pxref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package
+commands</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Note also that you should use the <code>\...Default</code> commands only in a
+package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files
+should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextAccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextAccent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareFontEncoding</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119">font encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
+<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>.
+</para>
+<para>This line from <file>t1enc.def</file> declares that to make a circumflex
+accent as in <code>\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot&nbsp;2
+over the <samp>A</samp> character, which is represented in ASCII as&nbsp;65.
+(This holds unless there is a relevant <code>DeclareTextComposite</code> or
+<code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration;
+<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextComposite"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextComposite</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
+transcript file.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextAccentDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If there is an encoding-specific accent command <var>cmd</var> but there is
+no associated <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this
+command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for
+<var>encoding</var>.
+</para>
+<para>For example, to make the encoding <code>OT1</code> be the default encoding for
+the accent <code>\&quot;</code>, declare this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextAccentDefault&lbrace;\&quot;&rbrace;&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>If you issue a <code>\&quot;</code> when the current encoding does not have a
+definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from
+<code>OT1</code>
+</para>
+<para>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (<pxref label="_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><xrefnodename>\UseTextSymbol
+&amp; \UseTextAccent</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\UseTextAccent&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Note that <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument
+<file>fontenc</file> command, not just the accent command.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis, one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn&rbrace;</var>
+\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+\ProvideTextCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Define the command <var>cmd</var>, which will be specific to one encoding.
+The command name <var>cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, \. These
+commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining <code>cmd</code> does
+not cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code
+in <var>defn</var> is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>For example, the file <file>t1enc.def</file> contains this line.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\textperthousand&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;\%\char 24 &rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>With that, you can express parts per thousand.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[T1]&lbrace;fontenc&rbrace; % in preamble
+ ...
+Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>If you change the font encoding to <code>OT1</code> then you get an error like
+<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
+OT1</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
+does nothing if <var>cmd</var> is already defined. The
+<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
+slot-to-glyph association (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextSymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>)
+</para>
+<para>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargsdefault</var> arguments play the
+same role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp;
+\renewcommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
+specifying the number of arguments that the defined command <code>cmd</code>
+takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this
+argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that <var>cmd</var> will have
+no arguments. And, if <var>optargsdefault</var> is present then the first
+argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value
+<var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). If
+<var>optargsdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take
+an optional argument.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextComposite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommand</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120" mergedindex="cp">\ProvideTextCommandDefault</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\ProvideTextCommandDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Give a default definition for <var>cmd</var>, for when that command is not
+defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use
+encodings known to be available.
+</para>
+<para>This makes <code>\copyright</code> available.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;\copyright&rbrace;&lbrace;\textcircled&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding
+definition files since those files should declare only commands for use
+when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
+</para>
+<para>As with the related non-default commands, the
+<code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as
+<code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if
+<var>cmd</var> is already defined (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextCommand &amp;
+\ProvideTextCommand</xrefnodename></pxref>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
+that other packages can improve upon.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextComposite" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextComposite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextComposite</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextComposite&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>simple_object</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an
+accent over a separate character.
+</para>
+<para>This line from <file>t1enc.def</file> means that <code>\^o</code> will cause
+&latex; to typeset lowercase&nbsp;<samp>o</samp> by taking the character
+directly from location 224 in the font.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextComposite&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;o&rbrace;&lbrace;244&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para><xref label="fontenc-package"><xrefnodename>fontenc package</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of common encodings. The
+<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
+The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
+decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally
+<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
+<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
+<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <file>t1enc.def</file>, the above line follows
+the <code>\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;\^&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;</code> command.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbol</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextComposite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>arg</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>code</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>A more general version of <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs
+arbitrary code with <var>cmd</var>.
+</para>
+<para>This allows accents on <samp>i</samp> to act like accents on dotless&nbsp;i,
+<code>\i</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand&lbrace;\'&rbrace;&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;&lbrace;i&rbrace;&lbrace;\'\i&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para><xref label="fontenc-package"><xrefnodename>fontenc package</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
+<var>cmd</var> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextSymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextSymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">symbol, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>slot</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Define a symbol in the encoding <var>encoding</var> at the location
+<var>slot</var>. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not
+mathematics.
+</para>
+<para>For example, this line from <file>t1enc.def</file> declares the number of the
+glyph to use for <U>00AB</U>, the left guillemet.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbol&lbrace;\guillemotleft&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;19&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand&lbrace;\guillemotleft&rbrace;&lbrace;T1&rbrace;&lbrace;\char
+19&rbrace;</code> has the same effect but is slower (<pxref label="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"><xrefnodename>\DeclareTextCommand &amp;
+\ProvideTextCommand</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para><xref label="fontenc-package"><xrefnodename>fontenc package</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of common encodings. The <var>slot</var>
+can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code>'023</code>), or
+hexadecimal (as in <code>&quot;13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that
+single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package.
+</para>
+<para>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code>
+does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
+transcript file.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">accents, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <var>cmd</var> but there is no
+associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then this command
+will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
+<var>encoding</var>.
+</para>
+<para>For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning for
+<code>\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code>OT1</code>, declare this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault&lbrace;\textdollar&rbrace;&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (<pxref label="_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"><xrefnodename>\UseTextSymbol
+&amp; \UseTextAccent</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareTextCommandDefault&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+ &lbrace;\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Note that <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a
+default for any zero-argument <file>fontenc</file> command.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" spaces=" "><nodename>\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="126" mergedindex="cp">\LastDeclaredEncoding</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\LastDeclaredEncoding
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The
+<code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be
+retrieved with this command (<pxref label="_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><xrefnodename>\DeclareFontEncoding</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>This relies on <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the
+name of the encoding explicitly.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\DeclareFontEncoding&lbrace;JH1&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace;
+\DeclareTextAccent&lbrace;\'&rbrace;&lbrace;\LastDeclaredEncoding&rbrace;&lbrace;0&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\LastDeclaredEncoding</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="127" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextSymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="128" mergedindex="cp">\UseTextAccent</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextAccent&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
+</para>
+<para>In general, to use a <file>fontenc</file> command in an encoding where it is
+not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it
+like this:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextSymbol&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;&lbrace;\ss&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so &latex;
+reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code>\ss</code>):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;\fontencoding&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;\selectfont\ss&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Similarly, to use a <file>fontenc</file> command in an encoding where it is
+not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\UseTextAccent&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;&lbrace;\'&rbrace;&lbrace;a&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a group):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">&lbrace;fontencoding&lbrace;OT1&rbrace;\selectfont\'&lbrace;\fontencoding&lbrace;<var>enc_in_use</var>&rbrace;\selectfont a&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>Here, <var>enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence
+of commands, so that <samp>a</samp> is typeset using the current encoding
+and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
+<node name="Font-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Font styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Font sizes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">fontenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="98">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="99">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="100">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">font styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">type styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">styles of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following type style commands are supported by &latex;.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">declaration form of font style commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
-is used with an argument, as in <code>\textit&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. This is
-the preferred form. But shown after it, in parenthesis, is the
-corresponding declaration form, which is sometimes useful. This form
-takes no arguments, as in <code>&lbrace;\itshape <var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
-of the current group. In addition, each has an environment form such as
-<code>\begin&lbrace;itshape&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;itshape&rbrace;</code>.
-</para>
-<para>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, are
-cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
+are used with an argument as in <code>\textit&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. This is
+the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the
+corresponding <dfn>declaration form</dfn>, which is often useful. This
+form takes no arguments, as in <code>&lbrace;\itshape <var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>. The
+scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
+or the end of the current group. In addition, each has an environment
+form such as <code>\begin&lbrace;itshape&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;itshape&rbrace;</code>, which we&textrsquo;ll
+describe further at the end of the section.
+</para>
+<para>These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for instance
+you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="98" mergedindex="cp">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="99" mergedindex="cp">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129" mergedindex="cp">\nocorrlist</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130" mergedindex="cp">\nocorr</indexterm></findex>
<para>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
corrections if needed (<pxref label="_005c_002f"><xrefnodename>\/</xrefnodename></pxref>). Specifically, they insert the
italic correction unless the following character is in the list
-<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of a period and a comma.
+<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma.
To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
<code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as
<code>\textit&lbrace;\nocorr text&rbrace;</code> or <code>\textsc&lbrace;text \nocorr&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textrm (\rmfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="100" mergedindex="cp">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="101" mergedindex="cp">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131" mergedindex="cp">\textrm</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132" mergedindex="cp">\rmfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textit (\itshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="102" mergedindex="cp">\textit</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="103" mergedindex="cp">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133" mergedindex="cp">\textit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134" mergedindex="cp">\itshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textmd (\mdseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="104" mergedindex="cp">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="105" mergedindex="cp">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135" mergedindex="cp">\textmd</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136" mergedindex="cp">\mdseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Medium weight (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textbf (\bfseries)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="106" mergedindex="cp">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="107" mergedindex="cp">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137" mergedindex="cp">\textbf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138" mergedindex="cp">\bfseries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textup (\upshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="108" mergedindex="cp">\textup</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="109" mergedindex="cp">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139" mergedindex="cp">\textup</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140" mergedindex="cp">\upshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Upright (default).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsl (\slshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="110" mergedindex="cp">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="111" mergedindex="cp">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141" mergedindex="cp">\textsl</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142" mergedindex="cp">\slshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Slanted.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsf (\sffamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="112" mergedindex="cp">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="113" mergedindex="cp">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143" mergedindex="cp">\textsf</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144" mergedindex="cp">\sffamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textsc (\scshape)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="114" mergedindex="cp">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="115" mergedindex="cp">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145" mergedindex="cp">\textsc</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146" mergedindex="cp">\scshape</indexterm></findex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\texttt (\ttfamily)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="116" mergedindex="cp">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="117" mergedindex="cp">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147" mergedindex="cp">\texttt</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148" mergedindex="cp">\ttfamily</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\textnormal (\normalfont)</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="118" mergedindex="cp">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="119" mergedindex="cp">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149" mergedindex="cp">\textnormal</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150" mergedindex="cp">\normalfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>Main document font.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="101">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="120" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">emphasis</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\emph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph&lbrace;<var>start
@@ -1519,44 +2178,44 @@ used as declarations: <code>&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>...&rbrace;</code> instead of
</para>
<para>(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most
-circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely
-what you want.)
+circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
+needed.)
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="121" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="102">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\bf</indexterm>\bf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">bold font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to bold face.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="122" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="103">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="104">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\cal</indexterm>\cal</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">script letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133">calligraphic letters for math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="123" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="105">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\it</indexterm>\it</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134">italic font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Italics.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="124" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="106">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\rm</indexterm>\rm</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">roman font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Roman.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="125" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="107">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\sc</indexterm>\sc</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">small caps font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Small caps.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="126" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="108">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\sf</indexterm>\sf</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">sans serif font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Sans serif.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="127" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="109">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="110">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\sl</indexterm>\sl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">slanted font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">oblique font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Slanted (oblique).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="128" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="111">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="112">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="113">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\tt</indexterm>\tt</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">typewriter font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">monospace font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">fixed-width font</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -1571,19 +2230,19 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathrm</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="129" mergedindex="cp">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="160" mergedindex="cp">\mathrm</indexterm></findex>
<para>Roman, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathbf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="130" mergedindex="cp">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="161" mergedindex="cp">\mathbf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathsf</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="131" mergedindex="cp">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="162" mergedindex="cp">\mathsf</indexterm></findex>
<para>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathtt</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="132" mergedindex="cp">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="163" mergedindex="cp">\mathtt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathit</itemformat></item>
@@ -1591,48 +2250,44 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Italics, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathnormal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="133" mergedindex="cp">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="164" mergedindex="cp">\mathnormal</indexterm></findex>
<para>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\mathcal</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="134" mergedindex="cp">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="165" mergedindex="cp">\mathcal</indexterm></findex>
<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="135" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="114">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="115">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\mathversion</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">math, bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">bold math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion&lbrace;bold&rbrace;</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion&lbrace;normal&rbrace;</code> restores the default.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="136" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="116">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="117">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="118">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="119"><r>package</r>, <code>textcomp</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="120"><code>textcomp</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will typeset
-so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
-depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo; numerals,
-which all have the same height as uppercase letters. &latex;&textrsquo;s
-default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not
-other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer
-Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the
-<code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded, and sometimes package options
-are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry:
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</urefurl></url>.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\oldstylenums</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">numerals, old-style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">old-style numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">lining numerals</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums&lbrace;<var>numerals</var>&rbrace;</code> will
+typeset so-called &textldquo;old-style&textrdquo; numerals, which have differing heights
+and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &textldquo;lining&textrdquo;
+numerals, which all have the same height as uppercase letters.
+&latex;&textrsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code>
+(but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in
+Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also;
+sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ
+entry: <url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Font-sizes" spaces=" "><nodename>Font sizes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Low-level font commands</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Font styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Font sizes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="121">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="122">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="123">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">font sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">typeface sizes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150">sizes of text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The following standard type size commands are supported by &latex;.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
@@ -1640,16 +2295,16 @@ size used (in points) with the <samp>10pt</samp>, <samp>11pt</samp>, and
<samp>12pt</samp> document size options, respectively (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="137" mergedindex="cp">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="138" mergedindex="cp">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="139" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="140" mergedindex="cp">\small</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="141" mergedindex="cp">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="142" mergedindex="cp">\large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="143" mergedindex="cp">\Large</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="144" mergedindex="cp">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="145" mergedindex="cp">\huge</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="146" mergedindex="cp">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168" mergedindex="cp">\tiny</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="169" mergedindex="cp">\scriptsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="170" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="171" mergedindex="cp">\small</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172" mergedindex="cp">\normalsize</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173" mergedindex="cp">\large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174" mergedindex="cp">\Large</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="175" mergedindex="cp">\LARGE</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176" mergedindex="cp">\huge</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="177" mergedindex="cp">\Huge</indexterm></findex>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on"><code>\normalsize</code> (default)<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88<spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/></columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">24.88</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>10pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>11pt</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>12pt</code>
@@ -1675,8 +2330,9 @@ options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88 </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>24.88
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<para>The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
-declaring them, as with this example.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151">declaration form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form,
+since that is how they are typically used. For example.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;quotation&rbrace; \small
@@ -1685,20 +2341,32 @@ declaring them, as with this example.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
-<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type style
-command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in
-extra curly braces <code>&lbrace;\small We are here, we are here, we are
-here!&rbrace;</code>. You can instead use the environment form of these commands;
-for instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;</code>.
+<para>Here, the scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
+<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type
+style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
+in curly braces <code>&lbrace;\small This text is typeset in the small font.&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">environment form of font size commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>An <dfn>environment form</dfn> of each of these commands is also defined; for
+instance, <code>\begin&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;tiny&rbrace;</code>. However, in practice
+this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
+end of the environment without careful consideration, so it&textrsquo;s
+generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
+</para>
+<para>(Aside: Technically, due to the way &latex; defines <code>\begin</code> and
+<code>\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument
+technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would
+only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the
+environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that
+this particular use is not rare.)
</para>
</section>
<node name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands" spaces=" "><nodename>Low-level font commands</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Font sizes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Fonts</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Low-level font commands</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="124">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="125">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153">low-level font commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154">font commands, low-level</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
@@ -1709,7 +2377,7 @@ ones.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding">low level font commands fontencoding</anchor>
</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="147" mergedindex="cp">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178" mergedindex="cp">\fontencoding</indexterm></findex>
<para>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&textrsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
@@ -1721,11 +2389,11 @@ hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily">low level font commands fontfamily</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="148" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="126">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="127">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\fontfamily</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">families, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">font catalogue</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font family. The web page
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
+<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</urefurl></url> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with &latex;. Here are
examples of some common families.
</para>
@@ -1775,8 +2443,8 @@ examples of some common families.
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries">low level font commands fontseries</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontseries&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="149" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="128">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\fontseries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">series, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Select the font series. A <dfn>series</dfn> combines a <dfn>weight</dfn> and a
<dfn>width</dfn>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -1794,7 +2462,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Bold extended
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="129">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">weights, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</para>
<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnprototypes><columnprototype bracketed="on">xx</columnprototype> <columnprototype bracketed="on">Medium (normal) xx</columnprototype></columnprototypes>
@@ -1818,7 +2486,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Ultra bold
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="130">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">widths, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</para>
@@ -1849,8 +2517,8 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
(<samp><code>m</code></samp>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontshape&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="150" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="131">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\fontshape</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">shapes, of fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape">low level font commands fontshape</anchor>
<para>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</para>
@@ -1874,40 +2542,21 @@ small caps are often missing as well.
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\fontsize&lbrace;<var>size</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>skip</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="151" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="132">font size</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="152" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\fontsize</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">font size</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
<para>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for
the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
-reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
-</para>
-<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-baselinestretch">low level font commands baselinestretch</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\baselinestretch</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="153" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
-<para>&latex; multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
-<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
-takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
-make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance
-doubling it, by doing <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;2.0&rbrace;</code> in
-the preamble.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="133"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="134"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="135">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
-<file>setspace</file> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
-options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
-where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
-captions. See the package documentation.
+reset every time a size change happens; instead use
+<code>\baselinestretch</code>. (<pxref label="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"><xrefnodename>\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-linespread">low level font commands linespread</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="154" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
<para>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
@@ -1916,7 +2565,7 @@ just described.
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont">low level font commands selectfont</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\selectfont</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="155" mergedindex="cp">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="185" mergedindex="cp">\selectfont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily&lbrace;<var>familyname</var>&rbrace;\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -1926,7 +2575,7 @@ to put this in a macro:&linebreak;
</para>
<anchor name="low-level-font-commands-usefont">low level font commands usefont</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\usefont&lbrace;<var>enc</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>family</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>series</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>shape</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="156" mergedindex="cp">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186" mergedindex="cp">\usefont</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -1943,7 +2592,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="Layout" spaces=" "><nodename>Layout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Sectioning</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Fonts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Layout</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="136">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162">layout commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</para>
@@ -1953,6 +2602,7 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\flushbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make all text pages the same height.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedbottom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Allow text pages of differing height.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Page layout parameters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space between lines.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Floats</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Figures, tables, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -1960,8 +2610,8 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<node name="_005conecolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\onecolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\onecolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="157" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="137">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\onecolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">one-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -1979,9 +2629,9 @@ behavior (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class opt
<node name="_005ctwocolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\twocolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\onecolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\twocolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="158" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="138">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="139">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\twocolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">multicolumn text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">two-column output</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -2002,27 +2652,27 @@ typesetting starts.
<para>These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="159" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnsep">twocolumn columnsep</anchor>
<para>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
-command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnsep&rbrace;&lbrace;40pt&rbrace;</code> You must change
-it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
+command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnsep&rbrace;&lbrace;40pt&rbrace;</code>. You must change
+it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="160" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnseprule">twocolumn columnseprule</anchor>
-<para>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
-the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
-Change it with a command such as
+<para>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
+there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two
+columns. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\columnseprule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;</code>, before the two-column
-environment starts.
+mode starts.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="161" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="191" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-columnwidth">twocolumn columnwidth</anchor>
<para>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default &latex; sets the
-width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
-<code>\columnsep</code>.
+width of each of the two columns, <code>\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
+<code>\textwidth</code> minus <code>\columnsep</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2034,17 +2684,17 @@ The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopfraction">twocolumn dbltopfraction</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="162" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="192" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopfraction</indexterm>\dbltopfraction</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
-exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> . If the height of your starred float
+exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code>. If the height of your starred float
environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell LaTeX to try to put
+<para>Use the <code>[tp]</code> location specifier to tell &latex; to try to put
the bulky float on a page by itself, as well as at the top of a page.
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
@@ -2059,29 +2709,29 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<para>You can redefine it, as with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\dbltopfraction&rbrace;&lbrace;0.9&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction">twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="163" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatpagefraction</indexterm>\dblfloatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction">twocolumn dblfloatpagefraction</anchor>
+<para>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
&latex;&textrsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</para>
-<anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep">twocolumn dblfloatsep</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="164" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="194" mergedindex="cp">\dblfloatsep</indexterm>\dblfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep">twocolumn dblfloatsep</anchor>
+<para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</para>
-<anchor name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep">twocolumn dbltextfloatsep</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="165" mergedindex="cp">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195" mergedindex="cp">\dbltextfloatsep</indexterm>\dbltextfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep">twocolumn dbltextfloatsep</anchor>
+<para>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</para>
-<anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber">twocolumn dbltopnumber</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="166" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="196" mergedindex="cp">\dbltopnumber</indexterm>\dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber">twocolumn dbltopnumber</anchor>
+<para>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The &latex;
default is <code>2</code>.
</para>
@@ -2116,7 +2766,7 @@ Two column text here.
<node name="_005cflushbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\flushbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\twocolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\flushbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="167" mergedindex="cp">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="197" mergedindex="cp">\flushbottom</indexterm></findex>
<para>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
@@ -2141,8 +2791,8 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
<node name="_005craggedbottom" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedbottom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\flushbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedbottom</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="168" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="140">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\raggedbottom</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">stretch, omitting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
@@ -2154,23 +2804,23 @@ option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class optio
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Page-layout-parameters" spaces=" "><nodename>Page layout parameters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raggedbottom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page layout parameters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="141">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="142">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="143">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="144">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="145">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="146">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167">page layout parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168">parameters, page layout</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169">layout, page parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170">header, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">footer, parameters for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172">running header and footer</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="169" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="170" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="171" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="172" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="173" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="174" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm>\columnsep</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="200" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm>\columnseprule</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="201" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm>\columnwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="202" mergedindex="cp">\columnsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="203" mergedindex="cp">\columnseprule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204" mergedindex="cp">\columnwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnsep">page layout parameters columnsep</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule">page layout parameters columnseprule</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth">page layout parameters columnwidth</anchor>
@@ -2179,24 +2829,24 @@ columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
<xref label="_005ctwocolumn"><xrefnodename>\twocolumn</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="175" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="176" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm>\headheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206" mergedindex="cp">\headheight</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-headheight">page layout parameters headheight</anchor>
<para>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is <samp>12pt</samp>,
at all type sizes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="177" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="178" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="207" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm>\headsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="208" mergedindex="cp">\headsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-headsep">page layout parameters headsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is <samp>25pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
-document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt and 12pt
+document is set at 10pt then it is <samp>0.25in</samp>, and at 11pt or 12pt
it is <samp>0.275in</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="179" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="180" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="209" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm>\footskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="210" mergedindex="cp">\footskip</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-footskip">page layout parameters footskip</anchor>
<para>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
@@ -2204,8 +2854,8 @@ classes is <samp>30pt</samp>. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: wh
the type size is 10pt the default is <samp>0.35in</samp>, while at 11pt it is
<samp>0.38in</samp>, and at 12pt it is <samp>30pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="181" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="182" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="211" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm>\linewidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="212" mergedindex="cp">\linewidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-linewidth">page layout parameters linewidth</anchor>
<para>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(<pxref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></pxref>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
@@ -2216,12 +2866,12 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&textrsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
<!-- c etc. For an @code{article} document set in 10pt, the default is -->
<!-- c @samp{345pt}, while in two-column mode that becomes @samp{229.5pt}. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="183" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="184" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="185" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="186" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="187" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="188" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="213" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="214" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm>\marginsep</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="215" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="216" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217" mergedindex="cp">\marginsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="218" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginsep">page layout parameters marginsep</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth">page layout parameters marginparwidth</anchor>
@@ -2249,41 +2899,42 @@ classes, in two-column mode the default is 60% of <code>\paperwidth
&minus; \textwidth</code>, while in one-column mode it is 50% of that
distance.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="189" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="190" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="191" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="192" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="219" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm>\oddsidemargin</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm>\evensidemargin</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221" mergedindex="cp">\oddsidemargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="222" mergedindex="cp">\evensidemargin</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin">page layout parameters oddsidemargin</anchor>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin">page layout parameters evensidemargin</anchor>
-<para>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
+<!-- c xx TODO re-align on French version that is more complete/accurate. -->
+<para>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&textrsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
-<code>evensidemargin</code>.
+<code>\evensidemargin</code>.
</para>
<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the
difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
<code>\evensidemargin</code> is the remainder.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="193" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="194" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="223" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm>\paperheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="224" mergedindex="cp">\paperheight</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-paperheight">page layout parameters paperheight</anchor>
<para>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="195" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="196" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="225" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm>\paperwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="226" mergedindex="cp">\paperwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth">page layout parameters paperwidth</anchor>
<para>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]&lbrace;article&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class
options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="197" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="198" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="227" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm>\textheight</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="228" mergedindex="cp">\textheight</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-textheight">page layout parameters textheight</anchor>
<para>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
@@ -2292,8 +2943,8 @@ the default is <samp>43\baselineskip</samp>, while for a <code>book</code> it is
<samp>38\baselineskip</samp> for all document classes. At 12pt it is
<samp>36\baselineskip</samp> for all classes.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="199" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="200" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="229" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm>\textwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230" mergedindex="cp">\textwidth</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-textwidth">page layout parameters textwidth</anchor>
<para>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is <samp>345pt</samp>
@@ -2314,24 +2965,25 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="201" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="231" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm>\hsize</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-hsize">page layout parameters hsize</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="202" mergedindex="cp">\hsize</indexterm>\hsize</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex;
+<para>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the &tex;
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal &latex; documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="203" mergedindex="cp">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="204" mergedindex="cp">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="233" mergedindex="cp">\topmargin</indexterm>\topmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234" mergedindex="cp">topmargin</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-topmargin">page layout parameters topmargin</anchor>
+<!-- c xxx TODO re-align on French version that is more accurate. -->
<para>Space between the top of the &tex; page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight &minus; 2in &minus;
\headheight &minus; \headsep &minus; \textheight &minus; \footskip</code>,
and then divided by two.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="205" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="206" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="235" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm>\topskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="236" mergedindex="cp">\topskip</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="page-layout-parameters-topskip">page layout parameters topskip</anchor>
<para>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
@@ -2341,7 +2993,123 @@ same as the font size, e.g., <samp>10pt</samp> at a type size of 10pt.
</section>
-<node name="Floats" spaces=" "><nodename>Floats</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" spaces=" "><nodename>\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Floats</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page layout parameters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">\baselineskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">\baselinestretch</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">\linespread</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173">space between lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174">interline space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175">leading</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176">double spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). It gives
+the leading, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
+baseline to baseline.
+</para>
+<para>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code>\baselineskip</code>
+while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
+command <code>\fontsize</code> (<pxref label="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"><xrefnodename>low level font commands fontsize</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+The <code>\baselineskip</code>&textrsquo;s value is reset every time a font change
+happens and so any direct change to <code>\baselineskip</code> would vanish
+the next time there was a font switch. For how to influence line
+spacing, see the discussion of <code>\baselinestretch</code> below.
+</para>
+<para>Usually, a font&textrsquo;s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
+designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
+a font&textrsquo;s style file has the command <code>\fontsize&lbrace;10pt&rbrace;&lbrace;12pt&rbrace;</code>
+then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall;
+for instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does
+it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
+touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
+</para>
+<!-- c adapted from FAQ -->
+<para>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is not a property of each line but of the
+entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph,
+such as a single <code>&lbrace;\Huge Q&rbrace;</code>, will be squashed into its line.
+&tex; will make sure it doesn&textrsquo;t scrape up against the line above but
+won&textrsquo;t change the <code>\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra
+room above. For the fix, use a <code>\strut</code> (<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The value of <code>\baselineskip</code> that &tex; uses for the paragraph is
+the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph
+unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be
+scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs.
+</para>
+<!-- c Adapted from B Beeton's "Lapses in TeX" TB 42:1 p 13. -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as
+bad style, so in effect the display is part of the paragraph.
+Because this display is in footnotesize, the entire paragraph has the
+baseline spacing matching that size.
+&lbrace;\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240" mergedindex="cp">\lineskip</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241" mergedindex="cp">\lineskiplimit</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242" mergedindex="cp">\prevdepth</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if
+the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is less
+than <code>\baselineskip</code> then &tex; inserts vertical glue to make up
+the difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the
+lines would be too close together, closer than <code>\lineskiplimit</code>,
+then &tex; instead uses <code>\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The
+second is that &tex; doesn&textrsquo;t actually use the depth of the previous
+line. Instead it uses <code>\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that
+depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list)
+or just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and this
+special value tells &tex; not to insert any interline glue at the
+paragraph start.
+</para>
+<para>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0pt and
+<code>\lineskip</code> is 1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance
+between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than
+zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart.
+</para>
+<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double
+space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline
+distance is via <code>\baselinestretch</code>. It scales
+<code>\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command,
+not a length, so change the scale factor as in
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.5&rbrace;\selectfont</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire
+document is to put <code>\linespread&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code> in the preamble.
+For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
+spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
+1.6 gives a font size to baseline ratio of about 2. (The
+<code>\linespread</code> command is defined as
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\baselinestretch&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code> so it won&textrsquo;t
+take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
+the start of a document, so there you don&textrsquo;t need to follow it with
+<code>\selectfont</code>.)
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177"><r>package</r>, <code>setspace</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178"><code>setspace</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A simpler approach is the <file>setspace</file> package. The basic example:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;setspace&rbrace;
+\doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing.
+But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change
+the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is
+<code>\singlespacing</code> to return the spacing to normal. In the
+document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use
+environments, such as <code>\begin&lbrace;doublespace&rbrace;
+... \end&lbrace;doublespace&rbrace;</code>. The package also has commands to do
+arbitrary spacing: <code>\setstretch&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>\begin&lbrace;spacing&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>factor</var>&rbrace; ... \end&lbrace;spacing&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Floats" spaces=" "><nodename>Floats</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Layout</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Floats</sectiontitle>
<para>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
@@ -2369,8 +3137,8 @@ float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="147">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="148">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179">placement of floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180">specifier, float placement</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -2386,24 +3154,24 @@ both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>.
allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the <file>stfloats</file> or
<file>dblfloatfix</file> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
-FAQ: <url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</urefurl></url>.
+FAQ: <url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">h</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Here)&textmdash;at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="149">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="150"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="151"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181">here, putting floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182"><r>package</r>, <code>float</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183"><code>float</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To absolutely force a float to appear &textldquo;here&textrdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;float&rbrace;</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</urefurl></url>.
+<url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">p</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="152">float page</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184">float page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>(Page of floats)&textmdash;on a separate <dfn>float page</dfn>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</para>
@@ -2431,8 +3199,8 @@ use the <file>afterpage</file> package and issue
<code>\afterpage&lbrace;\clearpage&rbrace;</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="153"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="154"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185"><r>package</r>, <code>flafter</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186"><code>flafter</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
@@ -2440,7 +3208,7 @@ the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <file>flafter</file> package or using the command
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="207" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\suppressfloats</indexterm></findex>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</para>
@@ -2449,27 +3217,27 @@ non-float text (change them with
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="208" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="209" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="244" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm>\bottomfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245" mergedindex="cp">\bottomfraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-bottomfraction">floats bottomfraction</anchor>
<para>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default <samp>.3</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="210" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="211" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="246" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm>\floatpagefraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247" mergedindex="cp">\floatpagefraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-floatpagefraction">floats floatpagefraction</anchor>
<para>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default <samp>.5</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="212" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="213" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="248" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm>\textfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249" mergedindex="cp">\textfraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-textfraction">floats textfraction</anchor>
<para>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is <samp>.2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="214" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="215" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="250" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm>\topfraction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251" mergedindex="cp">\topfraction</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-topfraction">floats topfraction</anchor>
<para>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default <samp>.7</samp>.
@@ -2480,21 +3248,21 @@ command of the form <code>\setlength&lbrace;<var>parameter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;
expression</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="216" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="217" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="252" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm>\floatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253" mergedindex="cp">\floatsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-floatsep">floats floatsep</anchor>
<para>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="218" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="219" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="254" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm>\intextsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255" mergedindex="cp">\intextsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-intextsep">floats intextsep</anchor>
<para>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp> for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and <samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp> for 12 point documents.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="220" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="221" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="256" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm>\textfloatsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257" mergedindex="cp">\textfloatsep</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-textfloatsep">floats textfloatsep</anchor>
<para>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default <samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>.
@@ -2505,38 +3273,38 @@ command of the form <code>\setcounter&lbrace;<var>ctrname</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<
number</var>&rbrace;</code>):
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="222" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="223" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="258" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm>bottomnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259" mergedindex="cp">bottomnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-bottomnumber">floats bottomnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="224" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="225" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="260" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm>dbltopnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261" mergedindex="cp">dbltopnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-dbltopnumber">floats dbltopnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="226" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="227" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="262" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm>topnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263" mergedindex="cp">topnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-topnumber">floats topnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="228" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="229" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="264" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm>totalnumber</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265" mergedindex="cp">totalnumber</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="floats-totalnumber">floats totalnumber</anchor>
<para>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<para>The principal &tex;&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</urefurl></url> contains
+<url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</urefurl></url> contains
suggestions for relaxing &latex;&textrsquo;s default parameters to reduce the
problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach&textrsquo;s article &textldquo;How to
influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
&latex;?&textrdquo;
-(<url><urefurl>http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</urefurl></url>).
+(<url><urefurl>https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</urefurl></url>).
</para>
</section>
@@ -2544,19 +3312,21 @@ influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
<node name="Sectioning" spaces=" "><nodename>Sectioning</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Cross references</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Layout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Sectioning</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="155">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="156">part</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="157">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="158">section</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="159">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="160">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="161">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="230" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="231" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="232" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="233" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="234" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="235" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187">sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">part</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">section</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
<para>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
@@ -2576,7 +3346,7 @@ available in all of &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document classes <code>book</co
<code>report</code>, and&nbsp;<code>article</code>, except that <code>\chapter</code> is
not available in <code>article</code>.
</para>
-<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=" .25 .25 .40 "><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".25 .25 .40 "><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".25"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Sectioning unit </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Level
</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item" spaces=" "><para>Part
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\part</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>)
@@ -2594,10 +3364,10 @@ not available in <code>article</code>.
</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\subparagraph</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>5
</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="162"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
-but is not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
-An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code> . The
+but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
input <code>\appendix\section&lbrace;Appendix&rbrace;</code> gives the output <samp>A
Appendix</samp> (<pxref label="_005cappendix"><xrefnodename>\appendix</xrefnodename></pxref>). You can lose the numbering&nbsp;<samp>A</samp>
by instead entering <code>\section*&lbrace;Appendix&rbrace;</code> (articles often omit a
@@ -2620,32 +3390,42 @@ of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>&latex; expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have
-a <code>\section</code> and, in a book, that before a <code>\section</code> you will
-have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get a something like a
-subsection numbered <samp>3.0.1</samp>.
+a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before a
+<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
+something like a subsection numbered <samp>3.0.1</samp>.
</para>
-<para>Two counters relate to the appearance of sectioning commands.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>&latex; lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
+simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
+letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;section&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
+preamble (<pxref label="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"><xrefnodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</xrefnodename></pxref>). CTAN
+has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
+<file>titlesec</file>.
+</para>
+<para>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="236" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="237" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="163">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth</indexterm>secnumdepth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">secnumdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198">section numbers, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="sectioning-secnumdepth">sectioning secnumdepth</anchor>
<anchor name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</anchor>
-<para>Controls which sectioning commands are
-numbered. Suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than
-<var>level</var> <code>\setcounter&lbrace;secnumdepth&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>level</var>&rbrace;</code>
-(<pxref label="_005csetcounter"><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
-instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then a
-<code>\section&lbrace;Introduction&rbrace;</code> command will produce output like <samp>1
-Introduction</samp> while <code>\subsection&lbrace;Discussion&rbrace;</code> will produce output
-like <samp>Discussion</samp>, without the number. &latex;&textrsquo;s default
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <file>article</file> class and &nbsp;2 in the
-<file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="238" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="239" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="164">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
+<code>\setcounter&lbrace;secnumdepth&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>level</var>&rbrace;</code> will suppress
+numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var>level</var>
+(<pxref label="_005csetcounter"><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>). See the above table for the level numbers.
+For instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then
+a <code>\section&lbrace;Introduction&rbrace;</code> command will produce output like
+<samp>1 Introduction</samp> while <code>\subsection&lbrace;Discussion&rbrace;</code> will
+produce output like <samp>Discussion</samp>, without the number. &latex;&textrsquo;s
+default <code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <file>article</file> class and
+&nbsp;2 in the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth</indexterm>tocdepth</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp">tocdepth <r>counter</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="sectioning-tocdepth">sectioning tocdepth</anchor>
<anchor name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</anchor>
<para>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
@@ -2654,7 +3434,7 @@ sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed
(<pxref label="_005csetcounter"><xrefnodename>\setcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections. &latex;&textrsquo;s default
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <file>article</file> class and &nbsp;2 in the
+<code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <file>article</file> class and &nbsp;2 in the
<file>book</file> and <file>report</file> classes.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -2667,16 +3447,16 @@ list sections but not subsections. &latex;&textrsquo;s default
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Lower divisions.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\appendix</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start appendices.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The three parts of a book.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;startsection</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Layout of sectional units.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;startsection</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Sectional unit headings.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cpart" spaces=" "><nodename>\part</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\chapter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\part</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="240" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="165">part</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="166">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">\part</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">part</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">sectioning, part</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -2726,17 +3506,17 @@ out the break in the table of contents.
<para>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a part is&nbsp;-1
-(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>, and <ref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></ref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="167"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="168"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
<file>indentfirst</file>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="169"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="170"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <file>titlesec</file>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
@@ -2746,8 +3526,8 @@ See its documentation on CTAN.
<node name="_005cchapter" spaces=" "><nodename>\chapter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\section</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\part</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\chapter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="241" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="171">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">chapter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -2807,15 +3587,15 @@ the title but that doesn&textrsquo;t work well with running headers so it omits
the break in the contents
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\chapter[Given it all\\ my story]&lbrace;Given it all\\ my story&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\chapter[Given it all; my story]&lbrace;Given it all\\ my story&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is&nbsp;0
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="172"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="173"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
@@ -2832,10 +3612,10 @@ something like <samp>Lecture 1</samp>, put in the preamble either
\makeatother
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="174"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="175"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>To make this change because of the primary language for
+<noindent></noindent><para>To make this change because of the primary language for
the document, see the package <file>babel</file>.
</para>
<para>In a two-sided document &latex; puts a chapter on odd-numbered page, if
@@ -2843,8 +3623,8 @@ necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="176"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="177"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the &latex; format file and make adjustments. But
@@ -2871,8 +3651,8 @@ running headers.
<node name="_005csection" spaces=" "><nodename>\section</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\chapter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\section</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="242" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="178">section</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\section</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">section</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -2940,15 +3720,15 @@ so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
the table of contents, the level number of a section is&nbsp;1
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="179"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="180"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <file>indentfirst</file>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="181"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="182"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command
@@ -2976,8 +3756,8 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do.
<node name="_005csubsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\subsection</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\section</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsection</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="243" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="183">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\subsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218">subsection</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3009,13 +3789,13 @@ holds in <code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class
so it looks like <samp>2.3 <var>title</var></samp>.
</para>
<para>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var>.
-But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
-<code>section</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
+<code>subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</para>
-<para>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
+<para>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
in the table of contents (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in
-the title of the section,
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full text in
+the title of the subsection,
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]&lbrace;\textit&lbrace;The Origin of
@@ -3030,15 +3810,15 @@ paper</samp> on the contents page.
the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is&nbsp;2
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="184"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="185"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <file>indentfirst</file>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="186"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="187"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command
@@ -3065,12 +3845,12 @@ text.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="244" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="188">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="245" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="189">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="246" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="190">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\subsubsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223">subsubsection</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\paragraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224">paragraph</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\subparagraph</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225">subparagraph</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -3136,15 +3916,15 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is&nbsp;3, of
a paragraph is&nbsp;4, and of a subparagraph is&nbsp;5
(<pxref label="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/secnumdepth</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="191"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="192"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <file>indentfirst</file>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="193"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="194"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228"><r>package</r>, <code>titlesec</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229"><code>titlesec</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
One is the <code>\&arobase;startsection</code> command (<pxref label="_005c_0040startsection"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;startsection</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -3157,9 +3937,9 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\appendix</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="247" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="195">appendix</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="196">appendices</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\appendix</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230">appendix</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">appendices</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3188,39 +3968,46 @@ book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
<noindent></noindent>
<para>the first two will generate output numbered <samp>Chapter 1</samp> and
<samp>Chapter 2</samp>. After the <code>\appendix</code> the numbering will be
-<samp>Appendix A</samp> and <samp>Appendix B</samp>. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>
+<samp>Appendix A</samp> and <samp>Appendix B</samp>. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>,
for another example.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="197"><r>package</r>, <code>appendix</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="198"><code>appendix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <para>The <file>appendix</file> package adds the command
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232"><r>package</r>, <code>appendix</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233"><code>appendix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <file>appendix</file> package adds the command
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate <samp>Appendices</samp> in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
-<samp>Appendix</samp> with a command like
+<samp>Appendices</samp> with a command like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\appendixname&rbrace;&lbrace;Specification&rbrace;</code>, as well as a
number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" spaces=" "><nodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\&arobase;startsection</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\appendix</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
-
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="248" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="199">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="249" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="200">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="250" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="201">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="202">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\frontmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">book, front matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">front matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\mainmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">book, main matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237">main matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp">\backmatter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238">book, back matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">book, end matter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">back matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">end matter of a book</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopsis, one of:
+<para>Synopsis, one or more of:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\frontmatter
+...
\mainmatter
+...
\backmatter
+...
</pre></example>
<para>Format a <code>book</code> class document differently according to which part
@@ -3233,22 +4020,26 @@ pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not numbered.) The
back matter may contain such things as a glossary, notes, a
bibliography, and an index.
</para>
-<para>The <code>\frontmatter</code> declaration makes the pages numbered in
-lowercase roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each
-chapter&textrsquo;s title appears in the table of contents; if you use other
-sectioning commands here, use the <code>*</code>-version (<pxref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-The <code>\mainmatter</code> changes the behavior back to the expected
-version, and resets the page number. The <code>\backmatter</code> leaves the
-page numbering alone but switches the chapters back to being not
-numbered. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref> for an example using the three.
