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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<!-- This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a
-document preparation system, version of October 2018.
+document preparation system, version of July 2021.
This manual was originally translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no
text was directly copied.)
Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry.
+2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Karl Berry.
Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
@@ -36,50 +36,37 @@ notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. -->
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+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.7, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)</title>
+<title>LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)</title>
-<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)">
-<meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)">
+<meta name="description" content="LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)">
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<body lang="en">
-<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (October 2018)</h1>
-
+<h1 class="settitle" align="center">LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (July 2021)</h1>
+
+
+
+<div class='intro'> <p>This is an unofficial reference manual for
+LaTeX. See below for the <a href='#SEC_Overview'>Table of Contents</a>.
+If you want a tutorial then please instead visit <a
+href="https://www.learnlatex.org/"><code>learnlatex.org</code></a> or <a
+href='https://ctan.org/topic/tut-latex'>this list</a>.</p>
+<p>This manual has two versions. One has <a
+href="https://latexref.xyz/">separate web pages for each section or
+subsection</a>. It's also available as a <a
+href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">single web page</a> and
+as a <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.pdf">pdf</a>.</p>
+<p> This document is not official. It has not been reviewed by the
+LaTeX maintainers. Our goal is to cover all (non-private) LaTeX
+commands. Your comments and contributions, including bug reports, are
+very welcome. See <a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/'>our project
+page</a> for more, including <a
+href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/#license'>license information</a> and
+information on how you can
+<a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/writing.html'>contribute to this manual</a>
+as well as
+<a href='https://latexref.xyz/dev/mirroring.html'>mirror it</a>.</p>
+<!-- End of opening header -->
-<a name="SEC_Overview"></a>
+<span id="SEC_Overview"></span>
<h2 class="shortcontents-heading">Short Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="shortcontents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
-<li><a name="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1">27 Terminal input/output</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Command-line-1" href="#toc-Command-line-1">28 Command line</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
-<li><a name="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1">Index</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-About-this-document-1" href="#toc-About-this-document-1">1 About this document</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#toc-Overview-of-LaTeX">2 Overview of LaTeX</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-classes-1" href="#toc-Document-classes-1">3 Document classes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Fonts-1" href="#toc-Fonts-1">4 Fonts</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Layout-1" href="#toc-Layout-1">5 Layout</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Sectioning-1" href="#toc-Sectioning-1">6 Sectioning</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Cross-references-1" href="#toc-Cross-references-1">7 Cross references</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Environments-1" href="#toc-Environments-1">8 Environments</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Line-breaking-1" href="#toc-Line-breaking-1">9 Line breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-breaking-1" href="#toc-Page-breaking-1">10 Page breaking</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Footnotes-1" href="#toc-Footnotes-1">11 Footnotes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Definitions-1" href="#toc-Definitions-1">12 Definitions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Counters-1" href="#toc-Counters-1">13 Counters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Lengths-1" href="#toc-Lengths-1">14 Lengths</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#toc-Making-paragraphs-1">15 Making paragraphs</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Math-formulas-1" href="#toc-Math-formulas-1">16 Math formulas</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Modes-1" href="#toc-Modes-1">17 Modes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Page-styles-1" href="#toc-Page-styles-1">18 Page styles</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Spaces-1" href="#toc-Spaces-1">19 Spaces</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Boxes-1" href="#toc-Boxes-1">20 Boxes</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Color-1" href="#toc-Color-1">21 Color</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Graphics-1" href="#toc-Graphics-1">22 Graphics</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Special-insertions-1" href="#toc-Special-insertions-1">23 Special insertions</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#toc-Splitting-the-input-1">24 Splitting the input</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#toc-Front_002fback-matter-1">25 Front/back matter</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Letters-1" href="#toc-Letters-1">26 Letters</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#toc-Input_002foutput-1">27 Input/output</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#toc-Command-line-interface-1">28 Command line interface</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Document-templates-1" href="#toc-Document-templates-1">Appendix A Document templates</a></li>
+<li><a id="stoc-Index-1" href="#toc-Index-1" rel="index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
-<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
+<span id="SEC_Contents"></span>
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="contents">
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-About-this-document-1" href="#About-this-document">1 About this document</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Overview-of-LaTeX" href="#Overview">2 Overview of LaTeX</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Starting-and-ending-1" href="#Starting-and-ending">2.1 Starting and ending</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Output-files-1" href="#Output-files">2.2 Output files</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-TeX-engines-1" href="#TeX-engines">2.3 TeX engines</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-LaTeX-command-syntax-1" href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Environment-1" href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network" href="#CTAN">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Document-classes-1" href="#Document-classes">3 Document classes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Document-class-options-1" href="#Document-class-options">3.1 Document class options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Additional-packages-1" href="#Additional-packages">3.2 Additional packages</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-construction-1" href="#Class-and-package-construction">3.3 Class and package construction</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-structure-1" href="#Class-and-package-structure">3.3.1 Class and package structure</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Class-and-package-commands-1" href="#Class-and-package-commands">3.3.2 Class and package commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Fonts-1" href="#Fonts">4 Fonts</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.1 Font styles</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.2 Font sizes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.3 Low-level font commands</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-fontenc-package-1" href="#fontenc-package">4.1 <code>fontenc</code> package</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextComposite-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1" href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1" href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-styles-1" href="#Font-styles">4.2 Font styles</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Font-sizes-1" href="#Font-sizes">4.3 Font sizes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1" href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">4.4 Low-level font commands</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Layout-1" href="#Layout">5 Layout</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.6 Floats</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005conecolumn-1" href="#g_t_005conecolumn">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctwocolumn-1" href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cflushbottom-1" href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedbottom-1" href="#g_t_005craggedbottom">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Page-layout-parameters-1" href="#Page-layout-parameters">5.5 Page layout parameters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1" href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Floats-1" href="#Floats">5.7 Floats</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Sectioning-1" href="#Sectioning">6 Sectioning</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040startsection-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpart-1" href="#g_t_005cpart">6.1 <code>\part</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cchapter-1" href="#g_t_005cchapter">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csection-1" href="#g_t_005csection">6.3 <code>\section</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csubsection-1" href="#g_t_005csubsection">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph" href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cappendix-1" href="#g_t_005cappendix">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter" href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings" href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Cross-references-1" href="#Cross-references">7 Cross references</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clabel-1" href="#g_t_005clabel">7.1 <code>\label</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpageref-1" href="#g_t_005cpageref">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cref-1" href="#g_t_005cref">7.3 <code>\ref</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-xr-package-1" href="#xr-package">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Environments-1" href="#Environments">8 Environments</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-abstract-1" href="#abstract">8.1 <code>abstract</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-array-1" href="#array">8.2 <code>array</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-center-1" href="#center">8.3 <code>center</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccentering-1" href="#g_t_005ccentering">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-description-1" href="#description">8.4 <code>description</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-displaymath-1" href="#displaymath">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-document-1" href="#document">8.6 <code>document</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtBeginDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cAtEndDocument-1" href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-filecontents_003a-Write-an-external-file" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-enumerate-1" href="#enumerate">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-eqnarray-1" href="#eqnarray">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-equation-1" href="#equation">8.9 <code>equation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-figure-1" href="#figure">8.10 <code>figure</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-filecontents-1" href="#filecontents">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-flushleft-1" href="#flushleft">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedright-1" href="#g_t_005craggedright">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-flushright-1" href="#flushright">8.13 <code>flushright</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craggedleft-1" href="#g_t_005craggedleft">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-itemize-1" href="#itemize">8.14 <code>itemize</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-letter-environment_003a-writing-letters" href="#letter">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-list-1" href="#list">8.16 <code>list</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list" href="#g_t_005citem">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list" href="#trivlist">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-math-1" href="#math">8.17 <code>math</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-minipage-1" href="#minipage">8.18 <code>minipage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-picture-1" href="#picture">8.19 <code>picture</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cput-1" href="#g_t_005cput">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmultiput-1" href="#g_t_005cmultiput">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cqbezier-1" href="#g_t_005cqbezier">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphpaper-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cline-1" href="#g_t_005cline">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinethickness-1" href="#g_t_005clinethickness">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthinlines-1" href="#g_t_005cthinlines">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthicklines-1" href="#g_t_005cthicklines">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccircle-1" href="#g_t_005ccircle">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005coval-1" href="#g_t_005coval">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cshortstack-1" href="#g_t_005cshortstack">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvector-1" href="#g_t_005cvector">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1" href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cframe-1" href="#g_t_005cframe">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdashbox-1" href="#g_t_005cdashbox">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-quotation-_0026-quote-1" href="#quotation-_0026-quote">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tabbing-1" href="#tabbing">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-table-1" href="#table">8.22 <code>table</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-tabular-1" href="#tabular">8.23 <code>tabular</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmulticolumn-1" href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvline-1" href="#g_t_005cvline">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccline-1" href="#g_t_005ccline">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chline-1" href="#g_t_005chline">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-thebibliography-1" href="#thebibliography">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbibitem-1" href="#g_t_005cbibitem">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccite-1" href="#g_t_005ccite">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnocite-1" href="#g_t_005cnocite">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Using-BibTeX-1" href="#Using-BibTeX">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-theorem-1" href="#theorem">8.25 <code>theorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-titlepage-1" href="#titlepage">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-verbatim-1" href="#verbatim">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cverb-1" href="#g_t_005cverb">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-verse-1" href="#verse">8.28 <code>verse</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Line-breaking-1" href="#Line-breaking">9 Line breaking</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_005c-1" href="#g_t_005c_005c">9.1 <code>\\</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1" href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewline-1" href="#g_t_005cnewline">9.3 <code>\newline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029" href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029" href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1" href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-sloppypar-1" href="#sloppypar">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chyphenation-1" href="#g_t_005chyphenation">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1" href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Page-breaking-1" href="#Page-breaking">10 Page breaking</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1" href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewpage-1" href="#g_t_005cnewpage">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cenlargethispage-1" href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1" href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes">11 Footnotes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnote-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnote">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotemark-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfootnotetext-1" href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-section-headings-1" href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-in-a-table-1" href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">11.5 Footnotes in a table</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Footnotes-of-footnotes-1" href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Definitions-1" href="#Definitions">12 Definitions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1" href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprovidecommand-1" href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1" href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040ifstar-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter" href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewlength-1" href="#g_t_005cnewlength">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewsavebox-1" href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1" href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewtheorem-1" href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewfont-1" href="#g_t_005cnewfont">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprotect-1" href="#g_t_005cprotect">12.11 <code>\protect</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1" href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-xspace-package-1" href="#xspace-package">12.13 xspace package</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Counters-1" href="#Counters">13 Counters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters" href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusecounter-1" href="#g_t_005cusecounter">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvalue-1" href="#g_t_005cvalue">13.3 <code>\value</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csetcounter-1" href="#g_t_005csetcounter">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocounter-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocounter">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crefstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstepcounter-1" href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1" href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Lengths-1" href="#Lengths">14 Lengths</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Units-of-length-1" href="#Units-of-length">14.1 Units of length</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csetlength-1" href="#g_t_005csetlength">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtolength-1" href="#g_t_005caddtolength">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettodepth-1" href="#g_t_005csettodepth">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettoheight-1" href="#g_t_005csettoheight">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csettowidth-1" href="#g_t_005csettowidth">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstretch-1" href="#g_t_005cstretch">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Expressions-1" href="#Expressions">14.8 Expressions</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Making-paragraphs-1" href="#Making-paragraphs">15 Making paragraphs</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpar-1" href="#g_t_005cpar">15.1 <code>\par</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1" href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1" href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Marginal-notes-1" href="#Marginal-notes">15.4 Marginal notes</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-formulas-1" href="#Math-formulas">16 Math formulas</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1" href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-symbols-1" href="#Math-symbols">16.2 Math symbols</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.1 Blackboard bold</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.2 Calligraphic</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.3 <code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.4 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Arrows-1" href="#Arrows">16.2.1 Arrows</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1" href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Blackboard-bold-1" href="#Blackboard-bold">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Calligraphic-1" href="#Calligraphic">16.2.4 Calligraphic</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Delimiters-1" href="#Delimiters">16.2.5 Delimiters</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e" href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical" href="#Dots">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Greek-letters-1" href="#Greek-letters">16.2.7 Greek letters</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-functions-1" href="#Math-functions">16.3 Math functions</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-accents-1" href="#Math-accents">16.4 Math accents</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Over_002d-and-Underlining-1" href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">16.5 Over- and Underlining</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Spacing-in-math-mode-1" href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">16.6 Spacing in math mode</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csmash-1" href="#g_t_005csmash">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1" href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmathstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Math-miscellany-1" href="#Math-miscellany">16.7 Math miscellany</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1" href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">16.7.4 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.7.5 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.7.6 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon" href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002a-1" href="#g_t_005c_002a">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrac-1" href="#g_t_005cfrac">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csqrt-1" href="#g_t_005csqrt">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstackrel-1" href="#g_t_005cstackrel">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Modes-1" href="#Modes">17 Modes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005censuremath-1" href="#g_t_005censuremath">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Page-styles-1" href="#Page-styles">18 Page styles</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmaketitle-1" href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagenumbering-1" href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cpagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthispagestyle-1" href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Spaces-1" href="#Spaces">19 Spaces</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1" href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chspace-1" href="#g_t_005chspace">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chfill-1" href="#g_t_005chfill">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chss-1" href="#g_t_005chss">19.4 <code>\hss</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cspacefactor-1" href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfrenchspacing-1" href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnormalsfcodes-1" href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-" href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_007e-1" href="#g_t_007e">19.7 <code>~</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1" href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_002f-1" href="#g_t_005c_002f">19.9 <code>\/</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1" href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1" href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1" href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cstrut-1" href="#g_t_005cstrut">19.13 <code>\strut</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvspace-1" href="#g_t_005cvspace">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cvfill-1" href="#g_t_005cvfill">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddvspace-1" href="#g_t_005caddvspace">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Boxes-1" href="#Boxes">20 Boxes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1" href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1" href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cparbox-1" href="#g_t_005cparbox">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005craisebox-1" href="#g_t_005craisebox">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1" href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-lrbox-1" href="#lrbox">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cusebox-1" href="#g_t_005cusebox">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Color-1" href="#Color">21 Color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-color-package-options" href="#Color-package-options">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Color-models-1" href="#Color-models">21.2 Color models</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-color-1" href="#Commands-for-color">21.3 Commands for color</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Define-colors-1" href="#Define-colors">21.3.1 Define colors</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-text-1" href="#Colored-text">21.3.2 Colored text</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-boxes-1" href="#Colored-boxes">21.3.3 Colored boxes</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Colored-pages-1" href="#Colored-pages">21.3.4 Colored pages</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Graphics-1" href="#Graphics">22 Graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-options" href="#Graphics-package-options">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-graphics-package-configuration" href="#Graphics-package-configuration">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgraphicspath-1" href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1" href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Commands-for-graphics-1" href="#Commands-for-graphics">22.3 Commands for graphics</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cincludegraphics-1" href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crotatebox-1" href="#g_t_005crotatebox">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cscalebox-1" href="#g_t_005cscalebox">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cresizebox-1" href="#g_t_005cresizebox">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Special-insertions-1" href="#Special-insertions">23 Special insertions</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.7 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.8 <code>\today</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Reserved-characters-1" href="#Reserved-characters">23.1 Reserved characters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Upper-and-lower-case-1" href="#Upper-and-lower-case">23.2 Upper and lower case</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Symbols-by-font-position-1" href="#Symbols-by-font-position">23.3 Symbols by font position</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Text-symbols-1" href="#Text-symbols">23.4 Text symbols</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Accents-1" href="#Accents">23.5 Accents</a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caccent-1" href="#g_t_005caccent">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Additional-Latin-letters-1" href="#Additional-Latin-letters">23.6 Additional Latin letters</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-inputenc-package-1" href="#inputenc-package">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005crule-1" href="#g_t_005crule">23.8 <code>\rule</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctoday-1" href="#g_t_005ctoday">23.9 <code>\today</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Splitting-the-input-1" href="#Splitting-the-input">24 Splitting the input</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cendinput-1" href="#g_t_005cendinput">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1" href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cinput-1" href="#g_t_005cinput">24.3 <code>\input</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Front_002fback-matter-1" href="#Front_002fback-matter">25 Front/back matter</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents etc.</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1" href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">25.1 Table of contents etc.</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005c_0040dottedtocline-1" href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddcontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddtocontents-1" href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccontentsline-1" href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnofiles-1" href="#g_t_005cnofiles">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnumberline-1" href="#g_t_005cnumberline">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Indexes-1" href="#Indexes">25.2 Indexes</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cindex-1" href="#g_t_005cindex">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-makeindex-1" href="#makeindex">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cprintindex-1" href="#g_t_005cprintindex">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Glossaries-1" href="#Glossaries">25.3 Glossaries</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cnewglossaryentry-1" href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cgls-1" href="#g_t_005cgls">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Letters-1" href="#Letters">26 Letters</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005caddress-1" href="#g_t_005caddress">26.1 <code>\address</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ccc-1" href="#g_t_005ccc">26.2 <code>\cc</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cclosing-1" href="#g_t_005cclosing">26.3 <code>\closing</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cencl-1" href="#g_t_005cencl">26.4 <code>\encl</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005clocation-1" href="#g_t_005clocation">26.5 <code>\location</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmakelabels-1" href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cname-1" href="#g_t_005cname">26.7 <code>\name</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005copening-1" href="#g_t_005copening">26.8 <code>\opening</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cps-1" href="#g_t_005cps">26.9 <code>\ps</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005csignature-1" href="#g_t_005csignature">26.10 <code>\signature</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctelephone-1" href="#g_t_005ctelephone">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Terminal-input_002foutput-1" href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">27 Terminal input/output</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Input_002foutput-1" href="#Input_002foutput">27 Input/output</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.1 <code>\typein</code></a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.2 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1" href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">27.1 <code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cread-1" href="#g_t_005cread">27.2 <code>\read</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctypein-1" href="#g_t_005ctypein">27.3 <code>\typein</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005ctypeout-1" href="#g_t_005ctypeout">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite">27.5 <code>\write</code></a>
+ <ul class="no-bullet">
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite-and-security-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cmessage-1" href="#g_t_005cmessage">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwlog-1" href="#g_t_005cwlog">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-_005cwrite18-1" href="#g_t_005cwrite18">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></a></li>
+ </ul></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-1" href="#Command-line">28 Command line</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Command-line-interface-1" href="#Command-line-interface">28 Command line interface</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.3 Recovering from errors</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Command-line-options-1" href="#Command-line-options">28.1 Command line options</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Command-line-input-1" href="#Command-line-input">28.2 Command line input</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Jobname-1" href="#Jobname">28.3 Jobname</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Recovering-from-errors-1" href="#Recovering-from-errors">28.4 Recovering from errors</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
+ <li><a id="toc-Document-templates-1" href="#Document-templates">Appendix A Document templates</a>
<ul class="no-bullet">
- <li><a name="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
- <li><a name="toc-tugboat-template-1" href="#tugboat-template">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-beamer-template-1" href="#beamer-template">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-article-template-1" href="#article-template">A.2 <code>article</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-book-template-1" href="#book-template">A.3 <code>book</code> template</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Larger-book-template-1" href="#Larger-book-template">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
+ <li><a id="toc-Index-1" href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
-<a name="Top"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Top"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="http://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="n" rel="next">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="https://tug.org/texinfohtml/" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></a>
-<h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
+<span id="LaTeX2e_003a-An-unofficial-reference-manual"></span><h1 class="top">LaTeX2e: An unofficial reference manual</h1>
<p>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-October 2018) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
+July 2021) for LaTeX2e, a document preparation system.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="1">About this document</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bug reporting, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What is LaTeX?
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="3">Document classes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Some of the various classes available.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="4">Fonts</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic, bold, typewriter, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Layout" accesskey="5">Layout</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling the page layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="6">Sectioning</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parts, Chapters, Sections, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="7">Cross references</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic referencing.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environments" accesskey="8">Environments</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Such as enumerate &amp; itemize.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="9">Line breaking</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing line breaks.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Influencing page breaks.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to produce footnotes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Internal counters used by LaTeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The length commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to create mathematical formulas.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paragraph, Math or LR modes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various styles of page layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal and vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making boxes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color">Color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color">Color</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Defining and using colors.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Importing graphics from outside LaTeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting reserved and special characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Dealing with big files by splitting.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tables of contents, glossaries, indexes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The <code>letter</code> class.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">User interaction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">System-independent command-line behavior.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Common command-line options.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Starter templates for various document classes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index">Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index" rel="index">Index</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General index.
</td></tr>
</table>
-
<hr>
-<a name="About-this-document"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="About-this-document"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Previous: <a href="#Top" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Top</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="About-this-document-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
+<span id="About-this-document-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">1 About this document</h2>
-<a name="index-home-page-for-manual"></a>
+<span id="index-home-page-for-manual"></span>
<p>This is an unofficial reference manual for the LaTeX2e document
preparation system, which is a macro package for the TeX
typesetting program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>).
</p>
-<p>This document&rsquo;s home page is <a href="https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman">https://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/software/latexrefman</a>. There
-you can get the sources, subscribe to the mailing list or read its
-archives, see other infrastructure, and get the current output in
-various formats. In particular, the output comes in two web formats.
-Probably the most convenient one, shown at <a href="http://latexref.xyz/">http://latexref.xyz/</a>,
-has pages for each topic and so is good for a quick lookup; see also the
-note there about easy-to-remember links. The other, shown at
-<a href="http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co">http://svn.gnu.org.ua/viewvc/latexrefman/trunk/latex2e.html?view=co</a>,
-has all the information on single page.
-</p>
-<a name="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></a>
+<p>This document&rsquo;s home page is <a href="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</a>; it has
+separate web pages for each topic. Alternatively.
+<a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html">https://latexref.xyz/dev/latex2e.html</a> has the entire document on
+a single page. For other output formats, the sources, and plenty more
+information, see <a href="https://latexref.xyz/dev/">https://latexref.xyz/dev/</a>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e"></span>
<p>In this document, we will mostly just use &lsquo;LaTeX&rsquo; rather than
&lsquo;LaTeX2e&rsquo;, since the previous version of LaTeX&nbsp;(2.09) was
frozen decades ago.
</p>
-<a name="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></a>
-<a name="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></a>
-<a name="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></a>
-<p>LaTeX is currently maintained by a group of volunteers
-(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written by
-the LaTeX project is available from their web site. This document is
-completely unofficial and has not been reviewed by the LaTeX
-maintainers.
-<a name="index-bug-reporting"></a>
-<a name="index-reporting-bugs"></a>
+<span id="index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual"></span>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-Project-team"></span>
+<span id="index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"></span>
+<p>LaTeX is maintained by a group of volunteers
+(<a href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>). The official documentation written
+by the LaTeX project is available from their web site. The present
+document is completely unofficial and has not been written or reviewed
+by the LaTeX maintainers.
+<span id="index-bug-reporting"></span>
+<span id="index-reporting-bugs"></span>
Do not send bug reports or anything else about this document to them.
Instead, please send all comments to <a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a>.
</p>
-<p>This document is a reference. There is a vast array of other sources
-of information about LaTeX, at all levels. Here are a few
-introductions.
+<p>This document is a reference, not a tutorial. There is a vast array
+of other information available about LaTeX, at all levels. Here
+are a few introductions.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">http://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></a>
+<dt><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr">https://ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr</a></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"></span>
<p>Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">http://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></a>
+<dt><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc">https://ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc</a></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"></span>
<p>Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide">http://ctan.org/pkg/usrguide</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-usrguide-official-documentation"></a>
-<p>The guide for document authors that is maintained as part of LaTeX.