+<para>The <code>\frontmatter</code> command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
+roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter&textrsquo;s title
+appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
+here, use the <code>*</code>-version (<pxref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\mainmatter</code> command changes the behavior back to the expected
+version, and resets the page number.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but
+switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
+</para>
+<para><xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>, for an example using these three commands.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005c_0040startsection" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;startsection</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code></sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="251" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="203">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;startsection</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">section, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3291,12 +4082,13 @@ make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>redefines <code>\section</code> to have the form
-<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code> (here too, the
-star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). <xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref>. This implies that
-when you write a command like <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
-the <code>\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> must come last in the definition. See
-the examples below.
+<para>redefines <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
+<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]&lbrace;<var>title</var>&rbrace;</code> (in which, for reminder,
+the star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). <xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref>. This implies
+that when you write a command like
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\section&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, the
+<code>\&arobase;startsection&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> must come last in the definition. See the
+examples below.
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem>
@@ -3317,7 +4109,7 @@ example below.
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="startsection-level">startsection level</anchor>
<anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002flevel">\&arobase;startsection/level</anchor>
<para>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
-<xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref> for the list of standard level numbers.
+<xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref>, for the list of standard level numbers.
</para>
<para>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
<code>secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be
@@ -3346,7 +4138,7 @@ the title into the left margin.
<anchor name="_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip">\&arobase;startsection/beforeskip</anchor>
<para>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
is inserted before this sectioning unit&textrsquo;s title. This space will be
-discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the top of a fresh
+discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
is indented. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
@@ -3409,20 +4201,31 @@ produce titles that are bold and uppercase.
<para>These are &latex;&textrsquo;s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
are defined with <code>\&arobase;startsection</code>, for the <file>article</file>,
-<file>book</file>, and <file>report</file> classes. For section, the <var>level</var> is
-1, the <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>, the <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex
-plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the <var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>,
-and the <var>style</var> is <code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>. For
-subsection, the <var>level</var> is 2, the <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>, the
-<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the
-<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and the <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>. For subsubsection, the <var>level</var>
-is 3, the <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>, the <var>beforeskip</var> is
-<code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the <var>afterskip</var> is
-<code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and the <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
+<file>book</file>, and <file>report</file> classes.
+</para>
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>&bullet;</itemprepend>
+<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>For <code>section</code>: <var>level</var> is 1, <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>,
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>.
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>For <code>subsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 2, <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>,
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <w>-0.2ex</w></code>,
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>.
</para>
-<para>Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<raggedright endspaces=" ">
+<para>For <code>subsubsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 3, <var>indent</var> is 0<dmn>pt</dmn>,
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
+</para></raggedright>
+</listitem></itemize>
+
+<para>Some examples follow. These go either in a package or class file or in the
preamble of a &latex; document. If you put them in the preamble they
must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
@@ -3486,9 +4289,9 @@ display that counter.
<node name="Cross-references" spaces=" "><nodename>Cross references</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Environments</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Sectioning</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Cross references</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="204">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">cross references</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="205">label</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">label</indexterm></cindex>
<para>We often want something like <samp>See Theorem~31</samp>. But by-hand typing
the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <dfn>label</dfn> such as
<code>\label&lbrace;eq:GreensThm&rbrace;</code> and then <dfn>reference</dfn> it, as with
@@ -3512,8 +4315,8 @@ the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <file>calculus.tex</fi
the information is in <file>calculus.aux</file>. &latex; puts the
information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="206">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="207">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">forward reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">reference, forward</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
happens when your document has a <dfn>forward reference</dfn>, a <code>\ref</code>
that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
@@ -3525,8 +4328,8 @@ change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="208"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="209"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances &latex;&textrsquo;s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
<code>\begin&lbrace;thm&rbrace;\label&lbrace;th:Nerode&rbrace;...\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;</code> then
@@ -3537,13 +4340,14 @@ having to enter the &textldquo;Theorem.&textrdquo;
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\label</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\pageref</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a page number.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ref</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">xr package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">References from another document.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005clabel" spaces=" "><nodename>\label</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pageref</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\label</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="252" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\label</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3615,9 +4419,9 @@ See Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:test&rbrace;.
<node name="_005cpageref" spaces=" "><nodename>\pageref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ref</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\label</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pageref</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="253" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="210">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="211">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\pageref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">cross referencing with page number</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250">page number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3647,15 +4451,15 @@ those.)
</section>
-<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cref" spaces=" "><nodename>\ref</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xr package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pageref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ref</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="254" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="212">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="213">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="214">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="215">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="216">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\ref</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251">cross referencing, symbolic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">section number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">equation number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">figure number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">footnote number, cross referencing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3685,21 +4489,97 @@ so this document would have to be compiled twice.
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="217"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="218"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <file>cleveref</file> package includes text such as <samp>Theorem</samp> in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</para>
</section>
+<node name="xr-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xr package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ref</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Cross references</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>xr</code> package</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp"><code>xr</code> package</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp"><code>xr-hyper</code> package</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp">\externaldocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">cross referencing, across documents</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;xr&rbrace;
+ \externaldocument&lbrace;<var>document-basename</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;xr&rbrace;
+ \externaldocument[<var>reference-prefix</var>]&lbrace;<var>document-basename</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Make cross references to the external document
+<code><var>document-basename</var>.tex</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Here is an example. If <code>lectures.tex</code> has this in the preamble
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;xr&rbrace;
+ \externaldocument&lbrace;exercises&rbrace;
+ \externaldocument[H-]&lbrace;hints&rbrace;
+ \externaldocument&lbrace;answers&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents.
+Suppose that <code>exercises.tex</code> has an enumerated list containing
+this,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\item \label&lbrace;exer:EulersThm&rbrace; What if every vertex has odd degree?
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>and <code>hints.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\item \label&lbrace;exer:EulersThm&rbrace; Distinguish the case of two vertices.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>and <code>answers.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\item \label&lbrace;ans:EulersThm&rbrace; There is no Euler path, except if there
+ are exactly two vertices.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering
+this in the body of <code>lectures.tex</code> will result in the lectures
+getting the reference numbers used in the other documents.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">See Exercise~\ref&lbrace;exer:EulersThm&rbrace;, with Hint~\ref&lbrace;H-exer:EulersThm&rbrace;.
+The solution is Answer~\ref&lbrace;ans:EulersThm&rbrace;.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The prefix <code>H-</code> for the reference from the hints file is needed
+because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the
+exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the
+number from the later file.
+</para>
+<para>Note: if the document uses the <code>hyperref</code> package then in place of
+<code>xr</code>, put <code>\usepackage&lbrace;xr-hyper&rbrace;</code> before the
+<code>\usepackage&lbrace;hyperref&rbrace;</code>. Also, if any of the multiple documents
+uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
+</para>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Environments" spaces=" "><nodename>Environments</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Line breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Cross references</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Environments</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="219">environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="255" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="256" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp">\begin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp">\end</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
@@ -3717,7 +4597,7 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin&lbrace;table*&rbrace; on input line 5 ended by
\end&lbrace;table&rbrace;.</samp>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="220">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">group, and environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Environments are executed within a group.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -3755,10 +4635,10 @@ the end. For instance, the input
<node name="abstract" spaces=" "><nodename>abstract</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">array</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>abstract</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="257" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="258" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp"><code>abstract</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="221">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">abstracts</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3785,6 +4665,9 @@ default only in the <code>report</code> class.
\end&lbrace;abstract&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262"><r>package</r>, <code>abstract</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263"><code>abstract</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
</para>
@@ -3815,10 +4698,10 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <file>abstract</file>).
<node name="array" spaces=" "><nodename>array</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">center</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">abstract</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>array</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="259" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="260" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>array</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp"><code>array</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="222">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">arrays, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3875,13 +4758,13 @@ the column with <code>p&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, which causes the entry to be
text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, &latex;&textrsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
governed by
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="261" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp">\arraycolsep</indexterm></findex>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is <samp>5pt</samp> so that between two columns comes
10<dmn>pt</dmn> of space.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="223"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="224"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <file>amsmath</file>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
@@ -3892,8 +4775,8 @@ an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="225"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="226"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The next example uses the <file>amsmath</file> package.
</para>
@@ -3908,11 +4791,11 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="227"><r>package</r>, <code>array (package)</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="228"><code>array (package)</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269"><r>package</r>, <code>array (package)</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270"><code>array (package)</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="229"><r>package</r>, <code>dcolumn</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="230"><code>dcolumn</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271"><r>package</r>, <code>dcolumn</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><code>dcolumn</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <file>array</file> package has
many useful extensions, including more column types. The <file>dcolumn</file>
@@ -3924,10 +4807,10 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="center" spaces=" "><nodename>center</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">description</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">array</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>center</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="262" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="263" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>center</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp"><code>center</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="231">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">centering text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -3942,7 +4825,7 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
<para>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="264" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>center</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then &latex; will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
@@ -3972,7 +4855,7 @@ ending.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink
alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\
- I grew up in that belief. --Richard Burton
+ I grew up in that belief. ---Richard Burton
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -3990,8 +4873,8 @@ entire page.
<node name="_005ccentering" spaces=" "><nodename>\centering</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">center</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\centering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="265" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="232">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp">\centering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">centering text, declaration for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -4048,11 +4931,11 @@ centered lines <samp>xx</samp> and <samp>yy</samp>, followed by a new paragraph
<node name="description" spaces=" "><nodename>description</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">displaymath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">center</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>description</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="266" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="267" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>description</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp"><code>description</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="233">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="234">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">labelled lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">description lists, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4073,24 +4956,24 @@ missing \item</samp>.
<para>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;description&rbrace;
\item[lama] A priest.
\item[llama] A beast.
-\end&lbrace;definition&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;description&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The labels <samp>lama</samp> and <samp>llama</samp> are output in boldface, with the
left edge on the left margin.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="268" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="235">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="236">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">bold typewriter, avoiding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">typewriter labels in lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
change given in argument style (see <ref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></ref>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
@@ -4123,8 +5006,8 @@ lists.
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>displaymath</code></sectiontitle>
<!-- c http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/40492/what-are-the-differences-between-align-equation-and-displaymath -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="269" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="270" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -4135,9 +5018,9 @@ lists.
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style
-and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option
-<code>fleqn</code>; see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>.
+<para>Environment to typeset the <var>mathematical text</var> on its own line, in
+display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the
+global option <code>fleqn</code>; see <ref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<para>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
@@ -4145,25 +5028,27 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
</para>
<para>&latex; will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="237"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="238"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that the <file>amsmath</file> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</para>
-<para>The construct <code>\[<var>math text</var>\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
-<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;<var>math text</var>\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
-latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp">\[...\] <r>display math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
+<code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace; <var>math</var> \end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code> but the
+latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
-<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct
-<code>$$<var>math text</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is sometimes
-mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a
-synonym, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&textrsquo;t
-started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
-environment start, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has
-different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
-environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
+<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp">$$...$$ <r>plain &tex; display math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;&tex; is
+sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is
+not a synonym, and is not officially supported in &latex; at all;
+<code>$$</code> doesn&textrsquo;t support the <code>fleqn</code> option (<pxref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document
+class options</xrefnodename></pxref>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn&textrsquo;t perform
+consistency checks.)
</para>
<para>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</para>
@@ -4182,8 +5067,8 @@ environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
<node name="document" spaces=" "><nodename>document</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">enumerate</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">displaymath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>document</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="271" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="272" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>document</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp"><code>document</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
@@ -4198,8 +5083,8 @@ It is required in every &latex; document. <xref label="Starting-and-ending"><xr
<node name="_005cAtBeginDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtBeginDocument</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\AtEndDocument</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtBeginDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="273" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="239">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp">\AtBeginDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">beginning of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4221,8 +5106,8 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="_005cAtEndDocument" spaces=" "><nodename>\AtEndDocument</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\AtBeginDocument</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">document</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\AtEndDocument</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="274" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="240">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp">\AtEndDocument</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282">end of document hook</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4246,10 +5131,10 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
<node name="enumerate" spaces=" "><nodename>enumerate</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">eqnarray</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">document</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>enumerate</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="275" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="276" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>enumerate</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp"><code>enumerate</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="241">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">lists of items, numbered</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4279,7 +5164,7 @@ As a top-level list the labels would come out as <samp>1.</samp> and
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="277" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
@@ -4301,10 +5186,10 @@ the outermost level.
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>uppercase letter followed by a period: <samp>A.</samp>, <samp>B.</samp>,&nbsp;&dots;
</para></listitem></enumerate>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="278" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="279" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="280" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="281" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\enumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\enumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\enumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\enumiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumi">enumerate enumi</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumii">enumerate enumii</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-enumiii">enumerate enumiii</anchor>
@@ -4318,10 +5203,10 @@ parameters, including the default values, and for information about
customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package <file>enumitem</file> is
useful for customizing lists.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="282" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="283" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="284" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="285" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp">\labelenumiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumi">enumerate labelenumi</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumii">enumerate labelenumii</anchor>
<anchor name="enumerate-labelenumiii">enumerate labelenumiii</anchor>
@@ -4332,7 +5217,7 @@ through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="286" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp">\Alph <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelenumi&rbrace;&lbrace;\textbf&lbrace;\Alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
@@ -4349,19 +5234,19 @@ period.
<node name="eqnarray" spaces=" "><nodename>eqnarray</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">equation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">enumerate</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>eqnarray</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="287" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="288" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>eqnarray</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp"><code>eqnarray</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="242">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="243">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284">equations, aligning</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285">aligning equations</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="244">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="245">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="246">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286">align <r>environment, from <code>amsmath</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287">amsmath <r>package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288">Madsen, Lars</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See &textldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&textrdquo;&noeos; by Lars Madsen
-<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). New documents
+<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</urefurl></url>). New documents
should include the <file>amsmath</file> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
@@ -4386,7 +5271,7 @@ working with old documents.
\end&lbrace;eqnarray*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="289" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -4394,18 +5279,18 @@ mode.
<para>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="290" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp">\\* <r>(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (<pxref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="291" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="247">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp">\nonumber</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289">equation numbers, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="292" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp">\lefteqn</indexterm></findex>
<para>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -4426,11 +5311,11 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<node name="equation" spaces=" "><nodename>equation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">figure</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">eqnarray</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>equation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="293" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="294" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="248">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="249">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290">equations, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291">formulas, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4448,8 +5333,8 @@ The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
<code>\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;</code>, or &latex; will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="250"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="251"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <file>amsmath</file> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
@@ -4459,11 +5344,11 @@ facilities. New documents should include this package.
<node name="figure" spaces=" "><nodename>figure</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">filecontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">equation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>figure</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="295" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="296" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>figure</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp"><code>figure</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="252">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="253">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">inserting figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">figures, inserting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4509,7 +5394,7 @@ in <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="297" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of
@@ -4532,21 +5417,21 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
</section>
<node name="filecontents" spaces=" "><nodename>filecontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushleft</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">figure</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</sectiontitle>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>filecontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="298" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="299" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="300" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="301" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>filecontents*</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp"><code>filecontents*</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="254">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="255">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">external files, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">writing external files</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;[<var>option</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
<var>text</var>
\end&lbrace;filecontents&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -4555,29 +5440,52 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<para>or
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;filecontents*&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;filecontents*&rbrace;[<var>option</var>]&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;
<var>text</var>
\end&lbrace;filecontents*&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Create a file named <var>filename</var> and fill it with <var>text</var>. The
-unstarred version of the environment <code>filecontents</code> prefixes the
-content of the created file with a header; see the example below. The
-starred version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
+<para>Create a file named <var>filename</var> in the current directory (or the
+output directory, if specified; <pxref label="output-directory"><xrefnodename>output directory</xrefnodename></pxref>) and write
+<var>text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
</para>
-<para>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it often
-appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is typically used
-when a source file requires a nonstandard style or class file. The
-environment will write that file to the directory containing the source
-and thus make the source file self-contained. Another use is to include
-<code>bib</code> references in the file, again to make it self-contained.
+<para>The unstarred version of the environment
+<code>filecontents</code> prefixes the content of the created file with a
+header of &tex; comments; see the example below. The starred
+version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
</para>
-<para>The environment checks whether a file of that name already exists and if
-so, does not do anything. There is a <file>filecontents</file> package that
-redefines the <code>filecontents</code> environment so that instead of doing
-nothing in that case, it will overwrite the existing file.
+<para>The possible options are:
</para>
-<para>For example, this document
+<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">force</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">overwrite</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Overwrite an existing file.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">noheader</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">nosearch</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
+specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+
+<para>These options were added in a 2019 release of &latex;.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">self-contained sources</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">source files, making self-contained</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it
+often appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is
+commonly used to create a <code>.bib</code> or other such data file from the
+main document source, to make the source file self-contained.
+Similarly, it can be used to create a custom style or class file,
+again making the source self-contained.
+</para>
+<para>For example, this document:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;
@@ -4591,7 +5499,7 @@ Article by \myname.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>produces this file <file>JH.sty</file>.
+<para>produces this file <file>JH.sty</file>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
@@ -4606,11 +5514,11 @@ Article by \myname.
<node name="flushleft" spaces=" "><nodename>flushleft</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">flushright</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">filecontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="302" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="303" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushleft</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushleft</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="256">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="257">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304">left-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305">ragged right text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4622,11 +5530,11 @@ Article by \myname.
\end&lbrace;flushleft&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="304" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>flushleft</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
-stretching or shrinking spaces. To force a new line use a double
+stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedright"><xrefnodename>\raggedright</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
@@ -4652,10 +5560,10 @@ flush left and ragged right.
<node name="_005craggedright" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedright</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushleft</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="305" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="258">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="259">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="260">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp">\raggedright</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306">ragged right text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307">left-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308">justification, ragged right</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -4673,7 +5581,7 @@ flush left and ragged right.
</pre></example>
<para>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
-ragged right. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+ragged right. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
see&nbsp;<ref label="flushleft"><xrefnodename>flushleft</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
@@ -4702,11 +5610,11 @@ delimit its effect.
<node name="flushright" spaces=" "><nodename>flushright</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">itemize</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushleft</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>flushright</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="306" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="307" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>flushright</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp"><code>flushright</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="261">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="262">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309">ragged left text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310">right-justifying text, environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
@@ -4716,15 +5624,17 @@ delimit its effect.
\end&lbrace;flushright&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="308" mergedindex="cp">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp">\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</indexterm></findex>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that
-avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. To force a new
+avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a new
line use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedleft"><xrefnodename>\raggedleft</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<para>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<ref label="flushleft"><xrefnodename>flushleft</xrefnodename></ref>.
+<para>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<ref label="flushleft"><xrefnodename>flushleft</xrefnodename></ref>,
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by
+<code>flushright</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\raggedleft</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
@@ -4734,10 +5644,10 @@ see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedleft"><xrefnodename>\raggedleft</xrefnodename></
<node name="_005craggedleft" spaces=" "><nodename>\raggedleft</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">flushright</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raggedleft</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="309" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="263">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="264">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="265">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp">\raggedleft</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311">ragged left text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">justification, ragged left</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">right-justifying text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -4755,7 +5665,7 @@ see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedleft"><xrefnodename>\raggedleft</xrefnodename></
</pre></example>
<para>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
-ragged left. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+ragged left. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
see&nbsp;<ref label="flushright"><xrefnodename>flushright</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
@@ -4765,7 +5675,9 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&textrsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
-<para>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedright"><xrefnodename>\raggedright</xrefnodename></ref>.
+<para>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<ref label="_005craggedright"><xrefnodename>\raggedright</xrefnodename></ref>,
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
+<code>\raggedleft</code>.
</para>
</subsection>
@@ -4773,14 +5685,14 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
<node name="itemize" spaces=" "><nodename>itemize</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">letter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">flushright</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>itemize</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="310" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="311" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>itemize</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp"><code>itemize</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="312" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="266">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="267">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="268">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="269">bullet lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">lists of items</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">unordered lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">bulleted lists</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317">bullet lists</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4792,8 +5704,8 @@ command that ends the paragraph unit.
\end&lbrace;itemize&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Produce a list that is unordered, sometimes called a bullet list. The
-environment must have at least one <code>\item</code>; having none causes the
+<para>Produce an <dfn>unordered list</dfn>, sometimes called a bullet list. There
+must be at least one <code>\item</code> within the environment; having none causes the
&latex; error <samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>.
</para>
<para>This gives a two-item list.
@@ -4806,39 +5718,43 @@ environment must have at least one <code>\item</code>; having none causes the
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>As a top-level list each label would come out as a bullet, &bullet;.
-The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below.
+<para>With the default locale&textmdash;without loading e.g.&noeos; <file>babel</file> package
+with another language than USenglish&textmdash;as a top-level list each label
+would come out as a bullet, &bullet;. The format of the labeling
+depends on the nesting level; see below.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="313" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\item</indexterm></findex>
<para>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (<pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
-brackets, as in <code>\item[Optional label]</code>, then by default it will
-appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left
-margin. For labels that are flush left see the <ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref>
-environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
-contain multiple paragraphs.
+brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
+<var>Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could
+extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the
+<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is the text of
+the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="314" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="315" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="316" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="317" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
+as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\labelitemiv</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemi">itemize labelitemi</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemii">itemize labelitemii</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemiii">itemize labelitemiii</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-labelitemiv">itemize labelitemiv</anchor>
-<para>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
-They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
-as <code>enumerate</code> (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
-uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
-produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lowercase
-roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
-level). These are the default marks at each level.
+<para>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
+through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label (note the
+convention of lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names
+that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each
+level.
</para>
<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
<listitem spaces=" "><para>&bullet; (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>)
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para><b>-<w>-</w></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>* (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>)
-</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
+</para></listitem><listitem spaces=" "><para>. (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
</para></listitem></enumerate>
<para>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes
@@ -4848,13 +5764,13 @@ the first level use diamonds.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\labelitemi&rbrace;&lbrace;$\diamond$&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="318" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="319" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="320" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="321" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="322" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="323" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="324" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargini</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiii</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginiv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginv</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp">\leftmarginvi</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmargin">itemize leftmargin</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmargini">itemize leftmargini</anchor>
<anchor name="itemize-leftmarginii">itemize leftmarginii</anchor>
@@ -4864,18 +5780,22 @@ the first level use diamonds.
<anchor name="itemize-leftmarginvi">itemize leftmarginvi</anchor>
<para>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
-parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
-convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command
-name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in
-level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2,
-<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
-values for more deeply nested levels.
+parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (This also
+uses the convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the
+command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are:
+<code>2.5em</code> in level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in
+level 2, <code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with
+smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>For other major &latex; labeled list environments, see
-<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. For information about list
-layout parameters, including the default values, and for information
-about customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The package
-<file>enumitem</file> is useful for customizing lists.
+<ref label="description"><xrefnodename>description</xrefnodename></ref> and <ref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</xrefnodename></ref>. The <code>itemize</code>,
+<code>enumerate</code> and <code>description</code> environment use the same list
+layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and
+for information about customizing list layout, see <ref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></ref>. The
+package <file>enumitem</file> is useful for customizing lists.
</para>
<para>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
lists.
@@ -4884,7 +5804,7 @@ lists.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\leftmargini&rbrace;&lbrace;1.25em&rbrace; % default 2.5em
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="325" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp">\parskip <r>example</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -4905,8 +5825,8 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="letter" spaces=" "><nodename>letter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">list</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">itemize</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="326" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="327" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>letter</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp"><code>letter</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>This environment is used for creating letters. <xref label="Letters"><xrefnodename>Letters</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -4916,10 +5836,10 @@ within a single item (<code>\parskip</code> is not list-specific,
<node name="list" spaces=" "><nodename>list</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">math</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">letter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>list</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="328" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="329" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>list</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp"><code>list</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="270">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">lists of items, generic</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -4966,11 +5886,11 @@ environment.
<para>The mandatory first argument <var>labeling</var> specifies the default
labeling of list items. It can contain text and &latex; commands, as
-above where it contains both <samp>Item</samp> and <samp>\Roman&lbrace;...&rbrace;</samp>.
+above where it contains both <samp>Item</samp> and <samp>\Roman&lbrace;&dots;&rbrace;</samp>.
&latex; forms the label by putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box
of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
-list you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
+<code>list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; <pxref label="_005citem"><xrefnodename>\item</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
@@ -4982,7 +5902,7 @@ counter will be reset to zero each time &latex; enters the environment,
and the counter is incremented by one each time &latex; encounters an
<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="330" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp">\makelabel</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="list-makelabel">list makelabel</anchor> <para>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
@@ -4992,7 +5912,7 @@ definition of the environment add
<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\namedmakelabel&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\textsc&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, and between
the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
-Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
+Then the labels will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
framed box. Another example of the <code>\makelabel</code> command is below,
in the definition of the <code>redlabel</code> environment.
@@ -5008,12 +5928,12 @@ command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;itemsep&rbrace;&lbrace;2pt plus1pt minus
For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="331" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp">\itemindent</indexterm>\itemindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemindent">list itemindent</anchor>
<para>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="332" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp">\itemsep</indexterm>\itemsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itemsep">list itemsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
@@ -5021,18 +5941,18 @@ and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at
11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is,
-<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
+<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="333" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp">\labelsep</indexterm>\labelsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelsep">list labelsep</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>,
and <samp>report</samp> classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="334" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp">\labelwidth</indexterm>\labelwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-labelwidth">list labelwidth</anchor>
<para>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
@@ -5054,7 +5974,7 @@ mode and <code>1.5em</code> in two column mode). At the second level it is
label&textrsquo;s left edge coincide with the left margin of the enclosing
environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="335" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp">\leftmargin</indexterm>\leftmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-leftmargin">list leftmargin</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
@@ -5072,25 +5992,24 @@ error message <samp>Too deeply nested</samp>.)
<code>2.5em</code> (in two column mode, <code>2em</code>), <code>\leftmarginii</code> is
<code>2.2em</code>, and <code>\leftmarginiii</code> is <code>1.87em</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="336" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\listparindent</indexterm>\listparindent</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-listparindent">list listparindent</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &textldquo;outdent&textrdquo;. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="337" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-parsep">list parsep</anchor>
-<para>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the <samp>book</samp>
-and <samp>article</samp> classes The defaults for the first three levels in
-&latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>, <samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10
-point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point size are:
-<code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and
-<code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
-minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="338" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\parsep</indexterm>\parsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-parsep">list parsep</anchor> <para>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
+The defaults for the first three levels in &latex;&textrsquo;s <samp>article</samp>,
+<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The
+defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
+<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point
+size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt
+minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\partopsep</indexterm>\partopsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-partopsep">list partopsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
@@ -5106,13 +6025,13 @@ minus1pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point are: <code>3pt plus1pt minus1pt</code
defaults at 12 point are: <code>3pt plus2pt minus3pt</code>, <code>3pt plus2pt
minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="339" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\rightmargin</indexterm>\rightmargin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-rightmargin">list rightmargin</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="340" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\topsep</indexterm>\topsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-topsep">list topsep</anchor>
<para>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
to <code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>). The defaults for
@@ -5191,22 +6110,22 @@ e.g., <code>\&arobase;beginparpenalty=9999</code>; a value of 10000 prohibits a
page break.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="341" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;beginparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;beginparpenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-beginparpenalty">list beginparpenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="342" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;itempenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;itempenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-itempenalty">list itempenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="343" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;endparpenalty</indexterm>\&arobase;endparpenalty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="list-endparpenalty">list endparpenalty</anchor>
<para>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="271"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="272"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321"><r>package</r>, <code>enumitem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322"><code>enumitem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</para>
@@ -5229,7 +6148,7 @@ edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
\let\makelabel=\makeredlabel
&rbrace;
&rbrace;
-&lbrace;\end&lbrace;list&rbrace; &rbrace;
+&lbrace;\end&lbrace;list&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<menu endspaces=" ">
@@ -5258,7 +6177,7 @@ edge of the label lines up with the left edge of the item text.
depends on the list type.
</para>
<para>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
-<samp>[...]</samp>, if you have an item whose text starts with <samp>[</samp>, you
+<samp>[...]</samp>, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you
have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
&lbrace;[&rbrace; is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, &latex; will think it
marks the start of an optional label.
@@ -5300,7 +6219,7 @@ labelled&nbsp;<samp>3.</samp>.
<para>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not
indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the <code>\item</code> command as part of the environment&textrsquo;s definition. For
+the <code>\item</code> command is part of the environment&textrsquo;s definition. For
instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like
this:
</para>
@@ -5338,10 +6257,10 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<node name="math" spaces=" "><nodename>math</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">minipage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">list</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>math</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="344" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="345" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="273">in-line formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">inline formulas</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5351,6 +6270,8 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
\end&lbrace;math&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp">$ <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp">\(...\) <r>inline math</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<xref label="Math-formulas"><xrefnodename>Math formulas</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -5360,10 +6281,10 @@ the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
<node name="minipage" spaces=" "><nodename>minipage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">picture</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">math</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>minipage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="346" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="347" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>minipage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp"><code>minipage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="274">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324">minipage, creating a</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -5411,25 +6332,31 @@ It gives the width of the box into which <var>contents</var> are typeset.
<para>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
<var>inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the
default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with
-<code>\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;[c][2.54cm] <var>contents</var> \end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;</code>.
-(Get the natural height with an empty argument, <code>[]</code>.)
+<code>\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;[c][2.54cm]&lbrace;\columnwidth&rbrace; <var>contents</var>
+\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;</code>. (Get the natural height with an empty argument,
+<code>[]</code>.)
</para>
<para>The optional argument <var>position</var> governs how the <code>minipage</code>
vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">c</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
-vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
-Plain &tex; calls <code>\vcenter</code>).
+</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c xx Clarify what it means when adjacent text lines do not have aligned -->
+<!-- c vertical center with each other -->
+<para>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
+vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (Plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp">\vtop <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
+<!-- c xx Is there any reason why the word ``match'' is used instead of word -->
+<!-- c ``align''. Do we mean some more permissive alignment? -->
+<para>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (Plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>.
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp">\vbox <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<para>To see the effects of these, contrast running this
@@ -5443,6 +6370,8 @@ surrounding text (Plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>with the results of changing <code>c</code> to <code>b</code> or&nbsp;<code>t</code>.
</para>
+<!-- c xx Clarify what happens if user enter a rubber length instead of a -->
+<!-- c rigid length. -->
<para>The optional argument <var>height</var> is a rigid length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>).
It sets the height of the <code>minipage</code>. You can enter any value
larger than, or equal to, or smaller than the <code>minipage</code>&textrsquo;s natural
@@ -5450,12 +6379,12 @@ height and &latex; will not give an error or warning. You can also set
it to a height of zero or a negative value.
</para>
<para>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
-<var>content</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+<var>contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
default is the value of <var>position</var>).
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">t</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Place <var>content</var> at the top of the box.
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Place <var>contents</var> at the top of the box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">c</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Place it in the vertical center.
@@ -5484,15 +6413,15 @@ in place of <code>b</code>.
Text after
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="275">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="276">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="348" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325">indentation of paragraphs, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326">paragraph indentation, in minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
that with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1pc&rbrace;</code> at
the start of <var>contents</var>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="277">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="278">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327">footnotes in figures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">figures, footnotes in</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -5525,20 +6454,30 @@ Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
<para>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
are vertically centered.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*&lbrace;\vcenteredhbox&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;c&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;#1\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">% siunitx to have the S column specifier,
+% which aligns numbers on their decimal point.
+\usepackage&lbrace;siunitx&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\vcenteredhbox&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;c&arobase;&lbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;#1\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&rbrace;
...
\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
\vcenteredhbox&lbrace;\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]&lbrace;nyc.png&rbrace;&rbrace;
\hspace&lbrace;0.1\textwidth&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&lbrace;0.5\textwidth&rbrace;
- \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r|l&rbrace;
- \multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;r&rbrace;&lbrace;Borough&rbrace; &amp;Pop (million) \\ \hline
- The Bronx &amp;$1.5$ \\
- Brooklyn &amp;$2.6$ \\
- Manhattan &amp;$1.6$ \\
- Queens &amp;$2.3$ \\
- Staten Island &amp;$0.5$
+ \begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;r|S&rbrace;
+ % \multicolumn to remove vertical bar between column headers
+ \multicolumn&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;r&rbrace;&lbrace;Borough&rbrace; &amp;
+ % braces to prevent siunitx from misinterpreting the
+ % period as a decimal separator
+ &lbrace;Pop. (million)&rbrace; \\ \hline
+ The Bronx &amp;1.5 \\
+ Brooklyn &amp;2.6 \\
+ Manhattan &amp;1.6 \\
+ Queens &amp;2.3 \\
+ Staten Island &amp;0.5
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
@@ -5549,16 +6488,16 @@ are vertically centered.
<node name="picture" spaces=" "><nodename>picture</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">quotation &amp; quote</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">minipage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>picture</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="349" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="350" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>picture</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp"><code>picture</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="279">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="280">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">creating pictures</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">pictures, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para><example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)
- <var>picture commands</var>
+ <var>picture command</var>
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -5567,19 +6506,22 @@ are vertically centered.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
- <var>picture commands</var>
+ <var>picture command</var>
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>Where there may be any number of <var>picture command</var>&textrsquo;s.
+</para>
<para>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
-obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
-creation systems, such as <code>TikZ</code>, <code>PSTricks</code>, <code>MetaPost</code>,
-or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
+boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
+documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
+such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. None of these are
+covered in this document; see CTAN.
</para>
-<para>This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
+<para>To start, here&textrsquo;s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="351" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp">\unitlength</indexterm></findex>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;1cm&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
@@ -5587,45 +6529,25 @@ or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
\put(2,1)&lbrace;\makebox(0,0)[l]&lbrace;\ first leg&rbrace;&rbrace;
\put(4,2)&lbrace;\vector(1,2)&lbrace;2&rbrace;&rbrace;
\put(5,4)&lbrace;\makebox(0,0)[l]&lbrace;\ second leg&rbrace;&rbrace;
- \put(0,0)&lbrace;\line(1,1)&lbrace;6&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(1,1)&lbrace;6&rbrace;&rbrace;
\put(3,3)&lbrace;\makebox(0,0)[r]&lbrace;sum\ &rbrace;&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
-exact location.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;color,graphicx&rbrace; % in preamble
- ...
-\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
-\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;\textwidth&rbrace;
-\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(1,1) % leave space, \textwidth wide and tall
- \put(0,0)&lbrace;\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]&lbrace;desertedisland.jpg&rbrace;&rbrace;
- \put(0.25,0.35)&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;red&rbrace;&lbrace;X Treasure here&rbrace;&rbrace;
-\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
-\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The red&nbsp;X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\linewidth</code> from
-the left margin, and <code>0.35\linewidth</code> up from the bottom. Another
-example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get
-repeat material on each of a document&textrsquo;s pages.
-</para>
<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
-numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the value
-<code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, the space that
-&latex; reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
-large the picture really is; &latex; will draw things from the picture
-outside the picture&textrsquo;s box.
+positive real numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the
+value <code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, i.e.&noeos;
+the space that &latex; reserves on the output page. This nominal size
+need not be how large the picture really is; &latex; will draw things
+from the picture outside the picture&textrsquo;s box.
</para>
<para>This environment also has an optional argument
(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.
-As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
-Multiply these by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the point at the lower-left
-corner of the picture.
+As with the required argument, it consists of a pair of two real
+numbers, but these may also be negative or null. Multiply these
+by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the coordinates of the point at the
+lower-left corner of the picture.
</para>
<para>For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the
command
@@ -5643,26 +6565,29 @@ the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="281">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">position, in picture</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Each <var>picture command</var> tells &latex; where to put something by
-naming its position. A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
+providing its position. A <dfn>position</dfn> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <dfn>coordinate</dfn> is a not a length,
it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>,
so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate
-2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+<code>2.54</code> specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
</para>
-<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. it is a rigid
+<para>&latex;&textrsquo;s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. It is a rigid
length (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command
(<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
environment.
</para>
-<para>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is normally at
+<para>The <code>picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic
+expressions as well as numbers.
+</para>
+<para>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is by default at
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2)&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
-further up the page.
+further up the page, for example, <math>y = 1</math> is <emph>above</emph> <math>y = 0</math>.
</para>
<para>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>,
<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most
@@ -5676,7 +6601,7 @@ often used is <code>\put</code>. This
<para>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
<math>(11.3,-0.3)</math>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="352" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">LR box</indexterm></findex>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <dfn>LR box</dfn> (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) can
go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
@@ -5699,27 +6624,31 @@ line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of
<para>The <code>\multiput</code>, <code>qbezier</code>, and <code>graphpaper</code> commands are
described below.
</para>
-<para>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for
-that curve.
+<para>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
+exact location. For example:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(3,1.5)
- \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(1,0)&lbrace;8&rbrace;&rbrace; % x axis
- \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(0,1)&lbrace;4&rbrace;&rbrace; % y axis
- \put(2,0)&lbrace;\line(0,1)&lbrace;3&rbrace;&rbrace; % left side rectangle
- \put(4,0)&lbrace;\line(0,1)&lbrace;3.5&rbrace;&rbrace; % right side
- \qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)
- \qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)
- \thicklines % below here, lines are twice as thick
- \put(2,3)&lbrace;\line(4,1)&lbrace;2&rbrace;&rbrace;
- \put(4.5,2.5)&lbrace;\framebox&lbrace;Trapezoidal Rule&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;color,graphicx&rbrace; % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;\textwidth&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(1,1) % leave space, \textwidth wide and tall
+ \put(0,0)&lbrace;\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]&lbrace;desertedisland.jpg&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \put(0.25,0.35)&lbrace;\textcolor&lbrace;red&rbrace;&lbrace;X Treasure here&rbrace;&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The red&nbsp;X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\textwidth</code> from
+the left margin, and <code>0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the
+picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the
+page header to get repeat material on each of a document&textrsquo;s pages.
+</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\put</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Place an object at a specified place.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\multiput</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw multiple instances of an object.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\qbezier</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a quadratic Bezier curve.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\qbezier</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a quadratic B<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">e</accent>zier curve.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\graphpaper</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw graph paper.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\line</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Draw a straight line.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\linethickness</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
@@ -5739,7 +6668,7 @@ that curve.
<node name="_005cput" spaces=" "><nodename>\put</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\multiput</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\put</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="353" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp">\put</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5766,7 +6695,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>.
<node name="_005cmultiput" spaces=" "><nodename>\multiput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\qbezier</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\put</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multiput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="354" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp">\multiput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5797,7 +6726,7 @@ text, at the bottom left of the <samp>A</samp>.
<node name="_005cqbezier" spaces=" "><nodename>\qbezier</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multiput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\qbezier</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="355" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">\qbezier</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5828,12 +6757,28 @@ intermediate points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose
maximum number of points is <code>\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with
<code>\renewcommand</code>).
</para>
+<para>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for
+that curve.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(8,4)
+ \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(1,0)&lbrace;8&rbrace;&rbrace; % x axis
+ \put(0,0)&lbrace;\vector(0,1)&lbrace;4&rbrace;&rbrace; % y axis
+ \put(2,0)&lbrace;\line(0,1)&lbrace;3&rbrace;&rbrace; % left side
+ \put(4,0)&lbrace;\line(0,1)&lbrace;3.5&rbrace;&rbrace; % right side
+ \qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)
+ \qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)
+ \thicklines % below here, lines are twice as thick
+ \put(2,3)&lbrace;\line(4,1)&lbrace;2&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \put(4.5,2.5)&lbrace;\framebox&lbrace;Trapezoidal Rule&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cgraphpaper" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphpaper</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\qbezier</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphpaper</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="356" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\graphpaper</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -5841,7 +6786,10 @@ maximum number of points is <code>\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with
\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
</pre></example>
-<para>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334"><r>package</r>, <code>graphpap</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335"><code>graphpap</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <file>graphpap</file> package.
The grid&textrsquo;s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up.
@@ -5865,7 +6813,7 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
<node name="_005cline" spaces=" "><nodename>\line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linethickness</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphpaper</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\line</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="357" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\line</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5875,7 +6823,7 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
<para>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for
every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The <var>travel</var> is the total horizontal
-change&nbsp;&textmdash; it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
+change&textmdash;it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
<math>x</math>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var>travel</var> gives the change in
<math>y</math>.
@@ -5905,22 +6853,22 @@ then the line&textrsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
<para>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="282"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="283">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="284"><r>package</r>, <code>pict2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="285"><code>pict2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336"><code>pict2e</code> package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337">graphics packages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338"><r>package</r>, <code>pict2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339"><code>pict2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="286"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="287"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="288"><r>package</r>, <code>PSTricks</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="289"><code>PSTricks</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342"><r>package</r>, <code>PSTricks</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343"><code>PSTricks</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="290"><r>package</r>, <code>MetaPost</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="291"><code>MetaPost</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344"><r>package</r>, <code>MetaPost</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345"><code>MetaPost</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="292"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="293"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Standard &latex; can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
@@ -5930,16 +6878,17 @@ relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
-<code>picture</code>, see the package <file>pict2e</file> on CTAN. Another solution
-is to use a full-featured graphics system such as <file>TikZ</file>, or
-<file>PSTricks</file>, or <file>MetaPost</file>, or <file>Asymptote</file>
+<code>picture</code>, see the package <file>pict2e</file>
+(<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</urefurl></url>). Another solution
+is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks,
+MetaPost, or Asymptote.
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005clinethickness" spaces=" "><nodename>\linethickness</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinlines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linethickness</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="358" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\linethickness</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -5958,7 +6907,7 @@ lines, circles, or ovals.
<node name="_005cthinlines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinlines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thicklines</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\linethickness</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinlines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="359" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\thinlines</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.4<dmn>pt</dmn>. This is the default
@@ -5970,7 +6919,7 @@ changed with either <ref label="_005clinethickness"><xrefnodename>\linethickness
<node name="_005cthicklines" spaces=" "><nodename>\thicklines</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\circle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinlines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thicklines</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="360" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\thicklines</indexterm></findex>
<para>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.8<dmn>pt</dmn>. See also
@@ -5982,7 +6931,7 @@ in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <ref label="picture"><xrefnodename>picture</x
<node name="_005ccircle" spaces=" "><nodename>\circle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\oval</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thicklines</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\circle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="361" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\circle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6000,8 +6949,8 @@ one. The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form produces a filled-in circle.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\put(5,7)&lbrace;\circle&lbrace;6&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The available radii for <code>circle</code> are, in points, the even
-numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>circle*</code> they are all the
+<para>The available radii for <code>\circle</code> are, in points, the even
+numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>\circle*</code> they are all the
integers from 1 to 15.