-Many other guides by many other people are also available, independent
-of LaTeX itself; one such is the next item:
-</p>
-</dd>
-<dt><a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">http://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-lshort-document"></a>
-<p>A short introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
+<dt><a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort">https://ctan.org/pkg/lshort</a></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-lshort-document"></span>
+<p>A longer introduction to LaTeX, translated to many languages.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><a href="http://tug.org/begin.html">http://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
+<dt><a href="https://tug.org/begin.html">https://tug.org/begin.html</a></dt>
<dd><p>Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX, with further
references.
</p>
@@ -699,73 +738,73 @@ references.
<hr>
-<a name="Overview"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Overview"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document classes</a>, Previous: <a href="#About-this-document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">About this document</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
+<span id="Overview-of-LaTeX"></span><h2 class="chapter">2 Overview of LaTeX</h2>
-<a name="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></a>
-<a name="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></a>
-<a name="index-LaTeX-overview"></a>
+<span id="index-overview-of-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-basics-of-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e"></span>
+<span id="index-Lamport_002c-Leslie"></span>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-overview"></span>
<p>LaTeX is a system for typesetting documents. It was originally
-created by Leslie Lamport and is now maintained by a group of volunteers
-(<a href="http://latex-project.org">http://latex-project.org</a>). It is widely used, particularly for
-complex and technical documents, such as those involving mathematics.
-</p>
-<a name="index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as"></a>
-<p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text along with
-interspersed commands, for instance commands describing how the text
-should be formatted. It is implemented as a set of related commands
-that interface with Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&rsquo;s TeX typesetting program
-(the technical term is that LaTeX is a <em>macro package</em> for the
-TeX engine). The user produces the output document by giving that
-input file to the TeX engine.
+created by Leslie Lamport in 1984, but has been maintained by a group
+of volunteers for many years now (<a href="https://latex-project.org">https://latex-project.org</a>).
+It is widely used, particularly but not exclusively for mathematical
+and technical documents.
+</p>
+<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding"></span>
+<p>A LaTeX user writes an input file containing text to be typeset
+along with interspersed commands. The default encoding for the text is
+UTF-8 (as of 2018). The commands specify, for example, how the text
+should be formatted.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX is implemented as a set of related so-called &ldquo;macros&rdquo; which
+use Donald&nbsp;E. Knuth&rsquo;s TeX typesetting program or one of its
+derivatives, collectively known as &ldquo;engines&rdquo;. Thus, the user
+produces output, typically PDF, by giving the input file to a TeX
+engine. (The following sections describe all this in more detail.)
</p>
<p>The term LaTeX is also sometimes used to mean the language in which
-the document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
+the input document is marked up, that is, to mean the set of commands
available to a LaTeX user.
</p>
-<a name="index-Lamport-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-pronunciation"></a>
+<span id="index-Lamport-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-pronunciation"></span>
<p>The name LaTeX is short for &ldquo;Lamport TeX&rdquo;. It is pronounced
LAH-teck or LAY-teck, or sometimes LAY-tecks. Inside a document,
produce the logo with <code>\LaTeX</code>. Where use of the logo is not
sensible, such as in plain text, write it as &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="1">Starting and ending</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The standard beginning and end of a document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="2">Output files</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Files produced.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="3">TeX engines</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Programs that can compile TeX and LaTeX.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="4">LaTeX command syntax</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">General syntax of LaTeX commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Area of the source giving distinct behavior.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Environment" accesskey="5">Environment</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An area of the source with distinct behavior.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="6">CTAN</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Our repository.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Starting-and-ending"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Starting-and-ending"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="n" rel="next">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Starting-and-ending-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
+<span id="Starting-and-ending-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.1 Starting and ending</h3>
-<a name="Starting-_0026-ending"></a><a name="index-starting-and-ending"></a>
-<a name="index-ending-and-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-hello_002c-world"></a>
+<span id="Starting-_0026-ending"></span><span id="index-starting-and-ending"></span>
+<span id="index-ending-and-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-hello_002c-world"></span>
<p>LaTeX files have a simple global structure, with a standard beginning
and ending. This is a small example.
@@ -780,19 +819,19 @@ Hello, \LaTeX\ world.
<p>Every LaTeX document has a <code>\begin{document}</code> line and an
<code>\end{document}</code> line.
</p>
-<a name="index-document-class_002c-defined"></a>
+<span id="index-document-class_002c-defined"></span>
<p>Here, the &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; is the <em>document class</em>. It is implemented
in a file <samp>article.cls</samp>. You can use any document class on your
system. A few document classes are defined by LaTeX itself, and vast
array of others are widely available. See <a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-preamble_002c-defined"></a>
+<span id="index-preamble_002c-defined"></span>
<p>You can include other LaTeX commands between the
<code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> commands.
This area is called the <em>preamble</em>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\begin{document}</code>, <code>\end{document}</code> pair defines an
-<a name="index-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment"></span>
<em>environment</em>; the &lsquo;<samp>document</samp>&rsquo; environment (and no others) is
required in all LaTeX documents (see <a href="#document">document</a>). LaTeX make
available to you many environments that are documented here
@@ -804,40 +843,38 @@ a LaTeX input file.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Output-files"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Output-files"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="n" rel="next">TeX engines</a>, Previous: <a href="#Starting-and-ending" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Starting and ending</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Output-files-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
+<span id="Output-files-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.2 Output files</h3>
<p>LaTeX produces a main output file and at least two auxiliary files.
The main output file&rsquo;s name ends in either <samp>.dvi</samp> or <samp>.pdf</samp>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.dvi</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002edvi-file"></a>
-<a name="index-latex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-xdvi-command"></a>
-<a name="index-dvips-command"></a>
-<a name="index-dvipdfmx-command"></a>
-<a name="index-dvitype-command"></a>
-<a name="output-files-dvi"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
+<dd><span id="index-_002edvi-file"></span>
+<span id="index-latex-command"></span>
+<span id="index-xdvi-command"></span>
+<span id="index-dvips-command"></span>
+<span id="index-dvipdfmx-command"></span>
+<span id="index-dvitype-command"></span>
+<span id="output-files-dvi"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>latex</code> then it
produces a DeVice Independent file, with extension <samp>.dvi</samp>. You
can view this file with a command such as <code>xdvi</code>, or convert
it to a PostScript <code>.ps</code> file with <code>dvips</code> or to a
Portable Document Format <code>.pdf</code> file with <code>dvipdfmx</code>.
The contents of the file can be dumped in human-readable form with
<code>dvitype</code>. A vast array of other DVI utility programs are
-available (<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">http://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
+available (<a href="https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware">https://mirror.ctan.org/dviware</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.pdf</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_002epdf-file"></a>
-<a name="index-pdfTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-pdflatex-command"></a>
-<a name="output-files-pdf"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
+<dd><span id="index-_002epdf-file"></span>
+<span id="index-pdfTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-pdflatex-command"></span>
+<span id="output-files-pdf"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>pdflatex</code>,
among other commands (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), then the main output is
a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Typically this is a
self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
@@ -845,25 +882,25 @@ self-contained file, with all fonts and images included.
</dd>
</dl>
-<p>LaTeX also produces at least two additional files.
+<p>LaTeX always produces at least two additional files.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>.log</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-transcript-file"></a>
-<a name="index-log-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elog-file"></a>
-<a name="output-files-log"></a><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
+<dd><span id="index-transcript-file"></span>
+<span id="index-log-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elog-file"></span>
+<span id="output-files-log"></span><p>This transcript file contains summary information such as a list of
loaded packages. It also includes diagnostic messages and perhaps
additional information for any errors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>.aux</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-auxiliary-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eaux-file"></a>
-<a name="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></a>
-<a name="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></a>
-<a name="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></a>
-<a name="output-files-aux"></a><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
+<dd><span id="index-auxiliary-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eaux-file"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-references_002c-resolving"></span>
+<span id="index-forward-references_002c-resolving"></span>
+<span id="index-references_002c-resolving-forward"></span>
+<span id="output-files-aux"></span><p>Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as
cross references. For example, the first time that LaTeX finds a
forward reference&mdash;a cross reference to something that has not yet
appeared in the source&mdash;it will appear in the output as a doubled
@@ -877,13 +914,13 @@ location.
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_002elof-file"></a>
-<a name="index-list-of-figures-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elot-file"></a>
-<a name="index-list-of-tables-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etoc-file"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents-file"></a>
-<a name="index-contents-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_002elof-file"></span>
+<span id="index-list-of-figures-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elot-file"></span>
+<span id="index-list-of-tables-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etoc-file"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents-file"></span>
+<span id="index-contents-file"></span>
<p>LaTeX may produce yet more files, characterized by the filename
ending. These include a <code>.lof</code> file that is used to make a list of
figures, a <code>.lot</code> file used to make a list of tables, and a
@@ -892,39 +929,49 @@ open-ended.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="TeX-engines"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="TeX-engines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="n" rel="next">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Previous: <a href="#Output-files" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Output files</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="TeX-engines-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
+<span id="TeX-engines-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.3 TeX engines</h3>
-<a name="index-engines_002c-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-implementations-of-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-UTF_002d8"></a>
-<a name="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></a>
-<a name="index-TrueType-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-OpenType-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-engines_002c-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-implementations-of-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for"></span>
+<span id="index-Unicode-input_002c-native"></span>
+<span id="index-TrueType-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-OpenType-fonts"></span>
-<p>LaTeX is defined to be a set of commands that are run by a TeX
-implementation (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). This section gives a terse
-overview of the main programs (see also&nbsp;<a href="#Command-line">Command line</a>).
+<span id="index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></span>
+<span id="index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files"></span>
+<span id="index-format-files_002c-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-_002efmt-file"></span>
+<p>LaTeX is a large set of commands that is executed by a TeX
+program (see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>). Such a set of commands is called a
+<em>format</em>, and is embodied in a binary <code>.fmt</code> file, which can
+be read much more quickly than the corresponding TeX source.
+</p>
+<p>This section gives a terse overview of the TeX programs that are
+commonly available (see also <a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dt><code>latex</code></dt>
-<dt><code>pdflatex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pdfTeX-engine"></a>
-<a name="index-etex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-e_002dTeX"></a>
-<a name="tex-engines-latex"></a><p>In TeX Live (<a href="http://tug.org/texlive">http://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
+<dt><code>latex</code>
+<span id="index-latex"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>pdflatex</code>
+<span id="index-pdflatex"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-etex-command"></span>
+<span id="index-pdfTeX-engine"></span>
+<span id="index-e_002dTeX"></span>
+<span id="tex-engines-latex"></span><p>In TeX Live (<a href="https://tug.org/texlive">https://tug.org/texlive</a>), if LaTeX is invoked
via either the system command <code>latex</code> or <code>pdflatex</code>,
-then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
+then the pdfTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex">https://ctan.org/pkg/pdftex</a>).
When invoked as <code>latex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.dvi</samp>
file; as <code>pdflatex</code>, the main output is a <samp>.pdf</samp> file.
</p>
<p>pdfTeX incorporates the e-TeX extensions to Knuth&rsquo;s original
-program (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/etex">http://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional
+program (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/etex">https://ctan.org/pkg/etex</a>), including additional
programming features and bi-directional typesetting, and has plenty of
extensions of its own. e-TeX is available on its own as the system
command <code>etex</code>, but this is plain TeX (and produces
@@ -935,26 +982,27 @@ rather than pdfTeX. In any case, the e-TeX extensions can be
assumed to be available in LaTeX.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>lualatex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-lualatex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-LuaTeX"></a>
-<a name="tex-engines-lualatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
-LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">http://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
+<dt><code>lualatex</code>
+<span id="index-lualatex"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-LuaTeX"></span>
+<span id="tex-engines-lualatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked via the system command <code>lualatex</code>, the
+LuaTeX engine is run (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex">https://ctan.org/pkg/luatex</a>). This
program allows code written in the scripting language Lua
(<a href="http://luatex.org">http://luatex.org</a>) to interact with TeX&rsquo;s typesetting.
LuaTeX handles UTF-8 Unicode input natively, can handle OpenType
and TrueType fonts, and produces a <samp>.pdf</samp> file by default.
-There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file,
-but this is rarely used.
+There is also <code>dvilualatex</code> to produce a <samp>.dvi</samp> file.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>xelatex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-xelatex-command"></a>
-<a name="index-XeTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-_002exdv-file"></a>
-<a name="index-xdvipdfmx"></a>
-<a name="tex-engines-xelatex"></a><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
-XeTeX engine is run (<a href="http://tug.org/xetex">http://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX,
+<dt><code>xelatex</code>
+<span id="index-xelatex"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-XeTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-_002exdv-file"></span>
+<span id="index-xdvipdfmx"></span>
+<span id="tex-engines-xelatex"></span><p>If LaTeX is invoked with the system command <code>xelatex</code>, the
+XeTeX engine is run (<a href="https://tug.org/xetex">https://tug.org/xetex</a>). Like LuaTeX,
XeTeX natively supports UTF-8 Unicode and TrueType and OpenType
fonts, though the implementation is completely different, mainly using
external libraries instead of internal code. XeTeX produces a
@@ -966,33 +1014,85 @@ program, but this process is automatic. The <code>.xdv</code> file is only
useful for debugging.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>platex</code>
+<span id="index-platex"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>uplatex</code>
+<span id="index-uplatex"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>These commands provide significant additional support for Japanese and
+other languages; the <code>u</code> variant supports Unicode. See
+<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a> and <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">https://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>.
+</p></dd>
</dl>
-<p>Other variants of LaTeX and TeX exist, e.g., to provide
-additional support for Japanese and other languages ([u]pTeX,
-<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/ptex</a>, <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex">http://ctan.org/pkg/uptex</a>).
+<p>As of 2019, there is a companion <code>-dev</code> command and format for
+all of the above:
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>dvilualatex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-dvilualatex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>latex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-latex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>lualatex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-lualatex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>pdflatex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-pdflatex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>platex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-platex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>uplatex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-uplatex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dt><code>xelatex-dev</code>
+<span id="index-xelatex_002ddev"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-release-candidates"></span>
+<span id="index-prerelease-testing"></span>
+<p>These are candidates for an upcoming LaTeX release. The main
+purpose is to find and address compatibility problems before an
+official release.
+</p>
+<p>These <code>-dev</code> formats make it easy for anyone to help test
+documents and code: you can run, say, <code>pdflatex-dev</code> instead of
+<code>pdflatex</code>, without changing anything else in your environment.
+Indeed, it is easiest and most helpful to always run the <code>-dev</code>
+versions instead of bothering to switch back and forth. During quiet
+times after a release, the commands will be equivalent.
+</p>
+<p>These are not daily snapshots or untested development code. They
+undergo the same extensive regression testing by the LaTeX team
+before being released.
+</p>
+<p>For more information, see &ldquo;The LaTeX release workflow and the
+LaTeX <code>dev</code> formats&rdquo; by Frank Mittelbach, <cite>TUGboat</cite> 40:2,
+<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb40-2/tb125mitt-dev.pdf</a>.
</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environment</a>, Previous: <a href="#TeX-engines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">TeX engines</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
+<span id="LaTeX-command-syntax-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.4 LaTeX command syntax</h3>
-<a name="index-command-syntax"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></a>
-<a name="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></a>
+<span id="index-command-syntax"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c-character-starting-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"></span>
+<span id="index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"></span>
<p>In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, <code>\</code>. The name itself then consists of either
(a)&nbsp;a string of letters or (b)&nbsp;a single non-letter.
</p>
<p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code>
differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command).
-Most commands are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
+Most command names are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all
commands in the same case as they are defined.
</p>
<p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These
@@ -1009,11 +1109,6 @@ argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make
the first character of the following text be an open square bracket,
hide it inside curly braces.
</p>
-<p>Some of LaTeX&rsquo;s commands are a <em>declaration</em>. Such a command
-changes the value the meaning of some other command or parameter. For
-instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> declaration changes the typesetting of
-page numbers from roman numerals to arabic (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>).
-</p>
<p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that
is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and
<code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command
@@ -1022,27 +1117,37 @@ to command.
<p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the
commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs).
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-expl3"></span>
+<span id="index-expl3-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-xparse"></span>
+<span id="index-xparse-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-LaTeX3-syntax"></span>
+<p>As of the 2020-10-01 release of LaTeX, the <code>expl3</code> and
+<code>xparse</code> packages are part of the LaTeX2e format. They
+provide a completely different underlying programming language
+syntax. We won&rsquo;t try to cover them in this document; see the related
+package documentation and other LaTeX manuals.
+</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Environment"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Environment"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#CTAN" accesskey="n" rel="next">CTAN</a>, Previous: <a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax" accesskey="p" rel="prev">LaTeX command syntax</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environment-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
+<span id="Environment-1"></span><h3 class="section">2.5 Environment</h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment name</var>}
+<pre class="example">\begin{<var>environment-name</var>}
...
-\end{<var>environment name</var>}
+\end{<var>environment-name</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>An area of LaTeX source, inside of which there is a distinct
-behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
-<code>\begin{verse}</code> and <code>\end{verse}</code>.
+<p>An <em>environment</em> is an area of LaTeX source, inside of which
+there is a distinct behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX
+put the lines between <code>\begin{verse}</code> and <code>\end{verse}</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{verse}
@@ -1051,12 +1156,12 @@ behavior. For instance, for poetry in LaTeX put the lines between
\end{verse}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a> for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
+<p>See <a href="#Environments">Environments</a>, for a list of environments. Particularly notable is
that every LaTeX document must have a <code>document</code> environment,
a <code>\begin{document} ... \end{document}</code> pair.
</p>
-<p>The <var>environment name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
-the end. This includes the case where <var>environment name</var> ends in a
+<p>The <var>environment-name</var> at the beginning must exactly match that at
+the end. This includes the case where <var>environment-name</var> ends in a
star&nbsp;(<code>*</code>); both the <code>\begin</code> and <code>\end</code> texts must
include the star.
</p>
@@ -1073,15 +1178,13 @@ required (it specifies the formatting of columns).
<hr>
-<a name="CTAN"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="CTAN"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Environment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environment</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="CTAN_003a-the-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></a>
-<h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
+<span id="CTAN_003a-The-Comprehensive-TeX-Archive-Network"></span><h3 class="section">2.6 CTAN: The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</h3>
-<a name="index-CTAN"></a>
+<span id="index-CTAN"></span>
<p>The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network, CTAN, is the TeX and
LaTeX community&rsquo;s repository of free material. It is a set of
@@ -1094,34 +1197,34 @@ person or a small number of people. For instance, many publishers have
a package that allows authors to format papers to that publisher&rsquo;s
specifications.
</p>
-<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the web site offers features such
-as search by name or by functionality.
+<p>In addition to the massive holdings, the <code>ctan.org</code> web site
+offers features such as search by name or by functionality.
+</p>
+<span id="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></span>
+<p>CTAN is not a single host, but instead is a set of hosts, one of which
+is the so-called &ldquo;master&rdquo;. The master host actively manages the
+material, for instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated
+packages. For many years, it has been hosted by the German TeX
+group, DANTE e.V.
</p>
-<a name="index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e"></a>
-<a name="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></a>
-<p>CTAN is not a single site, but instead is a set of sites. One of the
-sites is the core. This site actively manages the material, for
-instance, by accepting uploads of new or updated packages. It is
-hosted by the German TeX group DANTE e.V. Other sites around the
-world help out by mirroring, that is, automatically syncing their
-collections with the core site and then in turn making their copies
-publicly available. This gives users close to their location better
-access and relieves the load on the core site. The list of mirrors is
-at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
+<span id="index-mirrors-of-CTAN"></span>
+<p>Other sites around the world help out by mirroring, that is,
+automatically syncing their collections with the master site and then
+in turn making their copies publicly available. This gives users close
+to their location better access and relieves the load on the master
+site. The list of mirrors is at <a href="https://ctan.org/mirrors">https://ctan.org/mirrors</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Document-classes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Document-classes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="n" rel="next">Fonts</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Document-classes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
+<span id="Document-classes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">3 Document classes</h2>
-<a name="index-document-classes"></a>
-<a name="index-classes-of-documents"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cdocumentclass"></a>
+<span id="index-document-classes"></span>
+<span id="index-classes-of-documents"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass"></span>
<p>The document&rsquo;s overall class is defined with this command, which is
normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
@@ -1130,39 +1233,41 @@ normally the first command in a LaTeX source file.
<pre class="example">\documentclass[<var>options</var>]{<var>class</var>}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-article-class"></a>
-<a name="index-report-class"></a>
-<a name="index-book-class"></a>
-<a name="index-letter-class"></a>
-<a name="index-slides-class"></a>
+<span id="index-article-class"></span>
+<span id="index-report-class"></span>
+<span id="index-book-class"></span>
+<span id="index-letter-class"></span>
+<span id="index-slides-class"></span>
<p>The following document <var>class</var> names are built into LaTeX.
(Many other document classes are available as separate packages;
see <a href="#Overview">Overview</a>.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>article</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-article"></a><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
+<dd><span id="document-classes-article"></span><p>For a journal article, a presentation, and miscellaneous general use.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>book</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-book"></a><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
+<dd><span id="document-classes-book"></span><p>Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front
matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix
(see <a href="#Front_002fback-matter">Front/back matter</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>letter</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-letter"></a><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
+<dd><span id="document-classes-letter"></span><p>Mail, optionally including mailing labels
(see <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>report</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-report"></a><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
+<dd><span id="document-classes-report"></span><p>For documents of length between an <code>article</code> and a <code>book</code>,
such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>slides</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="document-classes-slides"></a><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used today. In its place the
-<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent (see <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>).
+<dd><span id="document-classes-slides"></span><p>For slide presentations&mdash;rarely used nowadays. The
+<code>beamer</code> package is perhaps the most prevalent
+(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>). See <a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a>, for a
+small template for a beamer document.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -1170,28 +1275,26 @@ such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters.
<p>Standard <var>options</var> are described in the next section.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="1">Document class options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Global options.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="2">Additional packages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bring in packages.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="3">Class and package construction</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Create new classes and packages.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Document-class-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Document-class-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Document-class-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
+<span id="Document-class-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.1 Document class options</h3>
-<a name="index-document-class-options"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-document-class"></a>
-<a name="index-class-options"></a>
-<a name="index-global-options"></a>
+<span id="index-document-class-options"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-document-class"></span>
+<span id="index-class-options"></span>
+<span id="index-global-options"></span>
<p>You can specify <em>global options</em> or <em>class options</em> to the
<code>\documentclass</code> command by enclosing them in square brackets. To
@@ -1203,9 +1306,9 @@ specify more than one <var>option</var>, separate them with a comma.
<p>Here is the list of the standard class options.
</p>
-<a name="index-10pt-option"></a>
-<a name="index-11pt-option"></a>
-<a name="index-12pt-option"></a>
+<span id="index-10pt-option"></span>
+<span id="index-11pt-option"></span>
+<span id="index-12pt-option"></span>
<p>All of the standard classes except <code>slides</code> accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
</p>
@@ -1213,12 +1316,12 @@ options for selecting the typeface size (default is <code>10pt</code>):
<pre class="example">10pt 11pt 12pt
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-a4paper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-a5paper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-b5paper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-executivepaper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-legalpaper-option"></a>
-<a name="index-letterpaper-option"></a>
+<span id="index-a4paper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-a5paper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-b5paper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-executivepaper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-legalpaper-option"></span>
+<span id="index-letterpaper-option"></span>
<p>All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the paper
size (these show height by width):
</p>
@@ -1248,68 +1351,68 @@ size (these show height by width):
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-geometry"></a>
-<a name="index-geometry-package"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpdfpagewidth"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cpdfpageheight"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-geometry"></span>
+<span id="index-geometry-package"></span>
<p>When using one of the engines pdfLaTeX, LuaLaTeX, or XeLaTeX
(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>), options other than <code>letterpaper</code> set
the print area but you must also set the physical paper size. One way
to do that is to put <code>\pdfpagewidth=\paperwidth</code> and
<code>\pdfpageheight=\paperheight</code> in your document&rsquo;s preamble.
-<a name="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></a>
-<a name="index-geometry-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-geometry-1"></span>
+<span id="index-geometry-package-1"></span>
</p>
<p>The <code>geometry</code> package provides flexible ways of setting the print
area and physical page size.
</p>
-<a name="index-draft-option"></a>
-<a name="index-final-option"></a>
-<a name="index-fleqn-option"></a>
-<a name="index-landscape-option"></a>
-<a name="index-leqno-option"></a>
-<a name="index-openbib-option"></a>
-<a name="index-titlepage-option"></a>
-<a name="index-notitlepage-option"></a>
+<span id="index-draft-option"></span>
+<span id="index-final-option"></span>
+<span id="index-fleqn-option"></span>
+<span id="index-landscape-option"></span>
+<span id="index-leqno-option"></span>
+<span id="index-openbib-option"></span>
+<span id="index-titlepage-option"></span>
+<span id="index-notitlepage-option"></span>
<p>Miscellaneous other options:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
<dt><code>final</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-black-boxes_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Mark (<code>draft</code>) or do not mark (<code>final</code>) overfull boxes with a
black box in the margin; default is <code>final</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>fleqn</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-flush-left-equations"></a>
-<a name="index-centered-equations"></a>
-<a name="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-flush-left-equations"></span>
+<span id="index-centered-equations"></span>
+<span id="index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered"></span>
<p>Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>landscape</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-landscape-orientation"></a>
-<a name="index-portrait-orientation"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-landscape-orientation"></span>
+<span id="index-portrait-orientation"></span>
<p>Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>leqno</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
-<a name="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
+<span id="index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-left-vs_002e-right"></span>
<p>Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the right side.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>openbib</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bibliography-format_002c-open"></span>
<p>Use &ldquo;open&rdquo; bibliography format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>titlepage</code></dt>
<dt><code>notitlepage</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-title-page_002c-separate-or-run_002din"></span>
<p>Specifies whether there is a separate page for the title information and
for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<code>report</code> class is <code>titlepage</code>, for the other classes it is
@@ -1319,12 +1422,12 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
<p>The following options are not available with the <code>slides</code> class.
</p>
-<a name="index-onecolumn-option"></a>
-<a name="index-twocolumn-option"></a>
-<a name="index-oneside-option"></a>
-<a name="index-twoside-option"></a>
-<a name="index-openright-option"></a>
-<a name="index-openany-option"></a>
+<span id="index-onecolumn-option"></span>
+<span id="index-twocolumn-option"></span>
+<span id="index-oneside-option"></span>
+<span id="index-twoside-option"></span>
+<span id="index-openright-option"></span>
+<span id="index-openany-option"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>onecolumn</code></dt>
<dt><code>twocolumn</code></dt>
@@ -1333,8 +1436,8 @@ for the abstract also, if there is one. The default for the
</dd>
<dt><code>oneside</code></dt>
<dt><code>twoside</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cevensidemargin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cevensidemargin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005coddsidemargin"></span>
<p>Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is <code>oneside</code>, except
that in the <code>book</code> class the default is <code>twoside</code>.
</p>
@@ -1353,24 +1456,22 @@ being 40% of the difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></a>
+<span id="index-clock-option-to-slides-class"></span>
<p>The <code>slides</code> class offers the option <code>clock</code> for printing
the time at the bottom of each note.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Additional-packages"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Additional-packages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package construction</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-class-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document class options</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Additional-packages-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
+<span id="Additional-packages-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.2 Additional packages</h3>
-<a name="index-loading-additional-packages"></a>
-<a name="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></a>
-<a name="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cusepackage"></a>
+<span id="index-loading-additional-packages"></span>
+<span id="index-packages_002c-loading-additional"></span>
+<span id="index-additional-packages_002c-loading"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cusepackage"></span>
<p>Load a package <var>pkg</var>, with the package options given in the comma-separated
list <var>options</var>, as here.
</p>
@@ -1382,25 +1483,23 @@ list <var>options</var>, as here.
as in <code>\usepackage{<var>pkg1</var>,<var>pkg2</var>,...}</code>, or use multiple
<code>\usepackage</code> commands.
</p>
-<a name="index-global-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-global"></a>
+<span id="index-global-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-global"></span>
<p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command that are unknown
to the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
<code>\usepackage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Class-and-package-construction"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Class-and-package-construction"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Additional-packages" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional packages</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document classes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Class-and-package-construction-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
+<span id="Class-and-package-construction-1"></span><h3 class="section">3.3 Class and package construction</h3>
-<a name="index-document-class-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-document-class"></a>
-<a name="index-new-class-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-document-class-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-document-class"></span>
+<span id="index-new-class-commands"></span>
<p>You can create new document classes and new packages. For instance, if
your memos must satisfy some local requirements, such as a
@@ -1413,8 +1512,8 @@ package are useful across classes while those in a document class are
specific to that class. Thus, a command to set page headers is for a
package while a command to make the page headers say <code>Memo from the
SMC Math Department</code> is for a class.
-<a name="index-class-and-package-difference"></a>
-<a name="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></a>
+<span id="index-class-and-package-difference"></span>
+<span id="index-difference-between-class-and-package"></span>
</p>
<p>Inside of a class or package file you can use the at-sign <code>@</code> as a
character in command names without having to surround the code
@@ -1428,29 +1527,27 @@ others. For instance, the class <code>smcmemo</code> might have commands
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="1">Class and package structure</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of the file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="2">Class and package commands</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Class-and-package-structure"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Class-and-package-structure"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Class-and-package-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Class and package commands</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Class-and-package-structure-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
+<span id="Class-and-package-structure-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Class and package structure</h4>
-<a name="index-class-and-package-structure"></a>
-<a name="index-class-file-layout"></a>
-<a name="index-package-file-layout"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-package"></a>
-<a name="index-class-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-package-options"></a>
+<span id="index-class-and-package-structure"></span>
+<span id="index-class-file-layout"></span>
+<span id="index-package-file-layout"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-document-class-1"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-package"></span>
+<span id="index-class-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-package-options"></span>
<p>A class file or package file typically has four parts.
</p><ol>
@@ -1474,9 +1571,9 @@ name</var>}</code>, to modify the behavior of the class. An example is when you
declare <code>\documentclass[11pt]{article}</code> to set the default
document font size.
-</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package usually does
-most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and fonts, and
-loading other files.
+</li><li> Finally, in the <em>more declarations part</em> the class or package
+usually does most of its work: declaring new variables, commands and
+fonts, and loading other files.
</li></ol>
<p>Here is a starting class file, which should be saved as <samp>stub.cls</samp>
@@ -1490,7 +1587,7 @@ where LaTeX can find it, for example in the same directory as the
\ProcessOptions\relax
\LoadClass{article}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-class-file-example"></a>
+<span id="index-class-file-example"></span>
<p>It identifies itself, handles the class options via the default of
passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
@@ -1498,35 +1595,33 @@ passing them all to the <code>article</code> class, and then loads the
</p>
<p>For more, see the official guide for class and package writers, the
Class Guide, at
-<a href="http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">http://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
+<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/help/documentation/clsguide.pdf</a> (much
of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
<a href="https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf">https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb26-3/tb84heff.pdf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Class-and-package-commands"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Class-and-package-commands"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Class-and-package-structure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Class and package structure</a>, Up: <a href="#Class-and-package-construction" accesskey="u" rel="up">Class and package construction</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Class-and-package-commands-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
-<a name="index-class-and-package-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></a>
+<span id="Class-and-package-commands-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Class and package commands</h4>
+<span id="index-class-and-package-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-class-and-package"></span>
<p>These are the commands designed to help writers of classes or packages.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\AtBeginDvi{specials}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAtBeginDvi"></span>
<p>Save in a box register things that are written to the <samp>.dvi</samp> file
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\AtEndOfClass{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AtEndOfPackage{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cAtEndOfClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cAtEndOfPackage"></span>
<p>Hook to insert <var>code</var> to be executed when LaTeX finishes
processing the current class or package. You can use these hooks
multiple times; the <code>code</code> will be executed in the order that you
@@ -1535,13 +1630,13 @@ called it. See also <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a>.
</dd>
<dt><code>\CheckCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\CheckCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cCheckCommand"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-new-command_002c-check"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cCheckCommand"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cCheckCommand_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-new-command_002c-check"></span>
<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but does
not define <var>cmd</var>; instead it checks that the current definition of
<var>cmd</var> is exactly as given by <var>definition</var> and is or is not
-<a name="index-long-command"></a>
+<span id="index-long-command"></span>
<em>long</em> as expected. A long command is a command that accepts
<code>\par</code> within an argument. The <var>cmd</var> command is expected to be
long with the unstarred version of <code>\CheckCommand</code>. Raises an
@@ -1560,16 +1655,16 @@ redefined this command.
<dt><code>\PackageInfo{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ClassInfoNoLine{<var>class name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PackageInfoNoLine{<var>package name</var>}{<var>info text</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cClassError"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageError"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassWarning"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageWarning"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassInfo"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageInfo"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cClassError"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageError"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassWarning"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageWarning"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassWarningNoLine"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageWarningNoLine"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassInfo"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageInfo"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cClassInfoNoLine"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPackageInfoNoLine"></span>
<p>Produce an error message, or warning or informational messages.
</p>
<p>For <code>\ClassError</code> and <code>\PackageError</code> the message is
@@ -1591,7 +1686,7 @@ appends a period to the messages.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\CurrentOption</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cCurrentOption"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cCurrentOption"></span>
<p>Expands to the name of the currently-being-processed option. Can only
be used within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code>
or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
@@ -1599,12 +1694,12 @@ or <code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
</dd>
<dt><code>\DeclareOption{<var>option</var>}{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareOption"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-class-options-2"></a>
-<a name="index-package-options-1"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-class"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-package-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareOption"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-class-options-2"></span>
+<span id="index-package-options-1"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-class"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-package-1"></span>
<p>Make an option available to a user to invoke in their
<code>\documentclass</code> command. For example, the <code>smcmemo</code> class
could have an option <code>\documentclass[logo]{smcmemo}</code> allowing
@@ -1613,10 +1708,10 @@ must contain <code>\DeclareOption{logo}{<var>code</var>}</code> (and later,
<code>\ProcessOptions</code>).
</p>
<p>If you request an option that has not been declared, by default this
-will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s): [badoption].</code>
-Change this behaviour with the starred version
-<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes extend
-an existing class, using a declaration such as
+will produce a warning like <code>Unused global option(s):
+[badoption].</code> Change this behavior with the starred version
+<code>\DeclareOption*{<var>code</var>}</code>. For example, many classes
+extend an existing class, using a command such as
<code>\LoadClass{article}</code>, and for passing extra options to the
underlying class use code such as this.
</p>
@@ -1640,9 +1735,9 @@ passes the option to the <code>article</code> class.
</dd>
<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<var>cmd</var>}[<var>num</var>][<var>default</var>]{<var>definition</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-new-command_002c-definition"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-new-command_002c-definition"></span>
<p>Like <code>\newcommand</code> and <code>\newcommand*</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) but these declare a robust command, even if some code
within the <var>definition</var> is fragile. (For a discussion of robust and
fragile commands see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>.) Use this command to define new
@@ -1655,8 +1750,8 @@ transcript file if a command is redefined.
using <code>\newcommand</code> so unless the command&rsquo;s data is fragile and the
command is used within a moving argument, use <code>\newcommand</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></a>
-<a name="index-etoolbox-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-etoolbox"></span>
+<span id="index-etoolbox-package"></span>
<p>The <samp>etoolbox</samp> package offers the commands
<code>\newrobustcmd</code>, <code>\newrobustcmd*</code>, as well as the commands
<code>\renewrobustcmd</code>, <code>\renewrobustcmd*</code>, and the commands
@@ -1678,10 +1773,10 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
</dd>
-<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>file name</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cIfFileExists"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></a>
+<dt><code>\IfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dt><code>\InputIfFileExists{<var>filename</var>}{<var>true code</var>}{<var>false code</var>}</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cIfFileExists"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cInputIfFileExists"></span>
<p>Execute <var>true code</var> if LaTeX finds the file <samp><var>file
name</var></samp> or <var>false code</var> otherwise. In the first case it executing
<var>true code</var> and then inputs the file. Thus the command
@@ -1705,8 +1800,8 @@ extensions see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>.
</dd>
<dt><code>\LoadClass[<var>options list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\LoadClassWithOptions{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cLoadClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cLoadClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"></span>
<p>Load a class, as with <code>\documentclass[<var>options
list</var>]{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release info</var>]</code>. An example is
<code>\LoadClass[twoside]{article}</code>.
@@ -1733,7 +1828,7 @@ that lets you build classes on existing ones, such as the standard
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ExecuteOptions{<var>options-list</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cExecuteOptions"></span>
<p>For each option <var>option</var> in the <var>options-list</var>, in order, this command
executes the command <code>\ds@<var>option</var></code>. If this command is not
defined then that option is silently ignored.
@@ -1745,7 +1840,7 @@ default to be 11pt fonts then you could specify
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\NeedsTeXFormat{<var>format</var>}[<var>format date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"></span>
<p>Specifies the format that this class must be run under. Often issued
as the first line of a class file, and most often used as:
<code>\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}</code>. When a document using that class is
@@ -1767,7 +1862,7 @@ release `2016/02/01' is available.
</dd>
<dt><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cOptionNotUsed"></span>
<p>Adds the current option to the list of unused options. Can only be used
within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
<code>\DeclareOption*</code>.
@@ -1776,8 +1871,8 @@ within the <var>code</var> argument of either <code>\DeclareOption</code> or
</dd>
<dt><code>\PassOptionsToClass{<var>option list</var>}{<var>class name</var>}</code></dt>
<dt><code>\PassOptionsToPackage{<var>option list</var>}{<var>package name</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cPassOptionsToPackage"></span>
<p>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <var>option list</var> to the
options used by any future <code>\RequirePackage</code> or <code>\usepackage</code>
command for package <var>package name</var> or the class <var>class name</var>.
@@ -1818,8 +1913,8 @@ option. The user could start their LaTeX file with
</dd>
<dt><code>\ProcessOptions</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProcessOptions*<var>\@options</var></code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cProcessOptions"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProcessOptions"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProcessOptions_002a"></span>
<p>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
in the class file as <code>\ProcessOptions\relax</code> (because of the
existence of the starred command).
@@ -1862,8 +1957,8 @@ means that the global options are processed first.
<dt><code>\ProvidesClass{<var>class name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var> <var>brief additional information</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\ProvidesPackage{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesClass"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesClass"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvidesPackage"></span>
<p>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
the log file.
</p>
@@ -1896,20 +1991,20 @@ than the given date. (Although, in practice package users only rarely
include a date, and class users almost never do.)
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>file name</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cProvidesFile"></a>
+<dt><code>\ProvidesFile{<var>filename</var>}[<var>additional information</var>]</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cProvidesFile"></span>
<p>Declare a file other than the main class and package files, such as
configuration files or font definition files. Put this command in that
file and you get in the log a string like <code>File: test.config
-2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>file name</var> equal to
+2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</code> for <var>filename</var> equal to
&lsquo;<samp>test.config</samp>&rsquo; and <var>additional information</var> equal to
&lsquo;<samp>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\RequirePackage[<var>option list</var>]{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
<dt><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<var>package name</var>}[<var>release date</var>]</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cRequirePackage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cRequirePackage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"></span>
<p>Load a package, like the command <code>\usepackage</code> (see <a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a>). The LaTeX development team strongly recommends use of
these commands over Plain&nbsp;TeX&rsquo;s <code>\input</code>; see the Class
Guide. An example is
@@ -1939,133 +2034,781 @@ causes LaTeX to give error like <code>\usepackage before
<hr>
-<a name="Fonts"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Fonts"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="n" rel="next">Layout</a>, Previous: <a href="#Document-classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document classes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Fonts-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
-<a name="Typefaces"></a>
-<a name="index-typefaces"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts"></a>
+<span id="Fonts-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">4 Fonts</h2>
+<span id="Typefaces"></span>
+<span id="index-typefaces"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts"></span>
+
+<p>LaTeX comes with powerful font capacities. For one thing, its New
+Font Selection Scheme allows you to work easily with the font families
+in your document (for instance, see&nbsp;<a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). And,
+LaTeX documents can use most fonts that are available today,
+including versions of Times Roman, Helvetica, Courier, etc. (Note,
+though, that many fonts do not have support for mathematics.)
+</p>
+<p>The first typeface in the TeX world was the Computer Modern family,
+developed by Donald Knuth. It is the default for LaTeX documents and
+is still the most widely used. But changing to another font often only
+involves a few commands. For instance, putting the following in your
+preamble gives you a Palatino-like font, which is handsome and more
+readable online than many other fonts, while still allowing you to
+typeset mathematics. (This example is from Michael Sharpe,
+<a href="https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf">https://math.ucsd.edu/~msharpe/RcntFnts.pdf</a>.)
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[osf]{newpxtext} % osf for text, not math
+\usepackage{cabin} % sans serif
+\usepackage[varqu,varl]{inconsolata} % sans serif typewriter
+\usepackage[bigdelims,vvarbb]{newpxmath} % bb from STIX
+\usepackage[cal=boondoxo]{mathalfa} % mathcal
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In addition, the <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> engines allow
+you to use any fonts on your system that are in OpenType or TrueType
+format (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The LaTeX Font Catalogue (<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue</a>) shows
+font sample graphics and copy-and-pasteable source to use many fonts,
+including many with support for mathematics. It aims to cover all Latin
+alphabet free fonts available for easy use with LaTeX.
+</p>
+<p>More information is also available from the TeX Users Group, at
+<a href="https://www.tug.org/fonts/">https://www.tug.org/fonts/</a>.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="1">fontenc package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Encoding of the font.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="2">Font styles</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="3">Font sizes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="4">Low-level font commands</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<span id="fontenc-package"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="fontenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.1 <code>fontenc</code> package</h3>
+
+<span id="index-font-encoding"></span>
+<span id="index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for"></span>
+<span id="index-T1"></span>
+<span id="index-OT1"></span>
+<span id="index-fontenc"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding</var>]{fontenc}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>font_encoding1</var>, <var>font_encoding2</var>, ...]{fontenc}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Specify the font encodings. A font encoding is a mapping of the
+character codes to the font glyphs that are used to typeset your output.
+</p>
+<p>This package only applies if you use the <code>pdflatex</code> engine
+(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). If you use the <code>xelatex</code> or
+<code>lualatex</code> engine then instead use the <samp>fontspec</samp> package.
+</p>
+<p>TeX&rsquo;s original font family, Computer Modern, has a limited character
+set. For instance, to make common accented characters you must use
+<code>\accent</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a>) but this disables hyphenation. TeX
+users have agreed on a number of standards to access the larger sets of
+characters provided by modern fonts. If you are using
+<code>pdflatex</code> then this in the preamble
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+</pre></div>
-<p>Two important aspects of selecting a <em>font</em> are specifying a size
-and a style. The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.
+<p>gives you support for the most widespread European languages, including
+French, German, Italian, Polish, and others. In particular, if you have
+words with accented letters then LaTeX will hyphenate them and your
+output can be copied and pasted. (The optional second line allows you
+to directly enter accented characters into your source file.)
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-lmodern"></span>
+<span id="index-lmodern-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"></span>
+<span id="index-cm_002dsuper-package"></span>
+
+<p>If you are using an encoding such as <code>T1</code> and the characters appear
+blurry or do not magnify well then your fonts may be bitmapped,
+sometimes called raster or Type&nbsp;3. You want vector fonts. Use a
+package such as <samp>lmodern</samp> or <samp>cm-super</samp> to get a font that
+extends LaTeX&rsquo;s default using vector fonts.
+</p>
+<p>For each <var>font_encoding</var> given as an option but not already
+declared, this package loads the encoding definition files, named
+<samp><var>font_encoding</var>enc.def</samp>. It also sets <code>\encodingdefault</code>
+to be the last encoding in the option list.
+</p>
+<p>These are the common values for <var>font_encoding</var>.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>OT1</code></dt>
+<dd><p>The original encoding for TeX. Limited to mostly English characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>OMS, OML</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Math symbols and math letters encoding.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>T1</code></dt>
+<dd><p>TeX text extended. Sometimes called the Cork encoding for the Users
+Group meeting where it was developed. Gives access to most European
+accented characters. The most common option for this package.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>TS1</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Text Companion encoding.
+</p></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default is to load <code>OML</code>, <code>T1</code>, <code>OT1</code>, and
+then <code>OMS</code>, and set the default to <code>OT1</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Even if you do not use accented letters, you may need to specify a font
+encoding if your font requires it.
+</p>
+<p>If you use <code>T1</code>&nbsp;encoded fonts other than the default Computer
+Modern family then you may need to load the package that selects your
+fonts before loading <samp>fontenc</samp>, to prevent the system from loading
+any <code>T1</code>&nbsp;encoded fonts from the default.
+</p>
+<p>The LaTeX team reserve encoding names starting with: &lsquo;<samp>T</samp>&rsquo; for the
+standard text encodings with 256 characters, &lsquo;<samp>TS</samp>&rsquo; for symbols that
+extend the corresponding T encodings, &lsquo;<samp>X</samp>&rsquo; for test encodings,
+&lsquo;<samp>M</samp>&rsquo; for standard math encodings with 256 characters, &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo; for
+special applications, &lsquo;<samp>OT</samp>&rsquo; for standard text encodings with 128
+characters, and &lsquo;<samp>OM</samp>&rsquo; for standard math encodings with 128
+characters (&lsquo;<samp>O</samp>&rsquo; stands for &lsquo;<samp>obsolete</samp>&rsquo;).
+</p>
+<p>This package provides a number of commands, detailed below. Many of
+them are encoding-specific, so if you have defined a command that works
+for one encoding but the current encoding is different then the command
+is not in effect.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="1">Font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select roman, italics, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="1">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an encoding.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="2">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define an accent in the encoding.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="3">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for using an accent in the encoding.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="4">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">New encoding-specific command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="5">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for encoding-specific commands.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="6">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Directly access an accented glyph, in the encoding.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="7">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Run code in slot, in the encoding.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="8">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a symbol in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="2">Font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select point size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="9">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fallback for a symbol in the encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="3">Low-level font commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Select encoding, family, series, shape.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Save most recently declared encoding.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Temporarily switch to another encoding.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Font-styles"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextAccent</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.1 <code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-font-encoding_002c-declaring"></span>
+<span id="index-encoding_002c-font"></span>
+<span id="index-accents_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>text-settings</var>}{<var>math-settings</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare the font encoding <var>encoding</var>. It also saves the value of
+<var>encoding</var> in <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line (followed by many others).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{T1}{}{}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>text-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will run every
+time it switches from one encoding to another with the
+<code>\selectfont</code> or <code>\fontencoding</code> command. The
+<var>math-settings</var> are the commands that LaTeX will use whenever the
+font is accessed as a math alphabet.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX ignores any space characters inside <var>text-settings</var> and
+<var>math-settings</var>, to prevent unintended spaces in the output.