</para>
@@ -6009,7 +6958,7 @@ integers from 1 to 15.
<node name="_005coval" spaces=" "><nodename>\oval</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\shortstack</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\circle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\oval</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="362" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\oval</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6056,7 +7005,7 @@ boxes with a small amount of corner rounding.
<node name="_005cshortstack" spaces=" "><nodename>\shortstack</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vector</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\oval</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\shortstack</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="363" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\shortstack</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6091,7 +7040,7 @@ the left of the <math>y</math>&nbsp;axis.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Center objects (default)
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="364" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(for <code>\shortstack</code> objects)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
rows are not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in
@@ -6110,7 +7059,7 @@ argument <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code>.
<node name="_005cvector" spaces=" "><nodename>\vector</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\shortstack</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vector</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="365" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\vector</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6120,7 +7069,7 @@ argument <code>\shortstack&lbrace;X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X&rbrace;</code>.
<para>Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The
-<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change&nbsp;&textmdash; it is not the
+<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change&textmdash;it is not the
length of the vector, it is the change in <math>x</math>. In the special case
of vertical vectors, if (<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then
<var>travel</var> gives the change in <math>y</math>.
@@ -6139,7 +7088,7 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
<node name="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\makebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vector</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="366" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp">\makebox <r>(for <code>picture</code>)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6188,7 +7137,7 @@ two of these letters.
<node name="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\framebox (picture)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frame</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\framebox</code> (picture)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="367" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6220,8 +7169,8 @@ the text in the center.
<var>text</var>; see <ref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></ref> for the values that it can
take.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="368" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="369" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</para>
@@ -6235,7 +7184,7 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (<pxref label="_
<node name="_005cframe" spaces=" "><nodename>\frame</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\dashbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\framebox (picture)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frame</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="370" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp">\frame</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6253,7 +7202,7 @@ between the frame and the object. It is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><x
<node name="_005cdashbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\dashbox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frame</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">picture</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\dashbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="371" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp">\dashbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6294,18 +7243,18 @@ take.
<node name="quotation-_0026-quote" spaces=" "><nodename>quotation &amp; quote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabbing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">picture</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="372" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="373" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quotation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><code>quotation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="294">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="295">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="296">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="374" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="375" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349">displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350">paragraph indentations in quoted text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>quote</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp"><code>quote</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="297">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="298">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="299">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352">displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353">paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6346,12 +7295,14 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
<node name="tabbing" spaces=" "><nodename>tabbing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">quotation &amp; quote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabbing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="376" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="377" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<!-- c xx TODO align on the French which is more precise and has more illustrative examples. -->
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabbing</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabbing</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="300">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="301">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="302">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354">tab stops, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">lining text up using tab stops</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">alignment via tabbing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6374,12 +7325,12 @@ widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
-\hspace&lbrace;0.75in&rbrace; \= \hspace&lbrace;0.40in&rbrace; \= \hspace&lbrace;0.40in&rbrace; \kill
-Ship \&gt; Guns \&gt; Year \\
-\textit&lbrace;Sophie&rbrace; \&gt; 14 \&gt; 1800 \\
-\textit&lbrace;Polychrest&rbrace; \&gt; 24 \&gt; 1803 \\
-\textit&lbrace;Lively&rbrace; \&gt; 38 \&gt; 1804 \\
-\textit&lbrace;Surprise&rbrace; \&gt; 28 \&gt; 1805 \\
+\hspace&lbrace;1.2in&rbrace;\=\hspace&lbrace;1in&rbrace;\=\kill
+Ship \&gt;Guns \&gt;Year \\
+\textit&lbrace;Sophie&rbrace; \&gt;14 \&gt;1800 \\
+\textit&lbrace;Polychrest&rbrace; \&gt;24 \&gt;1803 \\
+\textit&lbrace;Lively&rbrace; \&gt;38 \&gt;1804 \\
+\textit&lbrace;Surprise&rbrace; \&gt;28 \&gt;1805 \\
\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -6390,24 +7341,25 @@ determined automatically by &latex;, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user
sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code>
generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages.
Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code>
-can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph.
+can be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph,
+without indentation.
</para>
-<para>A <code>tabbing</code> environment always starts a new paragraph, without
-indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
+<para>Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning
of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
<code>\linewidth</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="303">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">row, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <dfn>tabbed
rows</dfn>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
<code>\begin&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<para>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a current tab stop
-pattern, a sequence of <math><var>n</var> &gt; 0</math> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">pattern, current tab stops, <r>tabbing</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <dfn>current tab stop
+pattern</dfn>, a sequence of <math><var>n</var> &gt; 0</math> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
@@ -6423,37 +7375,37 @@ done in LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>
They are all fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="378" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\\ <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="379" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\= <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="380" mergedindex="cp">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="381" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp">\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\&gt; <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Advances to the next tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="382" mergedindex="cp">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\&lt;</indexterm>\&lt;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="383" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\+</indexterm>\+</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="384" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\-</indexterm>\-</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
necessary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="385" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\' <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
<code>\\</code>, or <code>\kill</code> command, to the previous column and aligned
to the right, flush against the current column&textrsquo;s tab stop.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="386" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\` <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&textrsquo;t move text to the right of the last
column because there&textrsquo;s no tab stop there. The <code>\`</code> command moves
@@ -6463,29 +7415,29 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
<code>\'</code> command between the <code>\`</code> and the <code>\\</code> or
<code>\end&lbrace;tabbing&rbrace;</code> command that ends the line.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="387" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="388" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="389" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="390" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\a <r>(tabbing)</r></indexterm>\a <r>(tabbing)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\a' <r>(acute accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\a` <r>(grave accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">\a= <r>(macron accent in tabbing)</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead,
use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="391" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\kill</indexterm>\kill</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
Any <code>\=</code>, <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in
effect.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="392" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="393" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm>\poptabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp">\poptabs</indexterm></findex>
<para>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="394" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp">\pushtabs</indexterm>\pushtabs</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="395" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp">\tabbingsep</indexterm>\tabbingsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -6517,15 +7469,15 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
end;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="304"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="305"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="306"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="307"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="308"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="309"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359"><r>package</r>, <code>algorithm2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360"><code>algorithm2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="310"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="311"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
@@ -6539,11 +7491,11 @@ there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
<node name="table" spaces=" "><nodename>table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tabular</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabbing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>table</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="396" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="397" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>table</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp"><code>table</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="312">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="313">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">tables, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">creating tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6577,20 +7529,18 @@ are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>,
-including text, &latex; commands, etc.
+<para>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>:
+the <var>table body</var> may contain text, &latex; commands, graphics, etc. It is
+typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
</para>
<para>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see <ref label="Floats"><xrefnodename>Floats</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-<para>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
-It can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
-</para>
<para>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross
references</xrefnodename></pxref>).
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="398" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp">\caption</indexterm></findex>
The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text
-for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
+<var>title</var> for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
instead of <var>title</var> (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -6615,11 +7565,11 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<node name="tabular" spaces=" "><nodename>tabular</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">thebibliography</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tabular</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="399" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="400" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>tabular</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp"><code>tabular</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="314">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="315">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">lines in tables</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">lining text up in tables</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6657,12 +7607,12 @@ illustrates many of the features.
<para>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>&textrsquo;s argument
<code>&lbrace;l|l&rbrace;</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="401" mergedindex="cp">&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">&amp; <r>for table cells</r></indexterm></findex>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <code>&amp;</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="402" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>tabular</code></r></indexterm></findex>
After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</para>
@@ -6740,7 +7690,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="403" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\extracolsep</indexterm></findex>
<para>An <code>\extracolsep&lbrace;<var>wd</var>&rbrace;</code> command in an &arobase;-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
@@ -6773,7 +7723,7 @@ a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code
declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>&lbrace;\centering .. \\
..&rbrace;</code>). Otherwise &latex; will misinterpret the double backslash as
-ending the row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
+ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
<code>\newline</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">*&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>cols</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
@@ -6799,25 +7749,25 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
<!-- c xx defaults, own node (xref from array)? -->
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="404" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\arrayrulewidth</indexterm>\arrayrulewidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arrayrulewidth">tabular arrayrulewidth</anchor>
<para>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is <samp>.4pt</samp>. Change it as in
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\arrayrulewidth&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="405" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\arraystretch</indexterm>\arraystretch</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-arraystrech">tabular arraystrech</anchor>
<para>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is <samp>1</samp>, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\arraystretch&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="406" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\doublerulesep</indexterm>\doublerulesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-doublerulesep">tabular doublerulesep</anchor>
<para>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is <samp>2pt</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="407" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\tabcolsep</indexterm>\tabcolsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="tabular-tabcolsep">tabular tabcolsep</anchor>
<para>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
<samp>6pt</samp>. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
@@ -6839,7 +7789,7 @@ lines:
<node name="_005cmulticolumn" spaces=" "><nodename>\multicolumn</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\multicolumn</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="408" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\multicolumn</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -6939,7 +7889,7 @@ in the first row here. That&textrsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
<node name="_005cvline" spaces=" "><nodename>\vline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\multicolumn</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="409" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp">\vline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&textrsquo;s row. Can also be
used in an &arobase;-expression, although its synonym vertical
@@ -6972,7 +7922,7 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
<node name="_005ccline" spaces=" "><nodename>\cline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="410" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp">\cline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7002,7 +7952,7 @@ height.
<node name="_005chline" spaces=" "><nodename>\hline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\cline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">tabular</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="411" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp">\hline</indexterm></findex>
<para>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&textrsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -7027,10 +7977,10 @@ is required.
<node name="thebibliography" spaces=" "><nodename>thebibliography</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">theorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">tabular</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>thebibliography</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="412" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="413" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>thebibliography</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp"><code>thebibliography</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="316">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">bibliography, creating (manually)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7043,7 +7993,7 @@ is required.
<para>Produce a bibliography or reference list. There are two ways to produce
bibliographic lists. This environment is suitable when you have only a
-few references and can maintain the list by hand. <xref label="Using-BibTeX"><xrefnodename>Using BibTeX</xrefnodename></xref>
+few references and can maintain the list by hand. <xref label="Using-BibTeX"><xrefnodename>Using BibTeX</xrefnodename></xref>,
for a more sophisticated approach.
</para>
<para>This shows the environment with two entries.
@@ -7066,15 +8016,17 @@ Together they are \cite&lbrace;latexdps, texbook&rbrace;.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>This styles the first reference as <samp>[1] Leslie ...</samp>, and so that
-<code>\cite&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;</code> produces the matching <samp>... based on [1]</samp>.
-The second <code>\cite</code> produces <samp>[1, 2]</samp>. You must compile the
-document twice to resolve these references.
+<code>... based on \cite&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;</code> produces the matching
+<samp>... based on [1]</samp>. The second <code>\cite</code> produces <samp>[1,
+2]</samp>. You must compile the document twice to resolve these references.
</para>
<para>The mandatory argument <var>widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is
as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less
than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\bibname</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\refname</indexterm></findex>
<para>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as <samp>Bibliography</samp>.
To change it there are two cases. In the <file>book</file> and <file>report</file>
classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the
@@ -7082,16 +8034,18 @@ default title is <samp>Bibliography</samp>, that title is in the macro
<code>\bibname</code>. For <file>article</file>, where the class&textrsquo;s top level
sectioning is <code>\section</code> and the default is <samp>References</samp>, the
title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
-as with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\refname&rbrace;&lbrace;Cited references&rbrace;</code> after
+as with <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\refname&rbrace;&lbrace;Cited references&rbrace;</code>, after
<code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="317"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="318"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Language support packages such as <file>babel</file> will automatically
redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
language.
</para>
+<para><xref label="list"><xrefnodename>list</xrefnodename></xref>, for the list layout control parameters.
+</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\bibitem</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Specify a bibliography item.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\cite</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Refer to a bibliography item.
@@ -7103,7 +8057,7 @@ language.
<node name="_005cbibitem" spaces=" "><nodename>\bibitem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cite</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bibitem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="414" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\bibitem</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7118,16 +8072,16 @@ language.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]&lbrace;<var>cite_key</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Generate an entry labeled by <var>label</var>. The default is for &latex; to
-generates a number using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <dfn>citation key</dfn>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="319">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
-<var>cite_key</var> is a string of
+<para>Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the
+<code>enumi</code> counter. The <dfn>citation key</dfn>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">citation key</indexterm></cindex>
+<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</para>
-<para><xref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></xref> for an example.
+<para><xref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></xref>, for an example.
</para>
-<para>The optional <var>label</var> changes the default label from an integer to the
-given string. With this
+<para>When provided, the optional <var>label</var> becomes the entry label and the
+<code>enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;thebibliography&rbrace;
@@ -7159,8 +8113,8 @@ Warning: There were multiply-defined labels</samp>.
</para>
<para>Under the hood, &latex; remembers the <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>
information because <code>\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file
-<file><var>filename</var>.aux</file>. For instance, the above example causes
-<code>\bibcite&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;&lbrace;Lamport, 1993&rbrace;</code> and
+<file><var>jobname</var>.aux</file> (<pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, the above
+example causes the two <code>\bibcite&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;&lbrace;Lamport, 1993&rbrace;</code> and
<code>\bibcite&lbrace;texbook&rbrace;&lbrace;1&rbrace;</code> to appear in that file. The <file>.aux</file>
file is read by the <code>\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> command and then the
information is available for <code>\cite</code> commands. This explains why
@@ -7177,7 +8131,7 @@ recompiling.
<node name="_005ccite" spaces=" "><nodename>\cite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nocite</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bibitem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="415" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\cite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7210,20 +8164,21 @@ comma-separated list of citation keys (<pxref label="_005cbibitem"><xrefnodename
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>produces output like <samp>... source is [1]</samp>. (You can change the
-appearance of the citation with bibliography styles. More is in
-<ref label="Using-BibTeX"><xrefnodename>Using BibTeX</xrefnodename></ref>.)
+<para>produces output like <samp>... source is [1]</samp>. You can change the
+appearance of the citation and of the reference by using bibliography
+styles if you generate automatically the <code>thebibliography</code>
+environment. More information in <ref label="Using-BibTeX"><xrefnodename>Using BibTeX</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
<para>The optional argument <var>subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For
example, <code>See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]&lbrace;texbook&rbrace;</code> might produce
<samp>See 14.3 in [1, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>.
</para>
<para>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes
-information to the auxiliary file <file><var>filename</var>.aux</file>. For
-instance, <code>\cite&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;</code> writes <samp>\citation&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;</samp>
-to that file. This information is used by Bib&tex; to include in your
-reference list only those works that you have actually cited; see
-<ref label="_005cnocite"><xrefnodename>\nocite</xrefnodename></ref> also.
+information to the auxiliary file <file><var>jobname</var>.aux</file>
+(<pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, <code>\cite&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;</code> writes
+<samp>\citation&lbrace;latexdps&rbrace;</samp> to that file. This information is used by
+Bib&tex; to include in your reference list only those works that you
+have actually cited; see <ref label="_005cnocite"><xrefnodename>\nocite</xrefnodename></ref> also.
</para>
<para>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>, and in the output
@@ -7239,7 +8194,7 @@ the fix may be to run &latex; again.
<node name="_005cnocite" spaces=" "><nodename>\nocite</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Using BibTeX</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nocite</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="416" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\nocite</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7248,28 +8203,28 @@ the fix may be to run &latex; again.
</pre></example>
<para>Produces no output but writes <var>keys</var> to the auxiliary file
-<file><var>doc-filename</var>.aux</file>.
+<file><var>jobname</var>.aux</file> (<pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>The mandatory argument <var>keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or
more citation keys (<pxref label="_005cbibitem"><xrefnodename>\bibitem</xrefnodename></pxref>). This information is used by
Bib&tex; to include these works in your reference list even though you
-have not cited them (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+have not explicitly cited them (<pxref label="_005ccite"><xrefnodename>\cite</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="Using-BibTeX" spaces=" "><nodename>Using BibTeX</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nocite</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Using Bib&tex;</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="320">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="321">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="322">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="417" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="418" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">using Bib&tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">bib&tex;, using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">bibliography, creating (automatically)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">\bibliographystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\bibliography</indexterm></findex>
<para>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
Bib&tex; program. This is only an introduction; see the full
-documentation on CTAN.
+documentation on CTAN (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>With Bib&tex;, you don&textrsquo;t use <code>thebibliography</code>
(<pxref label="thebibliography"><xrefnodename>thebibliography</xrefnodename></pxref>). Instead, include these lines.
@@ -7297,9 +8252,9 @@ Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>Many, many other Bib&tex; style files exist,
+<noindent></noindent><para>Many, many other Bib&tex; style files exist,
tailored to the demands of various publications. See CTAN&textrsquo;s listing
-<url><urefurl>http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></url>.
+<url><urefurl>https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<para>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
@@ -7336,10 +8291,10 @@ you used.
<node name="theorem" spaces=" "><nodename>theorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">titlepage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">thebibliography</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>theorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="419" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="420" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>theorem</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp"><code>theorem</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="323">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">theorems, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7367,11 +8322,11 @@ The next result follows immediately.
\end&lbrace;thm&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="324"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="325"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="326"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="327"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
@@ -7383,11 +8338,11 @@ such as styling options.
<node name="titlepage" spaces=" "><nodename>titlepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verbatim</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">theorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>titlepage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="421" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="422" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>titlepage</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp"><code>titlepage</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="328">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="329">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">making a title page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">title pages, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7434,14 +8389,14 @@ environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (<pxref label="_005cmaketitle"><xrefnod
<node name="verbatim" spaces=" "><nodename>verbatim</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">verse</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">titlepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verbatim</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="423" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="424" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verbatim</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp"><code>verbatim</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="330">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="331">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="332">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="333">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="334">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">verbatim text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386">simulating typed text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387">typed text, simulating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388">code, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389">computer programs, typesetting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7467,19 +8422,24 @@ Symbol swearing: %&amp;$#?&eosexcl;.
<para>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
the string <code>\end&lbrace;verbatim&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="335"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="336"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
-commands being fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>), instead it just cannot appear
-there. (But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
+commands being fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>), instead it just cannot work,
+as the <code>verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before
+processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward,
+nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has
+already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
+when the macro was called. However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can
+help with this.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="337"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="338"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="339"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="340"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
@@ -7487,16 +8447,16 @@ instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
and <code>minted</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="341"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="342"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyvrb</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397"><code>fancyvrb</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="343"><r>package</r>, <code>verbatimbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="344"><code>verbatimbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398"><r>package</r>, <code>verbatimbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399"><code>verbatimbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
</para>
-<para>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN.
+<para>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\verb</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
@@ -7506,8 +8466,8 @@ and <code>minted</code>.
<node name="_005cverb" spaces=" "><nodename>\verb</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">verbatim</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\verb</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="425" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="345">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp">\verb</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">verbatim text, inline</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7532,49 +8492,54 @@ exclamation point, <code>!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code>+</code>
because the exclamation point is part of <code>literal-text</code>.
</para>
<para>The single-character delimiter <var>char</var> surrounds
-<var>literal-text</var>&nbsp;&textmdash; it must be the same character before and
-after. No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and
-<var>char</var>, or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between
-<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the synopsis
-shows a space only to distinguish one component from the other). The
-delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The <var>literal-text</var>
-cannot include a line break.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="346">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
+<var>literal-text</var>&textmdash;it must be the same character before and after.
+No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and <var>char</var>,
+or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between
+<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the
+synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the
+other). The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The
+<var>literal-text</var> cannot include a line break.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">visible space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
<tex endspaces=" ">
</tex>
</para>
-<para>The output from this will include a character showing the spaces.
+<para>The output from this will include a visible space on both side of word
+<samp>with</samp>:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">The commands's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="347"><r>package</r>, <code>url</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="348"><code>url</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402"><r>package</r>, <code>url</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403"><code>url</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
-provides an option that is better than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
+is a better option than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="349"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="350"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404"><r>package</r>, <code>listings</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405"><code>listings</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="351"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="352"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406"><r>package</r>, <code>minted</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407"><code>minted</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
<code>\verb</code>. One is <file>listings</file>, another is <file>minted</file>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="353"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="354"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408"><r>package</r>, <code>cprotect</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409"><code>cprotect</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
-being fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>), instead it just cannot appear there.
-(But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
+being fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>), instead it just cannot work, as the
+<code>\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its
+argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a
+macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a
+token list along the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called.
+However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
</para>
</subsection>
@@ -7582,10 +8547,10 @@ being fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename>
<node name="verse" spaces=" "><nodename>verse</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">verbatim</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Environments</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>verse</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="426" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="427" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>verse</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp"><code>verse</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="355">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">poetry, an environment for</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7606,7 +8571,7 @@ being fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename>
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="428" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>verse</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</para>
@@ -7634,8 +8599,8 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
<node name="Line-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Line breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page breaking</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Environments</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Line breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="356">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="357">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">line breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412">breaking lines</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The first thing &latex; does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -7666,9 +8631,9 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
<node name="_005c_005c" spaces=" "><nodename>\\</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\\</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="429" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="358">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="359">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>force line break</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413">new line, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">line break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -7750,17 +8715,17 @@ something like this.
<node name="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" spaces=" "><nodename>\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\\</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="430" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="431" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="360">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp">\obeycr</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp">\restorecr</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">new line, output as input</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (<samp>^^M</samp>,
internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The
<code>\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
</para>
-<para>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code.
-<xref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></xref> instead.
+<para>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
+<code>verbatim</code> (<pxref label="verbatim"><xrefnodename>verbatim</xrefnodename></pxref>) instead.
</para>
<para>With &latex;&textrsquo;s usual defaults, this
</para>
@@ -7802,8 +8767,8 @@ fff ggg
<node name="_005cnewline" spaces=" "><nodename>\newline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="432" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="361">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp">\newline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph mode
@@ -7835,8 +8800,8 @@ single cell of the table.
<node name="_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" spaces=" "><nodename>\- (hyphenation)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\discretionary</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="433" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="362">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp">\- <r>(hyphenation)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">hyphenation, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Tell &latex; that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
@@ -7877,8 +8842,8 @@ care.
</section>
<node name="_005cdiscretionary" spaces=" "><nodename>\discretionary</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\- (hyphenation)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="363">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="364">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">hyphenation, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">discretionary hyphenation</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7909,9 +8874,9 @@ automatically by &tex;&textrsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
<node name="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" spaces=" "><nodename>\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\discretionary</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="434" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="435" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="365">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp">\fussy</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp">\sloppy</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">line breaks, changing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Declarations to make &tex; more picky or less picky about line
breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
@@ -7933,8 +8898,8 @@ the command.
<node name="sloppypar" spaces=" "><nodename>sloppypar</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>sloppypar</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="436" mergedindex="cp">sloppypar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="366">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">sloppypar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">sloppypar environment</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7971,8 +8936,8 @@ the command.
<node name="_005chyphenation" spaces=" "><nodename>\hyphenation</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hyphenation</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="437" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="367">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">\hyphenation</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">hyphenation, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -7998,10 +8963,10 @@ exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
<node name="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\hyphenation</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="438" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="439" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="368">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="369">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">\linebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">\nolinebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">line breaks, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">line breaks, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -8037,7 +9002,7 @@ underrepresented groups.
<para>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
out so that it extends to the right margin. <xref label="_005c_005c"><xrefnodename>\\</xrefnodename></xref>
-and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></ref> to have the spaces not stretched out.
+and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></ref>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
</para>
@@ -8046,8 +9011,8 @@ and&nbsp;<ref label="_005cnewline"><xrefnodename>\newline</xrefnodename></ref> t
<node name="Page-breaking" spaces=" "><nodename>Page breaking</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Line breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page breaking</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="370">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="371">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425">page breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">breaking pages</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ordinarily &latex; automatically takes care of breaking output into
pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
@@ -8077,7 +9042,7 @@ second one is lousy; to break the current page &latex; doesn&textrsquo;t look as
far ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to
influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
</para>
-<para><xref label="Layout"><xrefnodename>Layout</xrefnodename></xref> for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
+<para><xref label="Layout"><xrefnodename>Layout</xrefnodename></xref>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Start a new page; eject floats.
@@ -8090,11 +9055,11 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
<node name="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" spaces=" "><nodename>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newpage</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code> </sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="440" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="372">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="373">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="441" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="374">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">\clearpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">flushing floats and starting a page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">starting a new page and clearing floats</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">\cleardoublepage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">starting on a right-hand page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8149,9 +9114,9 @@ two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
<node name="_005cnewpage" spaces=" "><nodename>\newpage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newpage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="442" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="375">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="376">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp">\newpage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">new page, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">starting a new page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8185,7 +9150,7 @@ proposition that all men are created equal.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>makes a new page start after <samp>continent,</samp> and the cut-off line is
+<para>makes a new page start after <samp>continent</samp>, and the cut-off line is
not right justified. In addition, <code>\newpage</code> does not vertically
stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
</para>
@@ -8194,8 +9159,8 @@ stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
<node name="_005cenlargethispage" spaces=" "><nodename>\enlargethispage</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newpage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enlargethispage</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="443" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="377">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp">\enlargethispage</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">enlarge current page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -8228,10 +9193,10 @@ explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
<node name="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\enlargethispage</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="444" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="445" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="378">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="379">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp">\pagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp">\nopagebreak</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">page break, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">page break, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -8272,13 +9237,13 @@ that all men are created equal.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>does not give a page break at <samp>continent,</samp> but instead at
-<samp>nation,</samp> since that is where &latex; breaks that line. In
+<para>does not give a page break at <samp>continent</samp>, but instead at
+<samp>nation</samp>, since that is where &latex; breaks that line. In
addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect
this can cause you to get <samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active</samp>. <xref label="_005cnewpage"><xrefnodename>\newpage</xrefnodename></xref> for a command that
+occurred while \output is active</samp>. <xref label="_005cnewpage"><xrefnodename>\newpage</xrefnodename></xref>, for a command that
does not have these effects.
</para>
@@ -8287,7 +9252,7 @@ does not have these effects.
<node name="Footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Definitions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page breaking</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="380">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">footnotes, creating</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</para>
@@ -8321,7 +9286,7 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x
<node name="_005cfootnote" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnote</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnote</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="446" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\footnote</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -8345,9 +9310,9 @@ include a bibliographic style with that behavior (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><x
the footnote. If you use this then &latex; does not increment the
<code>footnote</code> counter.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="381">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="447" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="448" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol<r>, and footnotes</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;fnsymbol</indexterm></findex>
<para>By default, &latex; uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\thefootnote&rbrace;&lbrace;\fnsymbol&lbrace;footnote&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which
@@ -8358,11 +9323,11 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
</para>
<para>&latex; determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="382">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="383">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">footnote parameters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">parameters, for footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="449" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\footnoterule</indexterm>\footnoterule</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnoterule">footnote footnoterule</anchor>
<para>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&textrsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
@@ -8378,7 +9343,7 @@ Change the rule with something like this.
\kern 2pt&rbrace; % and this 2
</pre></example>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="450" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\footnotesep</indexterm>\footnotesep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="footnote-footnotesep">footnote footnotesep</anchor>
<para>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(<pxref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></pxref>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
@@ -8397,8 +9362,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; <pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="384">Footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="385">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">footnotes, in a minipage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">mpfootnote counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
@@ -8410,7 +9375,7 @@ shown alphabetically. <xref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodenam
<node name="_005cfootnotemark" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotemark</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnote</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotemark</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="451" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\footnotemark</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -8463,11 +9428,11 @@ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value&lbrace;footnoteValueSaver&rb
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="386"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="387"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441"><r>package</r>, <code>cleveref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442"><code>cleveref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="388"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="389"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <file>cleveref</file>.
</para>
@@ -8481,8 +9446,8 @@ The corollary is from Chance.\footnote&lbrace;Evers, Chance, 1990.&rbrace;
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="390"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="391"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>It will work with the package <file>hyperref</file>.
</para>
@@ -8491,7 +9456,7 @@ But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref&lbrace;fn:TE&rbrace;
<node name="_005cfootnotetext" spaces=" "><nodename>\footnotetext</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotemark</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\footnotetext</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="452" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\footnotetext</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -8506,7 +9471,7 @@ that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xre
The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote
mark.
</para>
-<para><xref label="_005cfootnotemark"><xrefnodename>\footnotemark</xrefnodename></xref> and&nbsp;<ref label="Footnotes-in-a-table"><xrefnodename>Footnotes in a table</xrefnodename></ref> for usage
+<para><xref label="_005cfootnotemark"><xrefnodename>\footnotemark</xrefnodename></xref> and&nbsp;<ref label="Footnotes-in-a-table"><xrefnodename>Footnotes in a table</xrefnodename></ref>, for usage
examples.
</para>
@@ -8514,8 +9479,8 @@ examples.
<node name="Footnotes-in-section-headings" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in section headings</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\footnotetext</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in section headings</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="392">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="393">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">footnote, in section headings</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</para>
@@ -8544,7 +9509,7 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
<node name="Footnotes-in-a-table" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes in a table</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Footnotes of footnotes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in section headings</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes in a table</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="394">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">footnote, in a table</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
@@ -8625,10 +9590,10 @@ other footnotes.
<node name="Footnotes-of-footnotes" spaces=" "><nodename>Footnotes of footnotes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes in a table</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Footnotes of footnotes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="395">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">footnote, of a footnote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="396"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="397"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451"><r>package</r>, <code>bigfoot</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452"><code>bigfoot</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
@@ -8651,7 +9616,7 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
<node name="Definitions" spaces=" "><nodename>Definitions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Counters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Footnotes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Definitions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="398">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</para>
@@ -8668,17 +9633,18 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\newfont</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Define a new font name.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\protect</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Using tricky commands.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discard extra spaces.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">xspace package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Space after a macro, conditionally.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\providecommand</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="453" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="399">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="400">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="401">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="402">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\newcommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">commands, redefining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -8703,13 +9669,16 @@ second.\footnotefrom&lbrace;%
\renewcommand*&lbrace;\<var>cmd</var>&rbrace;[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]&lbrace;<var>defn</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
-<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <ref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></ref>.
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="403">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="404">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
-The starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms that it not be
-<code>\long</code>).
+<para>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
+<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <ref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">starred form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">*-form, defining new commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">\long</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms, the commands
+are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
+multiple paragraphs.
</para>
<para>These are the parameters:
</para>
@@ -8731,10 +9700,10 @@ different number of arguments than the old version.
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">optargdefault</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
-(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
+(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present
+then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="405">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">positional parameter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in
<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]&lbrace;...&rbrace;...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the
parameter&nbsp;<code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the
@@ -8835,10 +9804,10 @@ is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
<node name="_005cprovidecommand" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\providecommand</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\providecommand</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="454" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="406">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="407">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="408">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\providecommand</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">commands, defining new ones</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">defining a new command</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">new commands, defining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -8856,14 +9825,14 @@ If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
as <code>\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then
this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file
that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
-<xref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></xref> for the description of the arguments.
+<xref label="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"><xrefnodename>\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</xrefnodename></xref>, for the description of the arguments.
</para>
<para>This example
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\providecommand&lbrace;\myaffiliation&rbrace;&lbrace;Saint Michael's College&rbrace;
\providecommand&lbrace;\myaffiliation&rbrace;&lbrace;Saint Michael's College&rbrace;
-From \myaffiliation.
+&gt;From \myaffiliation.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
@@ -8890,9 +9859,9 @@ letter, code&nbsp;11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
category code of the at-sign to code&nbsp;12, its default value.
</para>
<para>As &tex; reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="409">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="410">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="411">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">catcode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">character category code</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">category code, character</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>catcode</dfn>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
character&nbsp;<samp><code>\</code></samp> the catcode&nbsp;0. Command names
consist of a category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
@@ -8906,19 +9875,19 @@ or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a
package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of
their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode&nbsp;12.
</para>
-<para>The pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> changes the
-default code and then changes it back. Use them inside a <file>.tex</file>
-file, in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
-named with <code>&arobase;</code>, by having them surround your definition. Don&textrsquo;t
-use these inside <file>.sty</file> or <file>.cls</file> files since the
-<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already arrange
-that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode&nbsp;11.
+<para>Use the pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> inside a
+<file>.tex</file> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or
+redefining commands named with <code>&arobase;</code>, by having them surround your
+definition. Don&textrsquo;t use these inside <file>.sty</file> or <file>.cls</file> files
+since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already
+arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
+catcode&nbsp;11.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="412"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="413"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467"><r>package</r>, <code>macros2e</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468"><code>macros2e</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
-<url><urefurl>http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>.
+<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<para>In this example the class file has a command
<code>\thesis&arobase;universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
@@ -8936,9 +9905,9 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<node name="_005c_0040ifstar" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;ifstar</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;ifstar</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="455" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="414">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="415">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;ifstar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469">commands, star-variants</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">star-variants, commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -8955,28 +9924,34 @@ Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
</para>
<para>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
-environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
-complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
-given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
-by a star. For instance, &latex; does not really have a
-<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
-ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
-one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
-are <code>\mycmd&arobase;nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd&arobase;star</code>. They could take the
-same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
-As always, in a &latex; document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>&arobase;</code>
-must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
+environment name to contain a star. So you just have to write
+<code>\newenvironment&lbrace;<var>myenv</var>&rbrace;</code> or
+<code>\newenvironment&lbrace;<var>myenv</var>*&rbrace;</code> and continue the definition as
+usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the star not being
+a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the synopsis above,
+there will be a user-called command, given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which
+peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For instance, &latex;
+does not really have a <code>\section*</code> command; instead, the
+<code>\section</code> command peeks ahead. This command does not accept
+arguments but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept
+arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code>\mycmd&arobase;nostar</code> and
+<code>\mycmd&arobase;star</code>. They could take the same number of arguments or a
+different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a &latex;
+document a command using an at-sign&nbsp;<code>&arobase;</code> in its name must be
+enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
(<pxref label="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"><xrefnodename>\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>This example of <code>\&arobase;ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
-<code>\ciel&lbrace;night&rbrace;</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
-<code>\ciel*&lbrace;blue&rbrace;</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
+<code>\ciel&lbrace;blue&rbrace;</code> will return &quot;not starry blue sky&quot; while
+<code>\ciel*&lbrace;night&rbrace;</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot;.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;starry #1 sky&rbrace;
-\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;starred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;starry not #1 sky&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\makeatletter
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;not starry #1 sky&rbrace;
+\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;starred&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;starry #1 sky&rbrace;
\newcommand*&lbrace;\ciel&rbrace;&lbrace;\&arobase;ifstar&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;starred&rbrace;&lbrace;\ciel&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\makeatother
</pre></example>
<para>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
@@ -8992,16 +9967,32 @@ arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007&textrsquo;s
\&arobase;ifstar&lbrace;\agentsecret&arobase;starred&rbrace;&lbrace;\agentsecret&arobase;unstarred&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
-<code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. The <file>suffix</file> package allows the construct
-<code>\newcommand\mycommand&lbrace;<var>unstarred version</var>&rbrace;</code> followed by
-<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*&lbrace;<var>starred version</var>&rbrace;</code>. And
-&latex;3 has the <file>xparse</file> package that allows this code.
+<para>After a command name, a star is handled similarly to an optional
+argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is
+part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus,
+it is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the
+command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>\agentsecret<w> *</w>&lbrace;Bond&rbrace;</code> are equivalent. However, the
+standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471"><r>package</r>, <code>suffix</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472"><code>suffix</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473"><r>package</r>, <code>xparse</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474"><code>xparse</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of
+<code>\&arobase;ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <file>suffix</file> package allows the
+construct <code>\newcommand\mycommand&lbrace;<var>unstarred-variant</var>&rbrace;</code>
+followed by
+<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*&lbrace;<var>starred-variant</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+(2)&nbsp;&latex; provides the <file>xparse</file> package, which allows
+this code:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\NewDocumentCommand\foo&lbrace;s&rbrace;&lbrace;\IfBooleanTF#1
- &lbrace;<var>starred version</var>&rbrace;%
- &lbrace;<var>unstarred version</var>&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;<var>starred-variant</var>&rbrace;%
+ &lbrace;<var>unstarred-variant</var>&rbrace;%
&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -9010,8 +10001,8 @@ arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007&textrsquo;s
<node name="_005cnewcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\newcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newlength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;ifstar</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="456" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="416">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\newcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">counters, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -9063,11 +10054,11 @@ defined.</samp>
<node name="_005cnewlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\newlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="457" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="417">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="418">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="419">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="420">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\newlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">lengths, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">rubber lengths, defining new</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478">skip register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479">glue register, plain &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9098,8 +10089,8 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewsavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\newsavebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newsavebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="458" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="421">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\newsavebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480">box, allocating new</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9136,11 +10127,11 @@ Our logo is \usebox&lbrace;\logobox&rbrace;.
<node name="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" spaces=" "><nodename>\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newsavebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="459" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="460" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="422">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="423">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="424">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\newenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\renewenvironment</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481">environments, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482">defining new environments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483">redefining environments</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -9168,7 +10159,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox&lbrace;\logobox&rbrace;.
<para>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
construct <code>\begin&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace; ... <var>body</var> ... \end&lbrace;<var>env</var>&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="425"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -9300,12 +10291,12 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
<node name="_005cnewtheorem" spaces=" "><nodename>\newtheorem</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\newfont</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newtheorem</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="461" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="426">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="427">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\newtheorem</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">theorems, defining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">defining new theorems</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="428">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="429">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487">theorem-like environment</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488">environment, theorem-like</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -9435,9 +10426,9 @@ by <samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp> and <samp>Definition&nbsp;2.2</samp>.
<node name="_005cnewfont" spaces=" "><nodename>\newfont</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\protect</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newtheorem</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newfont</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="462" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="430">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="431">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp">\newfont</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">fonts, new commands for</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">defining new fonts</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c @findex .fd @r{file} -->
<para>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
@@ -9458,8 +10449,8 @@ boldface with a roman (<pxref label="Fonts"><xrefnodename>Fonts</xrefnodename></
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
backslash, <code>\</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="432">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="433">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">at clause, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492">design size, in font definitions</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<dfn>at clause</dfn>. &latex; will look on your system for a file named
<file><var>fontname</var>.tfm</file>. The at clause can have the form either
@@ -9483,9 +10474,9 @@ relative to the font&textrsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<node name="_005cprotect" spaces=" "><nodename>\protect</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\newfont</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\protect</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="463" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="434">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="435">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp">\protect</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493">fragile commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">robust commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>All &latex; commands are either <dfn>fragile</dfn> or <dfn>robust</dfn>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
@@ -9503,7 +10494,7 @@ name</var>&rbrace;</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by &latex; without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="436">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">moving arguments</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>moving argument</dfn>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid &tex; code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>
@@ -9546,13 +10537,13 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
</section>
-<node name="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" spaces=" "><nodename>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\protect</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" spaces=" "><nodename>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">xspace package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\protect</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="464" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="465" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="437">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="438">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespaces</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp">\ignorespacesafterend</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9569,7 +10560,7 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore spaces after the end of the
command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
-from Plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
+from plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
</para>
<para>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
@@ -9600,10 +10591,9 @@ as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\makeatletter
-\newcommand&lbrace;\honorific&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\def\&arobase;honorific&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace; % remember title
-\newcommand&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\&arobase;honorific~#1&rbrace; % put title before name
-\makeatother
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\honorific&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\def\honorific&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace; % remember title
+\newcommand&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\honorific~#1&rbrace; % put title before name
+
\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;|l|&rbrace;
\honorific&lbrace;Mr/Ms&rbrace; \fullname&lbrace;Jones&rbrace; \\ % no extra space here
\honorific&lbrace; Mr/Ms&rbrace; \fullname&lbrace;Jones&rbrace; % extra space before title
@@ -9612,11 +10602,11 @@ as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
<noindent></noindent>
<para>To fix this, change to
-<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\ignorespaces\&arobase;honorific~#1&rbrace;</code>.
+<code>\newcommand&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;\ignorespaces\honorific~#1&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code>
-at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, that is, as part of the second
-argument, as in <code>\begin&lbrace;newenvironment&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>env
+at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, as in
+<code>\begin&lbrace;newenvironment&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>env
name</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;... \ignorespaces&rbrace;&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use
@@ -9644,12 +10634,73 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
</para>
</section>
+<node name="xspace-package" spaces=" "><nodename>xspace package</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Definitions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>xspace package</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp">\xspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">spaces, ignore around commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">commands, ignore spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;xspace&rbrace;
+ ...
+\newcommand&lbrace;...&rbrace;&lbrace;...\xspace&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command, adds a
+space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters.
+</para>
+<para>After a command name that uses letters (as opposed to single character
+command names using non-letters such as <code>\$</code>), &tex; gobbles white
+space. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has <samp>Vermont</samp>
+placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\VT&rbrace;&lbrace;Vermont&rbrace;
+Our college is in \VT .
+The \VT&lbrace;&rbrace; summers are nice.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the dummy curly
+braces or else there would be no space separating <samp>Vermont</samp> from
+<samp>summers</samp>. (Many authors instead instead use a backslash-space
+<code>\ </code> for this. <xref label="_005c_0028SPACE_0029"><xrefnodename>\(SPACE)</xrefnodename></xref>.)
+</para>
+<para>The <file>xspace</file> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
+commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It inserts a
+space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
+exceptions. In this example, the dummy braces are not needed.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\VT&rbrace;&lbrace;Vermont\xspace&rbrace;
+Our college is in \VT .
+\VT summers are nice.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
+the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
+and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
+list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions&lbrace;\myfni \myfnii&rbrace;</code> and remove
+from that list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception&lbrace;!&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<!-- c David Carlisle https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/86620/339 -->
+<para>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in
+a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
+But it isn&textrsquo;t easy to predict when to enter dummy braces because
+<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
+command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
+error-prone than instead always remembering the dummy braces.
+</para>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Counters" spaces=" "><nodename>Counters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Lengths</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Definitions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="439">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="440">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">counters, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">variables, a list of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Everything &latex; numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
@@ -9694,7 +10745,7 @@ up to four levels of nesting (<pxref label="enumerate"><xrefnodename>enumerate</
<node name="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" spaces=" "><nodename>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usecounter</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="441">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">counters, printing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
@@ -9706,30 +10757,30 @@ instance, <code>\alph&lbrace;enumi&rbrace;</code>. Note that the counter name d
start with a backslash.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="466" mergedindex="cp">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp">\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &textlsquo;a&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;b&textrsquo;,
&enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="467" mergedindex="cp">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Alph&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase letters: &textlsquo;A&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;B&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the counter&textrsquo;s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
too large.</samp>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="468" mergedindex="cp">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\arabic&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in Arabic numbers such as <samp>5</samp> or <samp>-2</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="469" mergedindex="cp">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;i&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;ii&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the
counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
&latex; does not print anything in the output.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="470" mergedindex="cp">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\Roman&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &textlsquo;I&textrsquo;, &textlsquo;II&textrsquo;, &enddots; If the
counter&textrsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
&latex; does not print anything in the output.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="471" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\fnsymbol&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
<var>counter</var> should be between&nbsp;1 and&nbsp;9, inclusive. If the
@@ -9739,7 +10790,7 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything.