+</p>
+<p>If you invent an encoding you should pick a two or three letter name
+starting with &lsquo;<samp>L</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>local</samp>&rsquo;, or &lsquo;<samp>E</samp>&rsquo; for
+&lsquo;<samp>experimental</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Note that output encoding files may be read several times by LaTeX so
+using, e.g., <code>\newcommand</code> may cause an error. In addition, such
+files should contain <code>\ProvidesFile</code> line (see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Note also that you should use the <code>\...Default</code> commands only in a
+package, not in the encoding definition files, since those files
+should only contain declarations specific to that encoding.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareFontEncoding</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-styles-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.1 Font styles</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.2 <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-font-encoding-1"></span>
+<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+</pre></div>
-<a name="index-font-styles"></a>
-<a name="index-type-styles"></a>
-<a name="index-styles-of-text"></a>
+<p>Define an accent, to be put on top of other glyphs, in the encoding
+<var>encoding</var> at the location <var>slot</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares that to make a circumflex
+accent as in <code>\^A</code>, the system will put the accent in slot&nbsp;2
+over the &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo; character, which is represented in ASCII as&nbsp;65.
+(This holds unless there is a relevant <code>DeclareTextComposite</code> or
+<code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code> declaration;
+see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a>.)
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
+transcript file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextAccent</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.3 <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If there is an encoding-specific accent command <var>cmd</var> but there is
+no associated <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> for that encoding then this
+command will pick up the slack, by saying to use it as described for
+<var>encoding</var>.
+</p>
+<p>For example, to make the encoding <code>OT1</code> be the default encoding for
+the accent <code>\&quot;</code>, declare this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextAccentDefault{\&quot;}{OT1}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you issue a <code>\&quot;</code> when the current encoding does not have a
+definition for that accent then LaTeX will use the definition from
+<code>OT1</code>
+</p>
+<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault[1]{<var>cmd</var>}
+ {\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}{#1}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code> works for any one-argument
+<samp>fontenc</samp> command, not just the accent command.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.4 <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\DeclareTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn}</var>
+\DeclareTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+\ProvideTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+\ProvideTextCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Define the command <var>cmd</var>, which will be specific to one encoding.
+The command name <var>cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, \. These
+commands can only appear in the preamble. Redefining <code>cmd</code> does
+not cause an error. The defined command will be robust even if the code
+in <var>defn</var> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>For example, the file <samp>t1enc.def</samp> contains this line.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommand{\textperthousand}{T1}{\%\char 24 }
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>With that, you can express parts per thousand.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % in preamble
+ ...
+Legal limit is \( 0.8 \)\textperthousand.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If you change the font encoding to <code>OT1</code> then you get an error like
+&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Command \textperthousand unavailable in encoding
+OT1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\ProvideTextCommand</code> variant does the same, except that it
+does nothing if <var>cmd</var> is already defined. The
+<code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> command is faster than this one for simple
+slot-to-glyph association (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>)
+</p>
+<p>The optional <var>nargs</var> and <var>optargsdefault</var> arguments play the
+same role here as in <code>\newcommand</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>). Briefly, <var>nargs</var> is an integer from 0 to 9
+specifying the number of arguments that the defined command <code>cmd</code>
+takes. This number includes any optional argument. Omitting this
+argument is the same as specifying 0, meaning that <var>cmd</var> will have
+no arguments. And, if <var>optargsdefault</var> is present then the first
+argument of <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value
+<var>optargdefault</var> (which may be the empty string). If
+<var>optargsdefault</var> is not present then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take
+an optional argument.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextComposite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault-"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.5 <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> &amp; <code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\ProvideTextCommandDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>defn</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Give a default definition for <var>cmd</var>, for when that command is not
+defined in the encoding currently in force. This default should only use
+encodings known to be available.
+</p>
+<p>This makes <code>\copyright</code> available.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\copyright}{\textcircled{c}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>It uses only an encoding (OMS) that is always available.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> should not occur in the encoding
+definition files since those files should declare only commands for use
+when you select that encoding. It should instead be in a package.
+</p>
+<p>As with the related non-default commands, the
+<code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code> has exactly the same behavior as
+<code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code> except that it does nothing if
+<var>cmd</var> is already defined (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>). So, packages can use it to provide fallbacks
+that other packages can improve upon.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.6 <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-3"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>simple_object</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Access an accented glyph directly, that is, without having to put an
+accent over a separate character.
+</p>
+<p>This line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> means that <code>\^o</code> will cause
+LaTeX to typeset lowercase&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo; by taking the character
+directly from location 224 in the font.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextComposite{\^}{T1}{o}{244}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The
+<var>simple_object</var> should be a single character or a single command.
+The <var>slot</var> argument is usually a positive integer represented in
+decimal (although octal or hexadecimal are possible). Normally
+<var>cmd</var> has already been declared for this encoding, either with
+<code>\DeclareTextAccent</code> or with a one-argument
+<code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>. In <samp>t1enc.def</samp>, the above line follows
+the <code>\DeclareTextAccent{\^}{T1}{2}</code> command.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextComposite</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.7 <code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-4"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>arg</var>}{<var>code</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A more general version of <code>\DeclareTextComposite</code> that runs
+arbitrary code with <var>cmd</var>.
+</p>
+<p>This allows accents on &lsquo;<samp>i</samp>&rsquo; to act like accents on dotless&nbsp;i,
+<code>\i</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand{\'}{OT1}{i}{\'\i}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a>, for a list of common encodings. Normally
+<var>cmd</var> will have already been declared with <code>\DeclareTextAccent</code>
+or as a one argument <code>\DeclareTextCommand</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.8 <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-symbol_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>slot</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Define a symbol in the encoding <var>encoding</var> at the location
+<var>slot</var>. Symbols defined in this way are for use in text, not
+mathematics.
+</p>
+<p>For example, this line from <samp>t1enc.def</samp> declares the number of the
+glyph to use for &#x00AB;, the left guillemet.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbol{\guillemotleft}{T1}{19}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The command <code>\DeclareTextCommand{\guillemotleft}{T1}{\char
+19}</code> has the same effect but is slower (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a>).
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a>, for a list of common encodings. The <var>slot</var>
+can be specified in decimal, or octal (as in <code>'023</code>), or
+hexadecimal (as in <code>&quot;13</code>), although decimal has the advantage that
+single quote or double quote could be redefined by another package.
+</p>
+<p>If <var>cmd</var> has already been defined then <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code>
+does not give an error but it does log the redefinition in the
+transcript file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="n" rel="next">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextSymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.9 <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-accents_002c-defining-5"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>encoding</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If there is an encoding-specific symbol command <var>cmd</var> but there is no
+associated <code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code> for that encoding, then this command
+will pick up the slack, by saying to get the symbol as described for
+<var>encoding</var>.
+</p>
+<p>For example, to declare that if the current encoding has no meaning for
+<code>\textdollar</code> then use the one from <code>OT1</code>, declare this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault{\textdollar}{OT1}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>That is, this command is equivalent to this call (see <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a>).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareTextCommandDefault{<var>cmd</var>}
+ {\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Note that <code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code> can be used to define a
+default for any zero-argument <samp>fontenc</samp> command.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.10 <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\LastDeclaredEncoding
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Get the name of the most recently declared encoding. The
+<code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code> command stores the name so that it can be
+retrieved with this command (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a>).
+</p>
+<p>This relies on <code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code> rather than give the
+name of the encoding explicitly.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\DeclareFontEncoding{JH1}{}{}
+\DeclareTextAccent{\'}{\LastDeclaredEncoding}{0}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a>, Up: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="u" rel="up">fontenc package</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">4.1.11 <code>\UseTextSymbol</code> &amp; <code>\UseTextAccent</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cUseTextSymbol"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cUseTextAccent"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{<var>encoding</var>}{<var>cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Use a symbol or accent not from the current encoding.
+</p>
+<p>In general, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
+not defined, and if the command has no arguments, then you can use it
+like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\UseTextSymbol{OT1}{\ss}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which is equivalent to this (note the outer braces form a group, so LaTeX
+reverts back to the prior encoding after the <code>\ss</code>):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{\fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\ss}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Similarly, to use a <samp>fontenc</samp> command in an encoding where it is
+not defined, and if the command has one argument, you can use it like this:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\UseTextAccent{OT1}{\'}{a}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which is equivalent to this (again note the outer braces forming a group):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">{fontencoding{OT1}\selectfont\'{\fontencoding{<var>enc_in_use</var>}\selectfont a}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Here, <var>enc_in_use</var> is the encoding in force before this sequence
+of commands, so that &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo; is typeset using the current encoding
+and only the accent is taken from <code>OT1</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Font-styles"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Font sizes</a>, Previous: <a href="#fontenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev">fontenc package</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Font-styles-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.2 Font styles</h3>
+
+<span id="index-font-styles"></span>
+<span id="index-type-styles"></span>
+<span id="index-styles-of-text"></span>
<p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
</p>
+<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands"></span>
<p>In the table below the listed commands, the <code>\text...</code> commands,
-is used with an argument, as in <code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. This is
-the preferred form. But shown after it, in parenthesis, is the
-corresponding declaration form, which is sometimes useful. This form
-takes no arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The scope of
-the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
-of the current group. In addition, each has an environment form such as
-<code>\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>.
-</p>
-<p>These commands, in both the argument form and the declaration form, are
-cumulative; for instance you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
+are used with an argument as in <code>\textit{<var>text</var>}</code>. This is
+the preferred form. But shown after it in parenthesis is the
+corresponding <em>declaration form</em>, which is often useful. This
+form takes no arguments, as in <code>{\itshape <var>text</var>}</code>. The
+scope of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command
+or the end of the current group. In addition, each has an environment
+form such as <code>\begin{itshape}...\end{itshape}</code>, which we&rsquo;ll
+describe further at the end of the section.
+</p>
+<p>These commands, in any of the three forms, are cumulative; for instance
+you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
<code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> or <code>\bfseries\sffamily</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cnocorrlist"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnocorr"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnocorrlist"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnocorr"></span>
<p>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
corrections if needed (see <a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a>). Specifically, they insert the
italic correction unless the following character is in the list
-<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of a period and a comma.
+<code>\nocorrlist</code>, which by default consists of period and comma.
To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
<code>\nocorr</code> at the start or end of the command argument, such as
<code>\textit{\nocorr text}</code> or <code>\textsc{text \nocorr}</code>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\textrm (\rmfamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextrm"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crmfamily"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextrm"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crmfamily"></span>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textit (\itshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextit"></a>
-<a name="index-_005citshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextit"></span>
+<span id="index-_005citshape"></span>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textmd (\mdseries)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextmd"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmdseries"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextmd"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmdseries"></span>
<p>Medium weight (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbf (\bfseries)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextbf"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbfseries"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextbf"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbfseries"></span>
<p>Boldface.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textup (\upshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextup"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cupshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextup"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cupshape"></span>
<p>Upright (default).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsl (\slshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsl"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cslshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsl"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cslshape"></span>
<p>Slanted.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsf (\sffamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsf"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csffamily"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsf"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csffamily"></span>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textsc (\scshape)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextsc"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cscshape"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextsc"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscshape"></span>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttt (\ttfamily)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctexttt"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cttfamily"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctexttt"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cttfamily"></span>
<p>Typewriter.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textnormal (\normalfont)</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextnormal"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalfont"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextnormal"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalfont"></span>
<p>Main document font.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-emphasis"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cemph"></a>
+<span id="index-emphasis"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cemph"></span>
<p>Although it also changes fonts, the <code>\emph{<var>text</var>}</code> command
is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <code>\textit</code>. For example, <code>\emph{<var>start
@@ -2080,67 +2823,67 @@ used as declarations: <code>{\<var>cmd</var>...}</code> instead of
</p>
<p>(The unconditional commands below are an older version of font
switching. The earlier commands are an improvement in most
-circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is precisely
-what you want.)
+circumstances. But sometimes an unconditional font switch is what is
+needed.)
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bf</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbf"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bold-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bold-font"></span>
<p>Switch to bold face.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cal</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccal"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccal"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-script-letters-for-math"></a>
-<a name="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-script-letters-for-math"></span>
+<span id="index-calligraphic-letters-for-math"></span>
<p>Switch to calligraphic letters for math.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\it</code>
-<a name="index-_005cit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cit"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-italic-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-italic-font"></span>
<p>Italics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rm</code>
-<a name="index-_005crm"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crm"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-roman-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-roman-font"></span>
<p>Roman.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sc</code>
-<a name="index-_005csc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csc"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-small-caps-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-small-caps-font"></span>
<p>Small caps.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sf</code>
-<a name="index-_005csf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csf"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-sans-serif-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-sans-serif-font"></span>
<p>Sans serif.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sl</code>
-<a name="index-_005csl"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csl"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-slanted-font"></a>
-<a name="index-oblique-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-slanted-font"></span>
+<span id="index-oblique-font"></span>
<p>Slanted (oblique).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tt</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctt"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctt"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-typewriter-font"></a>
-<a name="index-monospace-font"></a>
-<a name="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-typewriter-font"></span>
+<span id="index-monospace-font"></span>
+<span id="index-fixed_002dwidth-font"></span>
<p>Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2156,22 +2899,22 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mathrm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathrm"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathrm"></span>
<p>Roman, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathbf</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathbf"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathbf"></span>
<p>Boldface, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsf</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathsf"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathsf"></span>
<p>Sans serif, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathtt</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathtt"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathtt"></span>
<p>Typewriter, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -2181,71 +2924,65 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathnormal</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathnormal"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathnormal"></span>
<p>For use in math mode, e.g., inside another type style declaration.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathcal</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmathcal"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmathcal"></span>
<p>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005cmathversion"></a>
-<a name="index-math_002c-bold"></a>
-<a name="index-bold-math"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathversion"></span>
+<span id="index-math_002c-bold"></span>
+<span id="index-bold-math"></span>
<p>In addition, the command <code>\mathversion{bold}</code> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005coldstylenums"></a>
-<a name="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></a>
-<a name="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></a>
-<a name="index-lining-numerals"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-textcomp"></a>
-<a name="index-textcomp-package"></a>
-
-<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will typeset
-so-called &ldquo;old-style&rdquo; numerals, which have differing heights and
-depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &ldquo;lining&rdquo; numerals,
-which all have the same height as uppercase letters. LaTeX&rsquo;s
-default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code> (but not
-other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer
-Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the
-<code>textcomp</code> package must be loaded, and sometimes package options
-are provided to make them the default. FAQ entry:
-<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf</a>.
+<span id="index-_005coldstylenums"></span>
+<span id="index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle"></span>
+<span id="index-old_002dstyle-numerals"></span>
+<span id="index-lining-numerals"></span>
+<p>Finally, the command <code>\oldstylenums{<var>numerals</var>}</code> will
+typeset so-called &ldquo;old-style&rdquo; numerals, which have differing heights
+and depths (and sometimes widths) from the standard &ldquo;lining&rdquo;
+numerals, which all have the same height as uppercase letters.
+LaTeX&rsquo;s default fonts support this, and will respect <code>\textbf</code>
+(but not other styles; there are no italic old-style numerals in
+Computer Modern). Many other fonts have old-style numerals also;
+sometimes package options are provided to make them the default. FAQ
+entry: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-osf</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Font-sizes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Font-sizes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands" accesskey="n" rel="next">Low-level font commands</a>, Previous: <a href="#Font-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Font-sizes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.2 Font sizes</h3>
+<span id="Font-sizes-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.3 Font sizes</h3>
-<a name="index-font-sizes"></a>
-<a name="index-typeface-sizes"></a>
-<a name="index-sizes-of-text"></a>
+<span id="index-font-sizes"></span>
+<span id="index-typeface-sizes"></span>
+<span id="index-sizes-of-text"></span>
<p>The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
The table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font
size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo; document size options, respectively (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005ctiny"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cscriptsize"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotesize"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csmall"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalsize"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clarge"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLarge"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cLARGE"></a>
-<a name="index-_005chuge"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cHuge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctiny"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscriptsize"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotesize"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csmall"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalsize"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clarge"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLarge"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cLARGE"></span>
+<span id="index-_005chuge"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cHuge"></span>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Command</th><th><code>10pt</code></th><th><code>11pt</code></th><th><code>12pt</code></th></tr></thead>
@@ -2261,8 +2998,9 @@ size used (in points) with the &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>11p
<tr><td><code>\Huge</code></td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td><td>24.88</td></tr>
</table>
-<p>The commands are listed here in declaration forms. You use them by
-declaring them, as with this example.
+<span id="index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands"></span>
+<p>The commands are listed here in declaration (not environment) form,
+since that is how they are typically used. For example.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{quotation} \small
@@ -2270,34 +3008,44 @@ declaring them, as with this example.
\end{quotation}
</pre></div>
-<p>The scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
-<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type style
-command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it in
-extra curly braces <code>{\small We are here, we are here, we are
-here!}</code>. You can instead use the environment form of these commands;
-for instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.
+<p>Here, the scope of the <code>\small</code> lasts until the end of the
+<code>quotation</code> environment. It would also end at the next type
+style command or the end of the current group, so you could enclose it
+in curly braces <code>{\small This text is typeset in the small font.}</code>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands"></span>
+<p>An <em>environment form</em> of each of these commands is also defined; for
+instance, <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>. However, in practice
+this form can easily lead to unwanted spaces at the beginning and/or
+end of the environment without careful consideration, so it&rsquo;s
+generally less error-prone to stick to the declaration form.
+</p>
+<p>(Aside: Technically, due to the way LaTeX defines <code>\begin</code> and
+<code>\end</code>, nearly every command that does not take an argument
+technically has an environment form. But in almost all cases, it would
+only cause confusion to use it. The reason for mentioning the
+environment form of the font size declarations specifically is that
+this particular use is not rare.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Font-sizes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Font sizes</a>, Up: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="u" rel="up">Fonts</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">4.3 Low-level font commands</h3>
+<span id="Low_002dlevel-font-commands-1"></span><h3 class="section">4.4 Low-level font commands</h3>
-<a name="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></a>
+<span id="index-low_002dlevel-font-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel"></span>
<p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="low-level-font-commands-fontencoding"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontencoding{<var>encoding</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontencoding"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontencoding"></span>
<p>Select the font encoding, the encoding of the output font. There are a
large number of valid encodings. The most common are <code>OT1</code>,
Knuth&rsquo;s original encoding for Computer Modern (the default), and
@@ -2307,13 +3055,13 @@ accented characters used by the most widespread European languages
hyphenate words containing accented letters. For more, see
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide">https://ctan.org/pkg/encguide</a>.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontfamily"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontfamily{<var>family</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontfamily"></a>
-<a name="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-font-catalogue"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontfamily"></span>
+<span id="index-families_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-font-catalogue"></span>
<p>Select the font family. The web page
-<a href="http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/">http://www.tug.dk/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
+<a href="https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/">https://tug.org/FontCatalogue/</a> provides one way to browse
through many of the fonts easily used with LaTeX. Here are
examples of some common families.
</p>
@@ -2341,10 +3089,10 @@ examples of some common families.
</table>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontseries"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontseries{<var>series</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontseries"></a>
-<a name="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontseries"></span>
+<span id="index-series_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>Select the font series. A <em>series</em> combines a <em>weight</em> and a
<em>width</em>. Typically, a font supports only a few of the possible
combinations. Some common combined series values include:
@@ -2357,7 +3105,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
<tr><td><code>bx</code></td><td>Bold extended</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-weights_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>The possible values for weight, individually, are:
</p>
<table>
@@ -2372,7 +3120,7 @@ combinations. Some common combined series values include:
<tr><td><code>ub</code></td><td>Ultra bold</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-widths_002c-of-fonts"></span>
<p>The possible values for width, individually, are (the meaning and
relationship of these terms varies with individual typefaces):
</p>
@@ -2395,9 +3143,9 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fontshape{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontshape"></a>
-<a name="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></a>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></a><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontshape"></span>
+<span id="index-shapes_002c-of-fonts"></span>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontshape"></span><p>Select font shape. Valid shapes are:
</p>
<table>
<tr><td><code>n</code></td><td>Upright (normal)</td></tr>
@@ -2411,51 +3159,32 @@ weight and width are <code>m</code>, in which case use just one
<p>The two last shapes are not available for most font families, and
small caps are often missing as well.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-fontsize"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fontsize{<var>size</var>}{<var>skip</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfontsize"></a>
-<a name="index-font-size"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbaselineskip"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfontsize"></span>
+<span id="index-font-size"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip"></span>
<p>Set the font size and the line spacing. The unit of both parameters
defaults to points (<code>pt</code>). The line spacing is the nominal
vertical space between lines, baseline to baseline. It is stored in the
parameter <code>\baselineskip</code>. The default <code>\baselineskip</code> for
the Computer Modern typeface is 1.2 times the <code>\fontsize</code>.
Changing <code>\baselineskip</code> directly is inadvisable since its value is
-reset every time a size change happens; see <code>\baselinestretch</code>, next.
-</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-baselinestretch"></a></dd>
-<dt><code>\baselinestretch</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></a>
-<p>LaTeX multiplies the line spacing by the value of the
-<code>\baselinestretch</code> parameter; the default factor is 1. A change
-takes effect when <code>\selectfont</code> (see below) is called. You can
-make a line skip change happen for the entire document, for instance
-doubling it, by doing <code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0}</code> in
-the preamble.
-</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-setspace"></a>
-<a name="index-setspace-package"></a>
-
-<a name="index-double-spacing"></a>
-<p>However, the best way to double-space a document is to use the
-<samp>setspace</samp> package. In addition to offering a number of spacing
-options, this package keeps the line spacing single-spaced in places
-where that is typically desirable, such as footnotes and figure
-captions. See the package documentation.
-</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></a></dd>
+reset every time a size change happens; instead use
+<code>\baselinestretch</code>. (see <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-linespread"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005clinespread"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005clinespread"></span>
<p>Equivalent to
<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code>, and
therefore must be followed by <code>\selectfont</code> to have any effect.
Best specified in the preamble, or use the <code>setspace</code> package, as
just described.
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-selectfont"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\selectfont</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cselectfont"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cselectfont"></span>
<p>The effects of the font commands described above do not happen until
<code>\selectfont</code> is called, as in
<code>\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont</code>. It is often useful
@@ -2463,9 +3192,9 @@ to put this in a macro:<br>
<code>\newcommand*{\myfont}{\fontfamily{<var>familyname</var>}\selectfont}</code><br>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>).
</p>
-<a name="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></a></dd>
+<span id="low-level-font-commands-usefont"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\usefont{<var>enc</var>}{<var>family</var>}{<var>series</var>}{<var>shape</var>}</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cusefont"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cusefont"></span>
<p>The same as invoking <code>\fontencoding</code>, <code>\fontfamily</code>,
<code>\fontseries</code> and <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters,
followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
@@ -2479,45 +3208,43 @@ followed by <code>\selectfont</code>. For example:
<hr>
-<a name="Layout"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Layout"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="n" rel="next">Sectioning</a>, Previous: <a href="#Fonts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fonts</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Layout-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
+<span id="Layout-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">5 Layout</h2>
-<a name="index-layout-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-layout-commands"></span>
<p>Commands for controlling the general page layout.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="1">\onecolumn</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use one-column layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="2">\twocolumn</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use two-column layout.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="3">\flushbottom</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make all text pages the same height.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="4">\raggedbottom</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allow text pages of differing height.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="5">Page layout parameters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top"><code>\headheight</code> <code>\footskip</code>.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Floats" accesskey="6">Floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Figures, tables, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="6">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space between lines.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Floats" accesskey="7">Floats</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Figures, tables, etc.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005conecolumn"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005conecolumn"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="n" rel="next">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005conecolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.1 <code>\onecolumn</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005conecolumn"></a>
-<a name="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></a>
+<span id="index-_005conecolumn"></span>
+<span id="index-one_002dcolumn-output"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -2532,17 +3259,15 @@ behavior (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>). Th
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\flushbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005conecolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\onecolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctwocolumn-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.2 <code>\twocolumn</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctwocolumn"></a>
-<a name="index-multicolumn-text"></a>
-<a name="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctwocolumn"></span>
+<span id="index-multicolumn-text"></span>
+<span id="index-two_002dcolumn-output"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -2564,31 +3289,31 @@ typesetting starts.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnsep"></a><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
-command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code> You must change
-it before the two column environment starts; in the preamble is a good
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnsep"></span><p>The distance between columns. The default is 35pt. Change it with a
+command such as <code>\setlength{\columnsep}{40pt}</code>. You must change
+it before the two column mode starts; in the preamble is a good
place.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnseprule"></a><p>The width of the rule between columns. The rule appears halfway between
-the two columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that there is no rule.
-Change it with a command such as
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnseprule"></span><p>The width of the rule between columns. The default is 0pt, meaning that
+there is no rule. Otherwise, the rule appears halfway between the two
+columns. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\columnseprule}{0.4pt}</code>, before the two-column
-environment starts.
+mode starts.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-columnwidth"></a><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-columnwidth"></span><p>The width of a single column. In one-column mode this is equal to
<code>\textwidth</code>. In two-column mode by default LaTeX sets the
-width of each of the two columns to be half of <code>\textwidth</code> minus
-<code>\columnsep</code>.
+width of each of the two columns, <code>\columnwidth</code>, to be half of
+<code>\textwidth</code> minus <code>\columnsep</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -2600,14 +3325,14 @@ and see <a href="#table">table</a>). LaTeX places starred floats at the top of a
The following parameters control float behavior of two-column output.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopfraction"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdbltopfraction"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>The maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
occupied by two-column wide floats. The default is 0.7, meaning that
the height of a <code>table*</code> or <code>figure*</code> environment must not
-exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code> . If the height of your starred float
+exceed <code>0.7\textheight</code>. If the height of your starred float
environment exceeds this then you can take one of the following actions
to prevent it from floating all the way to the back of the document:
</p>
@@ -2625,37 +3350,37 @@ to avoid going to float pages so soon.
<p>You can redefine it, as with
<code>\renewcommand{\dbltopfraction}{0.9}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></a></dd>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatpagefraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdblfloatpagefraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatpagefraction"></span><p>For a float page of two-column wide floats, this is the minimum fraction
that must be occupied by floats, limiting the amount of blank space.
LaTeX&rsquo;s default is <code>0.5</code>. Change it with <code>\renewcommand</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></a></dd>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\dblfloatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdblfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-dblfloatsep"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this length is the distance
between floats, at both the top and bottom of the page. The default is
<code>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</code> for a document set at <code>10pt</code> or
<code>11pt</code>, and <code>14pt plus2pt minus4pt</code> for a document set at
<code>12pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></a></dd>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\dbltextfloatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdbltextfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltextfloatsep"></span><p>This length is the distance between a multi-column float at the top or
bottom of a page and the main text. The default is <code>20pt plus2pt
minus4pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></a></dd>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\dbltopnumber</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdbltopnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
+<dd><span id="twocolumn-dbltopnumber"></span><p>On a float page of two-column wide floats, this counter gives the
maximum number of floats allowed at the top of the page. The LaTeX
default is <code>2</code>.
</p>
@@ -2687,15 +3412,13 @@ Two column text here.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raggedbottom</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\twocolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cflushbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.3 <code>\flushbottom</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cflushbottom"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cflushbottom"></span>
<p>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
@@ -2717,16 +3440,14 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page layout parameters</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\flushbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005craggedbottom-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.4 <code>\raggedbottom</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005craggedbottom"></a>
-<a name="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craggedbottom"></span>
+<span id="index-stretch_002c-omitting-vertical"></span>
<p>Make all later pages the natural height of the material on that page; no
rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
@@ -2738,65 +3459,63 @@ option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Page-layout-parameters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Page-layout-parameters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="n" rel="next">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craggedbottom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raggedbottom</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Page-layout-parameters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
+<span id="Page-layout-parameters-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.5 Page layout parameters</h3>
-<a name="index-page-layout-parameters"></a>
-<a name="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></a>
-<a name="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></a>
-<a name="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></a>
-<a name="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></a>
-<a name="index-running-header-and-footer"></a>
+<span id="index-page-layout-parameters"></span>
+<span id="index-parameters_002c-page-layout"></span>
+<span id="index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for"></span>
+<span id="index-header_002c-parameters-for"></span>
+<span id="index-footer_002c-parameters-for"></span>
+<span id="index-running-header-and-footer"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\columnsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\columnseprule</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\columnwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></a><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
+<dd><span id="index-_005ccolumnsep-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnseprule-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-columnsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnseprule"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-columnwidth"></span><p>The distance between the two columns, the width of a rule between the
columns, and the width of the columns, when the document class option
<code>twocolumn</code> is in effect (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
See <a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheadheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cheadheight"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cheadheight-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></a><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
+<dd><span id="index-_005cheadheight-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-headheight"></span><p>Height of the box that contains the running head. The default in the
<code>article</code>, <code>report</code>, and <code>book</code> classes is &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;,
at all type sizes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\headsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheadsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cheadsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cheadsep-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></a><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
+<dd><span id="index-_005cheadsep-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-headsep"></span><p>Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top of
the main text. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is &lsquo;<samp>25pt</samp>&rsquo;. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: if the
-document is set at 10pt then it is &lsquo;<samp>0.25in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 11pt and 12pt
+document is set at 10pt then it is &lsquo;<samp>0.25in</samp>&rsquo;, and at 11pt or 12pt
it is &lsquo;<samp>0.275in</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\footskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfootskip-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></a><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfootskip-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-footskip"></span><p>Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline of
the page footer. The default in the <code>article</code> and <code>report</code>
classes is &lsquo;<samp>30pt</samp>&rsquo;. In the <code>book</code> class the default is: when
the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp>0.35in</samp>&rsquo;, while at 11pt it is
@@ -2804,10 +3523,10 @@ the type size is 10pt the default is &lsquo;<samp>0.35in</samp>&rsquo;, while at
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\linewidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005clinewidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clinewidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005clinewidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></a><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
+<dd><span id="index-_005clinewidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-linewidth"></span><p>Width of the current line, decreased for each nested <code>list</code>
(see <a href="#list">list</a>). That is, the nominal value for <code>\linewidth</code> is to
equal <code>\textwidth</code> but for each nested list the <code>\linewidth</code>
is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
@@ -2815,18 +3534,18 @@ is decreased by the sum of that list&rsquo;s <code>\leftmargin</code> and
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparpush"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\marginsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginsep"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></a><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginsep-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparpush"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginsep"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-marginparwidth"></span><p>The minimum vertical space between two marginal notes, the horizontal
space between the text body and the marginal notes, and the horizontal
width of the notes.
</p>
@@ -2852,19 +3571,19 @@ distance.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oddsidemargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\evensidemargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></a><a name="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></a><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is the extra distance between the left side of
+<dd><span id="index-_005coddsidemargin-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cevensidemargin-2"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-oddsidemargin"></span><span id="page-layout-parameters-evensidemargin"></span><p>The <code>\oddsidemargin</code> length is the extra distance between the left side of
the page and the text&rsquo;s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the
document class option <code>twoside</code> is chosen and on all pages when
<code>oneside</code> is in effect. When <code>twoside</code> is in effect, on
even-numbered pages the extra distance on the left is
-<code>evensidemargin</code>.
+<code>\evensidemargin</code>.
</p>
<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default is that <code>\oddsidemargin</code> is 40% of the
difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
@@ -2872,28 +3591,28 @@ difference between <code>\paperwidth</code> and <code>\textwidth</code>, and
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpaperheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpaperheight"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></a><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperheight-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperheight"></span><p>The height of the paper, as distinct from the height of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\paperwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpaperwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpaperwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></a><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cpaperwidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-paperwidth"></span><p>The width of the paper, as distinct from the width of the print area.
Normally set with a document class option, as in
<code>\documentclass[a4paper]{article}</code> (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textheight</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextheight"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextheight-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></a><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextheight-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-textheight"></span><p>The normal vertical height of the page body. If the document is set at
a nominal type size of 10pt then for an <code>article</code> or <code>report</code>
the default is &lsquo;<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while for a <code>book</code> it is
&lsquo;<samp>41\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;. At a type size of 11pt the default is
@@ -2902,10 +3621,10 @@ the default is &lsquo;<samp>43\baselineskip</samp>&rsquo;, while for a <code>boo
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></a><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextwidth-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-textwidth"></span><p>The full horizontal width of the entire page body. For an
<code>article</code> or <code>report</code> document, the default is &lsquo;<samp>345pt</samp>&rsquo;
when the chosen type size is 10pt, the default is &lsquo;<samp>360pt</samp>&rsquo; at 11pt,
and it is &lsquo;<samp>390pt</samp>&rsquo; at 12pt. For a <code>book</code> document, the default
@@ -2924,21 +3643,21 @@ column), while <code>\linewidth</code> may decrease for nested lists.
specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of the
<code>minipage</code> or <code>\parbox</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005chsize"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></a></dd>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\hsize</code>
-<a name="index-_005chsize-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chsize"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
+<dd><span id="index-_005chsize-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-hsize"></span><p>This entry is included for completeness: <code>\hsize</code> is the TeX
primitive parameter used when text is broken into lines. It should not
be used in normal LaTeX documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopmargin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopmargin"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-topmargin"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></a><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
+<dd><span id="index-topmargin"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-topmargin"></span><p>Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
paper, by default) and the top of the header. The value is computed
based on many other parameters: <code>\paperheight - 2in -
\headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip</code>,
@@ -2946,10 +3665,10 @@ and then divided by two.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctopskip-1"></a>
-<a name="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></a><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctopskip-1"></span>
+<span id="page-layout-parameters-topskip"></span><p>Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline of
the first line of text. For the standard classes, the default is the
same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 10pt.
</p>
@@ -2958,13 +3677,128 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; at a type size of 1
<hr>
-<a name="Floats"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="Floats-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">5.6 Floats</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Floats" accesskey="n" rel="next">Floats</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-layout-parameters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page layout parameters</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.6 <code>\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code>\baselinestretch</code></h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005cbaselineskip-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbaselinestretch"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clinespread-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space-between-lines"></span>
+<span id="index-interline-space"></span>
+<span id="index-leading"></span>
+<span id="index-double-spacing"></span>
+
+<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is a rubber length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). It gives
+the leading, the normal distance between lines in a paragraph, from
+baseline to baseline.
+</p>
+<p>Ordinarily document authors do not directly change <code>\baselineskip</code>
+while writing. Instead, it is set by the low level font selection
+command <code>\fontsize</code> (see <a href="#low-level-font-commands-fontsize">low level font commands fontsize</a>).
+The <code>\baselineskip</code>&rsquo;s value is reset every time a font change
+happens and so any direct change to <code>\baselineskip</code> would vanish
+the next time there was a font switch. For how to influence line
+spacing, see the discussion of <code>\baselinestretch</code> below.
+</p>
+<p>Usually, a font&rsquo;s size and baseline skip is assigned by the font
+designer. These numbers are nominal in the sense that if, for instance,
+a font&rsquo;s style file has the command <code>\fontsize{10pt}{12pt}</code>
+then that does not mean that the characters in the font are 10pt tall;
+for instance, parentheses and accented capitals may be taller. Nor does
+it mean that if the lines are spaced less than 12pt apart then they risk
+touching. Rather these numbers are typographic judgements. (Often, the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> is about twenty percent larger than the font size.)
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\baselineskip</code> is not a property of each line but of the
+entire paragraph. As a result, large text in the middle of a paragraph,
+such as a single <code>{\Huge Q}</code>, will be squashed into its line.
+TeX will make sure it doesn&rsquo;t scrape up against the line above but
+won&rsquo;t change the <code>\baselineskip</code> for that one line to make extra
+room above. For the fix, use a <code>\strut</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The value of <code>\baselineskip</code> that TeX uses for the paragraph is
+the value in effect at the blank line or command that ends the paragraph
+unit. So if a document contains this paragraph then its lines will be
+scrunched together, compared to lines in surrounding paragraphs.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Many people see a page break between text and a displayed equation as
+bad style, so in effect the display is part of the paragraph.
+Because this display is in footnotesize, the entire paragraph has the
+baseline spacing matching that size.
+{\footnotesize $$a+b = c$$}
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-_005clineskip"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clineskiplimit"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprevdepth"></span>
+<p>The process for making paragraphs is that when a new line is added, if
+the depth of the previous line plus the height of the new line is less
+than <code>\baselineskip</code> then TeX inserts vertical glue to make up
+the difference. There are two fine points. The first is that if the
+lines would be too close together, closer than <code>\lineskiplimit</code>,
+then TeX instead uses <code>\lineskip</code> as the interline glue. The
+second is that TeX doesn&rsquo;t actually use the depth of the previous
+line. Instead it uses <code>\prevdepth</code>, which usually contains that
+depth. But at the beginning of the paragraph (or any vertical list)
+or just after a rule, <code>\prevdepth</code> has the value -1000pt and this
+special value tells TeX not to insert any interline glue at the
+paragraph start.
+</p>
+<p>In the standard classes <code>\lineskiplimit</code> is 0pt and
+<code>\lineskip</code> is 1pt. By the prior paragraph then, the distance
+between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than
+zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart.
+</p>
+<p>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double
+space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline
+distance is via <code>\baselinestretch</code>. It scales
+<code>\baselineskip</code>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command,
+not a length, so change the scale factor as in
+<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire
+document is to put <code>\linespread{<var>factor</var>}</code> in the preamble.
+For double spacing, take <var>factor</var> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
+spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
+<code>\baselineskip</code> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
+1.6 gives a font size to baseline ratio of about 2. (The
+<code>\linespread</code> command is defined as
+<code>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<var>factor</var>}</code> so it won&rsquo;t
+take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
+the start of a document, so there you don&rsquo;t need to follow it with
+<code>\selectfont</code>.)
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-setspace"></span>
+<span id="index-setspace-package"></span>
+
+<p>A simpler approach is the <samp>setspace</samp> package. The basic example:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{setspace}
+\doublespacing % or \onehalfspacing for 1.5
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In the preamble these will start the document off with that sizing.
+But you can also use these declarations in the document body to change
+the spacing from that point forward, and consequently there is
+<code>\singlespacing</code> to return the spacing to normal. In the
+document body, a better practice than using the declarations is to use
+environments, such as <code>\begin{doublespace}
+... \end{doublespace}</code>. The package also has commands to do
+arbitrary spacing: <code>\setstretch{<var>factor</var>}</code> and
+<code>\begin{spacing}{<var>factor</var>} ... \end{spacing}</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Floats"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a>, Up: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Floats-1"></span><h3 class="section">5.7 Floats</h3>
<p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
@@ -2991,8 +3825,8 @@ float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</p>
-<a name="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
-<a name="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
+<span id="index-placement-of-floats"></span>
+<span id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></span>
<p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
@@ -3009,7 +3843,7 @@ both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>.
allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or
<samp>dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
-FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</a>.
+FAQ: <a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>h</code></dt>
@@ -3017,18 +3851,18 @@ FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://w
appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
-<a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-float"></a>
-<a name="index-float-package"></a>
+<span id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-float"></span>
+<span id="index-float-package"></span>
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear &ldquo;here&rdquo;, you can
<code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
-<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</a>.
+<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>p</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-float-page"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-float-page"></span>
<p>(Page of floats)&mdash;on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
@@ -3058,8 +3892,8 @@ use the <samp>afterpage</samp> package and issue
<code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
-<a name="index-flafter-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-flafter"></span>
+<span id="index-flafter-package"></span>
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in
@@ -3067,7 +3901,7 @@ the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command
-<a name="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></span>
<code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</p>
@@ -3077,35 +3911,35 @@ non-float text (change them with
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\bottomfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbottomfraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-bottomfraction"></span><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default &lsquo;<samp>.3</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-floatpagefraction"></span><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default &lsquo;<samp>.5</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextfraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-textfraction"></span><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topfraction</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopfraction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-topfraction"></span><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default &lsquo;<samp>.7</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -3116,27 +3950,27 @@ expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\floatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
+<dd><span id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-floatsep"></span><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\intextsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cintextsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
+<dd><span id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-intextsep"></span><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
&lsquo;<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>&rsquo; for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and &lsquo;<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo; for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textfloatsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
+<dd><span id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-textfloatsep"></span><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default &lsquo;<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -3147,69 +3981,69 @@ number</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>bottomnumber</code>
-<a name="index-bottomnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-bottomnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
+<dd><span id="index-bottomnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-bottomnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dbltopnumber</code>
-<a name="index-dbltopnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-dbltopnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
+<dd><span id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-dbltopnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>topnumber</code>
-<a name="index-topnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-topnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-topnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
+<dd><span id="index-topnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-topnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalnumber</code>
-<a name="index-totalnumber"></a>
+<span id="index-totalnumber"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
-<a name="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
+<dd><span id="index-totalnumber-1"></span>
+<span id="floats-totalnumber"></span><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The principal TeX&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
-<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</a> contains
+<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</a> contains
suggestions for relaxing LaTeX&rsquo;s default parameters to reduce the
problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach&rsquo;s article &ldquo;How to
influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
LaTeX?&rdquo;
-(<a href="http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf">http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</a>).
+(<a href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Sectioning"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Sectioning"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Sectioning-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
-
-<a name="index-sectioning-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-part"></a>
-<a name="index-chapter"></a>
-<a name="index-section"></a>
-<a name="index-subsection"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph"></a>
-<a name="index-subparagraph"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cpart"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cchapter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csection"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csubsection"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a>
+<span id="Sectioning-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2>
+
+<span id="index-sectioning-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-part"></span>
+<span id="index-chapter"></span>
+<span id="index-section"></span>
+<span id="index-subsection"></span>
+<span id="index-subsubsection"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph"></span>
+<span id="index-subparagraph"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cpart"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cchapter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csection"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubsection"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubsubsection"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparagraph"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubparagraph"></span>
<p>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All
sectioning commands have the same form, one of:
@@ -3239,10 +4073,10 @@ not available in <code>article</code>.
<tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr>
</table>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></span>
<p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual
-but is not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
-An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code> . The
+but does not number it and does not make an entry in the table of contents.
+An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code>. The
input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output &lsquo;<samp>A
Appendix</samp>&rsquo; (see <a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a>). You can lose the numbering&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;
by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a
@@ -3265,79 +4099,87 @@ of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
<p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have
-a <code>\section</code> and, in a book, that before a <code>\section</code> you will
-have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get a something like a
-subsection numbered &lsquo;<samp>3.0.1</samp>&rsquo;.
+a <code>\section</code> and, in a <code>book</code> class document, that before a
+<code>\section</code> you will have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get
+something like a subsection numbered &lsquo;<samp>3.0.1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package"></span>
+
+<p>LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
+simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
+letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> in the
+preamble (see <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>). CTAN
+has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
+<samp>titlesec</samp>.
</p>
-<p>Two counters relate to the appearance of sectioning commands.
+<p>Two counters relate to the appearance of headings made by sectioning commands.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>secnumdepth</code>
-<a name="index-secnumdepth"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a>
-<a name="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning commands are
-numbered. Suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than
-<var>level</var> <code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
-instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then a
-<code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like &lsquo;<samp>1
-Introduction</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce output
-like &lsquo;<samp>Discussion</samp>&rsquo;, without the number. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and &nbsp;2 in the
-<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
+<span id="index-secnumdepth"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-secnumdepth-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></span>
+<span id="sectioning-secnumdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning unit are numbered. Setting the counter with
+<code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> will suppress
+numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than <var>level</var>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers.
+For instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then
+a <code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like
+&lsquo;<samp>1 Introduction</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will
+produce output like &lsquo;<samp>Discussion</samp>&rsquo;, without the number. LaTeX&rsquo;s
+default <code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and
+&nbsp;2 in the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>tocdepth</code>
-<a name="index-tocdepth"></a>
+<span id="index-tocdepth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-tocdepth-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a>
-<a name="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
+<dd><span id="index-tocdepth-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></span>
+<span id="sectioning-tocdepth"></span><span id="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></span><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents.
The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the
sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For
instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;1 then the table of contents will
list sections but not subsections. LaTeX&rsquo;s default
-<code>secnumdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and &nbsp;2 in the
+<code>tocdepth</code> is&nbsp;3 in <samp>article</samp> class and &nbsp;2 in the
<samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of sectional units.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sectional unit headings.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpart"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpart"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpart-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpart-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.1 <code>\part</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpart-1"></a>
-<a name="index-part-1"></a>
-<a name="index-sectioning_002c-part"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpart-1"></span>
+<span id="index-part-1"></span>
+<span id="index-sectioning_002c-part"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -3387,33 +4229,31 @@ out the break in the table of contents.
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a part is&nbsp;-1
-(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
+(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>, and <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package"></span>
<p>In the class <code>article</code>, if a paragraph immediately follows the part
title then it is not indented. To get an indent you can use the package
<samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-1"></span>
<p>One package to change the behavior of <code>\part</code> is <samp>titlesec</samp>.
See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cchapter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cchapter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\section</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\part</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cchapter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cchapter-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.2 <code>\chapter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cchapter-1"></a>
-<a name="index-chapter-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cchapter-1"></span>
+<span id="index-chapter-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -3472,15 +4312,15 @@ the title but that doesn&rsquo;t work well with running headers so it omits
the break in the contents
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all\\ my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
+<pre class="example">\chapter[Given it all; my story]{Given it all\\ my story}
</pre></div>
<p>For determining which sectional units are numbered and which appear in
the table of contents, the level number of a chapter is&nbsp;0
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-1"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-1"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the chapter title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. To get an indent use the package
@@ -3497,8 +4337,8 @@ something like &lsquo;<samp>Lecture 1</samp>&rsquo;, put in the preamble either
\makeatother
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package"></span>
<p>To make this change because of the primary language for
the document, see the package <samp>babel</samp>.
@@ -3508,8 +4348,8 @@ necessary leaving an even-numbered page that is blank except for any
running headers. To make that page completely blank,
see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-1"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-2"></span>
<p>To change the behavior of the <code>\chapter</code> command, you can copy its
definition from the LaTeX format file and make adjustments. But
@@ -3532,16 +4372,14 @@ running headers.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csection"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csection"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\chapter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.3 <code>\section</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csection-1"></a>
-<a name="index-section-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csection-1"></span>
+<span id="index-section-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -3608,15 +4446,15 @@ so it is omitted from the contents and headers.
the table of contents, the level number of a section is&nbsp;1
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-2"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-2"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the section title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-2"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-3"></span>
<p>In general, to change the behavior of the <code>\section</code> command, there
are a number of options. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
@@ -3639,16 +4477,14 @@ example below gives a sense of what they can do.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsection"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csubsection"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="n" rel="next">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\section</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csubsection-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.4 <code>\subsection</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csubsection-1"></a>
-<a name="index-subsection-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubsection-1"></span>
+<span id="index-subsection-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -3680,13 +4516,13 @@ holds in <code>article</code> except that there are no chapters in that class
so it looks like &lsquo;<samp>2.3 <var>title</var></samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form shows <var>title</var>.
-But it does not show the section number, does not increment the
-<code>section</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
+But it does not show the subsection number, does not increment the
+<code>subsection</code> counter, and produces no table of contents entry.