</para>
<para>Here are the symbols:
</para>
-<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=" .10 .30 .30 .30"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .30 .30 .30"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Number</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Symbol
</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
<para>1</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>asterisk</para></entry><entry command="tab"><para><code>\ast</code></para></entry><entry command="tab"><para>*<!-- c -->
@@ -9770,9 +10821,9 @@ warning but &latex; does not output anything.
<node name="_005cusecounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\usecounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\value</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usecounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="472" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="442">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="443">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\usecounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">list items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504">numbered items, specifying counter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9807,8 +10858,8 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
<node name="_005cvalue" spaces=" "><nodename>\value</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\usecounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\value</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="473" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="444">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\value</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505">counters, getting value of</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9851,9 +10902,9 @@ preceded by <code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\pr
<node name="_005csetcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\setcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\value</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="474" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="445">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="446">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\setcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">counters, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">setting counters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9879,12 +10930,13 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;exercise&rbrace;.
<node name="_005caddtocounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="475" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\addtocounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\addtocounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var><spacecmd type="nl"/></pre></example>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\addtocounter&lbrace;<var>counter</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>value</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
<para>Globally increment <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the
<var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
@@ -9902,7 +10954,7 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman&lbrace;section&rbrace;.
<node name="_005crefstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\refstepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\refstepcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="476" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\refstepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9926,7 +10978,7 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
<node name="_005cstepcounter" spaces=" "><nodename>\stepcounter</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\refstepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stepcounter</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="477" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">\stepcounter</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -9939,7 +10991,7 @@ within it. (For the definition of &textldquo;counters numbered within&textrdquo
<pxref label="_005cnewcounter"><xrefnodename>\newcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
</para>
<para>This command differs from <code>\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does
-not influence references&nbsp;&textmdash; it does not define the current
+not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>
(<pxref label="_005crefstepcounter"><xrefnodename>\refstepcounter</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -9948,9 +11000,9 @@ not influence references&nbsp;&textmdash; it does not define the current
<node name="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" spaces=" "><nodename>\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stepcounter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Counters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="478" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="479" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="480" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">\day</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">\month</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">\year</indexterm></findex>
<para>&latex; defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
@@ -9977,19 +11029,25 @@ bogus month value produces no output).
<node name="Lengths" spaces=" "><nodename>Lengths</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Counters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Lengths</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="447">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508">lengths, defining and using</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>length</dfn> is a measure of distance. Many &latex; commands take a
length as an argument.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509">rigid lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">rubber lengths</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">dimen <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512">skip <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513">glue <r>plain &tex;</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Lengths come in two types. A <dfn>rigid length</dfn> such as <code>10pt</code>
-does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain &tex;
-calls this a <dfn>dimen</dfn>.) A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what Plain &tex;
-calls a <dfn>skip</dfn>) such as as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>
-can contain either or both of those components. In that rubber length,
-the <code>1cm</code> is the <dfn>natural length</dfn> while the other two, the
-<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow &tex; to stretch or
-shrink the length to optimize placement.
+does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain
+&tex; calls this a <dfn>dimen</dfn>.) A <dfn>rubber length</dfn> (what plain
+&tex; calls a <dfn>skip</dfn> or <dfn>glue</dfn>) such as with <code>1cm
+plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code> can contain either or both of those
+components. In that rubber length, the <code>1cm</code> is the <dfn>natural
+length</dfn> while the other two, the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
+components, allow &tex; to stretch or shrink the length to optimize
+placement.
</para>
<para>The illustrations below use these two commands.
</para>
@@ -10100,6 +11158,8 @@ that after <code>\setlength&lbrace;\ylength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in plus 0.2in&rbrace
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settodepth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the depth of something.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settoheight</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the height of something.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\settowidth</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set a length to the width of something.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stretch</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add infinite stretchability.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Expressions</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Compute with lengths and integers.
<!-- c * Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined. -->
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -10107,76 +11167,76 @@ that after <code>\setlength&lbrace;\ylength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in plus 0.2in&rbrace
<node name="Units-of-length" spaces=" "><nodename>Units of length</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\setlength</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Units of length</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="448">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">units, of length</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&tex; and &latex; know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pt </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="481" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="449">Point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">pt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-pt">units of length pt</anchor>
-<para>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
-places, is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.85<dmn>mm</dmn> = 28.45<dmn>cm</dmn>.
+<para>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units
+is 1<dmn>point</dmn> = 2.845<dmn>mm</dmn> = .2845<dmn>cm</dmn>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">pc</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="450">pica</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="482" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">pica</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">pc</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-pc">units of length pc</anchor>
<para>Pica, 12 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">in </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="483" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="484" mergedindex="cp">inch</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">in</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">inch</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-in">units of length in</anchor>
<para>Inch, 72.27 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">bp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="485" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="451">Big point</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">bp</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">big point</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-bp">units of length bp</anchor>
<para>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="452">Centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="486" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">centimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">cm</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-cm">units of length cm</anchor>
<para>Centimeter
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">mm </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="453">Millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="487" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">millimeter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">mm</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-mm">units of length mm</anchor>
<para>Millimeter
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">dd </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="454">Didot point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="488" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">didot point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">dd</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-dd">units of length dd</anchor>
<para>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">cc </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="455">Cicero</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="489" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">cicero</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">cc</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-cc">units of length cc</anchor>
<para>Cicero, 12 dd
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">sp </itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="456">Scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="490" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">scaled point</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">sp</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="units-of-length-sp">units of length sp</anchor>
<para>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="457">ex</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="458">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="491" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="459">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="460">em</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="492" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">ex</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">x-height</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">ex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">m-width</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">em</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">em</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</anchor>
<anchor name="Lengths_002fen">Lengths/en</anchor>
<anchor name="Lengths_002fex">Lengths/ex</anchor>
@@ -10195,8 +11255,8 @@ of the vertical space between list items given as
likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
given in points.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="461">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="493" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">mu, math unit</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">mu</indexterm></findex>
<para>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<dfn>mu</dfn> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>.
@@ -10206,8 +11266,8 @@ math symbols family. <xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing i
<node name="_005csetlength" spaces=" "><nodename>\setlength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtolength</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Units of length</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\setlength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="494" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="462">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">\setlength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">lengths, setting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10244,8 +11304,8 @@ read again&gt; \relax l.19 \setlength&lbrace;specparindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0.6\pa
<node name="_005caddtolength" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtolength</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settodepth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\setlength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtolength</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="495" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="463">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\addtolength</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">lengths, adding to</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10284,7 +11344,7 @@ If you leave off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
<node name="_005csettodepth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settodepth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settoheight</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtolength</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settodepth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="496" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\settodepth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10316,7 +11376,7 @@ then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
<node name="_005csettoheight" spaces=" "><nodename>\settoheight</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\settowidth</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settodepth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settoheight</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="497" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\settoheight</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10346,10 +11406,10 @@ you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005csettowidth" spaces=" "><nodename>\settowidth</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stretch</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settoheight</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\settowidth</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="498" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\settowidth</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10378,12 +11438,169 @@ then you get something like <samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt;
</para>
</section>
+<node name="_005cstretch" spaces=" "><nodename>\stretch</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Expressions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\settowidth</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stretch</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\stretch</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\stretch&lbrace;<var>number</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var>number</var> times
+<code>\fill</code> units of stretchability (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). The
+<var>number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust
+(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this horizontal
+example, &latex; produces three tick marks, and the distance between
+the first and second is half again as long as the distance between the
+second and third.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\rule&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;&lbrace;1ex&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;\stretch&lbrace;1.5&rbrace;&rbrace;%
+ \rule&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;&lbrace;1ex&rbrace;\hspace&lbrace;\stretch&lbrace;1&rbrace;&rbrace;%
+ \rule&lbrace;0.4pt&rbrace;&lbrace;1ex&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>In this vertical example, the <samp>We dedicate &dots;</samp> will have three
+times as much space under it as above it.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newenvironment&lbrace;dedication&rbrace;&lbrace;% in document preamble
+ \clearpage\thispagestyle&lbrace;empty&rbrace;%
+ \vspace*&lbrace;\stretch&lbrace;1&rbrace;&rbrace; % stretchable space at top
+ \it
+&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \vspace&lbrace;\stretch&lbrace;3&rbrace;&rbrace; % space at bot is 3x as at top
+ \clearpage
+&rbrace;
+ ...
+\begin&lbrace;dedication&rbrace; % in document body
+We dedicate this book to our wives.
+\end&lbrace;dedication&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</section>
+<node name="Expressions" spaces=" "><nodename>Expressions</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\stretch</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Lengths</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Expressions</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">expressions</indexterm></findex>
+
+<!-- c Much from Joseph Wright's https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/245663/339 -->
+<para>Synopsis, one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\numexpr <var>expression</var>
+\dimexpr <var>expression</var>
+\glueexpr <var>expression</var>
+\muglue <var>expression</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Any place where you may write an integer, or a &tex; dimen, or &tex;
+glue, or muglue, you can instead write an expression to compute that
+type of quantity.
+</para>
+<para>An example is that <code>\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax</code> will
+produce as output the length that is four points less than width of a
+line (the only purpose of <code>\the</code> is to show the result in the
+document). Analogously, <code>\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax</code> will
+produce <samp>ix</samp>, and <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax</code>
+will produce <samp>10.0pt plus 2.0pt</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>A convenience here over doing calculations by allocating registers and
+then using <code>\advance</code>, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
+does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places
+where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width
+of the <code>\parbox</code>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\offset&rbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\offset&rbrace;&lbrace;2em&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+\parbox&lbrace;\dimexpr\linewidth-\offset*3&rbrace;&lbrace;With malice toward none
+with charity for all with firmness in the right as God gives us to see
+the right let us strive on to finish the work we are in to bind up the
+nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and
+for his widow and his orphan \textasciitilde\ to do all which may
+achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with
+all nations. ---Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, from the
+memorial&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;center&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <var>expression</var> consists of one or more terms of the same type
+(integer, dimension, etc.) that are added or subtracted. A term that is
+a type of number, dimension, etc., consists of a factor of that type,
+optionally multiplied or divided by factors. A factor of a type is
+either a quantity of that type or a parenthesized subexpression. The
+expression produces a result of the given type, so that <code>\numexpr</code>
+produces an integer, <code>\dimexpr</code> produces a dimension, etc.
+</para>
+<para>In the quotation example above, changing to
+<code>\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset</code> gives the error <code>Illegal unit
+of measure (pt inserted)</code>. This is because for <code>\dimexpr</code> and
+<code>\glueexpr</code>, the input consists of a dimension or glue value
+followed by an optional multiplication factor, and not the other way
+around. Thus <code>\the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax</code> is valid and produces
+<samp>10.0pt</samp>, but <code>\the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax</code> gives the
+<code>Illegal unit</code> error.
+</para>
+<para>The expressions absorb tokens and carry out appropriate mathematics up
+to a <code>\relax</code> (which will be absorbed), or up to the first
+non-valid token. Thus, <code>\the\numexpr2+3px</code> will print
+<samp>5px</samp>, because &latex; reads the <code>\numexpr2+3</code>, which is
+made up of numbers, and then finds the letter <code>p</code>, which cannot
+be part of a number. It therefore terminates the expression and
+produces the <samp>5</samp>, followed by the regular text <samp>px</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>This termination behavior is useful in comparisons. In
+<code>\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 &lt; 10pt Yes\else No\fi</code>, the less than
+sign terminates the expression and the result is <samp>No</samp> (in a
+standard &latex; article).
+</para>
+<para>Expressions may use the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and
+<code>/</code> along with parentheses for subexpressions, <code>(...)</code>. In
+glue expressions the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> parts do not need
+parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus
+1pt * 2 \relax</code> results in <samp>10pt plus 2pt</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>&tex; will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
+doing register assignment. Thus <code>\the\numexpr\dimexpr
+1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in <samp>65536</samp>, which is <code>1pt</code>
+converted to scaled points (&tex;&textrsquo;s internal unit) and then coerced
+into an integer. With a <code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink
+would be dropped. Going the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a
+<code>\dimexpr</code> or <code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
+<code>\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces
+<samp>3.0pt</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the
+allowed range, numbers must be less than <math>2^{31}</math> in absolute
+value, and dimensions or glue components must be less than
+<math>2^{14}</math> points, or <code>mu</code>, or <code>fil</code>, etc. The
+arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling
+operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which
+is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as
+intermediate value. The result of each operation is again checked to
+be in the allowed range.
+</para>
+<para>Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike &tex;&textrsquo;s
+<code>\divide</code>, which truncates). Thus
+<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax</code> puts <samp>10.0pt</samp> in the document,
+because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while
+<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax</code> produces <samp>5.0pt</samp>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
</chapter>
<node name="Making-paragraphs" spaces=" "><nodename>Making paragraphs</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math formulas</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Lengths</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Making paragraphs</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="464">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="465">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">making paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
@@ -10446,8 +11663,8 @@ complete</samp>.
<node name="_005cpar" spaces=" "><nodename>\par</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\indent &amp; \noindent</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\par</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="499" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="466">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\par</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">paragraph, ending</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (note that while reading the input &tex; converts two
consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
@@ -10511,10 +11728,10 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
<node name="_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" spaces=" "><nodename>\indent &amp; \noindent</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\par</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="500" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="501" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="502" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="467">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\indent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\noindent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">indent, forcing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -10522,7 +11739,7 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
<pre xml:space="preserve">\indent
</pre></example>
-<noindent></noindent> <para>or
+<noindent></noindent><para>or
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent
@@ -10533,7 +11750,7 @@ first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These
commands are robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
-<xref label="_005cpar"><xrefnodename>\par</xrefnodename></xref> for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
+<xref label="_005cpar"><xrefnodename>\par</xrefnodename></xref>, for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>.
</para>
@@ -10567,8 +11784,8 @@ because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
<code>\parskip</code> (<pxref label="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"><xrefnodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="468"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="469"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534"><r>package</r>, <code>indentfirst</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535"><code>indentfirst</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Default &latex; styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
@@ -10579,23 +11796,25 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
<node name="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" spaces=" "><nodename>\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Marginal notes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\indent &amp; \noindent</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="503" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="504" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="470">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="471">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\parindent</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\parskip</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536">paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537">horizontal paragraph indentation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538">vertical space before paragraphs</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>horizontal len</var>&rbrace;
-\setlength&lbrace;\parinden&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>vertical len</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>horizontal len</var>&rbrace;
+\setlength&lbrace;\parskip&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>vertical len</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Both are a rubber lengths (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). They give the indentation
-of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
-(<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>), and the vertical space between paragraphs.
+<para>Both are rubber lengths (<pxref label="Lengths"><xrefnodename>Lengths</xrefnodename></pxref>). They affect the
+indentation of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside
+minipages (<pxref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></pxref>), and the vertical space between
+paragraphs, respectively.
</para>
-<para>This, put in the preamble,
+<para>For example, if this is put in the preamble:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;0em&rbrace;
@@ -10603,26 +11822,30 @@ of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not indented,
-but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase
-<samp>x</samp>.
+<para>The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead
+are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase <samp>x</samp>.
</para>
<para>In standard &latex; documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the default text size is
-<code>10pt</code> , <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
-<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. The default
-value for <code>\parskip</code> in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document styles is
-<code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+<code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
+<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. (These values
+are set before &latex; calls <code>\normalfont</code> so <code>em</code> is derived
+from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a different font
+then to set <code>\parindent</code> in units matching that font, do
+<code>\AtBeginDocument&lbrace;\setlength&lbrace;\parindent&rbrace;&lbrace;1em&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>.)
+</para>
+<para>The default value for <code>\parskip</code> in &latex;&textrsquo;s standard document
+styles is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Marginal-notes" spaces=" "><nodename>Marginal notes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\parindent &amp; \parskip</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Marginal notes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="472">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="473">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="474">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="505" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">marginal notes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">notes in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">remarks in the margin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\marginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -10643,8 +11866,8 @@ two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="506" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="507" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\reversemarginpar</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">\normalmarginpar</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then &latex; will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
@@ -10661,17 +11884,18 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
<para>These parameters affect the formatting of the note:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="508" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">\marginparpush</indexterm>\marginparpush</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparpush">marginal notes marginparpush</anchor>
-<para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for
-<samp>12pt</samp> documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else.
+<para>Minimum vertical space between notes; default <samp>7pt</samp> for <samp>12pt</samp>
+documents, <samp>5pt</samp> else. See also&nbsp;<ref label="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"><xrefnodename>page layout parameters
+marginparpush</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="509" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">\marginparsep</indexterm>\marginparsep</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparsep">marginal notes marginparsep</anchor>
<para>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
<samp>11pt</samp> for <samp>10pt</samp> documents, <samp>10pt</samp> else.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="510" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">\marginparwidth</indexterm>\marginparwidth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth">marginal notes marginparwidth</anchor>
<para>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided <samp>10pt</samp> document
is <samp>90pt</samp>, <samp>83pt</samp> for <samp>11pt</samp>, and <samp>68pt</samp> for
@@ -10692,17 +11916,17 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
<node name="Math-formulas" spaces=" "><nodename>Math formulas</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Modes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Making paragraphs</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math formulas</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="475">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="476">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="477">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="511" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="512" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">math formulas</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">formulas, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">math mode, entering</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>math</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp"><code>math</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="513" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="514" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>displaymath</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp"><code>displaymath</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="515" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="516" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp"><r>environment</r>, <code>equation</code></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp"><code>equation</code> <r>environment</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Produce mathematical text by putting &latex; into math mode or display
@@ -10776,7 +12000,7 @@ equivalent to <code>\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace; <var>math</var>
\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="517" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">\displaystyle</indexterm></findex>
<para>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
@@ -10805,14 +12029,14 @@ fraction will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>,
the <samp>Geometric</samp> line&textrsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="478"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="479"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="480"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="481"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="482"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="483"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
@@ -10836,11 +12060,11 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<node name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" spaces=" "><nodename>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math symbols</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="484">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="485">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="486">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="518" mergedindex="cp">_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="519" mergedindex="cp">^</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">superscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">subscript</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">^ <r>superscript</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">_ <r>subscript</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">exponent</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</para>
@@ -10907,15 +12131,15 @@ subscript.
subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
attaching to a prior symbols.
</para>
-<para>Using the subscript or superscript command outside of math mode or
+<para>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or
display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
the error <samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="487"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="488"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><r>package</r>, <code>mhchem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555"><code>mhchem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
-typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
+typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
<file>mhchem</file>; see CTAN.
</para>
@@ -10923,19 +12147,19 @@ typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
<node name="Math-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Math symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math functions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="489">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="490">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="491">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556">math symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557">symbols, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="492"><r>package</r>, <code>symbols</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="493"><code>symbols</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559"><r>package</r>, <code>comprehensive</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560"><code>comprehensive</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
-anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source,
-you will get the pi symbol <U>03C0</U>. See the <file>Comprehensive
-&latex; Symbol List</file> at
-<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/</urefurl></url>.
+anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source,
+you will get the pi symbol <U>03C0</U>. See the &textldquo;Comprehensive
+&latex; Symbol List&textrdquo; package at
+<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<para>Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive.
Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class,
@@ -10948,184 +12172,184 @@ mode, see <ref label="_005censuremath"><xrefnodename>\ensuremath</xrefnodename><
<!-- c Useful: http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-math-970515/section6.html -->
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="520" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\|</indexterm>\|</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="521" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\aleph</indexterm>\aleph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2135</U> Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="522" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\alpha</indexterm>\alpha</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B1</U> Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="523" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\amalg</indexterm>\amalg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A3F</U> Disjoint union (binary)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="524" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\angle</indexterm>\angle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2220</U> Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="525" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">\approx</indexterm>\approx</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2248</U> Almost equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="526" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">\ast</indexterm>\ast</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2217</U> Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar:&nbsp;<code>\star</code>, which is
five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and
sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="527" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\asymp</indexterm>\asymp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>224D</U> Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="528" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\backslash</indexterm>\backslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="529" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\beta</indexterm>\beta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B2</U> Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="530" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\bigcap</indexterm>\bigcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C2</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="531" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\bigcirc</indexterm>\bigcirc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>26AA</U> Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
<!-- c bb Best unicode symbol for this? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="532" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\bigcup</indexterm>\bigcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="533" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\bigodot</indexterm>\bigodot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A00</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="534" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\bigoplus</indexterm>\bigoplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A01</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="535" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\bigotimes</indexterm>\bigotimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A02</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="536" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangledown</indexterm>\bigtriangledown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25BD</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="537" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\bigtriangleup</indexterm>\bigtriangleup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="538" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp">\bigsqcup</indexterm>\bigsqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A06</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="539" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp">\biguplus</indexterm>\biguplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A04</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="540" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp">\bigvee</indexterm>\bigvee</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C1</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="541" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp">\bigwedge</indexterm>\bigwedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C0</U> Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="542" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U> Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp">\bot</indexterm>\bot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A5</U>, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="543" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp">\bowtie</indexterm>\bowtie</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C8</U> Natural join of two relations (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="544" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp">\Box</indexterm>\Box</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25A1</U> Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="545" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="494">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">\bullet</indexterm>\bullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561">bullet symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2022</U> Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="546" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">\cap</indexterm>\cap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2229</U> Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="547" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\cdot</indexterm>\cdot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C5</U> Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="548" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\chi</indexterm>\chi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C7</U> Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="549" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\circ</indexterm>\circ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2218</U> Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="550" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\clubsuit</indexterm>\clubsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2663</U> Club card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="551" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U> Set complement, used as a superscript as in
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\complement</indexterm>\complement</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2201</U>, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. Also used:
<code>$S^&lbrace;\mathsf&lbrace;c&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar&lbrace;S&rbrace;$</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="552" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\cong</indexterm>\cong</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2245</U> Congruent (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="553" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\coprod</indexterm>\coprod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2210</U> Coproduct (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="554" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\cup</indexterm>\cup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222A</U> Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="555" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\dagger</indexterm>\dagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2020</U> Dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="556" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\dashv</indexterm>\dashv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A3</U> Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="557" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\ddagger</indexterm>\ddagger</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2021</U> Double dagger relation (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="558" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\Delta</indexterm>\Delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0394</U> Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="559" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\delta</indexterm>\delta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B4</U> Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="560" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\Diamond</indexterm>\Diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C7</U> Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="561" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\diamond</indexterm>\diamond</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C4</U> Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="562" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\diamondsuit</indexterm>\diamondsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2662</U> Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="563" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\div</indexterm>\div</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00F7</U> Division sign (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="564" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\doteq</indexterm>\doteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2250</U> Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="565" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\downarrow</indexterm>\downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2193</U> Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="566" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\Downarrow</indexterm>\Downarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D3</U> Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="567" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\ell</indexterm>\ell</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2113</U> Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="568" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\emptyset</indexterm>\emptyset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
<!-- c bb Why Unicode has \revemptyset but no \emptyset? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="569" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\epsilon</indexterm>\epsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F5</U> Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
letter epsilon <code>\varepsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03B5</U>. Related:
@@ -11133,204 +12357,205 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;<U>2208</U>.
<!-- c src: David Carlisle http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/98018/339 and -->
<!-- c Unicode referenced there asserts varepsilon is much more widely used. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="570" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\equiv</indexterm>\equiv</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2261</U> Equivalence (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="571" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\eta</indexterm>\eta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B7</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="572" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\exists</indexterm>\exists</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2203</U> Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="573" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\flat</indexterm>\flat</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266D</U> Musical flat (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="574" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\forall</indexterm>\forall</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2200</U> Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="575" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\frown</indexterm>\frown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2322</U> Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="576" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\Gamma</indexterm>\Gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>0393</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="577" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\gamma</indexterm>\gamma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="578" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\ge</indexterm>\ge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="579" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\geq</indexterm>\geq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2265</U> Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="580" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\gets</indexterm>\gets</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="581" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\gg</indexterm>\gg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226B</U> Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="582" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\hbar</indexterm>\hbar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>210F</U> Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="583" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\heartsuit</indexterm>\heartsuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2661</U> Heart card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="584" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\hookleftarrow</indexterm>\hookleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A9</U> Hooked left arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="585" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\hookrightarrow</indexterm>\hookrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21AA</U> Hooked right arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="586" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\iff</indexterm>\iff</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="587" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\Im</indexterm>\Im</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2111</U> Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="588" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="495">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\imath</indexterm>\imath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562">dotless i, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="589" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\in</indexterm>\in</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2208</U> Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code><U>03F5</U> and small letter script
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="590" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\infty</indexterm>\infty</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221E</U> Infinity (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="591" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\int</indexterm>\int</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="592" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\iota</indexterm>\iota</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="593" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\Join</indexterm>\Join</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2A1D</U> Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
&tex;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="594" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="496">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\jmath</indexterm>\jmath</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563">dotless j, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="595" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\kappa</indexterm>\kappa</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BA</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="596" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\Lambda</indexterm>\Lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039B</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="597" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\lambda</indexterm>\lambda</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BB</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="598" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
-See also logical or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\land</indexterm>\land</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
+See also logical&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="599" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\langle</indexterm>\langle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E8</U> Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="600" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\lbrace</indexterm>\lbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007B</U> Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&lbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="601" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\lbrack</indexterm>\lbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005B</U> Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="602" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\lceil</indexterm>\lceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2308</U> Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="603" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\le</indexterm>\le</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="604" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\leadsto</indexterm>\leadsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21DD</U> Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*&lbrace;\Leadsto&rbrace;&lbrace;\ensuremath&lbrace;\leadsto&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
<!-- c bb Best Unicode equivalent? -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="605" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\Leftarrow</indexterm>\Leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D0</U> Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="606" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\leftarrow</indexterm>\leftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2190</U> Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="607" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoondown</indexterm>\leftharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BD</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="608" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\leftharpoonup</indexterm>\leftharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BC</U> Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="609" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\Leftrightarrow</indexterm>\Leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D4</U> Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="610" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\leftrightarrow</indexterm>\leftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2194</U> Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="611" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\leq</indexterm>\leq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2264</U> Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="612" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\lfloor</indexterm>\lfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230A</U> Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="613" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\lhd</indexterm>\lhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
-Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
+For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="614" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\ll</indexterm>\ll</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>226A</U> Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="615" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\lnot</indexterm>\lnot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="616" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\longleftarrow</indexterm>\longleftarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F5</U> Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="617" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\longleftrightarrow</indexterm>\longleftrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F7</U> Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="618" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\longmapsto</indexterm>\longmapsto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27FC</U> Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="619" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\longrightarrow</indexterm>\longrightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27F6</U> Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="620" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\lor</indexterm>\lor</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\vee</code>.
+See also logical&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>\land</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="621" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\mapsto</indexterm>\mapsto</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21A6</U> Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
+(relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="622" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\mho</indexterm>\mho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2127</U> Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
-Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="623" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\mid</indexterm>\mid</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2223</U> Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\&lbrace;\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -11340,42 +12565,42 @@ ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as
ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry
for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="624" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\models</indexterm>\models</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A8</U> Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="625" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\mp</indexterm>\mp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2213</U> Minus or plus (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="626" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\mu</indexterm>\mu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BC</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="627" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\nabla</indexterm>\nabla</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2207</U> Hamilton&textrsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="628" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\natural</indexterm>\natural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266E</U> Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="629" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\ne</indexterm>\ne</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="630" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\nearrow</indexterm>\nearrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2197</U> North-east arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="631" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\neg</indexterm>\neg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00AC</U> Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="632" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\neq</indexterm>\neq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2260</U> Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="633" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\ni</indexterm>\ni</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="634" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\not</indexterm>\not</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><!-- c the "@ "s put in spaces so the not slash doesn't hit the next char. -->
<para><U>0020</U><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/><spacecmd type="spc"/>Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
@@ -11384,82 +12609,85 @@ following operator (relation).
particularly with the <file>amssymb</file> package. For example, <code>\notin</code>
is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="635" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\notin</indexterm>\notin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2209</U> Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="636" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\nu</indexterm>\nu</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BD</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="637" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\nwarrow</indexterm>\nwarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2196</U> North-west arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="638" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\odot</indexterm>\odot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2299</U> Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="639" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\oint</indexterm>\oint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222E</U> Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="640" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\Omega</indexterm>\Omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A9</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="641" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\omega</indexterm>\omega</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C9</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="642" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\ominus</indexterm>\ominus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2296</U> Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="643" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\oplus</indexterm>\oplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2295</U> Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="644" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\oslash</indexterm>\oslash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2298</U> Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="645" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\otimes</indexterm>\otimes</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2297</U> Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="646" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\owns</indexterm>\owns</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220B</U> Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="647" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\parallel</indexterm>\parallel</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2225</U> Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="648" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\partial</indexterm>\partial</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2202</U> Partial differential (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="649" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\perp</indexterm>\perp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27C2</U> Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="650" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\Phi</indexterm>\Phi</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A6</U> Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\phi</indexterm>\phi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="651" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\Pi</indexterm>\Pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A0</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="652" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\pi</indexterm>\pi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C0</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="653" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\pm</indexterm>\pm</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00B1</U> Plus or minus (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="654" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\prec</indexterm>\prec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227A</U> Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="655" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\preceq</indexterm>\preceq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AAF</U> Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="656" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\prime</indexterm>\prime</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2032</U> Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
and <code>$f'$</code> produce the same result. An advantage of the second
@@ -11469,357 +12697,334 @@ typing. You can only use <code>\prime</code> in math mode. Using the right
single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
(apostrophe).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="657" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\prod</indexterm>\prod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>220F</U> Product (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="658" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\propto</indexterm>\propto</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221D</U> Is proportional to (relation)
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="659" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\Psi</indexterm>\Psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A8</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="660" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\psi</indexterm>\psi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="661" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\rangle</indexterm>\rangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>27E9</U> Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="662" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\rbrace</indexterm>\rbrace</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007D</U> Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\&rbrace;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="663" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\rbrack</indexterm>\rbrack</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>005D</U> Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="664" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\rceil</indexterm>\rceil</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2309</U> Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="665" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\Re</indexterm>\Re</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>211C</U> Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb&lbrace;R&rbrace;</code>; to access
this, load the <file>amsfonts</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="666" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\restriction</indexterm>\restriction</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="667" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U> Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\revemptyset</indexterm>\revemptyset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29B0</U>, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>stix</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="668" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\rfloor</indexterm>\rfloor</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>230B</U> Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="669" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\rhd</indexterm>\rhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
-Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
+For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="670" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\rho</indexterm>\rho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C1</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;<U>03F1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="671" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\Rightarrow</indexterm>\Rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D2</U> Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="672" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\rightarrow</indexterm>\rightarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="673" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoondown</indexterm>\rightharpoondown</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C1</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="674" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\rightharpoonup</indexterm>\rightharpoonup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21C0</U> Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="675" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\rightleftharpoons</indexterm>\rightleftharpoons</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21CC</U> Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="676" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\searrow</indexterm>\searrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2198</U> Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="677" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\setminus</indexterm>\setminus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>29F5</U> Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
<code>\textbackslash</code> outside of math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="678" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\sharp</indexterm>\sharp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>266F</U> Musical sharp (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="679" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\Sigma</indexterm>\Sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A3</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="680" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\sigma</indexterm>\sigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C3</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C2</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="681" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\sim</indexterm>\sim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>223C</U> Similar, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="682" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\simeq</indexterm>\simeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2243</U> Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="683" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\smallint</indexterm>\smallint</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>222B</U> Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="684" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\smile</indexterm>\smile</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2323</U> Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="685" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\spadesuit</indexterm>\spadesuit</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2660</U> Spade card suit (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="686" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\sqcap</indexterm>\sqcap</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2293</U> Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="687" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\sqcup</indexterm>\sqcup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2294</U> Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="688" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U> Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubset</indexterm>\sqsubset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228F</U>, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="689" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\sqsubseteq</indexterm>\sqsubseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2291</U> Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="690" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U> Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupset</indexterm>\sqsupset</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2290</U>, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="691" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\sqsupseteq</indexterm>\sqsupseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2292</U> Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="692" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\star</indexterm>\star</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22C6</U> Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
Similar: the synonyms asterisk&nbsp;<code>*</code> and <code>\ast</code>, which
are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript,
as with the Kleene star.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="693" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\subset</indexterm>\subset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2282</U> Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="694" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\subseteq</indexterm>\subseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2286</U> Subset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="695" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\succ</indexterm>\succ</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>227B</U> Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="696" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\succeq</indexterm>\succeq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2AB0</U> Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="697" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\sum</indexterm>\sum</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2211</U> Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="698" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\supset</indexterm>\supset</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2283</U> Superset (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="699" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\supseteq</indexterm>\supseteq</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2287</U> Superset or equal to (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="700" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\surd</indexterm>\surd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>221A</U> Radical symbol (ordinary). The &latex; command
<code>\sqrt&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
that extends to cover the argument.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="701" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\swarrow</indexterm>\swarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2199</U> Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="702" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\tau</indexterm>\tau</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C4</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="703" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\theta</indexterm>\theta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B8</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;<U>03D1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="704" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\times</indexterm>\times</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>00D7</U> Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="705" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\to</indexterm>\to</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2192</U> Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="706" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\top</indexterm>\top</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A4</U> Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="707" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\triangle</indexterm>\triangle</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B3</U> Triangle (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="708" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\triangleleft</indexterm>\triangleleft</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25C1</U> Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
should load <file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which
is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="709" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\triangleright</indexterm>\triangleright</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>25B7</U> Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
<file>amssymb</file> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="710" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\unlhd</indexterm>\unlhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B4</U> Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
-triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the
+triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="711" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\unrhd</indexterm>\unrhd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22B5</U> Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
-triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package. For the
+triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <file>amssymb</file> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="712" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\Uparrow</indexterm>\Uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D1</U> Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="713" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\uparrow</indexterm>\uparrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2191</U> Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="714" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\Updownarrow</indexterm>\Updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21D5</U> Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="715" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\updownarrow</indexterm>\updownarrow</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2195</U> Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="716" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U> Up harpoon, with barb on right side
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\upharpoonright</indexterm>\upharpoonright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>21BE</U>, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>&backslashchar;restriction</code>.
Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="717" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\uplus</indexterm>\uplus</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>228E</U> Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="718" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\Upsilon</indexterm>\Upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03A5</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="719" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\upsilon</indexterm>\upsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C5</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="720" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\varepsilon</indexterm>\varepsilon</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B5</U> Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
<code>\epsilon</code>&nbsp;<U>03F5</U>. Related: set
membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="721" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U> Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\vanothing</indexterm>\vanothing</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2205</U>, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain &tex;. In &latex; you need to load the <file>amssymb</file> package.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="722" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\varphi</indexterm>\varphi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;<U>03D5</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="723" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\varpi</indexterm>\varpi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D6</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;<U>03C0</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="724" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\varrho</indexterm>\varrho</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03F1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;<U>03C1</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="725" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\varsigma</indexterm>\varsigma</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03C2</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\sigma</code>&nbsp;<U>03C3</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="726" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\vartheta</indexterm>\vartheta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03D1</U> Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
<code>\theta</code>&nbsp;<U>03B8</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="727" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\vdash</indexterm>\vdash</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>22A2</U> Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="728" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\vee</indexterm>\vee</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2228</U> Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="729" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
-bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
-</para>
-<para>For a norm symbol, you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and put in
-your preamble
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm&lbrace;\lVert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rVert&rbrace;</code>. This gives you
-three command variants for double-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version <code>$\norm*&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;$</code> then the height of the vertical bars
-will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\norm&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
-command</var>]&lbrace;M^\perp&rbrace;</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="730" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
-vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
-set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
-</para>
-<para>For absolute value you can use the <file>mathtools</file> package and in your
-preamble put
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs&lbrace;\lvert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rvert&rbrace;</code>. This gives you
-three command variants for single-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version <code>$\abs*&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;$</code> then the height of the
-vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\abs&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> the bars do not grow with the height of
-the argument but instead are the default height, and
-<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> also gives bars that
-do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
-e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="731" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\Vert</indexterm>\Vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2016</U> Vertical double bar (ordinary). <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>,
+for how to use the <file>mathtools</file> package to create flexibly-sized
+norm symbols.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\vert</indexterm>\vert</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>007C</U> Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &textldquo;such
+that&textrdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it
+is a relation. <xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for how to use the <file>mathtools</file>
+package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\wedge</indexterm>\wedge</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2227</U> Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="732" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\wp</indexterm>\wp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2118</U> Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="733" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\wr</indexterm>\wr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>2240</U> Wreath product (binary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="734" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\Xi</indexterm>\Xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>039E</U> uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="735" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\xi</indexterm>\xi</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03BE</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="736" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\zeta</indexterm>\zeta</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para><U>03B6</U> Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -11828,36 +13033,191 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="737" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\mathdollar</indexterm>\mathdollar</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="738" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\mathparagraph</indexterm>\mathparagraph</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, <U>00B6</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="739" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\mathsection</indexterm>\mathsection</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Section sign in math mode <U>00A7</U>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="740" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\mathsterling</indexterm>\mathsterling</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="741" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\mathunderscore</indexterm>\mathunderscore</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underscore in math mode: _.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Blackboard bold</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Doublestruck characters.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Calligraphic</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cursive characters.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Arrows</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of arrows.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Symbols in boldface.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Blackboard bold</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Doublestruck characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Calligraphic</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Cursive characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Delimiters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Parentheses, braces, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Dots</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Ellipses, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Greek letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">List of Greek letters.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Blackboard-bold" spaces=" "><nodename>Blackboard bold</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Arrows" spaces=" "><nodename>Arrows</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Arrows</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564">arrows</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">symbols, arrows</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">math, arrows</indexterm></findex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566"><r>package</r>, <code>amsfonts</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567"><code>amsfonts</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568"><r>package</r>, <code>latexsym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569"><code>latexsym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>These are the arrows that come with standard &latex;. The
+<file>latexsym</file> and <file>amsfonts</file> packages contain many more.
+</para>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .40 .50"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".50"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021D3</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Downarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02193</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\downarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021A9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\hookleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021AA</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\hookrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>2190</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\leftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021D0</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Leftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021D4</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Leftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02194</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\leftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027F5</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027F8</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Longleftarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027F7</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longleftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027FA</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Longleftrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027FC</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longmapsto</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027F9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Longrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>027F6</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\longrightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021A6</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\mapsto</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02197</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\nearrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02196</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\nwarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021D2</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Rightarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02192</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rightarrow</code>, or <code>\to</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02198</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\searrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02199</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\swarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02191</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\uparrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021D1</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Uparrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>02195</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\updownarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>021D5</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\Updownarrow</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
+<para>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code>
+is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570"><r>package</r>, <code>amscd</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571"><code>amscd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572"><r>package</r>, <code>tikz-cd</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573"><code>tikz-cd</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
+<file>tikz-cd</file> and <file>amscd</file>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" spaces=" "><nodename>\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Arrows</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>or
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
+a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
+(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
+math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). Both commands are fragile
+(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
+<code>\mbox</code>,
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">we have $\mbox&lbrace;\boldmath \( v \)&rbrace; = 5\cdot\mbox&lbrace;\boldmath \( u \)$&rbrace;$
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
+mode, and explains why &latex; must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code>
+and <code>u</code>.
+</para>
+<para>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like <samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp> and <samp>LaTeX
+Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
+11</samp>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
+the <file>bm</file> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete
+description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
+documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;bm&rbrace; % in preamble
+...
+we have $\bm&lbrace;v&rbrace; = 5\cdot\bm&lbrace;u&rbrace;$
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="Blackboard-bold" spaces=" "><nodename>Blackboard bold</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Blackboard bold</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="497">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="498">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">blackboard bold</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">doublestruck</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11878,7 +13238,7 @@ integers, etc.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>the <code>\mathbb&lbrace;N&rbrace;</code> gives blackboard bold symbol <U>2115</U>
+<para>the <code>\mathbb&lbrace;N&rbrace;</code> gives blackboard bold symbol <U>2115</U>,
representing the natural numbers.
</para>
<para>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
@@ -11889,12 +13249,12 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="Calligraphic" spaces=" "><nodename>Calligraphic</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Calligraphic" spaces=" "><nodename>Calligraphic</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Delimiters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Blackboard bold</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Calligraphic</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="499">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="500">script fonts</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="501">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">calligraphic fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">script fonts</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">fonts, script</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -11911,83 +13271,370 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
</pre></example>
<para>If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get
-an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
-<code>\mathcal&lbrace;g&rbrace;</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol, while
-<code>\mathcal&lbrace;+&rbrace;</code> outputs a plus sign.
+an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
+<code>\mathcal&lbrace;g&rbrace;</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" spaces=" "><nodename>\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Dots</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></sectiontitle>
+<node name="Delimiters" spaces=" "><nodename>Delimiters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Dots</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Calligraphic</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Delimiters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="502">boldface mathematics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="503">symbols, boldface</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="742" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="743" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">braces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">curly braces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">brackets</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+<para>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark
+the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of
+parentheses delimiting the three subformulas.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+<pre xml:space="preserve">(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>or
+<para>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code>\( [0,1) \)</code>.
+</para>
+<para>Here are the common delimiters:
+</para>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".11 .20 .40 .29"><columnfraction value=".11"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".20"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".40"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".29"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Delimiter</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name
+</para></entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
+<para>( </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>(</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left parenthesis
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>) </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>)</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right parenthesis
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>\&rbrace; </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>&lbrace;</code> or <code>\lbrace</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left brace
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>\&lbrace; </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>&rbrace;</code> or <code>\rbrace</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right brace
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>[ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>] </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>230A</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\lfloor</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left floor bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>230B</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rfloor</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right floor bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>2308</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\lceil</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left ceiling bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>2309</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rceil</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right ceiling bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>27E8</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\langle</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Left angle bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>27E9</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rangle</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Right angle bracket
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>/ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>/</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Slash, or forward slash
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>\ </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\backslash</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Reverse slash, or backslash
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para>| </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Vertical bar
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>2016</U> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code> </para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Double vertical bar
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The <file>mathtools</file> package allows you to create commands for paired
+delimiters. For instance, if you put
+<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs&lbrace;\lvert&rbrace;&lbrace;\rvert&rbrace;</code> in your preamble
+then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work
+in math mode). The starred version, such as
+<code>\abs*&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, has the height of the vertical bars
+match the height of the argument. The unstarred version, such as
+<code>\abs&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
+This version accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
+command</var>]&lbrace;\frac&lbrace;22&rbrace;&lbrace;7&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, where the height of the bars is given in
+<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using <code>\lVert</code> and
+<code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same
+behavior.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\left &amp; \right</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Automatically sized delimiters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Manually sized delimiters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" spaces=" "><nodename>\left &amp; \right</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeup></node>
+<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex>
+
+<!-- c Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 -->
+
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var>
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="744" mergedindex="cp">\boldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="745" mergedindex="cp">\unboldmath</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
-a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
-(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
-math mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). Both commands are fragile
-(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. &latex; makes
+the delimiters tall enough to just cover the size of the formula that
+they enclose.
</para>
-<para>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
-<code>\mbox</code>,
+<para>This makes a unit vector surrounded by parentheses tall enough to cover
+the entries.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">we have $\mbox&lbrace;\boldmath \( v \)&rbrace; = 5\cdot\mbox&lbrace;\boldmath \( u \)$&rbrace;$
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \left(\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;
+ 1 \\
+ 0 \\
+ \end&lbrace;array&rbrace;\right)
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para><xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of the common delimiters.
+</para>
+<para>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. In the above
+example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message
+<samp>Extra \right</samp>. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets <samp>You
+can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
+case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
+<samp>.</samp>, as a null delimiter.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ f(n)=\left\&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;ll&rbrace;
+ 1 &amp;\mbox&lbrace;--if \(n=0\)&rbrace; \\
+ f(n-1)+3n^2 &amp;\mbox&lbrace;--else&rbrace;
+ \end&lbrace;array&rbrace;\right.
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
-mode, and explains why &latex; must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code>
-and <code>u</code>.
+<para>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
+backslash, <code>\&lbrace;</code>. (The packages <file>amsmath</file> and
+<file>mathtools</file> allow you to get the above construct through in a
+<code>cases</code> environment.)
</para>
-<para>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
-\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like <samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
-Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp> and <samp>LaTeX
-Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
-11</samp>.
+<para>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that
+the formula enclosed in the <code>\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have
+line breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and
+&latex;-generated automatic ones. In this example, &latex; breaks the
+equation to make the formula fit the margins.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="504"><r>package</r>, <code>bm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="505"><code>bm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+\( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \)
+</pre></example>
-<para>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
-the <file>bm</file> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete
-description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
-documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>But with <code>\left</code> and <code>\right</code>
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;bm&rbrace; % in preamble
-...
-we have $\bm&lbrace;v&rbrace; = 5\cdot\bm&lbrace;u&rbrace;$
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+\( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+<para>&latex; won&textrsquo;t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
+margin.
+</para>
+<para>Because <code>\left ... \right</code> make a group, all the usual grouping
+rules hold. Here, the value of <code>\testlength</code> set inside the
+equation will be forgotten, and the output is <samp>1.2pt</samp>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newlength&lbrace;\testlength&rbrace; \setlength&lbrace;\testlength&rbrace;&lbrace;1.2pt&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \left( a+b=c \setlength&lbrace;\testlength&rbrace;&lbrace;3.4pt&rbrace; \right)
+ \the\testlength
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
+enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in <code>\( \sin(x) =
+\sin\left(x\right) \)</code> the one after the equals sign has more space
+around the <code>x</code>. That&textrsquo;s because <code>\left( ... \right)</code> inserts
+an inner node while <code>( ... )</code> inserts an opening node. The second
+way that the pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they
+form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural
+width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
+</para>
+<para>&tex; scales the delimiters according to the height and depth of the
+contained formula. Here &latex; grows the brackets to extend the full
+height of the integral.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \left[ \int_&lbrace;x=r_0&rbrace;^&lbrace;\infty&rbrace; -G\frac&lbrace;Mm&rbrace;&lbrace;r^2&rbrace;\, dr \right]
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Manual sizing is often better. For instance, although below the rule
+has no depth, &tex; will create delimiters that extend far below the
+rule.
</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \left( \rule&lbrace;1pt&rbrace;&lbrace;1cm&rbrace; \right)
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>&tex; can choose delimiters that are too small, as in <code>\( \left|
+|x|+|y| \right| \)</code>. It can also choose delimiters that are too large,
+as here.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \left( \sum_&lbrace;0\leq i&lt;n&rbrace; i^k \right)
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than
+one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
+delimiter; you can&textrsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
+<code>\right</code> on the last because they must be paired.
+</para>
+<para>To size the delimiters manually, see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</xrefnodename></ref>.
+</para>
+
+</subsubsection>
+<node name="_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" spaces=" "><nodename>\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\left &amp; \right</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeup></node>
+<subsubsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</sectiontitle>
+
+<para>Synopsis, one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
+\Bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
+\biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
+\Biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>(as with <code>\bigl[...\bigr]</code>; strictly speaking they need not be
+paired, see below), or one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\bigm<var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigm<var>delimiter</var>
+\biggm<var>delimiter</var>
+\Biggm<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>(as with <code>\bigm|</code>), or one of:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\big<var>delimiter</var>
+\Big<var>delimiter</var>
+\bigg<var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigg<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>(as with <code>\big[</code>).
+</para>
+<para>Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are
+automatically sized see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><xrefnodename>\left &amp; \right</xrefnodename></ref>).
+</para>
+<para>This produces slightly larger outer vertical bars.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"> \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr|
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The commands above are listed in order of increasing size. You can use
+the smallest size such as <code>\bigl...\bigr</code> in a paragraph without
+causing &latex; to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant
+for displayed equations.
+</para>
+<para><xref label="Delimiters"><xrefnodename>Delimiters</xrefnodename></xref>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of
+commands with <samp>l</samp> and <samp>r</samp>, <var>delimiter1</var> and
+<var>delimiter2</var> need not be the same.
+</para>
+<para>The <samp>l</samp> and <samp>r</samp> commands produce open and close delimiters
+that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the
+delimiter, while the commands without <samp>l</samp> and <samp>r</samp> insert some
+space (because each delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare
+these two.
+</para>
+<!-- c credit: Martin Heller https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/1234 -->
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;l&rbrace;
+ \(\displaystyle \sin\biggl(\frac&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;\biggr) \) \\ % good
+ \(\displaystyle \sin\bigg(\frac&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;\bigg) \) \\ % bad
+\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The traditional typographic treatment is on the first line. On the
+second line the output will have some extra space between the
+<code>\sin</code> and the open parenthesis.
+</para>
+<para>Commands without <samp>l</samp> or&nbsp;<samp>r</samp> do give correct spacing in
+some circumstances, as with this large vertical line
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \int_&lbrace;x=a&rbrace;^b x^2\,dx = \frac&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace; x^3 \Big|_&lbrace;x=a&rbrace;^b
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
+from the <file>amsmath</file> package), and as with this larger slash.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \lim_&lbrace;n\to\infty&rbrace;\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (<pxref label="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"><xrefnodename>\left &amp; \right</xrefnodename></pxref>), the
+commands here with <samp>l</samp> and&nbsp;<samp>r</samp> do not make a group.
+Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something
+like this.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \Biggl[ \pi/6 ]
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The commands with <samp>m</samp> are for relations, which are in the middle of
+formulas, as here.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+ \biggl\&lbrace; a\in B \biggm| a=\sum_&lbrace;0\leq i&lt;n&rbrace;3i^2+4 \biggr\&rbrace;
+\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<!-- c xx Add discussion \bigg\mid not being good -->
+<!-- c and \bigg| being right; maybe mention of \middle and braket package? -->
+
+
+</subsubsection>
</subsection>
-<node name="Dots" spaces=" "><nodename>Dots</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Dots" spaces=" "><nodename>Dots</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Greek letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Delimiters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Dots, horizontal or vertical</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="506">ellipses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="507">dots</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601">ellipses</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602">dots</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
continues.
@@ -12004,18 +13651,18 @@ continues.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="ellipses-cdots">ellipses cdots</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="746" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\cdots</indexterm>\cdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in <U>22EF</U>. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace;
\)</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-ddots">ellipses ddots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="747" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\ddots</indexterm>\ddots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Diagonal ellipsis, <U>22F1</U>. See the above array example for a
usage.
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-ldots">ellipses ldots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="748" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Ellipsis on the baseline, <U>2026</U>. Used as: <code>\(
x_0,\ldots x_&lbrace;n-1&rbrace; \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
synonym is <code>\mathellipsis</code>. A synonym from the <file>amsmath</file>
@@ -12026,14 +13673,14 @@ package is <code>\hdots</code>.
mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
</para>
<anchor name="ellipses-vdots">ellipses vdots</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="749" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\vdots</indexterm>\vdots</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Vertical ellipsis, <U>22EE</U>. See the above array example for a
usage.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="508"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="509"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <file>amsmath</file> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
@@ -12062,126 +13709,201 @@ or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
</para>
</subsection>
+<node name="Greek-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Greek letters</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Dots</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Greek letters</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">Greek letters</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they
+differ from Roman upper case letters.
+</para>
+<multitable spaces=" " endspaces=" "><columnfractions line=".10 .30 .15 .45"><columnfraction value=".10"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".30"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".15"></columnfraction><columnfraction value=".45"></columnfraction></columnfractions>
+<thead><row><entry command="headitem" spaces=" "><para>Symbol</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Command</para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Name</para></entry><entry command="tab">
+</entry></row></thead><tbody><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\alpha</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Alpha
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B2</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\beta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Beta
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B3</U>, <U>0393</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\gamma</code>, <code>\Gamma</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Gamma
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B4</U>, <U>0394</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\delta</code>, <code>\Delta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Delta
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B5</U>, <U>03F5</U></para></entry><entry command="tab">
+ <para><code>\varepsilon</code>, <code>\epsilon</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Epsilon
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B6</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\zeta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Zeta
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B7</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\eta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Eta
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B8</U>, <U>03D1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\theta</code>, <code>\vartheta</code></para></entry><entry command="tab">
+ <para>Theta
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03B9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\iota</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Iota
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03BA</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\kappa</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Kappa
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03BB</U>, <U>039B</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\lambda</code>, <code>\Lambda</code></para></entry><entry command="tab">
+ <para>Lambda
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03BC</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\mu</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Mu
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03BD</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\nu</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Nu
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03BE</U>, <U>039E</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\xi</code>, <code>\Xi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Xi
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C0</U>, <U>03A0</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\pi</code>, <code>\Pi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Pi
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C1</U>, <U>03F1</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\rho</code>, <code>\varrho</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Rho
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C3</U>, <U>03A3</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\sigma</code>, <code>\Sigma</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Sigma
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C4</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\tau</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Tau
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03D5</U>, <U>03C6</U>, <U>03A6</U></para></entry><entry command="tab">
+ <para><code>\phi</code>, <code>\varphi</code>, <code>\Phi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Phi
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C7</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\chi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>chi
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C8</U>, <U>03A8</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\psi</code>, <code>\Psi</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Psi
+</para></entry></row><row><entry command="item">
+<para><U>03C9</U>, <U>03A9</U></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></para></entry><entry command="tab" spaces=" "><para>Omega
+</para></entry></row></tbody></multitable>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606"><r>package</r>, <code>unicode-math</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><code>unicode-math</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>For omicron, if you are using &latex;&textrsquo;s default Computer Modern font
+then enter omicron just as <samp>o</samp> or <samp>O</samp>. If you like having the
+name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
+<code>\newcommand\omicron&lbrace;o&rbrace;</code>. The package <file>unicode-math</file> has
+<code>\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code>\mitomicron</code> for math
+italic.
+</para>
+<para>While the set membership relation symbol <U>2208</U> generated by
+<code>\in</code> is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
<node name="Math-functions" spaces=" "><nodename>Math functions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math functions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="510">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="511">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">math functions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">functions, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="750" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\arccos</indexterm>\arccos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="751" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\arcsin</indexterm>\arcsin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="752" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\arctan</indexterm>\arctan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Inverse tangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="753" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\arg</indexterm>\arg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="754" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\bmod</indexterm>\bmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="755" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\cos</indexterm>\cos</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="756" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">\cosh</indexterm>\cosh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cosine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="757" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\cot</indexterm>\cot</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cotangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="758" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\coth</indexterm>\coth</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic cotangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="759" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\csc</indexterm>\csc</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Cosecant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="760" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\deg</indexterm>\deg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Degrees
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="761" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\det</indexterm>\det</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Determinant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="762" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\dim</indexterm>\dim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Dimension
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="763" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\exp</indexterm>\exp</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Exponential
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="764" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\gcd</indexterm>\gcd</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Greatest common divisor
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="765" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">\hom</indexterm>\hom</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Homomorphism
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="766" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">\inf</indexterm>\inf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Infinum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="767" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\ker</indexterm>\ker</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Kernel
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="768" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\lg</indexterm>\lg</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Base 2 logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="769" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\lim</indexterm>\lim</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="770" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\liminf</indexterm>\liminf</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit inferior
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="771" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\limsup</indexterm>\limsup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Limit superior
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="772" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\ln</indexterm>\ln</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Natural logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="773" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\log</indexterm>\log</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Logarithm
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="774" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\max</indexterm>\max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Maximum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="775" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\min</indexterm>\min</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Minimum
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="776" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\pmod</indexterm>\pmod</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="777" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\Pr</indexterm>\Pr</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Probability
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="778" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\sec</indexterm>\sec</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Secant
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="779" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\sin</indexterm>\sin</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="780" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\sinh</indexterm>\sinh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic sine
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="781" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\sup</indexterm>\sup</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>sup
<!-- c don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a -->
<!-- c Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions -->
<!-- c when it's just three roman letters anyway. -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="782" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\tan</indexterm>\tan</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Tangent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="783" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\tanh</indexterm>\tanh</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Hyperbolic tangent
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="512"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="513"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <file>amsmath</file> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
@@ -12196,68 +13918,68 @@ below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\ma
<node name="Math-accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Math accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math functions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="514">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="515">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">math accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">accents, mathematical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
(<pxref label="Accents"><xrefnodename>Accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="784" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="516">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\acute</indexterm>\acute</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">acute accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math acute accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="785" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="517">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="518">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\bar</indexterm>\bar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">bar-over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">macron accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math bar-over accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="786" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="519">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">\breve</indexterm>\breve</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">breve accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math breve accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="787" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="520">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="521">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\check</indexterm>\check</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">check accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math h<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check) accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="788" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="522">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\ddot</indexterm>\ddot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">double dot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dieresis accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="789" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="523">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="524">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\dot</indexterm>\dot</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">overdot accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">dot over accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math dot accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="790" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="525">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">\grave</indexterm>\grave</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">grave accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math grave accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="791" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="526">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="527">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\hat</indexterm>\hat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625">circumflex accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="792" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="528">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\mathring</indexterm>\mathring</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626">ring accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math ring accent <!-- c don't bother implementing in texinfo -->
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="793" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="529">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\tilde</indexterm>\tilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math tilde accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="794" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="530">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\vec</indexterm>\vec</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628">vector symbol, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math vector symbol
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="795" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="531">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\widehat</indexterm>\widehat</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629">wide hat accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide hat accent
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="796" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="532">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\widetilde</indexterm>\widetilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630">wide tilde accent, math</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Math wide tilde accent
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -12270,35 +13992,35 @@ one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (<pxref label="Math
<node name="Over_002d-and-Underlining" spaces=" "><nodename>Over- and Underlining</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Over- and Underlining</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="533">overlining</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="534">underlining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631">overlining</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632">underlining</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
putting braces over or under some material.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="797" mergedindex="cp">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code>\(\underline&lbrace;y&rbrace;\)</code> the line is lower than in
<code>\(\underline&lbrace;x&rbrace;\)</code>. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="535"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="536"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633"><r>package</r>, <code>ulem</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634"><code>ulem</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that the package <file>ulem</file> does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
documentation on CTAN. See also&nbsp;<ref label="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"><xrefnodename>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</xrefnodename></ref> for
producing a line, for such things as a signature.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="798" mergedindex="cp">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overline&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
outside. For example, <code>\overline&lbrace;x+y&rbrace;</code>.
Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (<pxref label="Math-accents"><xrefnodename>Math
accents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="799" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\underbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
<code>(1-\underbrace&lbrace;1/2)+(1/2&rbrace;-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
@@ -12314,15 +14036,15 @@ Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <code>_</code>, or superscript,
<para>The superscript appears on top of the expression, and so can look
unconnected to the underbrace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="800" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\overbrace&lbrace;<var>math</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
<code>\overbrace&lbrace;x+x+\cdots+x&rbrace;^&lbrace;\mbox&lbrace;\(k\) times&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>. See also
<code>\underbrace</code>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="537"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="538"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <file>mathtools</file> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
@@ -12332,17 +14054,17 @@ some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
<node name="Spacing-in-math-mode" spaces=" "><nodename>Spacing in math mode</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Over- and Underlining</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spacing in math mode</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="539">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="540">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637">spacing within math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>When typesetting mathematics, &latex; puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
&latex; ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
as <math>y=mx</math>.
</para>
-<para>But &latex;&textrsquo;s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
+<para>But &latex;&textrsquo;s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
-<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command.
+<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
@@ -12357,25 +14079,39 @@ a&nbsp;<samp>M</samp>.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="801" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="802" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\thickspace</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace">spacing in math mode thickspace</anchor>
-<para>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math
-mode only.
+<para>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negthickspace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\negthickspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\:</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&gt;</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="803" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="804" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="805" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\:</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\&gt;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\medspace</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace">spacing in math mode medspace</anchor>
<para>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-Math mode only.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\negmedspace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\negmedspace</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\,</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="806" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="807" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="541">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\,</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</anchor>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace">spacing in math mode thinspace</anchor>
<para>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6<dmn>em</dmn>.
@@ -12394,17 +14130,19 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</pre></example>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\!</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="808" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="809" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="542">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\!</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace">spacing in math mode negthinspace</anchor>
-<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. The <code>\!</code> command is
-math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code> command is available for
-text mode (<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 &latex; release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that,
+The <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code>
+command has always worked in text mode (<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\quad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="543">quad</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="810" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">quad</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad">spacing in math mode quad</anchor>
<para>This is 18<dmn>mu</dmn>, that is, 1<dmn>em</dmn>. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
@@ -12412,23 +14150,24 @@ two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\qquad</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="811" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<anchor name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad">spacing in math mode qquad</anchor>
<para>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36<dmn>mu</dmn> = 2<dmn>em</dmn>. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</para></tableitem></tableentry></table>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\smash</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make empty box with the same size as the argument.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\smash</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Make empty box same size as argument.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\mathstrut</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add some vertical space to a formula.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="_005csmash" spaces=" "><nodename>\smash</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\smash</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="544">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="545">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642">vertical spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643">math mode, vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12495,23 +14234,23 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
\leavevmode\smash&lbrace;zzz&rbrace; % usual paragraph indent
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="546"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="547"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" spaces=" "><nodename>\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\smash</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" spaces=" "><nodename>\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\mathstrut</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\smash</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="548">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="549">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="550">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="551">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="552">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="553">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647">horizontal spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12533,28 +14272,38 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
<para>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
-&latex; to typeset the box but not its ink. The <code>\vphantom</code>
-variant also produces an invisible box with the same height and depth as
-<var>subformula</var>, but it has width zero. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a
-box with the same width as <var>subformula</var> but with height and depth
-zero.
-</para>
-<para>Without the <code>\vphantom</code> in this example, the top bars of the two
-square roots would be at different heights.
+&latex; to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here
+&latex; will put a box of the right size for the quotation, but empty.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\( \sqrt&lbrace;\vphantom&lbrace;a^3&rbrace;a&rbrace;\cdot\sqrt&lbrace;a^3&rbrace; \)
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\fbox&lbrace;\phantom&lbrace;Conservatism is the fear-filled worship of dead radicals.
+ --- Mark Twain&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <code>\vphantom&lbrace;a^3&rbrace;</code> causes the first <code>\sqrt</code> to have inside
-it a box of the same height as the second <code>\sqrt</code>, so &latex;
-makes the bars align.
+<para>The <code>\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same
+vertical size as <var>subformula</var>, the same height and depth, but having
+zero width. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a box with the same width as
+<var>subformula</var> but with zero height and depth.
</para>
-<para>These commands often are combined with <code>\smash</code>. <xref label="_005csmash"><xrefnodename>\smash</xrefnodename></xref>
-for another example of the use of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+<para>In this example, the tower of exponents in the second summand expression
+is so tall that &tex; places this expression further down than its
+default. Without adjustment, the two summand expressions would be at
+different levels. The <code>\vphantom</code> in the first expression tells
+&tex; to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the
+two expressions come out at the same level.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="554"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="555"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
+ \sum_&lbrace;j\in\&lbrace;0,\ldots\, 10\&rbrace;\vphantom&lbrace;3^&lbrace;3^&lbrace;3^j&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;&rbrace;
+ \sum_&lbrace;i\in\&lbrace;0,\ldots\, 3^&lbrace;3^&lbrace;3^j&rbrace;&rbrace;\&rbrace;&rbrace; i\cdot j
+\end&lbrace;displaymath&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>.
+<xref label="_005csmash"><xrefnodename>\smash</xrefnodename></xref>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652"><r>package</r>, <code>mathtools</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653"><code>mathtools</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The three phantom commands appear often but note that &latex; provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
@@ -12564,8 +14313,8 @@ as <code>\settodepth</code> (<pxref label="_005csettodepth"><xrefnodename>\setto
In addition, the <file>mathtools</file> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="556"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="557"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
@@ -12579,11 +14328,44 @@ with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
</para>
</subsection>
+<node name="_005cmathstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\mathstrut</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mathstrut</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp"><code>\mathstrut</code></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">spacing, math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">vertical spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">math mode, spacing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">invisible character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">character, invisible</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\mathstrut
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The analogue of <code>\strut</code> for mathematics. <xref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+<para>The input <code>$\sqrt&lbrace;x&rbrace; + \sqrt&lbrace;x^i&rbrace;$</code> gives output where the
+second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space
+without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use
+<code>$\sqrt&lbrace;x\mathstrut&rbrace; + \sqrt&lbrace;x^i\mathstrut&rbrace;$</code>.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open
+parenthesis, <code>(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
+<code>\vphantom&lbrace;(&rbrace;</code>, so see <ref label="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"><xrefnodename>\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</xrefnodename></ref> for
+more. An advantage over <code>\strut</code> is that <code>\mathstrut</code> adds no
+depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of
+an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the
+amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. <xref label="_005crule"><xrefnodename>\rule</xrefnodename></xref>.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
<node name="Math-miscellany" spaces=" "><nodename>Math miscellany</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Spacing in math mode</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Math miscellany</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="558">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">math miscellany</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
@@ -12592,7 +14374,6 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Colon character &amp; \colon</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Colon.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\*</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Discretionary multiplication.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\frac</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Fraction.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\left &amp; \right</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Paired delimiters.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\sqrt</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Radicals.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\stackrel</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Text over a relation.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -12601,10 +14382,9 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<node name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">Colon character &amp; \colon</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\*</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="559">:</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="560">colon character</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="812" mergedindex="cp">:</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="813" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">colon character</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">: <r>for math</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\colon</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -12619,16 +14399,16 @@ some that don&textrsquo;t fit into other categories.
<pre xml:space="preserve">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="561"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="562"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Ordinary &latex; defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\&lbrace;x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="563"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="564"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665"><r>package</r>, <code>amsmath</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666"><code>amsmath</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>But the widely-used <file>amsmath</file> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
@@ -12639,11 +14419,11 @@ the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct&lbrace;:&rbrace;<
<node name="_005c_002a" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\*</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frac</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colon character &amp; \colon</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\*</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="565">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="566">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="567">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="568">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="814" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">multiplication, discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669">line breaks, multiplication discretionary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670">discretionary breaks, multiplication</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\*</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12663,11 +14443,11 @@ break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cfrac" spaces=" "><nodename>\frac</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\left &amp; \right</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\*</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005cfrac" spaces=" "><nodename>\frac</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sqrt</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\*</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frac</code> </sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="569">fraction</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="815" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">fraction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\frac</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12682,65 +14462,13 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" spaces=" "><nodename>\left &amp; \right</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sqrt</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frac</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
-<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="570">delimiters, paired</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="571">paired delimiters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="572">matching parentheses</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="573">matching brackets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="574">null delimiter</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="816" mergedindex="cp">\left</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="817" mergedindex="cp">\right</indexterm></findex>
-
-<para>Synopsis:
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var>
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. The delimiters
-are sized according to the math they enclose. This makes a unit vector
-surrounded by appropriate-height parentheses.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
- \left(\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;
- 1 \\
- 0 \\
- \end&lbrace;array&rbrace;\right)
-</pre></example>
-
-<para>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. Leaving out the
-<code>\left(</code> in the above gets <samp>Extra \right</samp>. Leaving off the
-<code>\right)</code> gets <samp>You can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>.
-</para>
-<para>However, the two delimiters <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need
-not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as
-below. Use a period, <samp>.</samp>, as a null delimiter.
-</para>
-<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
- f(n)=\left\&lbrace;\begin&lbrace;array&rbrace;&lbrace;ll&rbrace;
- 1 &amp;\mbox&lbrace;--if \(n=0\)&rbrace; \\
- f(n-1)+3n^2 &amp;\mbox&lbrace;--else&rbrace;
- \end&lbrace;array&rbrace;\right.
-\end&lbrace;equation&rbrace;
-</pre></example>
-
-<noindent></noindent>
-<para>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
-backslash, <code>\&lbrace;</code>.
-</para>
-
-</subsection>
-<node name="_005csqrt" spaces=" "><nodename>\sqrt</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stackrel</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\left &amp; \right</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005csqrt" spaces=" "><nodename>\sqrt</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\stackrel</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\frac</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sqrt</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="575">square root</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="576">roots</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="577">radical</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="818" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">square root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673">roots</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674">radical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">\sqrt</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -12763,9 +14491,9 @@ a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical).
<node name="_005cstackrel" spaces=" "><nodename>\stackrel</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\sqrt</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Math miscellany</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\stackrel</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="578">stack math</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="579">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="819" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675">stack math</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676">relation, text above</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\stackrel</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -12783,7 +14511,7 @@ arrow enter <code>\stackrel&lbrace;f&rbrace;&lbrace;\longrightarrow&rbrace;</cod
<node name="Modes" spaces=" "><nodename>Modes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Page styles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Math formulas</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Modes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="580">modes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">modes</indexterm></cindex>
<para>As &latex; processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
@@ -12791,16 +14519,16 @@ modes, the math modes, and the vertical modes. Some commands only work
in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</para>
-<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" ">
+<itemize commandarg="bullet" endspaces=" "><itemprepend>&bullet;</itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<anchor name="modes-paragraph-mode">modes paragraph mode</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="581">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>Paragraph mode</dfn> is what &latex; is in when processing ordinary
text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
pages. This is the mode &latex; is in most of the time.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="582">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="583">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">left-to-right mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">LR mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-lr-mode">modes lr mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>LR mode</dfn> (for left-to-right mode; in plain &tex; this is called
<dfn>restricted horizontal mode</dfn>) is in effect when &latex; starts
@@ -12813,24 +14541,24 @@ that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
box won&textrsquo;t fit there.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="584">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">math mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-math-mode">modes math mode</anchor> <para><dfn>Math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating
an inline mathematical formula.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="585">display math mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">display math mode</indexterm></cindex>
<para><dfn>Display math mode</dfn> is when &latex; is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="586">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683">vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-vertical-mode">modes vertical mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>Vertical mode</dfn> is when &latex; is building the list of lines and
other material making the output page. This is the mode &latex; is in
when it starts a document.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="587">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">internal vertical mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-internal-vertical-mode">modes internal vertical mode</anchor>
<para><dfn>Internal vertical mode</dfn> is in effect when &latex; starts making a
<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
@@ -12845,8 +14573,8 @@ mode, then the next switch happens at the <samp>\(</samp> where &latex;
changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
back to paragraph mode.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="588">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="589">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">inner paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">outer paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode">modes inner paragraph mode</anchor>
<anchor name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode">modes outer paragraph mode</anchor>
<para>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
@@ -12896,8 +14624,8 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
<node name="Page-styles" spaces=" "><nodename>Page styles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Spaces</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Modes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Page styles</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="590">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="591">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">styles, page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">page styles</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The style of a page determines where &latex; places the components of
that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
@@ -12905,8 +14633,8 @@ includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
the first page of an article.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="592"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="593"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <file>fancyhdr</file> is very helpful for constructing page
styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
@@ -12922,8 +14650,8 @@ styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
<node name="_005cmaketitle" spaces=" "><nodename>\maketitle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\maketitle</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="594">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="820" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691">titles, making</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\maketitle</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -12933,7 +14661,7 @@ styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
<para>Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a
separate page, except in the <code>article</code> class where it is at the top
-of the first page. (<xref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref> for information about
+of the first page. (<xref label="Document-class-options"><xrefnodename>Document class options</xrefnodename></xref>, for information about
the <code>titlepage</code> document class option.)
</para>
<para>This example shows <code>\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place,
@@ -12966,10 +14694,10 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
<code>\maketitle</code>, either in the preamble or in the document body.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="821" mergedindex="cp">\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="595">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="822" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="823" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</indexterm>\author&lbrace;<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692">author, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\and <r>for <code>\author</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
within a single author&textrsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&textrsquo;s
@@ -12977,25 +14705,25 @@ institution or address, use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you omit
the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Warning: No
\author given</samp>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="824" mergedindex="cp">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="596">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\date&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693">date, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&textrsquo;s date. The <var>text</var>
doesn&textrsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
omit <code>\date</code> then &latex; uses the current date (<pxref label="_005ctoday"><xrefnodename>\today</xrefnodename></pxref>).
To have no date, instead use <code>\date&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="825" mergedindex="cp">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="597">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="598">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\thanks&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">thanks, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">credit footnote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
address.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="826" mergedindex="cp">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="599">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="827" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\title&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">title, for titlepage</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for <code>\title</code></r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get <samp>LaTeX Error: No
@@ -13014,8 +14742,8 @@ house requirements.)
<node name="_005cpagenumbering" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagenumbering</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\maketitle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagenumbering</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="828" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="600">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\pagenumbering</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">page numbering style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13061,8 +14789,8 @@ get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>.
get <samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">gobble</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="601"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="602"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; does not output a page number, although it
does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
work with the popular package <file>hyperref</file> so to have the page number
@@ -13086,10 +14814,10 @@ number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
<node name="_005cpagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\pagestyle</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thispagestyle</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagenumbering</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\pagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="829" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="603">header style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="604">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="605">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\pagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">header style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">footer style</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">running header and footer style</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13100,8 +14828,8 @@ number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
<para>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="606"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="607"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703"><r>package</r>, <code>fancyhdr</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704"><code>fancyhdr</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
<file>fancyhdr</file> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
@@ -13174,7 +14902,7 @@ setting <code>\rightmark</code> to <samp>Subsection&nbsp;2.1</samp>, etc.
<para>Here are the descriptions of <code>\markboth</code> and <code>\markright</code>:
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="830" mergedindex="cp">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markboth&lbrace;<var>left-head</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>right-head</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
heading <var>left-head</var> is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code>
@@ -13183,7 +14911,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
<code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
the last one that came before that page.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="831" mergedindex="cp">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\markright&lbrace;<var>right</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -13193,8 +14921,8 @@ the last one that came before that page.
<node name="_005cthispagestyle" spaces=" "><nodename>\thispagestyle</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\pagestyle</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Page styles</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thispagestyle</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="832" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="608">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\thispagestyle</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">page style, this page</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13234,8 +14962,8 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
<node name="Spaces" spaces=" "><nodename>Spaces</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Page styles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Spaces</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="609">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="610">white space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">spaces</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707">white space</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of
these are best suited to mathematical text; see&nbsp;<ref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in
@@ -13250,7 +14978,7 @@ chapter.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hfill</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchable horizontal space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\hss</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\spacefactor</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stretchability of following space
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Backslash-space; and explicit space.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\(SPACE)</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Backslash-space, and explicit space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">~</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Tie, an unbreakable space.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\/</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Italic correction.
@@ -13269,9 +14997,9 @@ Vertical space
<node name="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" spaces=" "><nodename>\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hspace</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="833" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="834" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="835" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\enspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\quad</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\qquad</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -13297,7 +15025,7 @@ measurement such as points (<pxref label="Lengths_002fem"><xrefnodename>Lengths/
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para><xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref> for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These
+<para><xref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></xref>, for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These
are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice
in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
<code>\hspace</code>.
@@ -13307,7 +15035,7 @@ in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
<node name="_005chspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\hspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="836" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\hspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -13368,10 +15096,10 @@ space won&textrsquo;t shrink more than 0.25<dmn>cm</dmn> (<pxref label="Lengths"
<node name="_005chfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hss</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="837" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\hfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="611">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="612">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708">stretch, infinite horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709">infinite horizontal stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13389,7 +15117,7 @@ of the page and <samp>Quiz One</samp> on the right.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="838" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\fill</indexterm></findex>
<para>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<code>\hspace*&lbrace;\fill&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005chspace"><xrefnodename>\hspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
@@ -13416,10 +15144,10 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<node name="_005chss" spaces=" "><nodename>\hss</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\hfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hss</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="839" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="613">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="614">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="615">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp">\hss</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">horizontal space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">horizontal space, stretchable</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">space, inserting horizontal</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13456,7 +15184,7 @@ X\hbox to 0pt&lbrace;\hss Z&rbrace;Y
<pre xml:space="preserve">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="840" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\spacefactor</indexterm></findex>
<para>Influence &latex;&textrsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
documents do not use this command.
</para>
@@ -13523,11 +15251,11 @@ then you have probably tried to redefine an internal command.
<node name="_005c_0040" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\&arobase;</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;</code> </sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="841" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="842" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="616">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="617">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="618">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">at-sign</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">period, sentence-ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">period, abbreviation-ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">period, spacing after</indexterm></cindex>
<anchor name="_005cAT">\AT</anchor><!-- c old name -->
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -13588,9 +15316,9 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
<node name="_005cfrenchspacing" spaces=" "><nodename>\frenchspacing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\normalsfcodes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\frenchspacing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="843" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="844" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="619">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\frenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">\nonfrenchspacing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -13608,7 +15336,7 @@ The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
-(the command is from Plain &tex;) switches to the tradition that all
+(the command is from plain &tex;) switches to the tradition that all
spaces are treated equally.
</para>
@@ -13616,8 +15344,8 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<node name="_005cnormalsfcodes" spaces=" "><nodename>\normalsfcodes</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\frenchspacing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\normalsfcodes</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="845" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="620">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\normalsfcodes</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717">spacing, inter-sentence</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13634,9 +15362,11 @@ spaces are treated equally.
<node name="_005c_0028SPACE_0029" spaces=" "><nodename trailingspaces=" ">\(SPACE)</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">~</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\spacefactor</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="621">\NEWLINE</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="622">\SPACE</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="623">\TAB</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">\NEWLINE</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">\SPACE</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">\ (backslash-space)</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">\TAB</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\SPACE</indexterm></findex>
<para>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
@@ -13676,7 +15406,7 @@ in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But using curly parentheses, as in
<code>\TeX&lbrace;&rbrace; is best</code>, has the advantage of still working if the next
character is a period.) The other common use is that it marks a period
as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>So
-says Prof.\ Smith</code> (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+says Prof.\ Smith</code> or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><key>tab</key> and <code>\</code><key>newline</key>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
@@ -13690,11 +15420,12 @@ are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
<node name="_007e" spaces=" "><nodename>~</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\(SPACE)</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>~</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="846" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="624">tie</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="625">space, hard</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="626">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="627">NBSP</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">~</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">tie</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">space, unbreakable</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724">hard space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725">unbreakable space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726">NBSP</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13717,30 +15448,38 @@ space has length 3.33333<dmn>pt</dmn> plus 1.66666<dmn>pt</dmn> minus
<para>In addition, despite the period, &latex; does not use the
end-of-sentence spacing (<pxref label="_005c_0040"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause
-confusion. But they also reduce &latex;&textrsquo;s options when it breaks lines
-into paragraphs, so you can use too many. They are also matters of
-taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless,
-here are some usage models, many of them from the &tex;book.
+<para>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
+cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
+tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
+words in an <code>\mbox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
+among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
+from <cite>The &tex;book</cite>.
</para>
<itemize commandarg="bullet" spaces=" " endspaces=" "><itemprepend><formattingcommand command="bullet"/></itemprepend>
<listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref&lbrace;th:Wilsons&rbrace;</code>, or
-<code>Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:KGraph&rbrace;</code>. When cases are enumerated inline:
-<code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
+<code>Figure~\ref&lbrace;fig:KGraph&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
+<para>When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
+(1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="628"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="629"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727"><r>package</r>, <code>siunitx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728"><code>siunitx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
<file>siunitx</file> package has a special facility for this) or
<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and a date:
-<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
-numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions
+where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
-<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>.
+<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common
+choices here are a thin space (<pxref label="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"><xrefnodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>) and
+no space at all.
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
<para>When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or
@@ -13757,14 +15496,11 @@ common with~$m$</code>.
\ldots,~$n$</code>.
</para>
</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>Between a person&textrsquo;s forenames and between multiple surnames:
+<para>Between a person&textrsquo;s given names and between multiple surnames:
<code>Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code>Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or
-<code>Charles~XII</code> (but you must give TeX places to break the line so
-you may do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>).
-</para>
-</listitem><listitem><prepend>&bullet;</prepend>
-<para>Before a dash: <code>pages 12~--14</code> or <code>it is~--- it must be
-said~--- plausible</code>.
+<code>Charles~XII</code>&textmdash;but you must give &tex; places to break the line
+so you might do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la
+Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
</para>
</listitem></itemize>
@@ -13773,12 +15509,12 @@ said~--- plausible</code>.
<node name="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\/</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">~</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="847" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="848" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="630">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="631">space, thin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="632">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="633">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\thinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\negthinspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">thin space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730">space, thin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731">thin space, negative</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">space, negative thin</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -13787,14 +15523,14 @@ said~--- plausible</code>.
\negthinspace
</pre></example>
-<para>Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6<dmn>em</dmn> and
--1/6<dmn>em</dmn>. These are the text mode equivalents of <code>\,</code> and
-<code>\!</code> (<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>). You can use
-<code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode.
+<para>These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6<dmn>em</dmn> and
+-1/6<dmn>em</dmn>, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of
+<code>\,</code> and <code>\!</code> (<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>The <code>\negthinspace</code> command is used in text mode mostly for
-fiddling with spaces. One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the
-space between nested quotes.
+<para>You can use <code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode.
+</para>
+<para>One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the space between nested
+quotes:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
@@ -13803,16 +15539,22 @@ space between nested quotes.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code>
between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides,
-though, think the three dots are quite enough already). Still another
-use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth</code>.
+think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
+style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\
+Knuth</code>.
+</para>
+<para>&latex; provides a variety of similar spacing commands
+(<pxref label="Spacing-in-math-mode"><xrefnodename>Spacing in math mode</xrefnodename></pxref>). With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the
+2020-10-01 &latex; release, they can be used in text mode as well as
+math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; before that,
+they were available only in math mode.
</para>
-
</section>
<node name="_005c_002f" spaces=" "><nodename>\/</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\/</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="849" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="634">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\/</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733">italic correction</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -13821,10 +15563,11 @@ use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth</code>.
</pre></example>
<para>Insert an <dfn>italic correction</dfn>, a small space defined by the font
-designer for each character, to avoid the character colliding with
-whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, &latex; takes the correction
-from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been
-applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
+designer for each character (possibly zero), to avoid the character
+colliding with whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, &latex;
+takes the correction from the font metric file, scales it by any
+scaling that has been applied to the font, and then inserts that much
+horizontal space.
</para>
<para>Here, were it not for the <code>\/</code>, the <var>before-character</var>
italic&nbsp;f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman&nbsp;H
@@ -13834,30 +15577,42 @@ italic&nbsp;f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman&nbsp;H
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>because the italic letter leans far to the right.
+<para>because the italic letter f leans far to the right.
</para>
<para>If <var>after-character</var> is a period or comma then don&textrsquo;t insert an
-italic correction since those punctuation symbols have a very small
-height. However, with semicolons or colons as well as with normal
-letters, the italic correction can help.
+italic correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the
+baseline already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with
+normal letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used
+between a switch from italic or slanted fonts to an upright font.
</para>
-<para>When you use commands such as <code>\textit</code> or <code>\itshape</code> to
-change fonts, &latex; will automatically insert any needed italic
-correction (<pxref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>When you use commands such as <code>\emph</code> and <code>\textit</code> and
+<code>\textsl</code> to change fonts, &latex; automatically inserts the
+italic correction when needed (<pxref label="Font-styles"><xrefnodename>Font styles</xrefnodename></pxref>). However,
+declarations such as <code>\em</code> and <code>\itshape</code> and
+<code>\slshape</code> do not automatically insert italic corrections.
</para>
-<para>Roman characters can also have an italic correction. An example is in
-the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>.
+<para>Upright characters can also have an italic correction. An example
+where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most
+upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators
+do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
</para>
-<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
-in a different way.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\fontdimen1</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734">font dimension, slant</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Technically, &latex; uses another font-specific value, the so-called
+slant parameter (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether to
+possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
+particular font commands.
+</para>
+<para>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; math spacing is
+done in a different way.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\/</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="850" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="851" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\hrulefill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp">\dotfill</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -13954,22 +15709,22 @@ file.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="bigskip">bigskip</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="852" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="853" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\bigskip</indexterm>\bigskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\bigskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\bigskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="medskip">medskip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="854" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="855" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\medskip</indexterm>\medskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\medskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\medskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="smallskip">smallskip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="856" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="857" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">\smallskip</indexterm>\smallskip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\smallskipamount</indexterm></findex>
<para>The same as <code>\vspace&lbrace;\smallskipamount&rbrace;</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
@@ -14024,8 +15779,8 @@ with <samp>def</samp>.