</p>
-<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the section title
+<p>The optional argument <var>toc-title</var> will appear as the subsection title
in the table of contents (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). If it is
-not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full name in
-the title of the section,
+not present then <var>title</var> will be there. This shows the full text in
+the title of the subsection,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\subsection[$\alpha,\beta,\gamma$ paper]{\textit{The Origin of
@@ -3700,15 +4536,15 @@ paper</samp>&rsquo; on the contents page.
the table of contents, the level number of a subsection is&nbsp;2
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-3"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-3"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-3"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-4"></span>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the
<code>\subsection</code> command. One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command
@@ -3730,21 +4566,19 @@ text.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="n" rel="next">\appendix</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsection</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csubsubsection_002c-_005cparagraph_002c-_005csubparagraph"></span><h3 class="section">6.5 <code>\subsubsection</code>, <code>\paragraph</code>, <code>\subparagraph</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csubsubsection"></a>
-<a name="index-subsubsection"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparagraph-1"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></a>
-<a name="index-subparagraph-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubsubsection-1"></span>
+<span id="index-subsubsection-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparagraph-1"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csubparagraph-1"></span>
+<span id="index-subparagraph-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -3808,15 +4642,15 @@ the table of contents, the level number of a subsubsection is&nbsp;3, of
a paragraph is&nbsp;4, and of a subparagraph is&nbsp;5
(see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a> and see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-4"></span>
<p>The paragraph that follows the subsubsection title is not indented, as is a
standard typographical practice. One way to get an indent is to use the
package <samp>indentfirst</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-titlesec-4"></a>
-<a name="index-titlesec-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-titlesec-5"></span>
+<span id="index-titlesec-package-5"></span>
<p>There are a number of ways to change the behavior of the these commands.
One is the <code>\@startsection</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a>).
@@ -3825,18 +4659,16 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cappendix"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cappendix"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cappendix-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cappendix-1"></span><h3 class="section">6.6 <code>\appendix</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cappendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendices"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cappendix"></span>
+<span id="index-appendix"></span>
+<span id="index-appendices"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -3864,44 +4696,49 @@ book or report, and in an article resets the <code>section</code> and
<p>the first two will generate output numbered &lsquo;<samp>Chapter 1</samp>&rsquo; and
&lsquo;<samp>Chapter 2</samp>&rsquo;. After the <code>\appendix</code> the numbering will be
-&lsquo;<samp>Appendix A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Appendix B</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>
+&lsquo;<samp>Appendix A</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Appendix B</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>,
for another example.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-appendix"></a>
-<a name="index-appendix-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-appendix"></span>
+<span id="index-appendix-package"></span>
+
<p>The <samp>appendix</samp> package adds the command
<code>\appendixpage</code> to put a separate &lsquo;<samp>Appendices</samp>&rsquo; in the document
body before the first appendix, and the command <code>\addappheadtotoc</code>
to do the same in the table of contents. You can reset the name
-&lsquo;<samp>Appendix</samp>&rsquo; with a command like
+&lsquo;<samp>Appendices</samp>&rsquo; with a command like
<code>\renewcommand{\appendixname}{Specification}</code>, as well as a
number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@startsection</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\appendix</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></span><h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrontmatter_002c-_005cmainmatter_002c-_005cbackmatter"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.7 <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, <code>\backmatter</code></h3>
-
-<a name="index-_005cfrontmatter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-front-matter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmainmatter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-main-matter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbackmatter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-back-matter"></a>
-<a name="index-book_002c-end-matter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfrontmatter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-front-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-front-matter-of-a-book"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmainmatter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-main-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-main-matter-of-a-book"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbackmatter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-back-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-book_002c-end-matter"></span>
+<span id="index-back-matter-of-a-book"></span>
+<span id="index-end-matter-of-a-book"></span>
-<p>Synopsis, one of:
+<p>Synopsis, one or more of:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\frontmatter
+...
\mainmatter
+...
\backmatter
+...
</pre></div>
<p>Format a <code>book</code> class document differently according to which part
@@ -3914,27 +4751,29 @@ pages, such as the title page, are traditionally not numbered.) The
back matter may contain such things as a glossary, notes, a
bibliography, and an index.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\frontmatter</code> declaration makes the pages numbered in
-lowercase roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each
-chapter&rsquo;s title appears in the table of contents; if you use other
-sectioning commands here, use the <code>*</code>-version (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>).
-The <code>\mainmatter</code> changes the behavior back to the expected
-version, and resets the page number. The <code>\backmatter</code> leaves the
-page numbering alone but switches the chapters back to being not
-numbered. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for an example using the three.
+<p>The <code>\frontmatter</code> command makes the pages numbered in lowercase
+roman, and makes chapters not numbered, although each chapter&rsquo;s title
+appears in the table of contents; if you use other sectioning commands
+here, use the <code>*</code>-version (see <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>).
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\mainmatter</code> command changes the behavior back to the expected
+version, and resets the page number.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\backmatter</code> command leaves the page numbering alone but
+switches the chapters back to being not numbered.
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for an example using these three commands.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>, Up: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="u" rel="up">Sectioning</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002c-typesetting-sectional-unit-headings"></span><h3 class="section">6.8 <code>\@startsection</code>, typesetting sectional unit headings</h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040startsection"></a>
-<a name="index-section_002c-redefining"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040startsection"></span>
+<span id="index-section_002c-redefining"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -3974,16 +4813,17 @@ make such a command you may want to use the <code>\secdef</code> command.
{<var>style</var>}}
</pre></div>
-<p>redefines <code>\section</code> to have the form
-<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (here too, the
-star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies that
-when you write a command like <code>\renewcommand{section}{...}</code>,
-the <code>\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See
-the examples below.
+<p>redefines <code>\section</code> while keeping its standard calling form
+<code>\section*[<var>toctitle</var>]{<var>title</var>}</code> (in which, for reminder,
+the star&nbsp;<code>*</code> is optional). See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>. This implies
+that when you write a command like
+<code>\renewcommand{\section}{...}</code>, the
+<code>\@startsection{...}</code> must come last in the definition. See the
+examples below.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><var>name</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-name"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></a><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
+<dd><span id="startsection-name"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fname"></span><p>Name of the counter used to number the sectioning header. This counter
must be defined separately. Most commonly this is either
<code>section</code>, <code>subsection</code>, or <code>paragraph</code>. Although in
those cases the counter name is the same as the sectioning command
@@ -3995,8 +4835,8 @@ example below.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>level</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-level"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></a><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
-See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> for the list of standard level numbers.
+<dd><span id="startsection-level"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002flevel"></span><p>An integer giving the depth of the sectioning command.
+See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for the list of standard level numbers.
</p>
<p>If <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter
<code>secnumdepth</code> then titles for this sectioning command will be
@@ -4014,16 +4854,16 @@ list sections but not subsections.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>indent</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-indent"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></a><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
+<dd><span id="startsection-indent"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002findent"></span><p>A length giving the indentation of all of the title lines with respect
to the left margin. To have the title flush with the margin use
<code>0pt</code>. A negative indentation such as <code>-\parindent</code> will move
the title into the left margin.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>beforeskip</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-beforeskip"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></a><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
+<dd><span id="startsection-beforeskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fbeforeskip"></span><p>The absolute value of this length is the amount of vertical space that
is inserted before this sectioning unit&rsquo;s title. This space will be
-discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the top of a fresh
+discarded if the sectioning unit happens to start at the beginning of a
page. If this number is negative then the first paragraph following the
header is not indented, if it is non-negative then the first paragraph
is indented. (Note that the negative of <code>1pt plus 2pt minus 3pt</code>
@@ -4048,7 +4888,7 @@ page.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>afterskip</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-afterskip"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></a><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
+<dd><span id="startsection-afterskip"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fafterskip"></span><p>This is a length. If <var>afterskip</var> is non-negative then this is the
vertical space inserted after the sectioning unit&rsquo;s title header. If it
is negative then the title header becomes a run-in header, so that it
becomes part of the next paragraph. In this case the absolute value of
@@ -4072,7 +4912,7 @@ header&rsquo;s from standalone to run-in, you cannot use a negative
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>style</var></dt>
-<dd><a name="startsection-style"></a><a name="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></a><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
+<dd><span id="startsection-style"></span><span id="g_t_005c_0040startsection_002fstyle"></span><p>Controls the styling of the title. See the examples below. Typical
commands to use here are <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>,
<code>\normalfont</code>, <code>\hrule</code>, or <code>\newpage</code>. The last command
in <var>style</var> may be one that takes one argument, such as
@@ -4085,20 +4925,26 @@ produce titles that are bold and uppercase.
<p>These are LaTeX&rsquo;s defaults for the first three sectioning units that
are defined with <code>\@startsection</code>, for the <samp>article</samp>,
-<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes. For section, the <var>level</var> is
-1, the <var>indent</var> is 0pt, the <var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex
-plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the <var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>,
-and the <var>style</var> is <code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>. For
-subsection, the <var>level</var> is 2, the <var>indent</var> is 0pt, the
-<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the
-<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and the <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>. For subsubsection, the <var>level</var>
-is 3, the <var>indent</var> is 0pt, the <var>beforeskip</var> is
-<code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>, the <var>afterskip</var> is
-<code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and the <var>style</var> is
-<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
+<samp>book</samp>, and <samp>report</samp> classes.
</p>
-<p>Here are examples. They go either in a package or class file or in the
+<ul>
+<li> For <code>section</code>: <var>level</var> is 1, <var>indent</var> is 0pt,
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.5ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>2.3ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\Large\bfseries</code>.
+
+</li><li> For <code>subsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 2, <var>indent</var> is 0pt,
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus <span class="nolinebreak">-0.2ex</span><!-- /@w --></code>,
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\large\bfseries</code>.
+
+</li><li> <p>For <code>subsubsection</code>: <var>level</var> is 3, <var>indent</var> is 0pt,
+<var>beforeskip</var> is <code>-3.25ex plus -1ex minus -0.2ex</code>,
+<var>afterskip</var> is <code>1.5ex plus 0.2ex</code>, and <var>style</var> is
+<code>\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries</code>.
+</p></li></ul>
+
+<p>Some examples follow. These go either in a package or class file or in the
preamble of a LaTeX document. If you put them in the preamble they
must go between a <code>\makeatletter</code> command and a
<code>\makeatother</code>. (Probably the error message <code>You can't use
@@ -4157,17 +5003,15 @@ display that counter.
<hr>
-<a name="Cross-references"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Cross-references"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="n" rel="next">Environments</a>, Previous: <a href="#Sectioning" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Sectioning</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Cross-references-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
+<span id="Cross-references-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">7 Cross references</h2>
-<a name="index-cross-references"></a>
+<span id="index-cross-references"></span>
-<a name="index-label"></a>
+<span id="index-label"></span>
<p>We often want something like &lsquo;<samp>See Theorem~31</samp>&rsquo;. But by-hand typing
the 31 is poor practice. Instead you should write a <em>label</em> such as
<code>\label{eq:GreensThm}</code> and then <em>reference</em> it, as with
@@ -4191,8 +5035,8 @@ the <code>\label</code>. So if <code>\label</code> is in <samp>calculus.tex</sa
the information is in <samp>calculus.aux</samp>. LaTeX puts the
information in that file every time it runs across a <code>\label</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-forward-reference"></a>
-<a name="index-reference_002c-forward"></a>
+<span id="index-forward-reference"></span>
+<span id="index-reference_002c-forward"></span>
<p>The behavior described in the prior paragraph results in a quirk that
happens when your document has a <em>forward reference</em>, a <code>\ref</code>
that appears before the associated <code>\label</code>. If this is the first
@@ -4204,8 +5048,8 @@ change some things so the references changes; you get the same warning
and the output contains the old reference information. In both cases,
resolve this by compiling the document a second time.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref"></a>
-<a name="index-cleveref-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref"></span>
+<span id="index-cleveref-package"></span>
<p>The <code>cleveref</code> package enhances LaTeX&rsquo;s
cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
<code>\begin{thm}\label{th:Nerode}...\end{thm}</code> then
@@ -4213,25 +5057,25 @@ cross referencing features. You can arrange that if you enter
having to enter the &ldquo;Theorem.&rdquo;
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="1">\label</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="2">\pageref</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a page number.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="3">\ref</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a section, figure or similar.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="4">xr package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">References from another document.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clabel"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clabel"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clabel-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005clabel-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.1 <code>\label</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005clabel"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clabel"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4305,17 +5149,15 @@ See Figure~\ref{fig:test}.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpageref"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpageref"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ref</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clabel" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\label</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpageref-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpageref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.2 <code>\pageref</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpageref"></a>
-<a name="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></a>
-<a name="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpageref"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-referencing-with-page-number"></span>
+<span id="index-page-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4345,20 +5187,18 @@ those.)
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cref"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cref"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xr-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xr package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpageref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pageref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cref-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cref-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.3 <code>\ref</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cref"></a>
-<a name="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></a>
-<a name="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
-<a name="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
-<a name="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cref"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic"></span>
+<span id="index-section-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<span id="index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
+<span id="index-footnote-number_002c-cross-referencing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4388,25 +5228,102 @@ so this document would have to be compiled twice.
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></a>
-<a name="index-cleveref-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-1"></span>
+<span id="index-cleveref-package-1"></span>
<p>The <samp>cleveref</samp> package includes text such as &lsquo;<samp>Theorem</samp>&rsquo; in the
reference. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Environments"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="xr-package"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cref" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ref</a>, Up: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="u" rel="up">Cross references</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="xr-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">7.4 <code>xr</code> package</h3>
+
+<span id="index-xr-package"></span>
+<span id="index-xr_002dhyper-package"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cexternaldocument"></span>
+<span id="index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
+ \externaldocument{<var>document-basename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
+ \externaldocument[<var>reference-prefix</var>]{<var>document-basename</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make cross references to the external document
+<code><var>document-basename</var>.tex</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Here is an example. If <code>lectures.tex</code> has this in the preamble
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{xr}
+ \externaldocument{exercises}
+ \externaldocument[H-]{hints}
+ \externaldocument{answers}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>then it can use cross reference labels from the other three documents.
+Suppose that <code>exercises.tex</code> has an enumerated list containing
+this,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} What if every vertex has odd degree?
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and <code>hints.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\item \label{exer:EulersThm} Distinguish the case of two vertices.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>and <code>answers.tex</code> has an enumerated list with this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\item \label{ans:EulersThm} There is no Euler path, except if there
+ are exactly two vertices.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>After compiling the exercises, hints, and answers documents, entering
+this in the body of <code>lectures.tex</code> will result in the lectures
+getting the reference numbers used in the other documents.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">See Exercise~\ref{exer:EulersThm}, with Hint~\ref{H-exer:EulersThm}.
+The solution is Answer~\ref{ans:EulersThm}.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The prefix <code>H-</code> for the reference from the hints file is needed
+because the label in the hints file is the same as the label in the
+exercises file. Without that prefix, both references would get the
+number from the later file.
+</p>
+<p>Note: if the document uses the <code>hyperref</code> package then in place of
+<code>xr</code>, put <code>\usepackage{xr-hyper}</code> before the
+<code>\usepackage{hyperref}</code>. Also, if any of the multiple documents
+uses <code>hyperref</code> then they all must use it.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Environments"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Line breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Cross-references" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Cross references</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Environments-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
+<span id="Environments-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">8 Environments</h2>
-<a name="index-environments"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbegin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cend"></a>
+<span id="index-environments"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbegin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cend"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides many environments for delimiting certain behavior.
An environment begins with <code>\begin</code> and ends with <code>\end</code>,
@@ -4424,82 +5341,80 @@ the end. For instance, the input
&lsquo;<samp>! LaTeX Error: \begin{table*} on input line 5 ended by
\end{table}.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
-<a name="index-group_002c-and-environments"></a>
+<span id="index-group_002c-and-environments"></span>
<p>Environments are executed within a group.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#abstract" accesskey="1">abstract</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Produce an abstract.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#array" accesskey="2">array</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math arrays.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#center" accesskey="3">center</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Centered lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#description" accesskey="4">description</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Labelled lists.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="5">displaymath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Formulas that appear on their own line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#document" accesskey="6">document</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enclose the whole document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="7">enumerate</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numbered lists.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="8">eqnarray</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sequences of aligned equations.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#equation" accesskey="9">equation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Displayed equation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#figure">figure</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#figure">figure</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating figures.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Writing multiple files from the source.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Writing multiple files from the source.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed left lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushright">flushright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Flushed right lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#itemize">itemize</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bulleted lists.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#letter">letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#letter">letter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Letters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#list">list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#list">list</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generic list environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#math">math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#math">math</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">In-line math.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Miniature page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#picture">picture</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#picture">picture</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include a quotation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text arbitrarily.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#table">table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#table">table</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Floating tables.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabular">tabular</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Align text in columns.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Bibliography or reference list.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#theorem">theorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Theorems, lemmas, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For hand crafted title pages.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Simulating typed input.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verse">verse</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#verse">verse</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">For poetry and other things.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="abstract"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="abstract"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#array" accesskey="n" rel="next">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="abstract-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
+<span id="abstract-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.1 <code>abstract</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-abstract"></a>
-<a name="index-abstract-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-abstract"></span>
+<span id="index-abstract-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-abstracts"></a>
+<span id="index-abstracts"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4526,6 +5441,9 @@ default only in the <code>report</code> class.
\end{abstract}
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-package_002c-abstract"></span>
+<span id="index-abstract-package"></span>
+
<p>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
</p>
@@ -4552,18 +5470,16 @@ a more flexible solution, use the package <samp>abstract</samp>).
<hr>
-<a name="array"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="array"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#center" accesskey="n" rel="next">center</a>, Previous: <a href="#abstract" accesskey="p" rel="prev">abstract</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="array-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
+<span id="array-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.2 <code>array</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-array"></a>
-<a name="index-array-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-array"></span>
+<span id="index-array-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-arrays_002c-math"></a>
+<span id="index-arrays_002c-math"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4619,13 +5535,13 @@ the column with <code>p{...}</code>, which causes the entry to be typeset in
text mode. The second is that, instead of <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s parameter
<code>\tabcolsep</code>, LaTeX&rsquo;s intercolumn space in an <code>array</code> is
governed by
-<a name="index-_005carraycolsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carraycolsep"></span>
<code>\arraycolsep</code>, which gives half the width between columns. The
default for this is &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; so that between two columns comes
10pt of space.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package"></span>
<p>To obtain arrays with braces the standard is to use the <samp>amsmath</samp>
package. It comes with environments <code>pmatrix</code> for an array
@@ -4636,8 +5552,8 @@ an array surrounded by vertical bars&nbsp;<code>|...|</code>, and
<code>Vmatrix</code> for an array surrounded by double vertical
bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-1"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-1"></span>
<p>The next example uses the <samp>amsmath</samp> package.
</p>
@@ -4652,11 +5568,11 @@ bars&nbsp;<code>||...||</code>, along with a number of other array constructs.
\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-array-_0028package_0029-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-array-_0028package_0029-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></a>
-<a name="index-dcolumn-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-dcolumn"></span>
+<span id="index-dcolumn-package"></span>
<p>There are many packages concerning arrays. The <samp>array</samp> package has
many useful extensions, including more column types. The <samp>dcolumn</samp>
@@ -4665,18 +5581,16 @@ the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="center"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="center"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous: <a href="#array" accesskey="p" rel="prev">array</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="center-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
+<span id="center-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.3 <code>center</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-center"></a>
-<a name="index-center-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-center"></span>
+<span id="index-center-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-centering-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4691,7 +5605,7 @@ Next: <a href="#description" accesskey="n" rel="next">description</a>, Previous:
<p>Create a new paragraph consisting of a sequence of lines that are
centered within the left and right margins. Use
double-backslash, <code>\\</code>, to get a line break (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"></span>
If some text is too long to fit on a line then LaTeX will insert line
breaks that avoid hyphenation and avoid stretching or shrinking any
interword space.
@@ -4721,7 +5635,7 @@ ending.
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
My father considered that anyone who went to chapel and didn't drink
alcohol was not to be tolerated.\\
- I grew up in that belief. --Richard Burton
+ I grew up in that belief. ---Richard Burton
\end{center}
</pre></div>
@@ -4732,22 +5646,20 @@ doesn&rsquo;t add any vertical space.
entire page.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccentering" accesskey="1">\centering</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>center</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccentering"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccentering"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#center" accesskey="u" rel="up">center</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccentering-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccentering-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.3.1 <code>\centering</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccentering"></a>
-<a name="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccentering"></span>
+<span id="index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -4798,19 +5710,17 @@ centered lines &lsquo;<samp>xx</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>yy</samp>&rsquo;,
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="description"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="description"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="n" rel="next">displaymath</a>, Previous: <a href="#center" accesskey="p" rel="prev">center</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="description-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
+<span id="description-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.4 <code>description</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-description"></a>
-<a name="index-description-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-description"></span>
+<span id="index-description-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-labelled-lists_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-description-lists_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4831,23 +5741,23 @@ missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
<p>This example shows the environment used for a sequence of definitions.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{definition}
+<pre class="example">\begin{description}
\item[lama] A priest.
\item[llama] A beast.
-\end{definition}
+\end{description}
</pre></div>
<p>The labels &lsquo;<samp>lama</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>llama</samp>&rsquo; are output in boldface, with the
left edge on the left margin.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem"></span>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). Use the
optional labels, as in <code>\item[Main point]</code>, because there is
no sensible default. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which
may contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<a name="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></a>
-<a name="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></a>
+<span id="index-bold-typewriter_002c-avoiding"></span>
+<span id="index-typewriter-labels-in-lists"></span>
<p>Since the labels are in bold style, if the label text calls for a font
change given in argument style (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>) then it will come
out bold. For instance, if the label text calls for typewriter with
@@ -4876,16 +5786,14 @@ lists.
<hr>
-<a name="displaymath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="displaymath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a href="#description" accesskey="p" rel="prev">description</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="displaymath-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
+<span id="displaymath-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.5 <code>displaymath</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></a>
-<a name="index-displaymath-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath"></span>
+<span id="index-displaymath-environment"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
@@ -4896,9 +5804,9 @@ Next: <a href="#document" accesskey="n" rel="next">document</a>, Previous: <a hr
\end{displaymath}
</pre></div>
-<p>Environment to typeset the math text on its own line, in display style
-and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the global option
-<code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
+<p>Environment to typeset the <var>mathematical text</var> on its own line, in
+display style and centered. To make the text be flush-left use the
+global option <code>fleqn</code>; see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>.
</p>
<p>In the <code>displaymath</code> environment no equation number is added to the
math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
@@ -4906,25 +5814,26 @@ math text. One way to get an equation number is to use the
</p>
<p>LaTeX will not break the <var>math text</var> across lines.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-2"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-2"></span>
<p>Note that the <samp>amsmath</samp> package has significantly more extensive
displayed equation facilities. For example, there are a number of
ways in that package for having math text broken across lines.
</p>
-<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math text</var>\]</code> is essentially a synonym for
-<code>\begin{displaymath}<var>math text</var>\end{displaymath}</code> but the
-latter is easier to work with in the source file; for instance,
+<span id="index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"></span>
+<p>The construct <code>\[<var>math</var>\]</code> is a synonym for the environment
+<code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> \end{displaymath}</code> but the
+latter is easier to work with in the source; for instance,
searching for a square bracket may get false positives but the word
-<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique. (The construct
-<code>$$<var>math text</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is sometimes
-mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is not a
-synonym, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment checks that it isn&rsquo;t
-started in math mode and that it ends in math mode begun by the matching
-environment start, because the <code>displaymath</code> environment has
-different vertical spacing, and because the <code>displaymath</code>
-environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
+<code>displaymath</code> will likely be unique.