<node name="_005cstrut" spaces=" "><nodename>\strut</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\strut</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="858" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="635">strut</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\strut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">strut</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14090,10 +15845,10 @@ third list&textrsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its secon
the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed
extra below-baseline space.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="636"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="637"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="638"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="639"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
<file>TikZ</file> or <file>Asymptote</file>. For instance, you may have a command
@@ -14129,9 +15884,9 @@ integral would still hit the line.)
<node name="_005cvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\vspace</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\vfill</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\strut</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="859" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="640">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="641">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\vspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">space, vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14154,7 +15909,7 @@ The new day dawned cold.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>(<xref label="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><xrefnodename>\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</xrefnodename></xref> for common inter-paragraph
+<para>(<xref label="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"><xrefnodename>\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</xrefnodename></xref>, for common inter-paragraph
spaces.)
</para>
<para>The <code>*</code>-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
@@ -14196,10 +15951,10 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<node name="_005cvfill" spaces=" "><nodename>\vfill</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addvspace</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\vspace</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\vfill</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="860" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\vfill</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="642">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="643">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742">stretch, infinite vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743">infinite vertical stretch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14237,9 +15992,9 @@ Lost Dog!
<node name="_005caddvspace" spaces=" "><nodename>\addvspace</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\vfill</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Spaces</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addvspace</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="861" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="644">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="645">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\addvspace</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">vertical space</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">space, inserting vertical</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14278,7 +16033,7 @@ The two rules here are 22<dmn>pt</dmn> apart: the sum of the
<para>Now uncomment the second <code>\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap
20<dmn>pt</dmn> longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code>
and 20<dmn>pt</dmn>. So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of
-its name &textmdash; it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
+its name&textmdash;it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
</para>
<para>&latex; uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
@@ -14298,12 +16053,15 @@ with a <code>\par</code> command (<pxref label="_005cpar"><xrefnodename>\par</xr
<node name="Boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Spaces</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="646">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">boxes</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c xx Expand on boxes and glue, for xref from elsewhere. -->
<para>At its core, &latex; puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page. So these commands are central.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747"><r>package</r>, <code>adjustbox</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748"><code>adjustbox</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
One useful adjunct to the commands here is <file>adjustbox</file>.
</para>
@@ -14321,11 +16079,11 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <file>adjustbox</file>.
<node name="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="862" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="863" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="647">box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="648">make a box</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="649">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\mbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\makebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">make a box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">hyphenation, preventing</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14343,13 +16101,13 @@ LR mode (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>) so it
</para>
<para>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
to prevent hyphenation. In this example, &latex; will not hyphenate
-the table name, <samp>T-4</samp>.
+the tank name, <samp>T-34</samp>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">See Table~\mbox&lbrace;T-4&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">The soviet tank \mbox&lbrace;T-34&rbrace; is a symbol of victory against nazism.
</pre></example>
-<para>The first two command versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
+<para>The first two command synopsis versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
<var>text</var>. (They are like plain &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>\hbox</code>.)
</para>
@@ -14381,7 +16139,7 @@ size you can say this.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\makebox[2\width]&lbrace;Get a stretcher&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>For the fourth command version the optional argument <var>position</var>
+<para>For the fourth command synopsis version the optional argument <var>position</var>
gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following
values:
</para>
@@ -14414,18 +16172,17 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="650"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="651"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752"><r>package</r>, <code>TikZ</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753"><code>TikZ</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="652"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="653"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>The right edge of the output <samp>10 points </samp> (note the ending space)
-will be just before the <samp>What</samp> (note the space after
-<samp>points</samp>). You can use <code>\makebox</code> similarly when making
-graphics, such as in <file>TikZ</file> or <file>Asymptote</file>, where you put the
-edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that
-text.
+<para>The right edge of the output <samp>10 points </samp> (note the ending space
+after <samp>points</samp>) will be just before the <samp>What</samp>. You can use
+<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <file>TikZ</file>
+or <file>Asymptote</file>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
+location, regardless of the length of that text.
</para>
<para>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"><xrefnodename>\fbox &amp; \framebox</xrefnodename></ref>. For colors
see&nbsp;<ref label="Colored-boxes"><xrefnodename>Colored boxes</xrefnodename></ref>.
@@ -14434,19 +16191,20 @@ see&nbsp;<ref label="Colored-boxes"><xrefnodename>Colored boxes</xrefnodename></
<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
<code>\unitlength</code> (<pxref label="_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\makebox (picture)</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>If you put a double-backslash into <var>text</var> then &latex; will not
-give you a new line; for instance <code>\makebox&lbrace;abc def \\ ghi&rbrace;</code>
-outputs <samp>abc defghi</samp> while <code>\makebox&lbrace;abc def \par ghi&rbrace;</code>
-outputs <samp>abc def ghi</samp>, but neither go to a second line. To get
-multiple lines see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></ref> and&nbsp;<ref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></ref>.
+<para>As <var>text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash
+<code>\\</code> nor <code>\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance
+<code>\makebox&lbrace;abc def \\ ghi&rbrace;</code> outputs <samp>abc defghi</samp> while
+<code>\makebox&lbrace;abc def \par ghi&rbrace;</code> outputs <samp>abc def ghi</samp>, both on
+a single line. To get multiple lines see&nbsp;<ref label="_005cparbox"><xrefnodename>\parbox</xrefnodename></ref>
+and&nbsp;<ref label="minipage"><xrefnodename>minipage</xrefnodename></ref>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\parbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\mbox &amp; \makebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="864" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="865" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\fbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\framebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -14475,7 +16233,7 @@ a frame.
<code>\framebox&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and
fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
-<var>position</var>. <xref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></xref> for the full description but
+<var>position</var>. <xref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></xref>, for the full description but
here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<dmn>in</dmn> wide.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -14490,18 +16248,18 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4<dmn>in</dmn> wide.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule">fbox framebox fboxrule</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="866" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="867" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="868" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="654">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\fboxrule</indexterm>\fboxrule</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">frame, line width</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">frame rule width</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">\fboxrule</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2<dmn>pt</dmn>. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength&lbrace;\fboxrule&rbrace;&lbrace;0.8pt&rbrace;</code> (<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<anchor name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep">fbox framebox fboxsep</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="869" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="870" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="655">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\fboxsep</indexterm>\fboxsep</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">frame, separation from contents</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">\fboxsep</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3<dmn>pt</dmn>.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength&lbrace;\fboxsep&rbrace;&lbrace;0pt&rbrace;</code>
(<pxref label="_005csetlength"><xrefnodename>\setlength</xrefnodename></pxref>). Setting it to 0<dmn>pt</dmn> is useful sometimes:
@@ -14530,7 +16288,7 @@ paragraph, and then frame the result.
\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para><xref label="Colored-boxes"><xrefnodename>Colored boxes</xrefnodename></xref> for colors other than black and white.
+<para><xref label="Colored-boxes"><xrefnodename>Colored boxes</xrefnodename></xref>, for colors other than black and white.
</para>
<para>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
units depend on <code>picture</code>&textrsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (<pxref label="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"><xrefnodename>\framebox
@@ -14541,9 +16299,9 @@ units depend on <code>picture</code>&textrsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (<pxre
<node name="_005cparbox" spaces=" "><nodename>\parbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\raisebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\fbox &amp; \framebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\parbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="871" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="656">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="657">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\parbox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">paragraph mode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759">paragraph, in a box</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses, one of:
</para>
@@ -14583,10 +16341,10 @@ in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components.
</para>
<para>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
-<code>parbox</code> with respect to the surrounding material. The possible
+<dfn>parbox</dfn> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported
values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the
-<code>parbox</code> lines up with the center of the adjacent line (this is the
-default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the <code>parbox</code> with
+parbox lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (this is the
+default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with
the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the
bottom line.
</para>
@@ -14605,7 +16363,7 @@ stretchable space).
<node name="_005craisebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\raisebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\parbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\raisebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="872" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\raisebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14617,12 +16375,12 @@ stretchable space).
<para>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>This example makes a command for the restriction of a function by
-lowering the vertical bar symbol.
+<para>This example makes a command for denoting the restriction of a function
+by lowering the vertical bar symbol.
</para>
<!-- c credit: egreg https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/278631/121234 -->
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand\restricted[1]&lbrace;\raisebox&lbrace;-.5ex&rbrace;&lbrace;$|$&rbrace;_&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*\restricted[1]&lbrace;\raisebox&lbrace;-.5ex&rbrace;&lbrace;$|$&rbrace;_&lbrace;#1&rbrace;&rbrace;
$f\restricted&lbrace;A&rbrace;$
</pre></example>
@@ -14650,7 +16408,7 @@ depth).
</para>
<!-- c credit: FAQ https://texfaq.org/FAQ-topgraph -->
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; \usepackage&lbrace;calc&rbrace; % in preamble
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx,calc&rbrace; % in preamble
...
\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
\raisebox&lbrace;1ex-\height&rbrace;&lbrace;%
@@ -14670,9 +16428,9 @@ second is the height of <file>meta.png</file>.
<node name="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">lrbox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\raisebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="873" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="874" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="658">box, save</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\sbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\savebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760">box, save</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -14685,13 +16443,13 @@ second is the height of <file>meta.png</file>.
<para>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp;
\makebox</xrefnodename></pxref>) except that &latex; does not output it but instead saves it
-in a storage bin named <var>box-cmd</var>. The bin name <var>box-cmd</var> begins
-with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must have previously allocated the bin
-<var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code> (<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></pxref>).The
-<code>\sbox</code> command is robust while <code>\savebox</code> is fragile
-(<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+in a box register referred to by a variable named <var>box-cmd</var>. The
+variable name <var>box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must
+have previously allocated the box register <var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>\sbox</code> command is robust while
+<code>\savebox</code> is fragile (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<para>This creates and uses a bin.
+<para>This creates and uses a box register.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;
@@ -14699,34 +16457,34 @@ with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must have previously allocated the bin
...
\usebox&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;! His name is my name, too!
Whenever we go out, the people always shout!
-There goes \\usebox&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;! Ya da da da da da da.
+There goes \usebox&lbrace;\fullname&rbrace;! Ya da da da da da da.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>One advantage of using and reusing a bin over a <code>\newcommand</code> is
-efficiency, that &latex; need not repeatedly retypeset the contents.
-See the example below.
+<para>One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a
+<code>\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that &latex; need not
+repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below.
</para>
<para>The first two command invocations,
<code>\sbox&lbrace;<var>box-cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> and
<code>\savebox&lbrace;<var>box-cmd</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>, are roughly equivalent.
As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that
-box as <var>position</var>. <xref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></xref> for the full
+box as <var>position</var>. <xref label="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"><xrefnodename>\mbox &amp; \makebox</xrefnodename></xref>, for the full
description.
</para>
<para>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is
typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). If
you use these then &latex; doesn&textrsquo;t give you an error but it ignores
-what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox&lbrace;\newbin&rbrace;&lbrace;test \\ test&rbrace;</code> and
-<code>\usebox&lbrace;\newbin&rbrace;</code> then you get <samp>testtest</samp>, while if you
-enter <code>\sbox&lbrace;\newbin&rbrace;&lbrace;test \par test&rbrace;</code> and
-<code>\usebox&lbrace;\newbin&rbrace;</code> then you get <samp>test test</samp>, but no error or
+what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox&lbrace;\newreg&rbrace;&lbrace;test \\ test&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>\usebox&lbrace;\newreg&rbrace;</code> then you get <samp>testtest</samp>, while if you
+enter <code>\sbox&lbrace;\newreg&rbrace;&lbrace;test \par test&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>\usebox&lbrace;\newreg&rbrace;</code> then you get <samp>test test</samp>, but no error or
warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here.
</para>
<!-- c credit: egreg https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/41668/121234 -->
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\savebox&lbrace;\abin&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\savebox&lbrace;\areg&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\begin&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&lbrace;\linewidth&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
\item First item
@@ -14734,17 +16492,17 @@ warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as her
\end&lbrace;enumerate&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;minipage&rbrace;&rbrace;
...
-\usebox&lbrace;\abin&rbrace;
+\usebox&lbrace;\areg&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>As an example of the efficiency of reusing a bin&textrsquo;s contents, this puts
+<para>As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register&textrsquo;s contents, this puts
the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in the
header. &latex; only typesets it once.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; % all this in the preamble
-\newsavebox&lbrace;\sealbin&rbrace;
-\savebox&lbrace;\sealbin&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+\newsavebox&lbrace;\sealreg&rbrace;
+\savebox&lbrace;\sealreg&rbrace;&lbrace;%
\setlength&lbrace;\unitlength&rbrace;&lbrace;1in&rbrace;%
\begin&lbrace;picture&rbrace;(0,0)%
\put(1.5,-2.5)&lbrace;%
@@ -14754,22 +16512,22 @@ header. &latex; only typesets it once.
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;picture&rbrace;%
&rbrace;
-\markright&lbrace;\usebox&lbrace;\sealbin&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\markright&lbrace;\usebox&lbrace;\sealreg&rbrace;&rbrace;
\pagestyle&lbrace;headings&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
</para>
-<para>If the bin has not already been defined then you get something like
-<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \nobin</samp>.
+<para>If the register <code>\noreg</code> has not already been defined then you get something like
+<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \noreg</samp>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="lrbox" spaces=" "><nodename>lrbox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\usebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\sbox &amp; \savebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>lrbox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="875" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">lrbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14779,26 +16537,27 @@ header. &latex; only typesets it once.
\end&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the bin
-<code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The <var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a
-backslash. You must create this bin in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
-(<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></pxref>). This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code>
-and <code>\savebox</code> commands, and is equivalent to them. <xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp;
-\savebox</xrefnodename></xref> for the full information.
+<para>This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code>
+commands, and is equivalent to them. for the full description,
+<xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp; \savebox</xrefnodename></xref>.
</para>
-<para>In this example the environment is convenient for entering the
-<code>tabular</code>.
+<para>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register
+referred to by variable <code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name
+<var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must allocate
+this box register in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cnewsavebox"><xrefnodename>\newsavebox</xrefnodename></pxref>). In this example the environment is convenient
+for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\jhbin&rbrace;
-\begin&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;&lbrace;\jhbin&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newsavebox&lbrace;\jhreg&rbrace;
+\begin&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;&lbrace;\jhreg&rbrace;
\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;c&rbrace;
\includegraphics[height=1in]&lbrace;jh.png&rbrace; \\
Jim Hef&lbrace;&rbrace;feron
\end&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;
\end&lbrace;lrbox&rbrace;
...
-\usebox&lbrace;\jhbin&rbrace;
+\usebox&lbrace;\jhreg&rbrace;
</pre></example>
@@ -14806,8 +16565,8 @@ and <code>\savebox</code> commands, and is equivalent to them. <xref label="_005
<node name="_005cusebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\usebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">lrbox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Boxes</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\usebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="876" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="659">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">\usebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">box, use saved box</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -14815,11 +16574,11 @@ and <code>\savebox</code> commands, and is equivalent to them. <xref label="_005
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usebox&lbrace;<var>box-cmd</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Produce the box most recently saved in the bin <var>box-cmd</var> by the
-commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
-environment. <xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp; \savebox</xrefnodename></xref> for more information and examples.
-(Note that <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a backslash.) This command is
-robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var>box-cmd</var> by
+the commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
+environment. For more information and examples, <xref label="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"><xrefnodename>\sbox &amp;
+\savebox</xrefnodename></xref>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
+backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
</section>
@@ -14827,7 +16586,7 @@ robust (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref
<node name="Color" spaces=" "><nodename>Color</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="660">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">color</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
@@ -14851,8 +16610,8 @@ significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
<node name="Color-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Color package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Color models</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>color</code> package options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="661">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="662">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">color package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764">options, color package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</para>
@@ -14902,7 +16661,7 @@ memory space.
<node name="Color-models" spaces=" "><nodename>Color models</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for color</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Color models</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="663">color models</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765">color models</indexterm></cindex>
<para>A <dfn>color model</dfn> is a way of representing colors. &latex;&textrsquo;s
capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <file>pdftex</file>,
@@ -14963,7 +16722,7 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
<node name="Commands-for-color" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for color</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Color models</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Color</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for color</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="664">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766">color package commands</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the commands available with the <file>color</file> package.
</para>
@@ -14978,9 +16737,9 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names <samp>black</samp>,
<node name="Define-colors" spaces=" "><nodename>Define colors</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored text</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Define colors</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="665">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="666">define color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="667">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">define color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">color, define</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15014,8 +16773,8 @@ or style, rather than in the document body.
<node name="Colored-text" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored text</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Define colors</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored text</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="668">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="669">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771">colored text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -15089,10 +16848,10 @@ synopses.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]&lbrace;0.33,0.14,0.47&rbrace;&lbrace;Purple&rbrace; and
-&lbrace;\color[rgb]&lbrace;0.72,0.60,0.37&rbrace; Gold&rbrace; for the team.
+&lbrace;\color[rgb]&lbrace;0.72,0.60,0.37&rbrace;Gold&rbrace; for the team.
</pre></example>
-<para>The format of <var>color specification </var> depends on the color model
+<para>The format of <var>color specification</var> depends on the color model
(<pxref label="Color-models"><xrefnodename>Color models</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
</para>
@@ -15116,9 +16875,9 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
<node name="Colored-boxes" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored boxes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Colored pages</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored text</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored boxes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="670">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="671">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="672">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">colored boxes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">box, colored</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -15172,10 +16931,10 @@ of the second line.
<node name="Colored-pages" spaces=" "><nodename>Colored pages</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Colored boxes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for color</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Colored pages</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="673">color</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="674">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="675">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="676">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775">color</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776">colored page</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777">page, colored</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">background, colored</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -15206,8 +16965,8 @@ rather than the default transparent background.)
<node name="Graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Special insertions</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Color</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Graphics</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="677">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="678">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your &latex; document.
You need an additional package, which comes standard with &latex;.
@@ -15256,8 +17015,8 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<node name="Graphics-package-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="679">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="680">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781">graphics package options</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782">options, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</para>
@@ -15304,7 +17063,7 @@ rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
<code>\includegraphics</code> command).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
the file must be present.
</para>
@@ -15337,14 +17096,9 @@ option has &latex; to read the size from the latter.
<node name="Graphics-package-configuration" spaces=" "><nodename>Graphics package configuration</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>graphics</code> package configuration</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="681">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="682">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="683">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="684">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="685">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="686">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="687">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="688">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">configuration, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These commands configure the way &latex; searches the file system for
the graphic.
@@ -15365,21 +17119,22 @@ the documentation in <file>grfguide.pdf</file>, or the &latex; source, or your
<node name="_005cgraphicspath" spaces=" "><nodename>\graphicspath</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\graphicspath</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="877" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\graphicspath</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\graphicspath&lbrace;<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\graphicspath&lbrace;<var>list of directories inside curly braces</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<para>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;lion.png&rbrace;</code>
instead of having to give its path.
</para>
-<para>&latex; always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
-The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
-<file>pix</file>, and then <file>../pix</file>.
+<para>&latex; always looks for graphic files first in the current directory
+(and the output directory, if specified; <pxref label="output-directory"><xrefnodename>output directory</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the
+subdirectory <file>pix</file>, and then <file>../pix</file>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; % or graphics; put in preamble
@@ -15414,7 +17169,7 @@ current directory,
<noindent></noindent>
<para>for each of the listed directories, &latex; concatenates it with the
-file name and searches for the result, checking for <file>pix/lion.png</file>
+filename and searches for the result, checking for <file>pix/lion.png</file>
and then <file>../pix/lion.png</file>. This algorithm means that the
<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
if you issue <code>\graphicspath&lbrace;&lbrace;a/&rbrace;&rbrace;</code> and the graphic is in
@@ -15442,7 +17197,7 @@ instead in <file>book/plots</file>.
<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\graphicspath</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="878" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -15465,7 +17220,7 @@ files.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>Because the file name <file>lion</file> does not have a period, &latex; uses
+<para>Because the filename <file>lion</file> does not have a period, &latex; uses
the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
(<pxref label="_005cgraphicspath"><xrefnodename>\graphicspath</xrefnodename></pxref>), &latex; will try the extensions in the order
given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
@@ -15482,9 +17237,14 @@ your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
the most recent <file>pdftex.def</file> has this extension list.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
+<pre xml:space="preserve">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
</pre></example>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786"><r>package</r>, <code>grfext</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787"><code>grfext</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package.
+</para>
<para>You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it more
than once. Show its value with
<code>\makeatletter\typeout&lbrace;\Gin&arobase;extensions&rbrace;\makeatother</code>.
@@ -15494,7 +17254,7 @@ than once. Show its value with
<node name="_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" spaces=" "><nodename>\DeclareGraphicsRule</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="879" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\DeclareGraphicsRule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -15530,7 +17290,7 @@ extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <file>filename.1</file>,
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">extension</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
-<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+<code>*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">type</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The type of file involved. This type is a string that must be defined
@@ -15560,7 +17320,7 @@ other format is available.)
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="var">command</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A command that will be applied to the
-file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
+file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a
single backward quote. Thus,
<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule&lbrace;.eps.gz&rbrace;&lbrace;eps&rbrace;&lbrace;.eps.bb&rbrace;&lbrace;`gunzip -c
#1&rbrace;</code> specifies that any file with the extension <file>.eps.gz</file> should
@@ -15580,8 +17340,8 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
<node name="Commands-for-graphics" spaces=" "><nodename>Commands for graphics</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics package configuration</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Graphics</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Commands for graphics</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="689">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="690">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">graphics package commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">commands, graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the commands available with the <file>graphics</file> and
<file>graphicx</file> packages.
@@ -15597,16 +17357,16 @@ See the documentation for your &tex; distribution.
<node name="_005cincludegraphics" spaces=" "><nodename>\includegraphics</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\includegraphics</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="691">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="692">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="693">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="694">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="695">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="696">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="697">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="698">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="699">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="880" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">graphics package</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792">including graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793">importing graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794">EPS files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795">JPEG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">JPG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797">PDF graphic files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798">PNG files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\includegraphics</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses for <file>graphics</file> package:
</para>
@@ -15654,10 +17414,10 @@ is <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>The <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;<var>filename</var>&rbrace;</code> command decides on the
type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
-use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in <code>\includegraphics&lbrace;turing&rbrace;</code>
-and then &latex; tries a sequence of extensions such as <code>.png</code> and
-<code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file with that extension
-(<pxref label="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><xrefnodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+instead use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in
+<code>\includegraphics&lbrace;turing&rbrace;</code>, and then &latex; tries a sequence of
+extensions such as <code>.png</code> and <code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file
+with that extension (<pxref label="_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><xrefnodename>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
them with curly braces, as in
@@ -15666,7 +17426,7 @@ the <file>graphicx</file> package then you can use the options <code>type</code>
<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
with the package <file>grffile</file>.
</para>
-<para>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so &latex; can
+<para>This example puts a graphic in a <code>figure</code> environment so &latex; can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
(<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
@@ -15741,8 +17501,10 @@ two will end with different widths and heights.
</para>
<para>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799">bounding box</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800">box, bounding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that a graphic is placed by &latex; into a box, which is
-traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+traditionally referred to as its <dfn>bounding box</dfn> (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&textrsquo;s printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when &latex; makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
@@ -15756,7 +17518,7 @@ is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]&lbrace;plot&rbrace;</code>. You can use th
&tex; dimensions (<pxref label="Units-of-length"><xrefnodename>Units of length</xrefnodename></pxref>) and also convenient is
<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
(<pxref label="Page-layout-parameters"><xrefnodename>Page layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>). An example is that by using the
-<file>calc</file> package you can make the graphic be 1&nbsp;cm narrow than
+<file>calc</file> package you can make the graphic be 1&nbsp;cm narrower than
the width of the text with
<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]&lbrace;hefferon.jpg&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
@@ -15770,7 +17532,7 @@ layout parameters</xrefnodename></pxref>). For instance, the command
graphic a quarter of the height of the text area.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">totalheight</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="includegraphics-totalheght">includegraphics totalheght</anchor>
+</tableterm><tableitem><anchor name="includegraphics-totalheight">includegraphics totalheight</anchor>
<para>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
@@ -15794,7 +17556,7 @@ is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">scale</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. This
-number may be any value; a number between 1 and&nbsp;0 will shrink the
+number may be any value; a number between 0 and&nbsp;1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">angle</itemformat></item>
@@ -15826,10 +17588,10 @@ vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB
</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">viewport</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in &tex; dimensions, as with
-<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. The
-dimensions default to big points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken
-relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
-<code>trim</code> option.
+<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>. When
+the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big
+points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified
+by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option.
</para>
<anchor name="includegraphics-trim">includegraphics trim</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">trim</itemformat></item>
@@ -15887,7 +17649,7 @@ set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">quiet</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
+<code>\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code>,
</para>
<anchor name="includegraphics-draft">includegraphics draft</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">draft</itemformat></item>
@@ -15985,7 +17747,7 @@ Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
<anchor name="includegraphics-command">includegraphics command</anchor>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">command</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
-conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. <xref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></xref>
+conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. <xref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></xref>,
for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run
external commands.
</para>
@@ -15996,10 +17758,10 @@ external commands.
<node name="_005crotatebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\rotatebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\scalebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\includegraphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rotatebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="700">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="701">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="702">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="881" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">rotation</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">rotating graphics</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">rotating text</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\rotatebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis if you use the <file>graphics</file> package:
</para>
@@ -16017,7 +17779,7 @@ external commands.
<para>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees
counterclockwise.
</para>
-<para>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+<para>This example rotates the table column heads forty-five degrees.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;tabular&rbrace;&lbrace;ll&rbrace;
@@ -16087,14 +17849,14 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
<node name="_005cscalebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\scalebox</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\resizebox</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\rotatebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\scalebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="703">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="704">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="705">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="706">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="707">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="708">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="882" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="883" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\scalebox</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\reflectbox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -16137,13 +17899,13 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
<node name="_005cresizebox" spaces=" "><nodename>\resizebox</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\scalebox</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Commands for graphics</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\resizebox</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="709">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="710">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="711">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="712">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="713">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="714">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="884" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">graphics, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">graphics, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814">text, scaling</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815">text, resizing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">\resizebox</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopses:
</para>
@@ -16182,8 +17944,8 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
<node name="Special-insertions" spaces=" "><nodename>Special insertions</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Graphics</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Special insertions</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="715">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="716">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">special insertions</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">insertions of special characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
@@ -16195,6 +17957,7 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Text symbols</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Accents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting accents.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Additional Latin letters</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting other non-English characters.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">inputenc package</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set the input file text encoding.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\rule</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting lines and rectangles.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\today</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Inserting today&textrsquo;s date.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
@@ -16203,42 +17966,43 @@ special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
<node name="Reserved-characters" spaces=" "><nodename>Reserved characters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Reserved characters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="717">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="718">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="719">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="720">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">reserved characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">characters, reserved</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">characters, special</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments. They are
-called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>.
+called <dfn>reserved characters</dfn> or <dfn>special characters</dfn>. They are
+all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve"># $ % &amp; &lbrace; &rbrace; _ ~ ^ \
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="885" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="886" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="887" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="888" mergedindex="cp">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="889" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="890" mergedindex="cp">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="891" mergedindex="cp">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\#</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\$</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\%</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\&amp;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\_</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">\&lbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="892" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="893" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="894" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\~</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\^</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm></findex>
<para>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~&lbrace;&rbrace;</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
-character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
-body font circumflex use <code>\^&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>. To get a backslash in the font
-of the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
+character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
+font circumflex use <code>\^&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
+the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash&lbrace;&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only
-there to split the lines).
+there to split the lines in the output).
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\begin&lbrace;center&rbrace;
@@ -16252,9 +18016,10 @@ there to split the lines).
<node name="Upper-and-lower-case" spaces=" "><nodename>Upper and lower case</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Reserved characters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Upper and lower case</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="721">uppercase</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="722">lowercase</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="723">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">uppercase</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">lowercase</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">characters, case of</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">changing case of characters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16265,13 +18030,13 @@ there to split the lines).
\MakeLowercase&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<para>Change the case of characters. The &tex; primitives commands
-<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> only work for American
-characters. The &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
-<code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change characters accessed by
-commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The commands
-<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust but they have
-moving arguments (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+<para>Change the case of characters. The &tex; primitive commands
+<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work
+only with the 26 letters a&textndash;z and A&textndash;Z. The &latex; commands
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change
+characters accessed by commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The
+commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust
+but they have moving arguments (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
@@ -16297,337 +18062,383 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
<w> </w>\expandafter&lbrace;\schoolname&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="724"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="725"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826"><r>package</r>, <code>textcase</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827"><code>textcase</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <file>textcase</file> package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard &latex; commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="726"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="727"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828"><r>package</r>, <code>mfirstuc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829"><code>mfirstuc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
<file>mfirstuc</file>.
</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830"><r>package</r>, <code>expl3</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831"><code>expl3</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832">Wright, Joseph</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
+non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in
+the original &tex; and &latex;. It has been implemented in the
+<code>expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article &textldquo;Case changing: From
+&tex; primitives to the Unicode algorithm&textrdquo;, (Joseph Wright,
+<cite>TUGboat</cite>&nbsp;41:1,
+<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</urefurl></url>), gives a
+good overview of the topic, past and present.
+</para>
</section>
<node name="Symbols-by-font-position" spaces=" "><nodename>Symbols by font position</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Text symbols</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Upper and lower case</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Symbols by font position</sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="895" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="728">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="729">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\symbol</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">accessing any character of a font</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">font symbols, by number</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
-used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be
-typed as <code>\symbol&lbrace;32&rbrace;</code>.
+used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32 in the
+standard Computer Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as
+<code>\symbol&lbrace;32&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
<para>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code>
-prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the previous
-example could also be written as <code>\symbol&lbrace;'40&rbrace;</code> or
-<code>\symbol&lbrace;&quot;20&rbrace;</code>.
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the
+visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
+<code>\symbol&lbrace;'40&rbrace;</code> or <code>\symbol&lbrace;&quot;20&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="Text-symbols" spaces=" "><nodename>Text symbols</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Accents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Symbols by font position</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Text symbols</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="730">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="731">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">text symbols</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836">symbols, text</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="896" mergedindex="cp">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
-<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
-running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
-available in OT1. Unless you are using Xe&latex; or Lua&latex; then
-you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">textcomp <r>package</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837">TS1 encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
+in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
+not available in OT1. As of the &latex; February 2020 release, all
+symbols are available by default; before that, it was necessary to use
+the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
+<code>TS1</code> font encoding).
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="897" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="898" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="732">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\copyright</indexterm>\copyright</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">\textcopyright</indexterm>\textcopyright</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838">copyright symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&copyright; The copyright symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="899" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="733">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">\dag</indexterm>\dag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2020</U> The dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="900" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="734">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\ddag</indexterm>\ddag</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2021</U> The double dagger symbol (in text).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="901" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="735">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="736">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeX</indexterm>\LaTeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">&latex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">logo, &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="902" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="737">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="738">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\LaTeXe</indexterm>\LaTeXe</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">&latex;2e logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">logo, &latex;2e</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &latex;2e logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="903" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="904" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="905" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="906" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="739">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="740">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="741">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="742">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="743">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="744">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="745">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="746">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotleft <r>(&laquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></indexterm>\guillemotright <r>(&raquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglleft <r>(&lsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></indexterm>\guilsinglright <r>(&rsaquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">double guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">single guillemets</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">left angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">right angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">double angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">single angle quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">French quotation marks</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">quotation marks, French</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="907" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="908" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="909" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="747">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\ldots</indexterm>\ldots</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\dots</indexterm>\dots</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\textellipsis</indexterm>\textellipsis</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">ellipsis</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&dots; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="910" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="748">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="749">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\lq</indexterm>\lq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854">left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855">opening quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textlsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="911" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="912" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="750">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="751">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\P</indexterm>\P</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\textparagraph</indexterm>\textparagraph</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856">paragraph symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857">pilcrow</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00B6</U> Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="913" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="914" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="752">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="753">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\pounds</indexterm>\pounds</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\textsterling</indexterm>\textsterling</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858">pounds symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859">sterling symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="915" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="916" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="754">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="755">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="756">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotedblbase <r>(&bdquo;)</r></itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></indexterm>\quotesinglbase <r>(&sbquo;)</r></itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">double low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">single low-9 quotation mark</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">low-9 quotation marks, single and double</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&bdquo; and &sbquo;
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="917" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="757">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="758">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\rq</indexterm>\rq</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">closing quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="918" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="919" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="759">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">\S</indexterm>\S</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">\textsection</indexterm>\textsection</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">section symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00A7</U> Section sign.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="920" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="760">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="761">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\TeX</indexterm>\TeX</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">&tex; logo</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">logo, &tex;</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The &tex; logo.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="921" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="762">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="763">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">\textasciicircum</indexterm>\textasciicircum</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">circumflex, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">ASCII circumflex, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>^ ASCII circumflex.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="922" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="764">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="765">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\textasciitilde</indexterm>\textasciitilde</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">tilde, ASCII, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871">ASCII tilde, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>~ ASCII tilde.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="923" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="766">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="767">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\textasteriskcentered</indexterm>\textasteriskcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872">asterisk, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873">centered asterisk, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>* Centered asterisk.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="924" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="768">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\textbackslash</indexterm>\textbackslash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874">backslash, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>\ Backslash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="925" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="769">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="770">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\textbar</indexterm>\textbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875">vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876">bar, vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>| Vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="926" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="771">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="772">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="773">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">\textbardbl</indexterm>\textbardbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">vertical bar, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">bar, double vertical, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">double vertical bar, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>23F8</U> Double vertical bar.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="927" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="774">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="775">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>25EF</U> Big circle symbol.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">\textbigcircle</indexterm>\textbigcircle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">big circle symbols, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">circle symbol, big, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>25EF</U>, Big circle symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="928" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="776">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="777">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceleft</indexterm>\textbraceleft</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882">left brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883">brace, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lbrace; Left brace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="929" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="778">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="779">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\textbraceright</indexterm>\textbraceright</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">right brace, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">brace, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&rbrace; Right brace.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="930" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="780">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\textbullet</indexterm>\textbullet</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">bullet, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&bullet; Bullet.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="931" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="781">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>24B6</U> Circle around <var>letter</var>.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</indexterm>\textcircled&lbrace;<var>letter</var>&rbrace;</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887">circled letter, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>24B6</U>, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="932" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="933" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="934" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="782">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="783">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="784">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\textcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcompwordmark</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\textcapitalcompwordmark</indexterm>\textcapitalcompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\textascendercompwordmark</indexterm>\textascendercompwordmark</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888">composite word mark, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">cap height</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">ascender height</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces <samp>fi</samp> without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
<code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code> form has the cap height of the font
while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="935" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="785">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\textdagger</indexterm>\textdagger</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891">dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2020</U> Dagger.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="936" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="786">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="787">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\textdaggerdbl</indexterm>\textdaggerdbl</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892">dagger, double, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893">double dagger, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2021</U> Double dagger.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="937" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="788">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="789">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></indexterm>\textdollar <r>(or <code>\$</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894">dollar sign</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895">currency, dollar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>$ Dollar sign.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="938" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="790">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&textmdash; Em-dash (used for punctuation, as in
-<code>The playoffs --- if you are fortunate enough to make the playoffs ---
-is more like a sprint.</code>).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="939" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="791">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&textndash; En-dash (used for ranges, as in <code>See pages 12--14</code>).
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="940" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="792">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="793">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="794"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="795"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>The Euro symbol: &euro;. For an alternative glyph design, try the
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></indexterm>\textemdash <r>(or <code>---</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896">em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<raggedright endspaces=" ">
+<para>&textmdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
+parentheses, as in &textlsquo;<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky
+enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&textrsquo; Conventions
+for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
+</para></raggedright>
+
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></indexterm>\textendash <r>(or <code>--</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">e-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&textndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &textlsquo;<code>see pages 12--14</code>&textrsquo;.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\texteuro</indexterm>\texteuro</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">euro symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">currency, euro</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The Euro currency symbol: &euro;.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902"><r>package</r>, <code>eurosym</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903"><code>eurosym</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+</para>
+<para>For an alternative glyph design, try the
<file>eurosym</file> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="941" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="796">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textexclamdown <r>(or <code>!`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904">exclamation point, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="942" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="797">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\textfiguredash</indexterm>\textfiguredash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905">figure dash character</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
+release of &latex;. When used in pdf&tex;, approximated by an
+en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available
+in the current font, or writes the usual &textldquo;Missing character&textrdquo; warning
+to the log file.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\textgreater</indexterm>\textgreater</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906">greater than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="943" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="798">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\texthorizontalbar</indexterm>\texthorizontalbar</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907">horizontal bar character</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
+release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above;
+the pdf&tex; approximation is an em-dash.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\textless</indexterm>\textless</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908">less than symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lt; Less than symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="944" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="799">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="800">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>2190</U> Left arrow.
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="945" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="946" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="801">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="802">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="803">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="804">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\textleftarrow</indexterm>\textleftarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909">arrow, left, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910">left arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>2190</U>, Left arrow.
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\textnonbreakinghyphen</indexterm>\textnonbreakinghyphen</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">non-breaking hyphen character</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">hyphen character, non-breaking</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
+2021 release of &latex;. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code>
+above; the pdf&tex; approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
+breaks disallowed after).
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\textordfeminine</indexterm>\textordfeminine</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\textordmasculine</indexterm>\textordmasculine</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913">feminine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914">masculine ordinal symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915">ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="947" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="805">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="806">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\textperiodcentered</indexterm>\textperiodcentered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917">period, centered, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">centered period, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>00B7</U> Centered period.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="948" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="807">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquestiondown <r>(or <code>?`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">question mark, upside-down</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="949" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="808">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="809">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblleft <r>(or <code>``</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">left quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">double left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textldquo; Double left quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="950" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="810">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="811">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquotedblright <r>(or <code>''</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922">right quote, double</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923">double right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrdquo; Double right quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="951" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="812">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="813">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteleft <r>(or <code>`</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924">left quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925">single left quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textlsquo; Single left quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="952" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="814">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="815">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></indexterm>\textquoteright <r>(or <code>'</code>)</r></itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926">right quote, single</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927">single right quote</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&textrsquo; Single right quote.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="953" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="816">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="817">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="818">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>0027</U> Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
-</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="954" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="955" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="819">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="820">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="821">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="822">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\textquotesingle</indexterm>\textquotesingle</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928">quote, single straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929">straight single quote</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930">single quote, straight</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>0027</U>, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+</para>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightbase</itemformat></item>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\textquotestraightdblbase</indexterm>\textquotestraightdblbase</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931">quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932">straight quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933">double quote, straight base</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934">straight double quote, base</indexterm></cindex>
<!-- c Unicode doesn't have these https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark -->
<para>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="956" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="823">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\textregistered</indexterm>\textregistered</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">registered symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&registered; Registered symbol.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="957" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="824">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="825">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>2192</U> Right arrow.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\textrightarrow</indexterm>\textrightarrow</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">arrow, right, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">right arrow, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>2192</U>, Right arrow.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="958" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="826">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="827">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>FE58</U> &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\textthreequartersemdash</indexterm>\textthreequartersemdash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">three-quarters em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939">em-dash, three-quarters</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Three-quarters&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="959" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="828">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\texttrademark</indexterm>\texttrademark</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">trademark symbol</indexterm></cindex>
<para><U>2122</U> Trademark symbol.
</para>
<!-- c ?? Diff from \textthreequartersemdash? In Unicode? -->
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="960" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="829">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="830">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>FE58</U> &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\texttwelveudash</indexterm>\texttwelveudash</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">two-thirds em-dash</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">em-dash, two-thirds</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>FE58</U>, &textldquo;Two-thirds&textrdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="961" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="831">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\textunderscore</indexterm>\textunderscore</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">underscore, in text</indexterm></cindex>
<para>_ Underscore.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="962" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="832">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
-<para><U>2423</U> Visible space symbol.
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\textvisiblespace</indexterm>\textvisiblespace</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">visible space symbol, in text</indexterm></cindex>
+<para><U>2423</U>, Visible space symbol.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -16636,34 +18447,37 @@ Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
<node name="Accents" spaces=" "><nodename>Accents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Text symbols</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Accents</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="833">accents</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="834">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="835">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">accents</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">characters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947">letters, accented</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="836"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="837"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="838"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="839"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="840">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and languages,
-through the <code>babel</code> package and related support if you are using
-pdf&latex;, or <file>polyglossia</file> if you are using Xe&latex; or
-Lua&latex;. This section does not cover that support. It only lists
-the core &latex; commands for creating accented characters. The
-<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for use
-with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">multilingual support</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&latex; has wide support for many of the world&textrsquo;s scripts and
+languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which
+supports pdf&latex;, Xe&latex; and Lua&latex;. The
+<file>polyglossia</file> package provides similar support with the latter
+two engines.
+</para>
+<para>This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core
+&latex; commands for creating accented characters. The
+<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for
+use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
</para>
<para>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
lowercase <samp>o</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="963" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="841">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\i <r>(dotless i)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">dotless i</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
<!-- c @dotless{i}, -->
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="964" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="842">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\j <r>(dotless j)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">dotless j</indexterm></cindex>
and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
<!-- c @dotless{j}. -->
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
@@ -16672,63 +18486,63 @@ accented.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\&quot;</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldieresis</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="965" mergedindex="cp">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="966" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="843">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="844">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">\&quot; <r>(umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldieresis</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956">dieresis accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="uml">o</accent> Umlaut (dieresis).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\'</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalacute</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="967" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="968" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="845">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\' <r>(acute accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">\capitalacute</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957">acute accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="acute">o</accent> Acute accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\.</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="969" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="846">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="847">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">\. <r>(dot-over accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">dot accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959">dot-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="dotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\=</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalmacron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="970" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="971" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="848">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="849">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="850">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\= <r>(macron accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\capitalmacron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960">macron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961">overbar accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">bar-over accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="macr">o</accent> Macron (overbar) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\^</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcircumflex</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="972" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="973" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="851">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="852">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\^ <r>(circumflex accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcircumflex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">circumflex accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">hat accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="circ">o</accent> Circumflex (hat) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\`</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalgrave</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="974" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="975" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="853">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\` <r>(grave accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\capitalgrave</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965">grave accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="grave">o</accent> Grave accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\~</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltilde</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="976" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="977" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="854">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\~ <r>(tilde accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltilde</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">tilde accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="tilde">n</accent> Tilde accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\b</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="978" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="855">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\b <r>(bar-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">bar-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ubaraccent">o</accent> Bar accent underneath.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="979" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="856">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\underbar</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">underbar</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Related to this, <code>\underbar&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code> produces a bar under
<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
(<pxref label="Modes"><xrefnodename>Modes</xrefnodename></pxref>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
@@ -16737,81 +18551,137 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\c</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcedilla</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="980" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="981" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="857">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">\c <r>(cedilla accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcedilla</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">cedilla accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="cedil">c</accent> Cedilla accent underneath.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\d</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaldotaccent</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="982" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="983" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="858">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">\d <r>(dot-under accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">\capitaldotaccent</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">dot-under accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="udotaccent">o</accent> Dot accent underneath.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\H</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalhungarumlaut</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="984" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="985" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="859">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">\H <r>(Hungarian umlaut accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">\capitalhungarumlaut</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">hungarian umlaut accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="doubleacute">o</accent> Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\k</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalogonek</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="986" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="987" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="860">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\k <r>(ogonek)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">\capitalogonek</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972">ogonek</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ogon">o</accent> Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\r</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalring</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="988" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="989" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="861">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">\r <r>(ring accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">\capitalring</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="973">ring accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="ring">o</accent> Ring accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\t</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitaltie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\newtie</itemformat></itemx>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalnewtie</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="990" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="991" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="992" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="993" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="862">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">\t <r>(tie-after accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">\capitaltie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">\newtie</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">\capitalnewtie</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="974">tie-after accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="tieaccent">oo</accent> Tie-after accent. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in
its box.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\u</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalbreve</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="994" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="995" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="863">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">\u <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">\capitalbreve</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="975">breve accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="breve">o</accent> Breve accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\v</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\capitalcaron</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="996" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="997" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="864">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="865">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="866">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">\v <r>(breve accent)</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">\capitalcaron</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="976">hacek accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="977">check accent</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="978">caron accent</indexterm></cindex>
<para><accent type="caron">o</accent> H<accent type="acute" bracketed="off">a</accent><accent type="caron">c</accent>ek (check, caron) accent.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></table>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\accent</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Low level command to produce an accented character.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005caccent" spaces=" "><nodename>\accent</nodename><nodeup automatic="on">Accents</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\accent</code></sectiontitle>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">\accent</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\accent <var>number</var> <var>character</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>A &tex; primitive command used to generate accented characters from
+accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>,
+a numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var> argument
+constructs the accented character in the current font.
+</para>
+<para>These are accented <samp>e</samp> characters.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\accent18 e
+\accent20 e
+\accent21 e
+\accent22 e
+\accent23 e
+</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The first is a grave, the second is breve, etc.
+</para>
+<para>The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the
+outcome of <code>\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In &latex; it is
+desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building
+them using <code>\accent</code>. Using glyphs that already contain the
+accented characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation
+whereas <code>\accent</code> disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font
+encoding where accented glyphs are absent).
+</para>
+<para>There can be an optional font change between <var>number</var> and
+<var>character</var>. Note also that this command sets the
+<code>\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (<pxref label="_005cspacefactor"><xrefnodename>\spacefactor</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and
+the majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be
+assembled from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while
+<code>\accent</code> provides for a single accent mark and a single letter
+combination. There are also cases where accents must appear between
+letters that \accent does not support. Still other cases exist where
+the letters I and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that
+conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of <code>\accent</code> in these
+cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
-<node name="Additional-Latin-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional Latin letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Additional-Latin-letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Additional Latin letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">inputenc package</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Accents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Additional Latin letters</sectiontitle>
<anchor name="Non_002dEnglish-characters">Non-English characters</anchor>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="867">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="868">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="869">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="870">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="871">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="872">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="979">Latin letters, additional</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="980">letters, additional Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="981">extended Latin</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="982">special characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="983">non-English characters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="984">characters, non-English</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Here are the basic &latex; commands for inserting letters beyond
A&textndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
@@ -16820,84 +18690,84 @@ than English.
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\aa</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AA</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="998" mergedindex="cp">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="999" mergedindex="cp">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="873">aring</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">\aa (&aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">\AA (&Aring;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="985">aring</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aring; and &Aring;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ae</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\AE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1000" mergedindex="cp">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1001" mergedindex="cp">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="874">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">\ae (&aelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">\AE (&AElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="986">ae ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dh</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1002" mergedindex="cp">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1003" mergedindex="cp">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="875">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="876">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">\dh (&eth;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">\DH (&ETH;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="987">Icelandic eth</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="988">eth, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\dj</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\DJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1004" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1005" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">\dj</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">\DJ</indexterm></findex>
<para>Crossed d and D, a.k.a.&noeos; capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <sc>OT1</sc> encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ij</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\IJ</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1006" mergedindex="cp">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1007" mergedindex="cp">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="877">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\ij (ij)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\IJ (IJ)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="989">ij letter, Dutch</indexterm></cindex>
<para>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\l</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\L</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1008" mergedindex="cp">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1009" mergedindex="cp">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="878">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\l (&lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\L (&Lslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="990">polish l</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&lslash; and &Lslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ng</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\NG</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1010" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1011" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\ng</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\NG</indexterm></findex>
<para>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\o</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\O</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1012" mergedindex="cp">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1013" mergedindex="cp">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="879">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\o (&oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">\O (&Oslash;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="991">oslash</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\oe</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\OE</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1014" mergedindex="cp">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1015" mergedindex="cp">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="880">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">\oe (&oelig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">\OE (&OElig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="992">oe ligature</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\ss</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\SS</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1016" mergedindex="cp">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1017" mergedindex="cp">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="881">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="882">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">\ss (&szlig;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">\SS (SS)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="993">es-zet German letter</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="994">sharp S letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&szlig; and SS.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\th</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">\TH</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1018" mergedindex="cp">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1019" mergedindex="cp">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="883">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="884">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\th (&thorn;)</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\TH (&THORN;)</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="995">Icelandic thorn</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="996">thorn, Icelandic letter</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <sc>OT1</sc>
encoding, you need the <file>fontenc</file> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
@@ -16906,10 +18776,77 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
</section>
-<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<node name="inputenc-package" spaces=" "><nodename>inputenc package</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\rule</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Additional Latin letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>inputenc</code> package</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">inputenc</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[<var>encoding-name</var>]&lbrace;inputenc&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Declare the input file&textrsquo;s text encoding to be <var>encoding-name</var>. The
+default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
+specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
+useful to omit it.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="997">encoding, of input files</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="998">character encoding</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="999">Unicode</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
+called the <dfn>encoding</dfn>. There are many different encodings. The
+simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
+for most of the world&textrsquo;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
+a-umlaut character <accent type="uml">a</accent> in an ASCII-encoded &latex; source file, the
+sequence <code>\&quot;a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
+but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
+encoding is more convenient.
+</para>
+<para>The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
+UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
+&latex; since 2018.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>inputenc</code> package is how &latex; knows what encoding is
+used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
+input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage[utf8]&lbrace;inputenc&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Caution: use <code>inputenc</code> only with the pdf&tex; engine
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; engines assume
+that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke &latex; with
+either the <command>xelatex</command> command or the <command>lualatex</command>
+command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code>inputenc</code>,
+such as <code>latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code>inputenc is
+not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
+</para>
+<para>An <code>inputenc</code> package error such as <code>Invalid UTF-8 byte &quot;96</code>
+means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
+encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
+is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a
+&latex; input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
+replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
+&latex; equivalent command or character.
+</para>
+<para>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
+necessary. Use the command
+<code>\inputencoding&lbrace;<var>encoding-name</var>&rbrace;</code>. The most common values
+for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
+<code>latin2</code>, <code>latin3</code>, <code>latin4</code>, <code>latin5</code>,
+<code>latin9</code>, <code>latin10</code>, and&nbsp;<code>utf8</code>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005crule" spaces=" "><nodename>\rule</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\today</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">inputenc package</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\rule</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1020" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\rule</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -16920,17 +18857,17 @@ font encoding, such as <sc>T1</sc>.
<para>Produce a <dfn>rule</dfn>, a filled-in rectangle.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="885">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="886">tombstone</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>This produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
-often used to mark the end of a proof.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1000">Halmos symbol</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1001">tombstone</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
+or just &textldquo;qed&textrdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand&lbrace;\qedsymbol&rbrace;&lbrace;\rule&lbrace;0.4em&rbrace;&lbrace;2ex&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="887"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="888"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1002"><r>package</r>, <code>amsthm</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1003"><code>amsthm</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <file>amsthm</file> package includes this command, with a somewhat
@@ -16954,16 +18891,16 @@ thickness is common in &latex;.
</para>
<para>A rule that has zero width, or zero thickness, will not show up in the
output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it.
-<xref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></xref> for examples.
+<xref label="_005cstrut"><xrefnodename>\strut</xrefnodename></xref>, for examples.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005ctoday" spaces=" "><nodename>\today</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\rule</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\today</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1021" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="889">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="890">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\today</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1004">date, today&textrsquo;s</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1005">today&textrsquo;s date</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -16975,11 +18912,11 @@ output, but can cause &latex; to change the output around it.
<var>yyyy</var></samp>. An example of a date in that format is <samp>July 4,
1976</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="891"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="892"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1006"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1007"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="893"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="894"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1008"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1009"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Multilingual packages such as <file>babel</file> or <file>polyglossia</file>, or
classes such as <file>lettre</file>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
@@ -16998,8 +18935,8 @@ the following will output <samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>:
<para><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (<pxref label="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"><xrefnodename>\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="895"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="896"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1010"><r>package</r>, <code>datetime</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1011"><code>datetime</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <file>datetime</file> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
@@ -17013,16 +18950,16 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
<node name="Splitting-the-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Splitting the input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Special insertions</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Splitting the input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="897">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="898">input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1012">splitting the input file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1013">input file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>&latex; lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
document. It can also speed processing.
</para>
<para>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="899">root file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="900">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1014">root file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1015">file, root</indexterm></cindex>
<dfn>root file</dfn>, on which &latex; compilation starts. This shows such
a file with five included files.
</para>
@@ -17052,7 +18989,7 @@ a file with five included files.
<para>This will bring in material from <file>pref.tex</file>, <file>chap1.tex</file>,
<file>chap2.tex</file>, <file>append.tex</file>, and <file>bib.tex</file>. If you compile
this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
-<code>\includeonly&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> except for <code>chap1,</code> and compile again,
+<code>\includeonly&lbrace;...&rbrace;</code> except for <code>chap1</code>, and compile again,
then &latex; will only process the material in the first chapter.
Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
@@ -17060,7 +18997,7 @@ However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
your output correctly.
</para>
-<para><xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref> for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
+<para><xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\endinput</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Stop including material from a file.
@@ -17073,7 +19010,7 @@ your output correctly.
<node name="_005cendinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\endinput</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\include &amp; \includeonly</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\endinput</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1022" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\endinput</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17097,12 +19034,13 @@ This will not appear.
</pre></example>
<para>This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a
-file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added during mailing.
-It is also useful for debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to
-put <code>\endinput</code> halfway through the included file and see if the
-error disappears. Now, knowing which half contains the error, moving
-<code>\endinput</code> to halfway through that area further narrows down the
-location. This process rapidly finds the offending line.
+file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file is
+transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for debugging:
+one strategy to localize errors is to put <code>\endinput</code> halfway
+through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
+which half contains the error, moving <code>\endinput</code> to halfway
+through that area further narrows down the location. This process
+rapidly finds the offending line.
</para>
<para>After reading <code>\endinput</code>, &latex; continues to read to the end of
the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
@@ -17114,8 +19052,8 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
<node name="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" spaces=" "><nodename>\include &amp; \includeonly</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\input</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\endinput</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1023" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1024" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\include</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\includeonly</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17136,10 +19074,12 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
<code>\clearpage</code> (<pxref label="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"><xrefnodename>\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</xrefnodename></pxref>), then it
inputs the material from <file><var>filename</var>.tex</file> into the document,
and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only
-appear in the document body. The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls
-which files will be read by &latex; under subsequent <code>\include</code>
-commands. Its list of filenames is comma-separated, and it can only
-appear in the preamble.
+appear in the document body.
+</para>
+<para>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
+&latex; under subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. Its list of
+filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even
+earlier, e.g., the command line; it can&textrsquo;t appear in the document body.
</para>
<para>This example root document, <file>constitution.tex</file>, brings in
three files, <file>preamble.tex</file>, <file>articles.tex</file>, and
@@ -17174,7 +19114,7 @@ in Order to form a more perfect Union, ...
<para>Running &latex; on <file>constitution.tex</file> makes the material from the
three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary
files <file>preamble.aux</file>, <file>articles.aux</file>, and
-<file>amendments.tex</file>. These contain information such as page numbers
+<file>amendments.aux</file>. These contain information such as page numbers
and cross-references (<pxref label="Cross-references"><xrefnodename>Cross references</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you now comment out
<code>\includeonly</code>&textrsquo;s lines with <code>preamble</code> and <code>amendments</code>
and run &latex; again then the resulting document shows only the
@@ -17191,7 +19131,7 @@ commands.
<ref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></ref> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
information).
</para>
-<para><xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref> for another example using <code>\include</code>
+<para><xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book template</xrefnodename></xref>, for another example using <code>\include</code>
and <code>\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code>\input</code> for some
material that will not necessarily start on a new page.
</para>
@@ -17234,7 +19174,7 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="901">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1016">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</indexterm></cindex>
<para>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
you get <samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp> The
<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
@@ -17248,15 +19188,15 @@ athiesm.tex.</samp> (It will also create <file>athiesm.aux</file>.)
<para>If you <code>\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get
<samp>LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp> Later runs get
<samp>TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>. To fix
-this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include&lbrace;root&rbrace;</code> but also
-delete the file <file><var>root</var>.aux</file> and rerun &latex;.
+this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include&lbrace;<var>root</var>&rbrace;</code> but
+also delete the file <file><var>root</var>.aux</file> and rerun &latex;.
</para>
</section>
<node name="_005cinput" spaces=" "><nodename>\input</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\include &amp; \includeonly</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Splitting the input</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\input</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1025" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\input</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17317,14 +19257,14 @@ this works under &tex; Live on GNU/Linux:
<node name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e" spaces=" "><nodename>Table of contents etc.</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Indexes</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Table of contents etc.</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="902">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1017">table of contents, creating</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1026" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1027" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1028" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1029" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1030" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1031" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -17361,7 +19301,7 @@ commands <code>\chapter</code>, etc.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter
and section listings but not subsection listings, because the
-<code>\section</code> command has level&nbsp;1. <xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref> for level
+<code>\section</code> command has level&nbsp;1. <xref label="Sectioning"><xrefnodename>Sectioning</xrefnodename></xref>, for level
numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code>tocdepth</code>
<pxref label="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"><xrefnodename>Sectioning/tocdepth</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
@@ -17372,7 +19312,7 @@ book template</xrefnodename></ref>.
<code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command, as
above.
</para>
-<para>To make the table of contents &latex; stores the information in an
+<para>To make the table of contents, &latex; stores the information in an
auxiliary file named <file><var>root-file</var>.toc</file> (<pxref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the
input</xrefnodename></pxref>). For example, this &latex; file <file>test.tex</file>
</para>
@@ -17386,76 +19326,160 @@ input</xrefnodename></pxref>). For example, this &latex; file <file>test.tex</f
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>writes the following line to <file>test.toc</file>.
+<para>writes these lines to <file>test.toc</file>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\contentsline &lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1&rbrace;First section&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
\contentsline &lbrace;subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1.1&rbrace;First subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The <code>section</code> or <code>subsection</code> is the sectioning unit. The
-hook <code>\numberline</code> lets you to change how the information appears
-in the table of contents. Of its two arguments, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>
-is the sectioning unit number and <code>First section</code> or <code>First
-subsection</code> is the title. Finally, <code>2</code> is the page number on which
-the sectioning units start.
-</para>
-<para>One consequence of this auxiliary file storage strategy is that to get the
-contents page correct you must run &latex; twice, once to store the
-information and once to get it. In particular, the first time that you
-run &latex; on a new document, the table of contents page will be empty
-except for its <samp>Contents</samp> header. Just run it again.
+<para>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code>
+(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
+<code>subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two
+components. The hook <code>\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning
+number, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents
+(<pxref label="_005cnumberline"><xrefnodename>\numberline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The remainder of the second argument of
+<code>\contentsline</code>, <samp>First section</samp> or <samp>First subsection</samp>,
+is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, <samp>2</samp>, is
+the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
+</para>
+<para>To typeset these lines, the document class provides
+<code>\l&arobase;<var>section-unit</var></code> commands such as
+<code>\l&arobase;section&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pagenumber</var>&rbrace;</code> and
+<code>\l&arobase;subsection&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pagenumber</var>&rbrace;</code>. These commands
+often use the <code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code> command
+(<pxref label="_005c_0040dottedtocline"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;dottedtocline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>A consequence of &latex;&textrsquo;s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
+get the correct information in the document you must run &latex; twice,
+once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In
+the ordinary course of writing a document authors run &latex; a number
+of times, but you may notice that the first time that you compile a new
+document, the table of contents page will be empty except for its
+<samp>Contents</samp> header. Just run &latex; again.
</para>
<para>The commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a
-list of figures and a list of tables. They work the same way as the
-contents commands; for instance, these work with information stored in
-<file>.lof</file> and <file>.lot</file> files.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="903"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="904"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="905"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="906"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+list of figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in
+files with extension <file>.lof</file> and <file>.lot</file>. They work the same way
+as <code>\tableofcontents</code> but the latter is more common, so we use it
+for most examples.
+</para>
+<para>You can manually add material to the table of contents, the list of
+figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a
+section to the table of contents with
+<code>\addcontentsline&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+(<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line
+material, with <code>\addtocontents</code>, as with the command
+<code>\addtocontents&lbrace;lof&rbrace;&lbrace;\protect\vspace&lbrace;2ex&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>, which adds
+vertical space to the list of figures (<pxref label="_005caddtocontents"><xrefnodename>\addtocontents</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of
+tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which
+sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title
+text, such as <samp>First section</samp>. Finally there is a box up against
+the right margin, inside of which &latex; puts the page number box.
+For the indent and the width of the number box,
+<pxref label="_005c_0040dottedtocline"><xrefnodename>\&arobase;dottedtocline</xrefnodename></pxref>. The right margin box has width
+<code>\&arobase;tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space,
+inside a box of width <code>\&arobase;pnumwidth</code>. By default
+<code>\&arobase;tocrmarg</code> is <code>2.55em</code> and <code>\&arobase;pnumwidth</code> is
+<code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\&arobase;tocrmarg&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5em&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1018"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1019"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1020"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1021"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>To change the header for the table of contents page do something like
-the first line here.
+<para>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
+and tables (<pxref label="CTAN"><xrefnodename>CTAN</xrefnodename></pxref>). The package <file>tocloft</file> is convenient for
+adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
+<file>tocbibbind</file> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
+etc. to the table of contents.
+</para>
+<para>To change the header for the table of contents page, do something like
+these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\contentsname&rbrace;&lbrace;Table of contents&rbrace;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\renewcommand&lbrace;\contentsname&rbrace;&lbrace;Table of Contents&rbrace;
\renewcommand&lbrace;\listfigurename&rbrace;&lbrace;Plots&rbrace;
-\renewcommand&lbrace;\listtablename&rbrace;&lbrace;Tables&rbrace;
+\renewcommand&lbrace;\listtablename&rbrace;&lbrace;Specifications&rbrace;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>Similarly, the other two lines will do the other two.
-Internationalization packages such as <file>babel</file> or <file>polyglossia</file>
-will change the headers depending on the chosen base language.
+<para><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1022"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1023"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="907"><r>package</r>, <code>tocloft</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="908"><code>tocloft</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1024"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1025"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="909"><r>package</r>, <code>tocbibbind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="910"><code>tocbibbind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
-and tables. One convenient one for adjusting some aspects of the
-default, such as spacing, is <file>tocloft</file>. And, <file>tocbibbind</file>
-will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to the table of
-contents.
+<para>Internationalization packages such as <file>babel</file> or <file>polyglossia</file>
+will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addcontentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\&arobase;dottedtocline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Format entry line in table of contents, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addcontentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\addtocontents</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\contentsline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Set line in table of contents, etc.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\nofiles</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\numberline</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Put its number argument flush left in a box.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005c_0040dottedtocline" spaces=" "><nodename>\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;dottedtocline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1026">table of contents entry, create dotted line</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\&arobase;dottedtocline&lbrace;<var>section-level-num</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>indent</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>numwidth</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pagenumber</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Used internally by &latex; to format an entry line in the table of
+contents, list of figures, or list of tables. Authors do not directly
+enter <code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code> commands.
+</para>
+<para>This command is typically used by <code>\l&arobase;section</code>, <code>\l&arobase;subsection</code>,
+etc., to format the content lines. For example, the <file>article.cls</file>
+file contains these definitions:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newcommand*\l&arobase;section&lbrace;\&arobase;dottedtocline&lbrace;1&rbrace;&lbrace;1.5em&rbrace;&lbrace;2.3em&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsection&lbrace;\&arobase;dottedtocline&lbrace;2&rbrace;&lbrace;3.8em&rbrace;&lbrace;3.2em&rbrace;&rbrace;
+\newcommand*\l&arobase;subsubsection&lbrace;\&arobase;dottedtocline&lbrace;3&rbrace;&lbrace;7.0em&rbrace;&lbrace;4.1em&rbrace;&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>In this example, <code>\&arobase;dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only
+three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
+the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
+from a call to <code>\contentsline</code>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1027">leaders, dots in table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
+box, these <code>\&arobase;dottedtocline</code> commands insert <dfn>leaders</dfn>, that
+is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
+<code>\&arobase;dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, which
+are <code>1/18</code>&nbsp;em. Change it using <code>\renewcommand</code>, as
+in <code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\&arobase;dotsep&rbrace;&lbrace;3.5&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>In the default book class, &latex; does not use dotted leaders for
+the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the default article class
+it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005caddcontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\addcontentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\&arobase;dottedtocline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addcontentsline</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1032" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="911">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">\addcontentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1028">table of contents entry, manually adding</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17463,10 +19487,8 @@ contents.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1033" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
-<para>Add an entry to the file specified by <var>ext</var>. Usually <var>ext</var> is
-one of <code>toc</code> for the table of contents, <code>lof</code> for the list of
-figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of tables.
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>.
</para>
<para>The following will result in an <samp>Appendices</samp> line in the table of
contents.
@@ -17484,16 +19506,16 @@ where it appears in the input file.
<file><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></file>. It writes that information as the
text of the command
<code>\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>num</var>&rbrace;</code>, where
-<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>. The
-most common case is the table of contents and there <var>num</var> is the
-page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
+<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>
+(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>). The most common case is the table of contents
+and there <var>num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
</para>
<para>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>,
etc., and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float environment. But it is
-also used by authors. For example, in a book to have the preface
-unnumbered, you may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that does not
-put in table of contents information, so you can enter it manually, as
-here.
+also used by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style
+is to have an unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>.
+But that command leaves out table of contents information, which can be
+entered manually, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\chapter*&lbrace;Preface&rbrace;
@@ -17502,11 +19524,9 @@ here.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>In the <file>.toc</file> file &latex; will put the line <code>\contentsline
-&lbrace;chapter&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Preface&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace;</code>; note the page number
-<samp>3</samp>.
+&lbrace;chapter&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Preface&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace;</code>; note that the page number
+<samp>3</samp> is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually.
</para>
-<!-- c xx how hardwired are these values? other unit names? -->
-
<para>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required.
</para>
<table commandarg="var" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
@@ -17554,10 +19574,10 @@ will not make sense.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nofiles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005caddtocontents" spaces=" "><nodename>\addtocontents</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\contentsline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addcontentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\addtocontents</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1034" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">\addtocontents&lbrace;<var>ext</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17567,7 +19587,7 @@ will not make sense.
<para>Add <var>text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to
the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. This is most commonly used
-for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but this also
+for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but it also
applies to the list of figures and list of tables.
</para>
<para>This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the
@@ -17578,6 +19598,30 @@ applies to the list of figures and list of tables.
\addtocontents&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;\protect\vspace*&lbrace;3ex&rbrace;&rbrace;
</pre></example>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>This puts the word <samp>Page</samp>, in boldface, above the column of page
+numbers and after the header.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\tableofcontents
+\addtocontents&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;~\hfill\textbf&lbrace;Page&rbrace;\par&rbrace;
+\chapter&lbrace;...&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>This adds a line announcing work by a new author.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\addtocontents&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;%
+ \protect\vspace&lbrace;2ex&rbrace;
+ \textbf&lbrace;Chapters by N. Other Author&rbrace;\par&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The difference between <code>\addtocontents</code> and <code>\addcontentsline</code>
+is that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the
+page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above
+examples show, <code>\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing.
+</para>
<para>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are
required.
</para>
@@ -17606,10 +19650,72 @@ move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
</para>
</subsection>
-<node name="_005cnofiles" spaces=" "><nodename>\nofiles</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005ccontentsline" spaces=" "><nodename>\contentsline</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\nofiles</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\addtocontents</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\contentsline</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1029">table of contents</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">\contentsline</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">\tableofcontents</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">.toc <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">\listoffigures</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">\listoftables</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">.lof <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">.lot <r>file</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;chapter</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;section</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1110" mergedindex="cp">\l&arobase;subsection</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\contentsline&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>pagenumber</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Used internally by &latex; to typeset an entry of the table of
+contents, list of figures, or list of tables (<pxref label="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"><xrefnodename>Table of contents
+etc.</xrefnodename></pxref>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline</code> commands.
+</para>
+<para>Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the
+commands <code>\chapter</code>, <code>\section</code>, etc. for the table of
+contents, or by the <code>\caption</code> command inside of a <code>\figure</code>
+or <code>\table</code> environment (<pxref label="figure"><xrefnodename>figure</xrefnodename></pxref> and <pxref label="table"><xrefnodename>table</xrefnodename></pxref>). Thus,
+where the base file is <file>thesis.tex</file>, and contains the declaration
+<code>\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code>\chapter&lbrace;Chapter One&rbrace;</code>
+produces something like this in the file <file>thesis.toc</file>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\contentsline &lbrace;chapter&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1&rbrace;Chapter One&rbrace;&lbrace;3&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If the file contains the declaration <code>\listoffigures</code> then a figure
+environment involving <code>\caption&lbrace;Test&rbrace;</code> will produce
+something like this in <file>thesis.lof</file>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\contentsline &lbrace;figure&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1.1&rbrace;&lbrace;\ignorespaces Test&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;6&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>To manually add material, use
+<code>\addcontentsline&lbrace;<var>filetype</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>unit</var>&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>text</var>&rbrace;</code>,
+where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code>
+(<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
+the <file>tocloft</file> package.
+</para>
+<para>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
+<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
+arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error
+<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra &rbrace;</code>. Fix this error by
+deleting the <file>.toc</file> or <file>.lof</file> or <file>.lot</file> file, and running
+&latex; again.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cnofiles" spaces=" "><nodename>\nofiles</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\numberline</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\contentsline</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\nofiles</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1035" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1111" mergedindex="cp">\nofiles</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17641,15 +19747,54 @@ the old information.
</para>
</subsection>
+<node name="_005cnumberline" spaces=" "><nodename>\numberline</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\nofiles</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\numberline</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1112" mergedindex="cp">\numberline</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\numberline&lbrace;<var>number</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a
+<code>\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number
+(<pxref label="_005ccontentsline"><xrefnodename>\contentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<para>For example, this line in a <file>.toc</file> file causes the <code>1</code> to be
+typeset flush left.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\contentsline &lbrace;subsection&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;1.1&rbrace;Motivation&rbrace;&lbrace;2&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>By default, &latex; typesets the section numbers in a box of length
+<code>\&arobase;tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands
+<code>\l&arobase;section</code>, <code>\l&arobase;subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers
+inside a natural-width box with
+<code>\renewcommand&lbrace;\numberline&rbrace;[1]&lbrace;#1~&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>This command is fragile, so you may need to precede it with
+<code>\protect</code> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). An example is the use of
+<code>\protect</code> in the command
+<code>\addcontentsline&lbrace;toc&rbrace;&lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\protect\numberline&lbrace;&rbrace;Summary&rbrace;</code>
+to get the <code>\numberline</code> into this command in the <file>.toc</file> file:
+<code>\contentsline &lbrace;section&rbrace;&lbrace;\numberline &lbrace;&rbrace;Summary&rbrace;&lbrace;6&rbrace;</code> (the
+page number <samp>6</samp> is automatically added by &latex;;
+<pxref label="_005caddcontentsline"><xrefnodename>\addcontentsline</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
</section>
<node name="Indexes" spaces=" "><nodename>Indexes</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Glossaries</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Table of contents etc.</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Indexes</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="912">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1030">indexes</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1036" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1037" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="913"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1113" mergedindex="cp">\makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1114" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1031"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>This document has an index.
</para>
@@ -17681,18 +19826,21 @@ These output a file <file><var>root-name</var>.ind</file>. Finally, you bring t
information back into your document and typeset it with the
<code>\printindex</code> command (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="914"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="915"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1032"><r>package</r>, <code>showidx</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1033"><code>showidx</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="916"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="917"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1034"><r>package</r>, <code>multind</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1035"><code>multind</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>There are many packages that apply to indexing commands. The
-<code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the
-margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing
-the index. The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See
-also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
-<url><urefurl>http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</urefurl></url>.
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1036">index, multiple</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1037">multiple indexes</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code>
+package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
+page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.
+The <code>multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
+See also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
+<url><urefurl>https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</urefurl></url>, and the CTAN topic,
+<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\index</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Declare an index entry.
@@ -17704,8 +19852,8 @@ also the &tex; FAQ entry on this topic,
<node name="_005cindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\index</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">makeindex</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\index</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="918">index entry</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1038" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1038">index entry</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1115" mergedindex="cp">\index</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -17747,7 +19895,7 @@ document as above will give an index entry like <samp>Ackermann, 22,
instance <code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann!function&rbrace;</code> could come before
<code>\index&lbrace;Ackermann&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="919">index, page range</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1039">index, page range</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Get a page range in the output, like <samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>, as here.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -17768,14 +19916,14 @@ the output is the item <samp>Jones</samp> with no comma or page number,
followed by two subitems, like <samp>program, 50</samp> and <samp>results,
51</samp>.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="920">&textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo; index entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="921">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1039" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1040" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="922"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="923"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
- <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="924"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="925"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1040">see and see also index entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1041">index entries, &textlsquo;see&textrsquo; and &textlsquo;see also&textrsquo;</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1116" mergedindex="cp">\seename</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1117" mergedindex="cp">\alsoname</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1042"><r>package</r>, <code>babel</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1043"><code>babel</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1044"><r>package</r>, <code>polyglossia</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1045"><code>polyglossia</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>Generate a index entry that says <samp>See</samp> by using a vertical bar
@@ -17833,8 +19981,8 @@ would naturally give it.
entry, preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>. (The double quote
gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="926"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="927"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1046"><r>package</r>, <code>index</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1047"><code>index</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
provided by <file>makeidx</file>. One is <file>index</file>, which allows for
@@ -17842,8 +19990,8 @@ multiple indices and contains a command
<code>\index*&lbrace;<var>index-entry-string</var>&rbrace;</code> that prints the
<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1041" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="928">idx file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1118" mergedindex="cp">\indexentry</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1048">idx file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
<file><var>root-name</var>.idx</file> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
@@ -17865,11 +20013,11 @@ message like this.
<node name="makeindex" spaces=" "><nodename>makeindex</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\printindex</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\index</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>makeindex</command></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="929">index, processing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1042" mergedindex="cp">makeindex</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="930"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="931"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="932"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1049">index, processing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1119" mergedindex="cp">makeindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1050"><command>makeindex</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1051"><file>.ind</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1052"><file>.idx</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -17885,9 +20033,9 @@ raw index files, <file><var>filename</var>.idx</file> files, and produces the
actual index file, the <file><var>filename</var>.ind</file> file that is input by
<code>\printindex</code> (<pxref label="_005cprintindex"><xrefnodename>\printindex</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="933"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1043" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1044" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1053"><file>.isty</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1120" mergedindex="cp">index, style file</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1121" mergedindex="cp">makeindex, style file</indexterm></findex>
<para>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
you to format the index by using an <dfn>index style file</dfn>, a
<file>.isty</file> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
@@ -17925,25 +20073,25 @@ comment.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
<beforefirstitem><anchor name="makeindex-preamble">makeindex preamble</anchor>
-</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1045" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item>
+</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1122" mergedindex="cp">preamble</indexterm>preamble</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code>&quot;\\begin&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-postamble">makeindex postamble</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1046" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1123" mergedindex="cp">postamble</indexterm>postamble</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Postamble of the output file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end&lbrace;theindex&rbrace;\n&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-group-skip">makeindex group skip</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1047" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1048" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1124" mergedindex="cp">group_skip</indexterm>group_skip</itemformat></item>
+</tableterm><tableitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1125" mergedindex="cp">\indexspace</indexterm></findex>
<para>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
entries starting with <samp>a</samp>, etc. This specifier gives what is
inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n \\indexspace\n&quot;</code>
-(<code>\indexspace</code> is a rubber length with default value <code>10pt
-plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+(<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber length, by default
+<code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-letheadflag">makeindex letheadflag</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1049" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1126" mergedindex="cp">lethead_flag</indexterm>lethead_flag</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
will be inserted before the group. If it is positive then at a new
@@ -17953,93 +20101,93 @@ then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is&nbsp;0.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-lethead-prefix">makeindex lethead prefix</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1050" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1127" mergedindex="cp">lethead_prefix</indexterm>lethead_prefix</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-lethead-suffix">makeindex lethead suffix</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1051" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1128" mergedindex="cp">lethead_suffix</indexterm>lethead_suffix</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-0">makeindex item 0</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1052" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1129" mergedindex="cp">item_0</indexterm>item_0 </itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\item
&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-1">makeindex item 1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1053" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1130" mergedindex="cp">item_1</indexterm>item_1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-2">makeindex item 2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1054" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1131" mergedindex="cp">item_2</indexterm>item_2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-01">makeindex item 01</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1055" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1132" mergedindex="cp">item_01</indexterm>item_01</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-x1">makeindex item x1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1056" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1133" mergedindex="cp">item_x1</indexterm>item_x1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&textrsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
<code>\index&lbrace;aaa|see&lbrace;bbb&rbrace;&rbrace;</code>). Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-12">makeindex item 12</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1057" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1134" mergedindex="cp">item_12</indexterm>item_12</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-item-x2">makeindex item x2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1058" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1135" mergedindex="cp">item_x2</indexterm>item_x2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
level&nbsp;1 item doesn&textrsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>&quot;\n
\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-0">makeindex delim 0</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1059" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1136" mergedindex="cp">delim_0</indexterm>delim_0</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-1">makeindex delim 1</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1060" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1137" mergedindex="cp">delim_1</indexterm>delim_1</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-2">makeindex delim 2</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1061" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1138" mergedindex="cp">delim_2</indexterm>delim_2</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-n">makeindex delim n</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1062" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1139" mergedindex="cp">delim_n</indexterm>delim_n</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-delim-r">makeindex delim r</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1063" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1140" mergedindex="cp">delim_r</indexterm>delim_r</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code>&quot;--&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-line-max">makeindex line max</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1064" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1141" mergedindex="cp">line_max</indexterm>line_max</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&textrsquo;s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-indent-space">makeindex indent space</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1065" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1142" mergedindex="cp">indent_space</indexterm>indent_space</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code>&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-indent-length">makeindex indent length</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1066" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1143" mergedindex="cp">indent_length</indexterm>indent_length</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code>16</code>.
</para>
<anchor name="makeindex-page-precedence">makeindex page precedence</anchor>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1067" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1144" mergedindex="cp">page_precedence</indexterm>page_precedence</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
matter pages are in arabic. This string specifies the order in which
@@ -18051,22 +20199,26 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1068" mergedindex="cp">xindy</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="934"><command>xindy</command> program</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1145" mergedindex="cp">xindy <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>There are a number of other programs that do the job
-<command>makeindex</command> does. One is <command>xindy</command>, which does
-internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up
-using &latex; and a number of other languages. It is highly
-configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating order
-of the text, as described in its documentation.
+<command>makeindex</command> does. One is <command>xindy</command>
+(https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy), which does internationalization and can
+process indexes for documents marked up using &latex; and a number of
+other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in
+markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as
+described in its documentation.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1146" mergedindex="cp">xindex <r>program</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>,
+written in Lua (<url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</urefurl></url>).
</para>
</subsection>
<node name="_005cprintindex" spaces=" "><nodename>\printindex</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">makeindex</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Indexes</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><command>\printindex</command></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="935">index, printing</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1069" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1054">index, printing</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1147" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18074,13 +20226,13 @@ of the text, as described in its documentation.
<pre xml:space="preserve">\printindex
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1070" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1148" mergedindex="cp">\printindex</indexterm></findex>
<para>Place the index into the output.
</para>
<para>To get an index you must first include
<code>\usepackage&lbrace;makeidx&rbrace;\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
compile the document, then run the system command <command>makeindex</command>,
-and then compile the document again. <xref label="Indexes"><xrefnodename>Indexes</xrefnodename></xref> for further
+and then compile the document again. <xref label="Indexes"><xrefnodename>Indexes</xrefnodename></xref>, for further
discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
</para>
@@ -18089,11 +20241,11 @@ discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
<node name="Glossaries" spaces=" "><nodename>Glossaries</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Indexes</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Glossaries</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="936">glossary</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="937">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="938">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1071" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1072" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1055">glossary</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1056">glossaries</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1057">acronyms, list of</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1149" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1150" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18137,9 +20289,9 @@ of a Turing machine</samp>. In addition, in a separate sectional unit headed
<samp>Turing machine</samp> and the rest of the item says in normal type
<samp>A model of a machine &dots; Computer Science</samp>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1073" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1074" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="939"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1151" mergedindex="cp">\makeglossary</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1152" mergedindex="cp">\printglossaries</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1058"><file>.glo</file> file</indexterm></cindex>
<para>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
entry information, <file><var>root-file</var>.glo</file>. Put the
<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
@@ -18159,8 +20311,8 @@ CTAN.
<node name="_005cnewglossaryentry" spaces=" "><nodename>\newglossaryentry</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\gls</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\newglossaryentry</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="940">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1075" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1059">glossary, entries</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1153" mergedindex="cp">\newglossaryentry</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -18188,7 +20340,7 @@ CTAN.
the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
<code><var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>.
</para>
-<para>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers <U>211D</U> in the
+<para>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers <U>211D</U>, in the
glossary.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -18206,22 +20358,22 @@ paragraph.
here are a few.
</para>
<ftable commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1076" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item>
+<tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1154" mergedindex="cp">name</indexterm>name</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1077" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1155" mergedindex="cp">description</indexterm>description</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
form given in the synopsis.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1078" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1156" mergedindex="cp">plural</indexterm>plural</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (<pxref label="_005cgls"><xrefnodename>\gls</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1079" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1157" mergedindex="cp">sort</indexterm>sort</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</para>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1080" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code"><indexterm index="fn" number="1158" mergedindex="cp">symbol</indexterm>symbol</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</para>
</tableitem></tableentry></ftable>
@@ -18231,8 +20383,8 @@ form given in the synopsis.
<node name="_005cgls" spaces=" "><nodename>\gls</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\newglossaryentry</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Glossaries</nodeup></node>
<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\gls</code></sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="941">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1081" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1060">glossary, entry reference</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1159" mergedindex="cp">\gls</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -18270,11 +20422,11 @@ which also takes the plural.
</subsection>
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Letters" spaces=" "><nodename>Letters</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Input/output</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Front/back matter</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Letters</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="942">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="943">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1061">letters, writing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1062">writing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18324,7 +20476,7 @@ such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing&lbrace;Yours,&rbrace;</code>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1082" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1160" mergedindex="cp">\\ <r>for letters</r></indexterm></findex>
<para>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc&lbrace;the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss&rbrace;</code>. There&textrsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -18378,7 +20530,7 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<node name="_005caddress" spaces=" "><nodename>\address</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\cc</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\address</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1083" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1161" mergedindex="cp">\address</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18411,8 +20563,8 @@ is formatted as a personal letter.
<node name="_005ccc" spaces=" "><nodename>\cc</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\closing</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\address</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\cc</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1084" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="944">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1162" mergedindex="cp">\cc</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1063">cc list, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18436,9 +20588,9 @@ with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
<node name="_005cclosing" spaces=" "><nodename>\closing</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\encl</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\cc</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\closing</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1085" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="945">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="946">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1163" mergedindex="cp">\closing</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1064">letters, ending</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1065">closing letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18458,8 +20610,8 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
<node name="_005cencl" spaces=" "><nodename>\encl</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\location</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\closing</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\encl</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1086" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="947">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1164" mergedindex="cp">\encl</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1066">enclosure list</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18482,7 +20634,7 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
<node name="_005clocation" spaces=" "><nodename>\location</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\makelabels</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\encl</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\location</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1087" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1165" mergedindex="cp">\location</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18498,7 +20650,7 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
<node name="_005cmakelabels" spaces=" "><nodename>\makelabels</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\name</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\location</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\makelabels</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1088" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1166" mergedindex="cp">\makelabels</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18555,8 +20707,8 @@ columns having two labels each.
<para>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="948"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="949"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1067"><r>package</r>, <code>envlab</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1068"><code>envlab</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
<para>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
@@ -18568,7 +20720,7 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes.
<node name="_005cname" spaces=" "><nodename>\name</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\opening</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\makelabels</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\name</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1089" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1167" mergedindex="cp">\name</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18584,8 +20736,8 @@ with the return address.
<node name="_005copening" spaces=" "><nodename>\opening</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\ps</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\name</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\opening</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1090" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="950">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1168" mergedindex="cp">\opening</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1069">letters, starting</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18604,8 +20756,8 @@ with the return address.
</section>
<node name="_005cps" spaces=" "><nodename>\ps</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\signature</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\opening</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\ps</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1091" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="951">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1169" mergedindex="cp">\ps</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1070">postscript, in letters</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18632,7 +20784,7 @@ with the return address.