+</p>
+<span id="index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"></span>
+<p>(Aside: The construct <code>$$<var>math</var>$$</code> from Plain&nbsp;TeX is
+sometimes mistakenly used as a synonym for <code>displaymath</code>. It is
+not a synonym, and is not officially supported in LaTeX at all;
+<code>$$</code> doesn&rsquo;t support the <code>fleqn</code> option (see <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>), has different vertical spacing, and doesn&rsquo;t perform
+consistency checks.)
</p>
<p>The output from this example is centered and alone on its line.
</p>
@@ -4939,40 +5848,36 @@ environment honors the <code>fleqn</code> option.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="document"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="document"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="n" rel="next">enumerate</a>, Previous: <a href="#displaymath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">displaymath</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="document-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
+<span id="document-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.6 <code>document</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-document"></a>
-<a name="index-document-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-document"></span>
+<span id="index-document-environment"></span>
<p>The <code>document</code> environment encloses the entire body of a document.
It is required in every LaTeX document. See <a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1">\AtBeginDocument</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="1">\AtBeginDocument</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the start of the document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2">\AtEndDocument</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="2">\AtEndDocument</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Hook for commands at the end of the document.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument" accesskey="n" rel="next">\AtEndDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cAtBeginDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.1 <code>\AtBeginDocument</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></a>
-<a name="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAtBeginDocument"></span>
+<span id="index-beginning-of-document-hook"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -4991,16 +5896,14 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\AtBeginDocument</a>, Up: <a href="#document" accesskey="u" rel="up">document</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cAtEndDocument-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.6.2 <code>\AtEndDocument</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></a>
-<a name="index-end-of-document-hook"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAtEndDocument"></span>
+<span id="index-end-of-document-hook"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5020,18 +5923,16 @@ will be executed in the order that you gave them.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="enumerate"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="enumerate"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="n" rel="next">eqnarray</a>, Previous: <a href="#document" accesskey="p" rel="prev">document</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="enumerate-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
+<span id="enumerate-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.7 <code>enumerate</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></a>
-<a name="index-enumerate-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-enumerate"></span>
+<span id="index-enumerate-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></a>
+<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5061,7 +5962,7 @@ As a top-level list the labels would come out as &lsquo;<samp>1.</samp>&rsquo; a
\end{enumerate}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005citem-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem-1"></span>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
brackets, as in <code>\item[Interstitial label]</code>, then the next item
@@ -5083,11 +5984,11 @@ the outermost level.
</li><li> uppercase letter followed by a period: &lsquo;<samp>A.</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>B.</samp>&rsquo;,&nbsp;&hellip;
</li></ol>
-<a name="index-_005cenumi"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cenumii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cenumiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cenumiv"></a>
-<a name="enumerate-enumi"></a><a name="enumerate-enumii"></a><a name="enumerate-enumiii"></a><a name="enumerate-enumiv"></a><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
+<span id="index-_005cenumi"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cenumii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cenumiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cenumiv"></span>
+<span id="enumerate-enumi"></span><span id="enumerate-enumii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-enumiv"></span><p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the counters <code>\enumi</code> through
<code>\enumiv</code> (see <a href="#Counters">Counters</a>).
</p>
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
@@ -5096,17 +5997,17 @@ parameters, including the default values, and for information about
customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package <samp>enumitem</samp> is
useful for customizing lists.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumi"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelenumiv"></a>
-<a name="enumerate-labelenumi"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumii"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumiii"></a><a name="enumerate-labelenumiv"></a><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumi"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelenumiv"></span>
+<span id="enumerate-labelenumi"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiii"></span><span id="enumerate-labelenumiv"></span><p>To change the format of the label use <code>\renewcommand</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>) on the commands <code>\labelenumi</code>
through <code>\labelenumiv</code>. For instance, this first level list will be
labelled with uppercase letters, in boldface, and without a trailing
period.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cAlph-example"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAlph-example"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\textbf{\Alph{enumi}}}
\begin{enumerate}
@@ -5119,27 +6020,25 @@ period.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="eqnarray"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="eqnarray"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#equation" accesskey="n" rel="next">equation</a>, Previous: <a href="#enumerate" accesskey="p" rel="prev">enumerate</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="eqnarray-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
+<span id="eqnarray-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.8 <code>eqnarray</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></a>
-<a name="index-eqnarray-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-eqnarray"></span>
+<span id="index-eqnarray-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-equations_002c-aligning"></a>
-<a name="index-aligning-equations"></a>
+<span id="index-equations_002c-aligning"></span>
+<span id="index-aligning-equations"></span>
-<a name="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></a>
-<a name="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></a>
+<span id="index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray"></span>
+<span id="index-Madsen_002c-Lars"></span>
<p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is obsolete. It has infelicities,
including spacing that is inconsistent with other mathematics elements.
(See &ldquo;Avoid eqnarray!&rdquo; by Lars Madsen
-<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
+<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf</a>). New documents
should include the <samp>amsmath</samp> package and use the displayed
mathematics environments provided there, such as the <code>align</code>
environment. We include a description only for completeness and for
@@ -5163,7 +6062,7 @@ working with old documents.
\end{eqnarray*}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
<p>Display a sequence of equations or inequalities. The left and right
sides are typeset in display mode, while the middle is typeset in text
mode.
@@ -5171,18 +6070,18 @@ mode.
<p>It is similar to a three-column <code>array</code> environment, with items
within a row separated by an ampersand&nbsp;(<code>&amp;</code>), and with rows
separated by double backslash&nbsp; <code>\\</code>).
-<a name="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c_002a-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"></span>
The starred form of line break (<code>\\*</code>) can also be used to separate
equations, and will disallow a page break there (see <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cnonumber"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnonumber"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-numbers_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>The unstarred form <code>eqnarray</code> places an equation number on every
line (using the <code>equation</code> counter), unless that line contains a
<code>\nonumber</code> command. The starred form <code>eqnarray*</code> omits
equation numbering, while otherwise being the same.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005clefteqn"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clefteqn"></span>
<p>The command <code>\lefteqn</code> is used for splitting long formulas across
lines. It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.
@@ -5200,19 +6099,17 @@ while the third line has not entry on the left side.
<hr>
-<a name="equation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="equation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#figure" accesskey="n" rel="next">figure</a>, Previous: <a href="#eqnarray" accesskey="p" rel="prev">eqnarray</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="equation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
+<span id="equation-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.9 <code>equation</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-equation"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-equation"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></a>
-<a name="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-equations_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<span id="index-formulas_002c-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5230,27 +6127,25 @@ The equation number is generated using the <code>equation</code> counter.
<code>\begin{equation}</code>, or LaTeX will tell you that there is a
missing dollar sign.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-3"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-3"></span>
<p>The package <samp>amsmath</samp> package has extensive displayed equation
facilities. New documents should include this package.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="figure"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="figure"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">filecontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#equation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">equation</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="figure-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
+<span id="figure-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.10 <code>figure</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-figure"></a>
-<a name="index-figure-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-figure"></span>
+<span id="index-figure-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-inserting-figures"></a>
-<a name="index-figures_002c-inserting"></a>
+<span id="index-inserting-figures"></span>
+<span id="index-figures_002c-inserting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5294,7 +6189,7 @@ placing at a page bottom see the discussion of <var>placement</var> <code>b</cod
in <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<a name="index-_005ccaption"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccaption"></span>
The optional <code>\caption</code> command specifies caption text for the
figure. By default it is numbered. If <var>loftitle</var> is present, it is
used in the list of figures instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
@@ -5315,27 +6210,25 @@ end of the document, on a page of floats.
<hr>
-<a name="filecontents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="filecontents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a href="#figure" accesskey="p" rel="prev">figure</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="filecontents_003a-Write-an-external-file"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code>: Write an external file</h3>
+<span id="filecontents-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.11 <code>filecontents</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></a>
-<a name="index-filecontents-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents"></span>
+<span id="index-filecontents-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-filecontents_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-filecontents_002a-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-external-files_002c-writing"></a>
-<a name="index-writing-external-files"></a>
+<span id="index-external-files_002c-writing"></span>
+<span id="index-writing-external-files"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents}{<var>filename</var>}
+<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents}[<var>option</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
<var>text</var>
\end{filecontents}
</pre></div>
@@ -5343,29 +6236,55 @@ Next: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushleft</a>, Previous: <a
<p>or
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents*}{<var>filename</var>}
+<pre class="example">\begin{filecontents*}[<var>option</var>]{<var>filename</var>}
<var>text</var>
\end{filecontents*}
</pre></div>
-<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> and fill it with <var>text</var>. The
-unstarred version of the environment <code>filecontents</code> prefixes the
-content of the created file with a header; see the example below. The
-starred version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
+<p>Create a file named <var>filename</var> in the current directory (or the
+output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>) and write
+<var>text</var> to it. By default, an existing file is not overwritten.
</p>
-<p>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it often
-appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is typically used
-when a source file requires a nonstandard style or class file. The
-environment will write that file to the directory containing the source
-and thus make the source file self-contained. Another use is to include
-<code>bib</code> references in the file, again to make it self-contained.
+<p>The unstarred version of the environment
+<code>filecontents</code> prefixes the content of the created file with a
+header of TeX comments; see the example below. The starred
+version <code>filecontents*</code> does not include the header.
</p>
-<p>The environment checks whether a file of that name already exists and if
-so, does not do anything. There is a <samp>filecontents</samp> package that
-redefines the <code>filecontents</code> environment so that instead of doing
-nothing in that case, it will overwrite the existing file.
+<p>The possible options are:
</p>
-<p>For example, this document
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt><code>force</code></dt>
+<dt><code>overwrite</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-force-option-for-filecontents"></span>
+<span id="index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"></span>
+<p>Overwrite an existing file.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>noheader</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"></span>
+<p>Omit the header. Equivalent to using <code>filecontents*</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>nosearch</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"></span>
+<p>Only check the current directory (and the output directory, if
+specified) for an existing file, not the entire search path.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p>These options were added in a 2019 release of LaTeX.
+</p>
+<span id="index-self_002dcontained-sources"></span>
+<span id="index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained"></span>
+<p>This environment can be used anywhere in the preamble, although it
+often appears before the <code>\documentclass</code> command. It is
+commonly used to create a <code>.bib</code> or other such data file from the
+main document source, to make the source file self-contained.
+Similarly, it can be used to create a custom style or class file,
+again making the source self-contained.
+</p>
+<p>For example, this document:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\documentclass{article}
@@ -5378,7 +6297,7 @@ Article by \myname.
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<p>produces this file <samp>JH.sty</samp>.
+<p>produces this file <samp>JH.sty</samp>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">%% LaTeX2e file `JH.sty'
@@ -5390,19 +6309,17 @@ Article by \myname.
<hr>
-<a name="flushleft"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="flushleft"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <a href="#filecontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">filecontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="flushleft-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
+<span id="flushleft-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.12 <code>flushleft</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></a>
-<a name="index-flushleft-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-flushleft"></span>
+<span id="index-flushleft-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
-<a name="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<span id="index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5414,11 +6331,11 @@ Next: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="n" rel="next">flushright</a>, Previous: <
\end{flushleft}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-flushleft"></span>
<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
-stretching or shrinking spaces. To force a new line use a double
+stretching or shrinking interword spaces. To force a new line use a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
</p>
@@ -5437,24 +6354,22 @@ flush left and ragged right.
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedright" accesskey="1">\raggedright</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushleft</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedright"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craggedright"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedright-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005craggedright-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.12.1 <code>\raggedright</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005craggedright"></a>
-<a name="index-ragged-right-text"></a>
-<a name="index-left_002djustifying-text"></a>
-<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craggedright"></span>
+<span id="index-ragged-right-text"></span>
+<span id="index-left_002djustifying-text"></span>
+<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-right"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -5471,7 +6386,7 @@ Up: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushleft</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#
</pre></div>
<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the left margin and
-ragged right. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+ragged right. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
</p>
@@ -5496,19 +6411,17 @@ delimit its effect.
<hr>
-<a name="flushright"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="flushright"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushleft" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushleft</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="flushright-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
+<span id="flushright-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.13 <code>flushright</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-flushright"></a>
-<a name="index-flushright-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-flushright"></span>
+<span id="index-flushright-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
-<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
+<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{flushright}
@@ -5518,35 +6431,35 @@ Next: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="n" rel="next">itemize</a>, Previous: <a href
\end{flushright}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"></span>
<p>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
right-hand margin and ragged left. If you have lines that are too long
to fit the margins then LaTeX will linebreak them in a way that
-avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking spaces. To force a new
+avoids hyphenation and stretching or shrinking inter-word spaces. To force a new
line use a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. For the declaration form
see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a>.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>.
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a>,
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>flushleft</code> by
+<code>flushright</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craggedleft" accesskey="1">\raggedleft</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declaration form of the <code>flushright</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedleft"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craggedleft"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005craggedleft-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.13.1 <code>\raggedleft</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005craggedleft"></a>
-<a name="index-ragged-left-text"></a>
-<a name="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></a>
-<a name="index-right_002djustifying-text"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craggedleft"></span>
+<span id="index-ragged-left-text"></span>
+<span id="index-justification_002c-ragged-left"></span>
+<span id="index-right_002djustifying-text"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -5563,7 +6476,7 @@ Up: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="u" rel="up">flushright</a> &nbsp; [<a href=
</pre></div>
<p>A declaration which causes lines to be flush to the right margin and
-ragged left. It can be used inside an environment such as <code>quote</code>
+ragged left. It can be used inside an <var>environment</var> such as <code>quote</code>
or in a <code>parbox</code>. For the environment form
see&nbsp;<a href="#flushright">flushright</a>.
</p>
@@ -5573,26 +6486,26 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&rsquo;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <code>\end</code>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</p>
-<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>.
+<p>For an example related to this environment, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a>,
+where one just have mutatis mutandis to replace <code>\raggedright</code> by
+<code>\raggedleft</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="itemize"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="itemize"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="#flushright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">flushright</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="itemize-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
+<span id="itemize-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.14 <code>itemize</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-itemize"></a>
-<a name="index-itemize-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-itemize"></span>
+<span id="index-itemize-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-_005citem-2"></a>
-<a name="index-lists-of-items"></a>
-<a name="index-unordered-lists"></a>
-<a name="index-bulleted-lists"></a>
-<a name="index-bullet-lists"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem-2"></span>
+<span id="index-lists-of-items"></span>
+<span id="index-unordered-lists"></span>
+<span id="index-bulleted-lists"></span>
+<span id="index-bullet-lists"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5604,8 +6517,8 @@ Next: <a href="#letter" accesskey="n" rel="next">letter</a>, Previous: <a href="
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce a list that is unordered, sometimes called a bullet list. The
-environment must have at least one <code>\item</code>; having none causes the
+<p>Produce an <em>unordered list</em>, sometimes called a bullet list. There
+must be at least one <code>\item</code> within the environment; having none causes the
LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>This gives a two-item list.
@@ -5617,35 +6530,39 @@ LaTeX error &lsquo;<samp>Something's wrong--perhaps a missing \item</samp>&rsquo
\end{itemize}
</pre></div>
-<p>As a top-level list each label would come out as a bullet, &bull;.
-The format of the labeling depends on the nesting level; see below.
+<p>With the default locale&mdash;without loading e.g. <samp>babel</samp> package
+with another language than USenglish&mdash;as a top-level list each label
+would come out as a bullet, &bull;. The format of the labeling
+depends on the nesting level; see below.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005citem-3"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citem-3"></span>
<p>Start list items with the <code>\item</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>). If you
give <code>\item</code> an optional argument by following it with square
-brackets, as in <code>\item[Optional label]</code>, then by default it will
-appear in bold and be flush right, so it could extend into the left
-margin. For labels that are flush left see the <a href="#description">description</a>
-environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is optional text, which may
-contain multiple paragraphs.
+brackets, as in <code>\item[<var>Optional label</var>]</code>, then by default
+<var>Optional label</var> will appear in bold and be flush right, so it could
+extend into the left margin. For labels that are flush left see the
+<a href="#description">description</a> environment. Following the <code>\item</code> is the text of
+the item, which may be empty or contain multiple paragraphs.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemi"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clabelitemiv"></a>
-<a name="itemize-labelitemi"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemii"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemiii"></a><a name="itemize-labelitemiv"></a><p>Itemized lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
+<p>Unordered lists can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
-as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>). The <code>itemize</code> environment
-uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code> through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to
-produce the default label (this also uses the convention of lowercase
-roman numerals at the end of the command names that signify the nesting
-level). These are the default marks at each level.
+as <code>enumerate</code> (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemi"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clabelitemiv"></span>
+<span id="itemize-labelitemi"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiii"></span><span id="itemize-labelitemiv"></span><p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the commands <code>\labelitemi</code>
+through <code>\labelitemiv</code> to produce the default label (note the
+convention of lowercase roman numerals at the end of the command names
+that signify the nesting level). These are the default marks at each
+level.
</p>
<ol>
<li> &bull; (bullet, from <code>\textbullet</code>)
</li><li> <b>-<span class="nolinebreak">-</span><!-- /@w --></b> (bold en-dash, from <code>\normalfont\bfseries\textendash</code>)
</li><li> * (asterisk, from <code>\textasteriskcentered</code>)
-</li><li> . (centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
+</li><li> . (vertically centered dot, rendered here as a period, from <code>\textperiodcentered</code>)
</li></ol>
<p>Change the labels with <code>\renewcommand</code>. For instance, this makes
@@ -5655,27 +6572,31 @@ the first level use diamonds.
<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmargin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmargini"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginv"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></a>
-<a name="itemize-leftmargin"></a><a name="itemize-leftmargini"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginii"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginiii"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginiv"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginv"></a><a name="itemize-leftmarginvi"></a><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
+<span id="index-_005cleftmargin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmargini"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiii"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginiv"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginv"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmarginvi"></span>
+<span id="itemize-leftmargin"></span><span id="itemize-leftmargini"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiii"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginiv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginv"></span><span id="itemize-leftmarginvi"></span><p>The distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and
the left margin of the <code>itemize</code> list is determined by the
-parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (Note the
-convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the command
-name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are: <code>2.5em</code> in
-level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in level 2,
-<code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with smaller
-values for more deeply nested levels.
+parameters <code>\leftmargini</code> through <code>\leftmarginvi</code>. (This also
+uses the convention of using lowercase roman numerals a the end of the
+command name to denote the nesting level.) The defaults are:
+<code>2.5em</code> in level 1 (<code>2em</code> in two-column mode), <code>2.2em</code> in
+level 2, <code>1.87em</code> in level 3, and <code>1.7em</code> in level 4, with
+smaller values for more deeply nested levels.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem"></span>
+<span id="index-enumitem-package"></span>
+
<p>For other major LaTeX labeled list environments, see
-<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. For information about list
-layout parameters, including the default values, and for information
-about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The package
-<samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing lists.
+<a href="#description">description</a> and <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>. The <code>itemize</code>,
+<code>enumerate</code> and <code>description</code> environment use the same list
+layout parameters. For a description, including the default values, and
+for information about customizing list layout, see <a href="#list">list</a>. The
+package <samp>enumitem</samp> is useful for customizing lists.
</p>
<p>This example greatly reduces the margin space for outermost itemized
lists.
@@ -5684,7 +6605,7 @@ lists.
<pre class="example">\setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cparskip-example"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparskip-example"></span>
<p>Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items. Here is an example defining an <code>itemize*</code>
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
@@ -5702,34 +6623,30 @@ see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a
<hr>
-<a name="letter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="letter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#list" accesskey="n" rel="next">list</a>, Previous: <a href="#itemize" accesskey="p" rel="prev">itemize</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
+<span id="letter-environment_003a-writing-letters"></span><h3 class="section">8.15 <code>letter</code> environment: writing letters</h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-letter"></a>
-<a name="index-letter-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-letter"></span>
+<span id="index-letter-environment"></span>
<p>This environment is used for creating letters. See <a href="#Letters">Letters</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="list"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="list"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#math" accesskey="n" rel="next">math</a>, Previous: <a href="#letter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">letter</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="list-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
+<span id="list-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.16 <code>list</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-list"></a>
-<a name="index-list-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-list"></span>
+<span id="index-list-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></a>
+<span id="index-lists-of-items_002c-generic"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -5775,11 +6692,11 @@ environment.
<p>The mandatory first argument <var>labeling</var> specifies the default
labeling of list items. It can contain text and LaTeX commands, as
-above where it contains both &lsquo;<samp>Item</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\Roman{...}</samp>&rsquo;.
+above where it contains both &lsquo;<samp>Item</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>\Roman{&hellip;}</samp>&rsquo;.
LaTeX forms the label by putting the <var>labeling</var> argument in a box
of width <code>\labelwidth</code>. If the label is wider than that, the
additional material extends to the right. When making an instance of a
-list you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
+<code>list</code> you can override the default labeling by giving <code>\item</code> an
optional argument by including square braces and the text, as in the
above <code>\item[Special label.]</code>; see <a href="#g_t_005citem">\item</a>.
</p>
@@ -5791,8 +6708,8 @@ counter will be reset to zero each time LaTeX enters the environment,
and the counter is incremented by one each time LaTeX encounters an
<code>\item</code> that does not have an optional argument.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cmakelabel"></a>
-<a name="list-makelabel"></a><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
+<span id="index-_005cmakelabel"></span>
+<span id="list-makelabel"></span><p>Another command that can go in <var>spacing</var> is
<code>\makelabel</code>, which constructs the label box. By default it puts
the contents flush right. Its only argument is the label, which it
typesets in LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). One example of changing its
@@ -5801,7 +6718,7 @@ definition of the environment add
<code>\newcommand{\namedmakelabel}[1]{\textsc{#1}}</code>, and between
the <code>\setlength</code> command and the parenthesis that closes the
<var>spacing</var> argument also add <code>\let\makelabel\namedmakelabel</code>.
-Then the items will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
+Then the labels will be typeset in small caps. Similarly, changing the
second code line to <code>\let\makelabel\fbox</code> puts the labels inside a
framed box. Another example of the <code>\makelabel</code> command is below,
in the definition of the <code>redlabel</code> environment.
@@ -5818,39 +6735,39 @@ For some effects these lengths should be zero or negative.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\itemindent</code>
-<a name="index-_005citemindent"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citemindent"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-itemindent"></a><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
+<dd><span id="list-itemindent"></span><p>Extra horizontal space indentation, beyond <code>leftmargin</code>, of the
first line each item. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\itemsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005citemsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005citemsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-itemsep"></a><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
+<dd><span id="list-itemsep"></span><p>Vertical space between items, beyond the <code>\parsep</code>. The defaults
for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at
11 point are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is,
-<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
+<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and <code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2pt
plus1pt minus1pt</code>). The defaults at 12 point are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
minus1pt</code>, <code>\parsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>), and
<code>\topsep</code> (that is, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005clabelsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clabelsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-labelsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
+<dd><span id="list-labelsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the label and text of an item.
The default for LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;,
and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes is <code>0.5em</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\labelwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005clabelwidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clabelwidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-labelwidth"></a><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
+<dd><span id="list-labelwidth"></span><p>Horizontal width. The box containing the label is nominally this wide.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text that is wider than this then the first
line of the item will be indented to make room for this extra material.
If <code>\makelabel</code> returns text of width less than or equal to
@@ -5872,9 +6789,9 @@ environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftmargin-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-leftmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
+<dd><span id="list-leftmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the left margin of the enclosing environment
(or the left margin of the page if this is a top-level list), and the
left margin of this list. It must be non-negative.