... &rbrace;
</pre></example>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1092" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1170" mergedindex="cp">\signature</indexterm></findex>
<para>The sender&textrsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -18669,29 +20821,11 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
(<pxref label="Graphics"><xrefnodename>Graphics</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
-<!-- c I think this is not a user-level command; it is used to keep from breaking -->
-<!-- c the page between the closing and the signature -->
-<!-- c @node \stopbreaks and \startbreaks -->
-<!-- c @section @code{\stopbreaks} and @code{\startbreaks} -->
-
-<!-- c @findex \startbreak -->
-<!-- c @findex \stopbreaks -->
-
-<!-- c @example -->
-<!-- c @code{\stopbreaks} -->
-<!-- c text -->
-<!-- c @code{\startbreaks} -->
-<!-- c @end example -->
-
-<!-- c The @code{\stopbreaks} inhibits page breaking. The @code{\startbreaks} resumes -->
-<!-- c normal page breaking. -->
-<!-- c -->
-<!-- c -->
</section>
<node name="_005ctelephone" spaces=" "><nodename>\telephone</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\signature</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Letters</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\telephone</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1093" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1171" mergedindex="cp">\telephone</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18707,22 +20841,167 @@ page.
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Terminal-input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Terminal input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
-<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Terminal input/output</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Input_002foutput" spaces=" "><nodename>Input/output</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line interface</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Letters</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Input/output</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="952">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="953">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1071">input/output, to terminal</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1072">terminal input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1073">input/output</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&latex; uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in
+to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You
+can also read a file that other programs written, or write a file for
+others to read. You can communicate with users through the terminal.
+And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
+</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\openin &amp; \openout</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Open a file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\read</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from a file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typein</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\typeout</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the terminal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to a file or terminal.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" spaces=" "><nodename>\openin &amp; \openout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\read</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1172" mergedindex="cp">\openin</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1173" mergedindex="cp">\openout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1174" mergedindex="cp">\closein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1175" mergedindex="cp">\closeout</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1074">file, opening</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1075">file, closing</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1076">open a file</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>or:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The <var>number</var>
+must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code> (in Lua&latex;
+<var>number</var> can be between 0 and 255).
+</para>
+<para>Here &tex; opens the file <file>presidents.tex</file> for reading.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newread\presidentsfile
+\openin\presidentsfile=presidents
+\typeout&lbrace;presidentsfile is \the\presidentsfile&rbrace;
+\read\presidentsfile to\presidentline
+\typeout&lbrace;\presidentline&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The <code>\newread</code> command allocates input stream numbers from 0
+to&nbsp;15 (there is also a <code>\newwrite</code>). The
+<code>\presidentsfile</code> is more memorable but under the hood it is still
+a number; the first <code>\typeout</code> gives something like
+<samp>presidentsfile is 1</samp>. In addition, <code>\newread</code> keeps track of
+the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an error like
+<samp>! No room for a new \read</samp>. The second <code>\typeout</code> gives the
+first line of the file, something like <samp>1 Washington, George</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>Ordinarily &tex; will not try to open the file until the next page
+shipout. To change this, use
+<code>\immediate\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code> or
+<code>\immediate\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code>.
+</para>
+<para>Close files with <code>\closein <var>number</var></code> and
+<code>\closeout <var>number</var></code>.
+</para>
+<para>How &latex; handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can
+vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an
+extension then &tex; will add a <file>.tex</file>. This creates
+<file>presidents.tex</file>, writes one line to it, and closes it.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newwrite\presidentsfile
+\openout\presidentsfile=presidents
+\write\presidentsfile&lbrace;1 Washington, George&rbrace;
+\closeout\presidentsfile
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if &tex; finds a
+<var>filename</var> of <file>presidents.dat</file> it could look first for
+<file>presidents.dat.tex</file> and later for <file>presidents.dat</file>, or it
+could do the opposite. Your distribution&textrsquo;s documentation should say
+more, and if you find something that works for you then you are good,
+but to ensure complete portability the best thing is to use file names
+containing only the twenty six ASCII letters (not case-sensitive) and
+the ten digits, along with underscore and dash, and in particular with
+no dot or space.
+</para>
+<para>For <code>\openin</code>, if &tex; cannot find the file then it does not give
+an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
+with <code>\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command
+<code>\InputIfFileExists</code>, <pxref label="Class-and-package-commands"><xrefnodename>Class and package commands</xrefnodename></pxref>). If you
+try to use the same number twice, &latex; won&textrsquo;t give you an error. If
+you try to use a bad number then you get an error message like <samp>!
+Bad number (16). &lt;to be read again&gt; = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005cread" spaces=" "><nodename>\read</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typein</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\openin &amp; \openout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\read</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1176" mergedindex="cp">\read</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1077">file, reading</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1078">read a file</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\read <var>number</var> to<var>macro</var>
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Make the command <var>macro</var> contain the next line of input from text
+stream <var>number</var>, as in <code>\read5 to\data</code>.
+</para>
+<para>This opens the file <file>email.tex</file> for reading, puts the contents of
+the first line into the command <code>\email</code>, and then closes the file.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newread\recipientfile
+\openin\recipientfile=email
+\read\recipientfile to\email
+\typeout&lbrace;Email address: \email&rbrace;
+\closein\recipientfile
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to&nbsp;15 or if no file
+of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code>
+will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not
+allowed, e.g., <code>\nonstopmode</code>; <pxref label="interaction-modes"><xrefnodename>interaction modes</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+(However, the natural way in &latex; to take input from the terminal
+is <code>\typein</code> (<pxref label="_005ctypein"><xrefnodename>\typein</xrefnodename></pxref>.)
+</para>
+<para>To read an entire file as additional &latex; source, use
+<code>\input</code> (<pxref label="_005cinput"><xrefnodename>\input</xrefnodename></pxref>) or <code>\include</code> (<pxref label="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"><xrefnodename>\include &amp;
+\includeonly</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1079"><r>package</r>, <code>datatool</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1080"><code>datatool</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1081">mail merges</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
+CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <file>datatool</file>.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="_005ctypein" spaces=" "><nodename>\typein</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\typeout</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\read</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typein</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1094" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1177" mergedindex="cp">\typein</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
@@ -18758,9 +21037,9 @@ the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the
input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command.
</para>
<para>In the second command version the optional argument <code><var>cmd</var></code>
-argument must be a command name &textmdash; it must begin with a backslash, \.
-This command name is then defined or redefined to be the input that you
-typed. For example, this
+argument must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a
+backslash, \. This command name is then defined or redefined to be
+the input that you typed. For example, this
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\typein[\student]&lbrace;Enter student name:&rbrace;
@@ -18782,10 +21061,10 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeup></node>
+<node name="_005ctypeout" spaces=" "><nodename>\typeout</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\typein</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\typeout</code></sectiontitle>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1095" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1178" mergedindex="cp">\typeout</indexterm></findex>
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
@@ -18827,11 +21106,415 @@ character with <code>\csname &arobase;percentchar\endcsname</code>.
</para>
</section>
+<node name="_005cwrite" spaces=" "><nodename>\write</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\typeout</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Input/output</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1179" mergedindex="cp">\write</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\write <var>number</var>&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Write <var>string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file
+opened by <code>\openout</code>. For instance, <code>\write6</code> writes to text
+stream number&nbsp;6.
+</para>
+<para>If the following appears in <file><var>basefile</var>.tex</file> then it opens
+<file><var>basefile</var>.jh</file>, writes <samp>Hello World!</samp> and a newline to
+it, and closes that file.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newwrite\myfile
+\immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename
+...
+\immediate\write\myfile&lbrace;Hello world!&rbrace;
+...
+\immediate\closeout\myfile
+</pre></example>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1180" mergedindex="cp">\newwrite</indexterm></findex>
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
+name to make life easier, so that <code>stream
+\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like <samp>stream 3</samp>.
+Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
+name. &tex; ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string
+in the file.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1082">log file, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1083">terminal, writing to</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1084"><math>-1</math>, write stream number</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and&nbsp;15, because typically
+&latex; authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated
+by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
+if it is not associated with an open file then &latex; writes
+<var>string</var> to the log file. If <var>number</var> is positive then in
+addition &latex; writes <var>string</var> to the terminal.
+</para>
+<para>Thus, <code>test \write-1&lbrace;Hello World!&rbrace;</code> puts <samp>Hello World!</samp>
+followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code>
+command does; <pxref label="_005cwlog"><xrefnodename>\wlog</xrefnodename></pxref>). And <code>\write100&lbrace;Hello World!&rbrace;</code>
+puts the same in the log file but also puts <samp>Hello World!</samp>
+followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
+special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1085">Lua&tex;, 256 output streams in</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>In Lua&tex;, instead of 16 output streams there are 256
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1181" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;auxout</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1182" mergedindex="cp">\&arobase;mainaux</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Use <code>\write\&arobase;auxout&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;</code> to write to the current
+<file>.aux</file> file, which is associated with either the root file or
+with the current include file; and use
+<code>\write\&arobase;mainaux&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;</code> to write to the main
+<file>.aux</file>. These symbolic names are defined by &latex;.
+</para>
+<!-- c credit: David Carlisle https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115933/121234 -->
+<para>By default &latex; does not write <var>string</var> to the file right
+away. This is because, for example, you may need <code>\write</code> to
+save the current page number, but when &tex; comes across a
+<code>\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is,
+since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code>\write</code>
+in one of three contexts:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\immediate\write\&arobase;auxout&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace; %1
+\write\&arobase;auxout&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace; %2
+\protected&arobase;write\&arobase;auxout&lbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace; %3
+</pre></example>
+
+<enumerate first="1" endspaces=" ">
+<listitem>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1086">immediate <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1183" mergedindex="cp">\immediate\write</indexterm></findex>
+<para>With the first, &latex; writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately.
+Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
+<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>,
+<code>toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code>#</code> instead of
+<code>##</code>).
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1087">delayed <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1088">whatsit item</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1184" mergedindex="cp">\shipout <r>and expansion</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things
+(as a &tex; &textldquo;whatsit&textrdquo; item) and kept until the page is shipped out
+and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At
+<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded.
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1185" mergedindex="cp">\protected&arobase;write</indexterm></findex>
+<para>The third, <code>\protected&arobase;write</code>, is like the second except that
+you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
+argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
+macros protected or to have some other special definition for the
+write.
+</para></listitem></enumerate>
+
+<para>As a simple example of expansion with <code>\write</code>, <var>string</var> here
+contains a control sequence <code>\triplex</code> which we&textrsquo;ve defined to be
+the text <samp>XYZ</samp>:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newwrite\jhfile
+\openout\jhfile=test.jh
+\newcommand&lbrace;\triplex&rbrace;&lbrace;XYZ&rbrace;
+\write\jhfile&lbrace;test \triplex test&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>This results in the file <file>test.jh</file> containing the text
+<samp>test XYZtest</samp> followed by a newline.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1089"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
+<code>\write</code>&textrsquo;s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0
+to 15 described above, in Plain&nbsp;&tex; <code>\write16</code> and
+<code>\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
+terminal; however, in &latex;, the natural way to do that is with
+<code>\typeout</code> (<pxref label="_005ctypeout"><xrefnodename>\typeout</xrefnodename></pxref>). The <code>\write18</code> command is
+even more special; modern &tex; systems use it for giving commands to
+the operating system (<pxref label="_005cwrite18"><xrefnodename>\write18</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1090">newline, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1091"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
+newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
+file:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog&lbrace;Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1092"><r>package</r>, <code>answers</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1093"><code>answers</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
+answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
+out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
+packages for this; one is <file>answers</file>.
+</para>
+<menu endspaces=" ">
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write and security</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Security.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\message</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the log file and terminal.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\wlog</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the log file.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">\write18</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Run an operating system command.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
+
+
+<node name="_005cwrite-and-security" spaces=" "><nodename>\write and security</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\message</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write</code> and security</sectiontitle>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1094">security and <code>\write</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1095"><code>\write</code> and security</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
+downloaded &latex; file and it overwrote your password file then you
+would be justifiably troubled.
+</para>
+<para>Thus, by default &tex; systems only allow you to open files for
+writing that are in the current directory or output directory, if
+specified (<pxref label="output-directory"><xrefnodename>output directory</xrefnodename></pxref>), or in a subdirectory of
+those. So, this code
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\newwrite\jhfile
+\openout\jhfile=../test.jh
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>gives an error like:
+</para><example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p).
+! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
+</pre></example>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1096">parent directories, cannot write to</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>You can get just such an error when using commands such as
+<code>\include&lbrace;../filename&rbrace;</code> because &latex; will try to open
+<file>../filename.aux</file>. The simplest solution is to put the included
+files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cmessage" spaces=" "><nodename>\message</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\wlog</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\write and security</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\message</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1186" mergedindex="cp">\message</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\message&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Write <var>string</var> to the log file and the terminal.
+</para>
+<para>Typically, &latex; authors use <code>\typeout</code> (<pxref label="_005ctypeout"><xrefnodename>\typeout</xrefnodename></pxref>). It
+allows you to use <code>\protect</code> on any fragile commands in
+<var>string</var> (<pxref label="_005cprotect"><xrefnodename>\protect</xrefnodename></pxref>). But <code>\typeout</code> always inserts a
+newline at the end of <var>string</var> while <code>\message</code> does not, so
+the latter can be useful.
+</para>
+<para>With this example document body.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">before\message&lbrace;One Two&rbrace;\message&lbrace;Three&rbrace;\message&lbrace;Four^^JI&rbrace;
+\message&lbrace;declare a thumb war.&rbrace;After
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>under some circumstances (see below) &latex; writes the following to
+both the terminal and the log file.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">One Two Three Four
+I declare a thumb war.
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>The <code>^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
+between <samp>before</samp> and <samp>After</samp> will be a single space (from
+the end of line following <samp>I&rbrace;</samp>).
+</para>
+<para>While <code>\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a
+gotcha is that &latex; may mess up that formatting because it inserts
+line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this
+document body, where the <samp>Two</samp> has moved, to the one given above.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">before\message&lbrace;One&rbrace;\message&lbrace;Two Three&rbrace;\message&lbrace;Four^^JI&rbrace;
+\message&lbrace;declare a thumb war.&rbrace;After
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>This can happen: when &latex; is outputting the messages to the
+terminal, now the message with <samp>One</samp> is shorter and it fits at the
+end of the output terminal line, and so &latex; breaks the line between
+it and the <samp>Two Three</samp>. That line break appears also in the log
+file. This line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length
+of the full path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted
+lines in a way that is portable is hard, likely requiring
+starting your message at the beginning of a line.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cwlog" spaces=" "><nodename>\wlog</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">\write18</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">\message</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\wlog</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1187" mergedindex="cp">\wlog</indexterm></findex>
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog&lbrace;<var>string</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Write <var>string</var> to the log file.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog&lbrace;Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?&rbrace;
+\wlog&lbrace;He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Ordinarily <var>string</var> appears in a single separate line. Use
+<code>^^J</code> to insert a newline.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\wlog&lbrace;Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.&rbrace;
+\wlog&lbrace;The barman says,^^JWe don't serve your type.&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+
+</subsection>
+<node name="_005cwrite18" spaces=" "><nodename>\write18</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">\wlog</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">\write</nodeup></node>
+<subsection spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>\write18</code></sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1188" mergedindex="cp">\write18</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1097">external commands</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1098">commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1099">system commands, run from &latex;</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1100">shell access</indexterm></cindex>
+<!-- c Derived from: Joseph Wright: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/20446/121234 -->
+
+<para>Synopsis:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\write18&lbrace;<var>shell_command</var>&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
+runs the command and &latex;&textrsquo;s execution is blocked until that
+finishes.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1101"><r>package</r>, <code>Asymptote</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1102"><code>Asymptote</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>This sequence (on Unix)
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\usepackage&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace; % in preamble
+ ...
+\newcommand&lbrace;\fignum&rbrace;&lbrace;1&rbrace;
+\immediate\write18&lbrace;cd pix &amp;&amp; asy figure\fignum&rbrace;
+\includegraphics&lbrace;pix\figure\fignum.pdf&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>will run Asymptote (the <code>asy</code> program) on <file>pix/figure1.asy</file>,
+so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic
+(<pxref label="_005cincludegraphics"><xrefnodename>\includegraphics</xrefnodename></pxref>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here &latex;
+expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is
+replaced by <samp>1</samp>.
+</para>
+<para>Another example is that you can automatically run Bib&tex; at the start
+of each &latex; run (<pxref label="Using-BibTeX"><xrefnodename>Using BibTeX</xrefnodename></pxref>) by including
+<code>\immediate\write18&lbrace;bibtex8 \jobname&rbrace;</code> as the first line of the
+file. Note that <code>\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root
+file unless the <code>--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line,
+in which case this is the option argument.
+</para>
+<para>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
+that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
+in the current directory (but see <file>texosquery</file> below):
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">\immediate\write18&lbrace;ls *.pdf &gt; tmp.dat&rbrace;
+\input&lbrace;tmp.dat&rbrace;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>The standard behavior of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is
+being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
+(<pxref label="_005cwrite"><xrefnodename>\write</xrefnodename></pxref>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
+<code>\immediate\write18&lbrace;<var>shell_command</var>&rbrace;</code>.
+</para>
+<para>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside
+a &latex; file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
+commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The
+standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell
+access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are
+safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code>
+(<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></pxref>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is
+a synonym, in &tex; Live.)
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1103">restricted shell access</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use
+a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those
+that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use
+the <code>enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed
+commands is short and features only commands that are under the
+control of the distribution maintainers (<pxref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line
+options</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1189" mergedindex="cp">/bin/sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1190" mergedindex="cp">sh<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1191" mergedindex="cp">cmd.exe<r>, used by <code>\write18</code></r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1192" mergedindex="cp">SHELL<r>, environment variables</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <file>/bin/sh</file> on
+Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter
+<file>cmd.exe</file> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
+the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1104"><r>package</r>, <code>texosquery</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1105"><code>texosquery</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1106">system information</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1107">operating system information</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1108">locale information, from system</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1109">directory listings, from system</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
+name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
+<file>texosquery</file> package, which provides a convenient and secure
+interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
+<code>\write18</code>: <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</urefurl></url>.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1110"><r>package</r>, <code>shellesc</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1111"><code>shellesc</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1193" mergedindex="cp">\ShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1194" mergedindex="cp">\DelayedShellEscape</indexterm></findex>
+<para>&latex; provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive
+<code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
+<code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all &tex; engines;
+Lua&tex; intentionally did not retain <code>\write18</code> as a way to
+invoke a shell command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The
+<code>shellesc</code> package also provides a command
+<code>\DelayedShellEscape</code>, executed at <code>\output</code> time, for the
+same reason.
+</para>
+
+</subsection>
+</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Command-line" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Terminal input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
-<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line</sectiontitle>
+<node name="Command-line-interface" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line interface</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Document templates</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Input/output</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<chapter spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line interface</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="954">command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<anchor name="Command-line">Command line</anchor><!-- c old name -->
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1112">command line interface</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1113">interface, command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1114">CLI</indexterm></cindex>
<para>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</para>
@@ -18839,9 +21522,10 @@ character with <code>\csname &arobase;percentchar\endcsname</code>.
<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
</pre></example>
-<para>Run &latex; on <var>argument</var>. In place of <command>pdflatex</command> you can
-also use <command>xelatex</command>, or <code>lualatex</code>, or <code>dviluatex</code>, or
-<code>latex</code>.
+<para>Run &latex; on <var>argument</var>. In place of <command>pdflatex</command> you
+can also use (for PDF output) <command>xelatex</command> or <code>lualatex</code>, or
+(for DVI output) <code>latex</code> or <code>dvilualatex</code>, among others
+(<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>For example, this will run &latex; on the file <file>thesis.tex</file>,
creating the output <file>thesis.pdf</file>.
@@ -18851,20 +21535,21 @@ creating the output <file>thesis.pdf</file>.
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1096" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
-Note that <file>.tex</file> is the default file extension.
-</para>
-<para>pdf&tex; is a development of the original &tex; program, as are
-Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). They are completely
-backward compatible. But the original program had a custom output
-format, DVI, while the newer ones can output directly to PDF. This
-allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF such as
-hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and
-ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run <command>pdflatex</command> or
-<command>xelatex</command> or <command>lualatex</command> then you will by default get PDF
-and have access to all its modern features. If you run <command>latex</command>,
-or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get DVI. The description here
-assumes pdf&latex;.
+<para><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1195" mergedindex="cp">.tex, <r>default extension</r></indexterm></findex>
+Note that <file>.tex</file> is the default file name extension.
+</para>
+<para>pdf&tex; is an extension of the original &tex; program, as are
+Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first two are
+completely backward compatible and the latter, almost so. Perhaps the
+most fundamental new feature for all three is that the original &tex;
+output its own DVI format, while the newer ones can output directly to
+PDF. This allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF
+such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and
+PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run
+<command>pdflatex</command> or <command>xelatex</command> or <command>lualatex</command> then you
+will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features.
+If you run <command>latex</command>, or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get
+DVI. The description here assumes pdf&latex;.
</para>
<para><xref label="Command-line-options"><xrefnodename>Command line options</xrefnodename></xref>, for a selection of the most useful
command line options. As to <var>argument</var>, the usual case is that it
@@ -18876,56 +21561,65 @@ input</xrefnodename></pxref>).
</para>
<para>If you gave no arguments or options then <command>pdflatex</command> prompts for
input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering
-<code>&lt;control&gt;-D</code>.
+<kbd>CTRL-D</kbd>.
</para>
<para>If &latex; finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
-asks you about it. <xref label="Recovering-from-errors"><xrefnodename>Recovering from errors</xrefnodename></xref> for an outline of what
+asks you about it. <xref label="Recovering-from-errors"><xrefnodename>Recovering from errors</xrefnodename></xref>, for an outline of what
to do.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
-<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Read text from the terminal.
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Write text to the terminal.
+<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line options</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Commonly used command line options.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Command line input</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
+</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Jobname</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">How &tex; sets the current job name.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator=":: ">Recovering from errors</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">When something goes wrong.
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
-<node name="Command-line-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line input</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Command line</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Command-line-options" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line options</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Command line input</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line options</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="955">options, command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1115">options, command line</indexterm></cindex>
<para>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
authoring. For a full list, try running <samp>latex --help</samp> from the
command line.
</para>
<para>With many implementations you can specify command line options by
-prefixing them with <samp>-</samp> or <samp>--</samp>. This is the case for
-both &tex; Live (and Mac&tex;) and MiK&tex;. We will use both
-conventions interchangeably.
+prefixing them with <samp>-</samp> or <samp>--</samp>. This is the case for both
+&tex; Live (including Mac&tex;) and MiK&tex;. We will use both
+conventions interchangeably. If an option takes a value, it can be
+specified either as a separate argument (<samp>--foo val</samp>), or as one
+argument with an <samp>=</samp> sign (<samp>--foo=val</samp>), but there can be no
+spaces around the <samp>=</samp>. We will generally use the <samp>=</samp> syntax.
</para>
<table commandarg="code" spaces=" " endspaces=" ">
-<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1097" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<beforefirstitem><findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1196" mergedindex="cp">--version <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</beforefirstitem><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-version</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Show the current version, like <samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp> along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1098" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1197" mergedindex="cp">--help <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-help</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1099" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<anchor name="interaction-modes">interaction modes</anchor>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1198" mergedindex="cp">--interaction <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-interaction=<var>mode</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>&tex; compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
+</tableterm><tableitem><cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1116">batchmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1117">scrollmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1118">errorstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1119">nonstopmode</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>&tex; compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
-<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <dfn>errorstop mode</dfn> (the default), &tex;
-stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <dfn>batch
-mode</dfn> it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the
-user hit <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> at every error, and missing files cause the
-job to abort. In <dfn>nonstop mode</dfn>, diagnostic message appear on the
-terminal but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
-<dfn>scroll mode</dfn>, &tex; only stops for missing files or keyboard
-input.
+<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <dfn>errorstopmode</dfn> (the default), &tex;
+stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <dfn>batchmode</dfn>
+it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user
+hit <kbd>RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to
+abort. In <dfn>nonstopmode</dfn>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal
+but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
+<dfn>scrollmode</dfn>, &tex; stops for missing files or keyboard
+input, but nothing else.
</para>
<para>For instance, starting &latex; with this command line
</para>
@@ -18936,61 +21630,62 @@ input.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>eliminates most terminal output.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1100" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1120">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1121">filename for current job</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1199" mergedindex="cp">--jobname <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-jobname=<var>string</var></itemformat></item>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Set the value of &tex;&textrsquo;s <code>jobname</code> to the string. The log file
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Set the value of &tex;&textrsquo;s <dfn>jobname</dfn> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <file><var>string</var>.log</file> and
-<file><var>string</var>.pdf</file>.
-</para>
-<para>When you run <code><command>pdflatex</command> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, if
-<var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash then &tex; considers it
-the name of a file to input. Otherwise it waits for the first
-<code>\input</code> instruction and the name of the input file will be the job
-name. This is used to name the log file the output file. The
-<code>jobname</code> option overrides that process and directly specifies the
-name. <xref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></xref> for an example of its use.
+<file><var>string</var>.pdf</file>. <pxref label="Jobname"><xrefnodename>Jobname</xrefnodename></pxref>.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1101" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<anchor name="output-directory">output directory</anchor>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1122">output directory for all external files</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1200" mergedindex="cp">--output-directory <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-output-directory=<var>directory</var></itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1102" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1103" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1104" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1105" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--shell-escape</itemformat></item>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--no-shell-escape</itemformat></itemx>
-<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--enable-write18</itemformat></itemx>
+This applies to all external files created by &tex; or &latex;, such
+as the <file>.log</file> file for the run, the <file>.aux</file>, <file>.toc</file>,
+etc., files created by &latex;, as well as the main <file>.pdf</file> or
+<file>.dvi</file> output file itself.
+</para>
+<para>When specified, the output directory <var>directory</var> is also
+automatically checked first for any file that it is input, so that the
+external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
+directory (in which &latex; was run) remains unchanged, and is also
+checked for input files.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1123">shell escape</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1124"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1201" mergedindex="cp">--enable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1202" mergedindex="cp">--disable-write18 <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1203" mergedindex="cp">--shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1204" mergedindex="cp">--no-shell-escape <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--enable-write18</itemformat></item>
<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--disable-write18</itemformat></itemx>
-</tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable <code>\write18&lbrace;<var>shell command</var>&rbrace;</code>. The first two
-options are for with &tex; Live or Mac&tex; while the second two are
-for MiK&tex;.
-</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="956"><r>package</r>, <code>sagetex</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="957"><code>sagetex</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para>Sometimes you want to run external system commands from inside a
-&latex; file. For instance the package <file>sagetex</file> allows you to
-have the mathematics software system <i>Sage</i> do calculations or draw
-graphs and then incorporate that output in your document. For this
-&tex; provides the <code>\write18</code> command.
-</para>
-<para>But with this functionality enabled, security issues could happen if you
-compiled a &latex; file from the Internet. By default <code>\write18</code>
-is disabled. (More precisely, by default &tex; Live, Mac&tex;, and
-MiK&tex; only allow the execution of a limited number of &tex;-related
-programs, which they distribute.)
-</para>
-<para>If you invoke &latex; with the option <code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in
-your document you call <code>\write18&lbrace;ls -l&rbrace;</code>, then you do not get an
-error but the log file says <samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>.
-</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1106" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--shell-escape</itemformat></itemx>
+<itemx spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">--no-shell-escape</itemformat></itemx>
+</tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable <code>\write18&lbrace;<var>shell_command</var>&rbrace;</code>
+(<pxref label="_005cwrite18"><xrefnodename>\write18</xrefnodename></pxref>). The first two options are supported by both
+&tex; Live and MiK&tex;, while the second two are synonyms supported
+by &tex; Live.
+</para>
+<para>Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since it
+allows a &latex; file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by
+default, unrestricted <code>\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default
+for &tex; Live, Mac&tex;, and MiK&tex; is to allow the execution of
+a limited number of &tex;-related programs, which they distribute.)
+</para>
+<para>For example, if you invoke &latex; with the option
+<code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call
+<code>\write18&lbrace;ls -l&rbrace;</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
+file says <samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1205" mergedindex="cp">--halt-on-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-halt-on-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Stop processing at the first error.
</para>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1107" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1108" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1206" mergedindex="cp">--file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1207" mergedindex="cp">--no-file-line-error <r>command-line option</r></indexterm></findex>
</tableitem></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm></tableentry><tableentry><tableterm><item spaces=" "><itemformat command="code">-no-file-line-error</itemformat></item>
</tableterm><tableitem><para>Enable or disable <code><var>filename</var>:<var>lineno</var>:<var>error</var></code>-style
@@ -18999,22 +21694,26 @@ error messages. These are only available with &tex; Live or Mac&tex;.
</section>
-<node name="Command-line-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Recovering from errors</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Command-line-input" spaces=" "><nodename>Command line input</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Jobname</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line options</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Command line input</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="958">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1125">input, on command line</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>As part of the command line invocation <code>pdflatex <var>options</var>
-<var>argument</var></code> you can specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting
-<var>argument</var> with a backslash. This allows you to do some special
-effects.
+<para>As part of the command line invocation
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="959"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="960"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve"><var>latex-engine</var> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
+</pre></example>
-<para>For example, this file (which uses the <file>hyperref</file> package for
-hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one for paper and one for a
-PDF.
+<noindent></noindent><para>you can specify arbitrary &latex; input by starting
+<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
+allows you to do some special effects.
+</para>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1126"><r>package</r>, <code>hyperref</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1127"><code>hyperref</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+ <para>For example, this file (which uses the
+<file>hyperref</file> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
+output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
<pre xml:space="preserve">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble
@@ -19031,10 +21730,17 @@ PDF.
<noindent></noindent>
<para>Compiling this document <file>book.tex</file> with the command line
<code>pdflatex book</code> will give the <samp>CTAN</samp> link in blue. But
-compiling it with <code>pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion&lbrace;&rbrace;\input book.tex&quot;</code>
-has the link in black. (Note the use of double quotes to prevent
-interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell; your system may
-do this differently.)
+compiling it with
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion&lbrace;&rbrace;\input book.tex&quot;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent><para>has the link in black. We use double quotes to prevent
+interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell. (This
+usually works on both Unix and Windows systems, but there are many
+peculiarities to shell quoting, so read your system documentation if
+need be.)
</para>
<para>In a similar way, from the single file <file>main.tex</file> you can compile
two different versions.
@@ -19047,25 +21753,117 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers&lbrace;&rbrace;\input&lbrace;main
<noindent></noindent>
<para>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called <file>main.pdf</file> and the second would overwrite the first.
+called <file>main.pdf</file> and the second would overwrite the first. (See
+the next section.)
+</para>
+<para>In this example, we pass the <code>draft</code> option to the
+<file>graphicx</file> package:
</para>
-<para>A final example. This loads the package <file>graphicx</file> with the option
-<code>draft</code>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex &quot;\PassOptionsToPackage&lbrace;draft&rbrace;&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;\input&lbrace;aa.tex&rbrace;&quot;
+</pre></example>
+
+<noindent></noindent>
+<para>so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information
+but replaced in the PDF by a box with same size and that contains only
+the file name, which speeds up compilation time and saves printer ink.
+</para>
+
+</section>
+<node name="Jobname" spaces=" "><nodename>Jobname</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Recovering from errors</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
+<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Jobname</sectiontitle>
+
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1208" mergedindex="cp"><code>\jobname</code></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1128">jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1129">document root name</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1130">name of document root</indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Running &latex; creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or
+DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the
+so-called <dfn>jobname</dfn>. The most common case is also the simplest,
+where for instance the command <code>pdflatex thesis</code> creates
+<code>thesis.pdf</code> and also <code>thesis.log</code> and <code>thesis.aux</code>.
+Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>.
+</para>
+<para>In general, &latex; is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var>
+<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is
+<command>pdflatex</command>, <command>lualatex</command>, etc.&noeos; (<pxref label="TeX-engines"><xrefnodename>&tex; engines</xrefnodename></pxref>).
+If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case
+above with <code>thesis</code>, then &tex; considers it to be the name of
+the file to input as the main document. The name of that root file,
+without the <file>.tex</file> extension, is the jobname. If <var>argument</var>
+does start with a backslash, or if &tex; is in interactive mode, then
+it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command, and the jobname is the
+argument to <code>\input</code>.
+</para>
+<para>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
+specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
+-jobname=myname</code> (<pxref label="Command-line-input"><xrefnodename>Command line input</xrefnodename></pxref> for a real example).
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1209" mergedindex="cp">texput<r>, jobname default</r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1131">fallback jobname</indexterm></cindex>
+<para>The final possibility is <file>texput</file>, which is the final fallback
+default if no other name is available to &tex;. For example, if no
+<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
+there is any output, then the log file will be named
+<file>texput.log</file>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1210" mergedindex="cp">\documentclass<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1211" mergedindex="cp">\RequirePackage<r>, and <code>texput</code> jobname</r></indexterm></findex>
+<para>A special case of this is that in &latex; versions of (approximately)
+2020 or later, the jobname is also <file>texput</file> if the first
+<code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either
+<code>\documentclass</code> or <code>\RequirePackage</code>. So this will produce
+a file named <file>texput.pdf</file>:
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex &quot;\documentclass&lbrace;minimal&rbrace;\begin&lbrace;document&rbrace;Hello!\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;&quot;
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>However, this special case only applies to those two commands. Thus, with
</para>
<!-- c credit Herbert Voss: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/17236/121234 -->
<example endspaces=" ">
-<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex -jobname=aa &quot;\RequirePackage[draft]&lbrace;graphicx&rbrace;\input&lbrace;aa.tex&rbrace;&quot;
+<pre xml:space="preserve">pdflatex &quot;\documentclass&lbrace;article&rbrace;\usepackage&lbrace;lipsum&rbrace;\input&lbrace;thesis&rbrace;&quot;
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
-incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is there because
-otherwise the output file would be <file>graphicx.pdf</file>, as
-<code>\RequirePackage</code> does an <code>\input</code> of its own.)
+<para>the output file is <file>lipsum.pdf</file>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls
+<code>\input</code>.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1212" mergedindex="cp">\jobname</indexterm></findex>
+<para>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname.
+(When you run &latex; on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
+returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.)
+In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of
+catcode&nbsp;12 (other) except that spaces are category&nbsp;10,
+including letters that are normally catcode&nbsp;11.
+</para>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1213" mergedindex="cp">\IfBeginWith*<r> macro from <file>xstring</file></r></indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1132"><r>package</r>, <code>xstring</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1133"><code>xstring</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
+<para>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
+can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro
+<code>\IfBeginWith</code> from the <file>xstring</file> package in its star
+variant, which is insensitive to catcode. For example, in the
+following text the footnote &textldquo;Including Respublica Bananensis
+Francorum.&textrdquo;&noeos; is only present if the task name starts with
+<file>my-doc</file>.
+</para>
+<example endspaces=" ">
+<pre xml:space="preserve">If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
+all banana republics \IfBeginWith*&lbrace;\jobname&rbrace;&lbrace;my-doc&rbrace;%
+&lbrace;\footnote&lbrace;Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.&rbrace;&rbrace;&lbrace;&rbrace; are
+democracies.
+</pre></example>
+
+<para>Manipulating the value of <code>\jobname</code> inside of a document does not
+change the name of the output file or the log file.
</para>
</section>
-<node name="Recovering-from-errors" spaces=" "><nodename>Recovering from errors</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line input</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Recovering-from-errors" spaces=" "><nodename>Recovering from errors</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Jobname</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Recovering from errors</sectiontitle>
<para>If &latex; finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
@@ -19088,19 +21886,20 @@ l.5 The \PN
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The simplest thing is to enter <samp>x</samp> and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> and fix the
-typo. You could instead enter <samp>?</samp> and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> to see other
+<para>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>x</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> and fix the
+typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other
options.
</para>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="961"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="962">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
-<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1109" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1134"><samp>*</samp> prompt</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1135">prompt, <samp>*</samp></indexterm></cindex>
+<findex index="fn" spaces=" "><indexterm index="fn" number="1214" mergedindex="cp">\stop</indexterm></findex>
<para>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the <code>\end&lbrace;document&rbrace;</code> or misspelled it. In this case
&latex; gives you a <samp>*</samp> prompt. You can get back to the command
-line by typing <code>\stop</code> and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code>.
+line by typing <kbd>\stop</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd>; this command does its
+best to exit &latex; immediately, whatever state it may be in.
</para>
-<para>The last scenario is that you mistyped the file name. For instance,
+<para>The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance,
instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
</para>
<example endspaces=" ">
@@ -19112,36 +21911,38 @@ Please type another input file name:
</pre></example>
<noindent></noindent>
-<para>The simplest thing is to enter <code>&lt;Control&gt;</code> and <samp>d</samp> (holding
-them down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
+<para>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d
+keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
</para>
</section>
</chapter>
-<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Document-templates" spaces=" "><nodename>Document templates</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Index</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">Command line interface</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Top</nodeup></node>
<appendix spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Document templates</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="963">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="964">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1136">document templates</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1137">templates, document</indexterm></cindex>
-<para>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+<para>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
-<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</urefurl></url>.
+<url><urefurl>https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</urefurl></url>.
</para>
<menu endspaces=" ">
<menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">beamer template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">article template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">book template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">Larger book template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
-</pre></menudescription></menuentry><menuentry leadingtext="* "><menunode separator="::">tugboat template</menunode><menudescription><pre xml:space="preserve">
</pre></menudescription></menuentry></menu>
<node name="beamer-template" spaces=" "><nodename>beamer template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">article template</nodenext><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>beamer</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="965"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="966">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1138"><code>beamer</code> template and class</indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1139">template, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1140"><r>package</r>, <code>beamer</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1141"><code>beamer</code> <r>package</r></indexterm></cindex>
+
<para>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
@@ -19151,7 +21952,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
-\date{July 31, 2007}
+\date{July 31, 2020}
\begin{document}
@@ -19170,16 +21971,17 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
\end{document}
</verbatim>
-<para>One web resource for this:
-<url><urefurl>http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/</urefurl></url>.
+<para>The Beamer package on CTAN: <url><urefurl>https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</urefurl></url>.
</para>
</section>
<node name="article-template" spaces=" "><nodename>article template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">beamer template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>article</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="967">template, <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1142">template (simple), <code>article</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<para>A simple template for an article.
+</para>
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass{article}
\title{Article Class Template}
@@ -19196,6 +21998,7 @@ Additional text.
\section{Second section}
Some more text.
+
\end{document}
</verbatim>
@@ -19204,10 +22007,10 @@ Some more text.
<node name="book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">Larger book template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">article template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="968">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1143">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book
-template</xrefnodename></xref> for a more elaborate one.
+<para>This is a straightforward template for a book. <xref label="Larger-book-template"><xrefnodename>Larger book
+template</xrefnodename></xref>, for a more elaborate one.
</para>
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass{book}
@@ -19225,29 +22028,33 @@ Some other text.
\section{A subtopic}
The end.
+
\end{document}
</verbatim>
</section>
-<node name="Larger-book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>Larger book template</nodename><nodenext automatic="on">tugboat template</nodenext><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
+<node name="Larger-book-template" spaces=" "><nodename>Larger book template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle>Larger <code>book</code> template</sectiontitle>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="969">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
+<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="1144">template, <code>book</code></indexterm></cindex>
-<para>This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has
-<code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and <code>\backmatter</code> to
-control the typography of the three main areas of a book
-(<pxref label="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><xrefnodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</xrefnodename></pxref>). The book has a
-bibliography and an index.
+<para>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. <xref label="book-template"><xrefnodename>book template</xrefnodename></xref>,
+for a simpler one.
+</para>
+<para>This template uses <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and
+<code>\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas
+of a book (<pxref label="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"><xrefnodename>\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</xrefnodename></pxref>). The
+book has a bibliography and an index.
</para>
-<para>Notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
+<para>Also notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
(<pxref label="Splitting-the-input"><xrefnodename>Splitting the input</xrefnodename></pxref>). While you are working on a chapter you
can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing any
-information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
-come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
-<code>\include</code>. You don&textrsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit this way.)
+<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing
+any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not
+need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
+<code>\include</code>. You don&textrsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit with
+<code>\input</code>.)
</para>
<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
@@ -19257,11 +22064,12 @@ come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
\author{Alex Author}
\includeonly{%
- frontcover,
+% frontcover,
preface,
chap1,
- ...
+% appenA,
}
+
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
@@ -19269,113 +22077,22 @@ come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
+
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
...
\appendix
-\include{appena}
+\include{appenA}
...
+
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
\bibliography
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
\printindex
-\include{backcover}
-\end{document}
-</verbatim>
-
-
-</section>
-<node name="tugboat-template" spaces=" "><nodename>tugboat template</nodename><nodeprev automatic="on">Larger book template</nodeprev><nodeup automatic="on">Document templates</nodeup></node>
-<section spaces=" "><sectiontitle><code>tugboat</code> template</sectiontitle>
-
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="970">template, TUGboat</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="971">TUGboat template</indexterm></cindex>
-<cindex index="cp" spaces=" "><indexterm index="cp" number="972"><code>ltugboat</code> class</indexterm></cindex>
-
-<para><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the &tex; Users Group,
-<url><urefurl>http://tug.org/TUGboat</urefurl></url>.
-</para>
-<verbatim xml:space="preserve">
-\documentclass{ltugboat}
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
-\else
-\usepackage{url}
-\fi
-
-%%% Start of metadata %%%
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ article}
-
-% repeat info for each author.
-\author{First Last}
-\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
-\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
-\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-
-%%% End of metadata %%%
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for \TUB{}.
-Please write an abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
-\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-
-We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
-output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
-% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
-\begin{verbatim}[\small]
-\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\mf \MFB
-\plain \POBox \PS
-\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
-\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-
-\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
-
-\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred} % please use!
-\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
-\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
-\nth{n} -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
-\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
-\booktitle{Book of Fred}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
-\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
-
-This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
-\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
-\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
-\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
-\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
-
-Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
-\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
-\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
-\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-\makesignature
+\include{backcover}
\end{document}
</verbatim>
@@ -19388,7 +22105,7 @@ Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
<!-- c Keep `Command Index' working for ltx-help.el. -->
<anchor name="Command-Index">Command Index</anchor>
-<printindex value="cp" line=" cp"></printindex>
+<printindex value="cp" line="cp"></printindex>
</unnumbered>
<bye></bye>