</p>
@@ -5892,31 +6809,31 @@ error message &lsquo;<samp>Too deeply nested</samp>&rsquo;.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\listparindent</code>
-<a name="index-_005clistparindent"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clistparindent"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-listparindent"></a><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
+<dd><span id="list-listparindent"></span><p>Horizontal space of additional line indentation, beyond
<code>\leftmargin</code>, for second and subsequent paragraphs within a list
item. A negative value makes this an &ldquo;outdent&rdquo;. Its default value
is <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cparsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-parsep"></a><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item. In the &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;
-and &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo; classes The defaults for the first three levels in
-LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10
-point size are: <code>4pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt
-minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 11 point size are:
-<code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and
-<code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt
-minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
+<dd><span id="list-parsep"></span><p>Vertical space between paragraphs within an item.
+The defaults for the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>4pt
+plus2pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The
+defaults at 11 point size are: <code>4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt</code>,
+<code>2pt plus1pt minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>. The defaults at 12 point
+size are: <code>5pt plus2.5pt minus1pt</code>, <code>2.5pt plus1pt
+minus1pt</code>, and <code>0pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partopsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpartopsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpartopsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-partopsep"></a><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
+<dd><span id="list-partopsep"></span><p>Vertical space added, beyond <code>\topsep</code>+<code>\parskip</code>, to the top
and bottom of the entire environment if the list instance is preceded by
a blank line. (A blank line in the LaTeX source before the list
changes spacing at both the top and bottom of the list; whether the line
@@ -5932,17 +6849,17 @@ minus2pt</code>, and <code>1pt plus0pt minus1pt</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightmargin</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightmargin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightmargin"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-rightmargin"></a><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
+<dd><span id="list-rightmargin"></span><p>Horizontal space between the right margin of the list and the right
margin of the enclosing environment. Its default value is <code>0pt</code>.
It must be non-negative.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\topsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctopsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctopsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-topsep"></a><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
+<dd><span id="list-topsep"></span><p>Vertical space added to both the top and bottom of the list, in addition
to <code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>). The defaults for
the first three levels in LaTeX&rsquo;s &lsquo;<samp>article</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>book</samp>&rsquo;, and
&lsquo;<samp>report</samp>&rsquo; classes at 10 point size are: <code>8pt plus2pt minus4pt</code>,
@@ -6029,27 +6946,27 @@ page break.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\@beginparpenalty</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-beginparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><span id="list-beginparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before the list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\@itempenalty</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040itempenalty"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-itempenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><span id="list-itempenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking before a list item (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\@endparpenalty</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="list-endparpenalty"></a><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
+<dd><span id="list-endparpenalty"></span><p>The page breaking penalty for breaking after a list (default <code>-51</code>).
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-enumitem"></a>
-<a name="index-enumitem-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-enumitem-1"></span>
+<span id="index-enumitem-package-1"></span>
<p>The package <code>enumitem</code> is useful for customizing lists.
</p>
@@ -6072,25 +6989,23 @@ See <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a>.
\let\makelabel=\makeredlabel
}
}
-{\end{list} }
+{\end{list}}
</pre></div>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="1">\item</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">An entry in a list.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="2">trivlist</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A restricted form of <code>list</code>.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005citem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005citem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005citem_003a-An-entry-in-a-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.1 <code>\item</code>: An entry in a list</h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6108,7 +7023,7 @@ Next: <a href="#trivlist" accesskey="n" rel="next">trivlist</a>, Up: <a href="#l
depends on the list type.
</p>
<p>Because the optional label is surrounded by square brackets
-&lsquo;<samp>[...]</samp>&rsquo;, if you have an item whose text starts with &lsquo;<samp>[</samp>&rsquo;, you
+&lsquo;<samp>[...]</samp>&rsquo;, if you have an item whose text starts with [, you
have to hide the bracket inside curly braces, as in: <code>\item
{[} is an open square bracket</code>; otherwise, LaTeX will think it
marks the start of an optional label.
@@ -6135,13 +7050,11 @@ labelled&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>3.</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="trivlist"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="trivlist"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a href="#list" accesskey="u" rel="up">list</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
+<span id="trivlist_003a-A-restricted-form-of-list"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.16.2 <code>trivlist</code>: A restricted form of <code>list</code></h4>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6154,7 +7067,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005citem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\item</a>, Up: <a hre
<p>A restricted version of the list environment, in which margins are not
indented and an <code>\item</code> without an optional argument produces no
text. It is most often used in macros, to define an environment where
-the <code>\item</code> command as part of the environment&rsquo;s definition. For
+the <code>\item</code> command is part of the environment&rsquo;s definition. For
instance, the <code>center</code> environment is defined essentially like
this:
</p>
@@ -6188,18 +7101,16 @@ default) they have no paragraph indent and are vertically separated.
<hr>
-<a name="math"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="math"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a href="#list" accesskey="p" rel="prev">list</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="math-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
+<span id="math-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.17 <code>math</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-math-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-math-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-in_002dline-formulas"></a>
+<span id="index-inline-formulas"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6209,24 +7120,24 @@ Next: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="n" rel="next">minipage</a>, Previous: <a hr
\end{math}
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-_0024-inline-math"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"></span>
<p>The <code>math</code> environment inserts given <var>math</var> material within
the running text. <code>\(...\)</code> and <code>$...$</code> are synonyms.
See <a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="minipage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="minipage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#picture" accesskey="n" rel="next">picture</a>, Previous: <a href="#math" accesskey="p" rel="prev">math</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="minipage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
+<span id="minipage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.18 <code>minipage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-minipage-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-minipage-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></a>
+<span id="index-minipage_002c-creating-a"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -6272,8 +7183,9 @@ It gives the width of the box into which <var>contents</var> are typeset.
<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
<var>inner-pos</var>. You need not include all three. For example, get the
default <var>position</var> and set the <var>height</var> with
-<code>\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm] <var>contents</var> \end{minipage}</code>.
-(Get the natural height with an empty argument, <code>[]</code>.)
+<code>\begin{minipage}[c][2.54cm]{\columnwidth} <var>contents</var>
+\end{minipage}</code>. (Get the natural height with an empty argument,
+<code>[]</code>.)
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>position</var> governs how the <code>minipage</code>
vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
@@ -6281,18 +7193,19 @@ vertically aligns with the surrounding material.
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
<dd><p>(synonym <code>m</code>) Default. Positions the <code>minipage</code> so its
-vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (what
-Plain TeX calls <code>\vcenter</code>).
+vertical center lines up with the center of the adjacent text line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (Plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"></span>
+<p>Match the top line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vtop</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>b</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
-surrounding text (Plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>.
+<dd><span id="index-_005cvbox-plain-TeX"></span>
+<p>Match the bottom line in the <code>minipage</code> with the baseline of the
+surrounding text (plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\vbox</code>).
</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -6313,12 +7226,12 @@ height and LaTeX will not give an error or warning. You can also set
it to a height of zero or a negative value.
</p>
<p>The final optional argument <var>inner-pos</var> controls the placement of
-<var>content</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
+<var>contents</var> inside the box. These are the possible values are (the
default is the value of <var>position</var>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>t</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Place <var>content</var> at the top of the box.
+<dd><p>Place <var>contents</var> at the top of the box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>c</code></dt>
@@ -6351,15 +7264,15 @@ in place of <code>b</code>.
Text after
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent"></a>
+<span id="index-indentation-of-paragraphs_002c-in-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentation_002c-in-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparindent"></span>
<p>By default paragraphs are not indented in a <code>minipage</code>. Change
that with a command such as <code>\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}</code> at
the start of <var>contents</var>.
</p>
-<a name="index-footnotes-in-figures"></a>
-<a name="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes-in-figures"></span>
+<span id="index-figures_002c-footnotes-in"></span>
<p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
<code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> command puts the footnote at
@@ -6392,20 +7305,30 @@ Footnotes appear at the bottom of the text ended by the next
<p>This puts a table containing data side by side with a map graphic. They
are vertically centered.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx"></span>
+<span id="index-siunitx-package"></span>
+
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
+<pre class="example">% siunitx to have the S column specifier,
+% which aligns numbers on their decimal point.
+\usepackage{siunitx}
+\newcommand*{\vcenteredhbox}[1]{\begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}#1\end{tabular}}
...
\begin{center}
\vcenteredhbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{nyc.png}}
\hspace{0.1\textwidth}
\begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
- \begin{tabular}{r|l}
- \multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough} &amp;Pop (million) \\ \hline
- The Bronx &amp;$1.5$ \\
- Brooklyn &amp;$2.6$ \\
- Manhattan &amp;$1.6$ \\
- Queens &amp;$2.3$ \\
- Staten Island &amp;$0.5$
+ \begin{tabular}{r|S}
+ % \multicolumn to remove vertical bar between column headers
+ \multicolumn{1}{r}{Borough} &amp;
+ % braces to prevent siunitx from misinterpreting the
+ % period as a decimal separator
+ {Pop. (million)} \\ \hline
+ The Bronx &amp;1.5 \\
+ Brooklyn &amp;2.6 \\
+ Manhattan &amp;1.6 \\
+ Queens &amp;2.3 \\
+ Staten Island &amp;0.5
\end{tabular}
\end{minipage}
\end{center}
@@ -6413,24 +7336,22 @@ are vertically centered.
<hr>
-<a name="picture"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="picture"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation &amp; quote</a>, Previous: <a href="#minipage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">minipage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="picture-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
+<span id="picture-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.19 <code>picture</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-picture"></a>
-<a name="index-picture-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-picture"></span>
+<span id="index-picture-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-creating-pictures"></a>
-<a name="index-pictures_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-creating-pictures"></span>
+<span id="index-pictures_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)
- <var>picture commands</var>
+ <var>picture command</var>
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
@@ -6438,19 +7359,21 @@ Next: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="n" rel="next">quotation &amp;
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>)(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>)
- <var>picture commands</var>
+ <var>picture command</var>
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
+<p>Where there may be any number of <var>picture command</var>&rsquo;s.
+</p>
<p>An environment to create simple pictures containing lines, arrows,
-boxes, circles, and text. Note that while this environment is not
-obsolete, new documents typically use much more powerful graphics
-creation systems, such as <code>TikZ</code>, <code>PSTricks</code>, <code>MetaPost</code>,
-or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
+boxes, circles, and text. This environment is not obsolete, but new
+documents typically use much more powerful graphics creation systems,
+such as TikZ, PSTricks, MetaPost, or Asymptote. None of these are
+covered in this document; see CTAN.
</p>
-<p>This shows the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
+<p>To start, here&rsquo;s an example showing the parallelogram law for adding vectors.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cunitlength"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunitlength"></span>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm}
\begin{picture}(6,6) % picture box will be 6cm wide by 6cm tall
@@ -6458,44 +7381,25 @@ or <code>Asymptote</code>. These are not covered in this document; see CTAN.
\put(2,1){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ first leg}}
\put(4,2){\vector(1,2){2}}
\put(5,4){\makebox(0,0)[l]{\ second leg}}
- \put(0,0){\line(1,1){6}}
+ \put(0,0){\vector(1,1){6}}
\put(3,3){\makebox(0,0)[r]{sum\ }}
\end{picture}
</pre></div>
-<p>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
-exact location.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble
- ...
-\begin{center}
-\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}
-\begin{picture}(1,1) % leave space, \textwidth wide and tall
- \put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{desertedisland.jpg}}
- \put(0.25,0.35){\textcolor{red}{X Treasure here}}
-\end{picture}
-\end{center}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>The red&nbsp;X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\linewidth</code> from
-the left margin, and <code>0.35\linewidth</code> up from the bottom. Another
-example of this usage is to put similar code in the page header to get
-repeat material on each of a document&rsquo;s pages.
-</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one required argument, a pair of
-numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the value
-<code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, the space that
-LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size need not be how
-large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things from the picture
-outside the picture&rsquo;s box.
+positive real numbers (<var>width</var>,<var>height</var>). Multiply these by the
+value <code>\unitlength</code> to get the nominal size of the output, i.e.
+the space that LaTeX reserves on the output page. This nominal size
+need not be how large the picture really is; LaTeX will draw things
+from the picture outside the picture&rsquo;s box.
</p>
<p>This environment also has an optional argument
(<var>xoffset</var>,<var>yoffset</var>). It is used to shift the origin. Unlike
most optional arguments, this one is not contained in square brackets.
-As with the required argument, it consists of two real numbers.
-Multiply these by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the point at the lower-left
-corner of the picture.
+As with the required argument, it consists of a pair of two real
+numbers, but these may also be negative or null. Multiply these
+by <code>\unitlength</code> to get the coordinates of the point at the
+lower-left corner of the picture.
</p>
<p>For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1mm</code>, the
command
@@ -6512,26 +7416,29 @@ the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your
picture by shifting everything, you can just add the appropriate
optional argument.
</p>
-<a name="index-position_002c-in-picture"></a>
+<span id="index-position_002c-in-picture"></span>
<p>Each <var>picture command</var> tells LaTeX where to put something by
-naming its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
+providing its position. A <em>position</em> is a pair such as <code>(2.4,-5)</code>
giving the x- and y-coordinates. A <em>coordinate</em> is a not a length,
it is a real number (it may have a decimal point or a minus sign). It
specifies a length in multiples of the unit length <code>\unitlength</code>,
so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate
-2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
+<code>2.54</code> specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. it is a rigid
+<p>LaTeX&rsquo;s default for <code>\unitlength</code> is <code>1pt</code>. It is a rigid
length (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). Change it with the <code>\setlength</code> command
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Make this change only outside of a <code>picture</code>
environment.
</p>
-<p>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is normally at
+<p>The <code>picture</code> environment supports using standard arithmetic
+expressions as well as numbers.
+</p>
+<p>Coordinates are given with respect to an origin, which is by default at
the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position appears
as an argument, as with <code>\put(1,2){...}</code>, it is not enclosed in
braces since the parentheses serve to delimit the argument. Also,
unlike in some computer graphics systems, larger y-coordinates are
-further up the page.
+further up the page, for example, <em>y = 1</em> is <em>above</em> <em>y = 0</em>.
</p>
<p>There are four ways to put things in a picture: <code>\put</code>,
<code>\multiput</code>, <code>\qbezier</code>, and <code>\graphpaper</code>. The most
@@ -6544,7 +7451,7 @@ often used is <code>\put</code>. This
<p>places the object with its reference point at coordinates
<em>(11.3,-0.3)</em>. The reference points for various objects will be
described below.
-<a name="index-LR-box"></a>
+<span id="index-LR-box"></span>
The <code>\put</code> command creates an <em>LR box</em> (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
Anything that can go in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) can
go in the text argument of the <code>\put</code> command. The reference point
@@ -6566,69 +7473,70 @@ line of length one; rather the line has a change in the x coordinate of
<p>The <code>\multiput</code>, <code>qbezier</code>, and <code>graphpaper</code> commands are
described below.
</p>
-<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for
-that curve.
+<p>You can also use this environment to place arbitrary material at an
+exact location. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(3,1.5)
- \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}} % x axis
- \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}} % y axis
- \put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}} % left side rectangle
- \put(4,0){\line(0,1){3.5}} % right side
- \qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)
- \qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)
- \thicklines % below here, lines are twice as thick
- \put(2,3){\line(4,1){2}}
- \put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{Trapezoidal Rule}}
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{color,graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+\begin{center}
+\setlength{\unitlength}{\textwidth}
+\begin{picture}(1,1) % leave space, \textwidth wide and tall
+ \put(0,0){\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{desertedisland.jpg}}
+ \put(0.25,0.35){\textcolor{red}{X Treasure here}}
\end{picture}
+\end{center}
</pre></div>
+<p>The red&nbsp;X will be precisely a quarter of the <code>\textwidth</code> from
+the left margin, and <code>0.35\textwidth</code> up from the bottom of the
+picture. Another example of this usage is to put similar code in the
+page header to get repeat material on each of a document&rsquo;s pages.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="1">\put</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Place an object at a specified place.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2">\multiput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="2">\multiput</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw multiple instances of an object.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3">\qbezier</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a quadratic Bezier curve.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="3">\qbezier</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a quadratic B&eacute;zier curve.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4">\graphpaper</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw graph paper.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="4">\graphpaper</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw graph paper.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5">\line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="5">\line</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a straight line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6">\linethickness</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="6">\linethickness</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set thickness of horizontal and vertical lines.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7">\thinlines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="7">\thinlines</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The default line thickness.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="8">\thicklines</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A heavier line thickness.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9">\circle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="9">\circle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a circle.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an oval.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005coval">\oval</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw an oval.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a stack of objects.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make a stack of objects.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvector">\vector</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a line with an arrow.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box of the specified size.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a box with a frame around it.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cframe">\frame</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a frame around an object.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox">\dashbox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a dashed box.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cput-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.1 <code>\put</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6652,15 +7560,13 @@ text, at the bottom left of the &lsquo;<samp>A</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmultiput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmultiput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\put</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmultiput-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.2 <code>\multiput</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmultiput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmultiput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6688,15 +7594,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="n" rel="next">\qbezier</a>, Previous
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cqbezier"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cqbezier"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="n" rel="next">\graphpaper</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmultiput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multiput</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cqbezier-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.3 <code>\qbezier</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cqbezier"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cqbezier"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6726,17 +7630,31 @@ intermediate points. The default is to draw a smooth curve whose
maximum number of points is <code>\qbeziermax</code> (change this value with
<code>\renewcommand</code>).
</p>
+<p>This draws a rectangle with a wavy top, using <code>\qbezier</code> for
+that curve.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{picture}(8,4)
+ \put(0,0){\vector(1,0){8}} % x axis
+ \put(0,0){\vector(0,1){4}} % y axis
+ \put(2,0){\line(0,1){3}} % left side
+ \put(4,0){\line(0,1){3.5}} % right side
+ \qbezier(2,3)(2.5,2.9)(3,3.25)
+ \qbezier(3,3.25)(3.5,3.6)(4,3.5)
+ \thicklines % below here, lines are twice as thick
+ \put(2,3){\line(4,1){2}}
+ \put(4.5,2.5){\framebox{Trapezoidal Rule}}
+\end{picture}
+</pre></div>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphpaper"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cqbezier" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\qbezier</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphpaper-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.4 <code>\graphpaper</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cgraphpaper"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgraphpaper"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -6744,7 +7662,10 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\line</a>, Previous: <a h
\graphpaper[<var>spacing</var>](<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)(<var>x_dimen</var>,<var>y_dimen</var>)
</pre></div>
-<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <code>graphpap</code> package.
+<span id="index-package_002c-graphpap"></span>
+<span id="index-graphpap-package"></span>
+
+<p>Draw a coordinate grid. Requires the <samp>graphpap</samp> package.
The grid&rsquo;s origin is <code>(<var>x_init</var>,<var>y_init</var>)</code>.
Grid lines come every <var>spacing</var> units (the default is 10).
The grid extends <var>x_dimen</var> units to the right and <var>y_dimen</var> units up.
@@ -6764,15 +7685,13 @@ All arguments must be positive integers.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphpaper</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.5 <code>\line</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cline"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6782,7 +7701,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linethickness</
<p>Draw a line. It slopes such that it vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for
every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The <var>travel</var> is the total horizontal
-change&nbsp;&mdash; it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
+change&mdash;it is not the length of the vector, it is the change in
<em>x</em>. In the special case of vertical lines, where
(<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), the <var>travel</var> gives the change in
<em>y</em>.
@@ -6811,22 +7730,22 @@ then the line&rsquo;s ending point has a second coordinate that is less than
<p>If <var>travel</var> is negative then you get <code>LaTeX Error: Bad \line or
\vector argument.</code>
</p>
-<a name="index-pict2e-package"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-packages"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-pict2e"></a>
-<a name="index-pict2e-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-pict2e-package"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-packages"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-pict2e"></span>
+<span id="index-pict2e-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ"></a>
-<a name="index-TikZ-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ"></span>
+<span id="index-TikZ-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></a>
-<a name="index-PSTricks-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-PSTricks"></span>
+<span id="index-PSTricks-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></a>
-<a name="index-MetaPost-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-MetaPost"></span>
+<span id="index-MetaPost-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package"></span>
<p>Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with a limited range of slopes
because these lines are made by putting together line segments from
@@ -6836,21 +7755,20 @@ relatively prime, so that <var>(x_run,y_rise)</var> can be (2,1) but not
(4,2) (if you choose the latter then instead of lines you get sequences
of arrowheads; the solution is to switch to the former). To get lines
of arbitrary slope and plenty of other shapes in a system like
-<code>picture</code>, see the package <samp>pict2e</samp> on CTAN. Another solution
-is to use a full-featured graphics system such as <samp>TikZ</samp>, or
-<samp>PSTricks</samp>, or <samp>MetaPost</samp>, or <samp>Asymptote</samp>
+<code>picture</code>, see the package <samp>pict2e</samp>
+(<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/pict2e</a>). Another solution
+is to use a full-featured graphics system such as TikZ, PSTricks,
+MetaPost, or Asymptote.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clinethickness"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clinethickness"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinlines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\line</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005clinethickness-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.6 <code>\linethickness</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005clinethickness"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clinethickness"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6866,15 +7784,13 @@ lines, circles, or ovals.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinlines"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthinlines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thicklines</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\linethickness</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cthinlines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.7 <code>\thinlines</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cthinlines"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthinlines"></span>
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.4pt. This is the default
@@ -6883,15 +7799,13 @@ changed with either <a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a> or <a hr
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthicklines"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthicklines"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\circle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinlines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinlines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cthicklines-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.8 <code>\thicklines</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cthicklines"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthicklines"></span>
<p>Declaration to set the thickness of subsequent lines, circles, and ovals
in a picture environment to be 0.8pt. See also
@@ -6900,15 +7814,13 @@ in the Trapezoidal Rule example of <a href="#picture">picture</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccircle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccircle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="n" rel="next">\oval</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthicklines" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thicklines</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccircle-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccircle-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.9 <code>\circle</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccircle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccircle"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6926,21 +7838,19 @@ one. The <code>*</code>&nbsp;form produces a filled-in circle.
<pre class="example">\put(5,7){\circle{6}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The available radii for <code>circle</code> are, in points, the even
-numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>circle*</code> they are all the
+<p>The available radii for <code>\circle</code> are, in points, the even
+numbers from 2 to 20, inclusive. For <code>\circle*</code> they are all the
integers from 1 to 15.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005coval"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005coval"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">\shortstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccircle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\circle</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005coval-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005coval-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.10 <code>\oval</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005coval"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coval"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -6987,15 +7897,13 @@ boxes with a small amount of corner rounding.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cshortstack"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cshortstack"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vector</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005coval" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\oval</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cshortstack-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.11 <code>\shortstack</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cshortstack"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cshortstack"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7032,7 +7940,7 @@ the left of the <em>y</em>&nbsp;axis.
</p></dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028for-_005cshortstack-objects_0029"></span>
<p>Separate objects into lines with <code>\\</code>. These stacks are short in
that, unlike in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment, here the
rows are not spaced out to be of even heights. Thus, in
@@ -7048,15 +7956,13 @@ argument <code>\shortstack{X\\[2pt] o\\o\\X}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvector"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvector"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cshortstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\shortstack</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvector-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cvector-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.12 <code>\vector</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cvector"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvector"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7066,7 +7972,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\mak
<p>Draw a line ending in an arrow. The slope of that line is: it
vertically rises <var>y_rise</var> for every horizontal <var>x_run</var>. The
-<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change&nbsp;&mdash; it is not the
+<var>travel</var> is the total horizontal change&mdash;it is not the
length of the vector, it is the change in <em>x</em>. In the special case
of vertical vectors, if (<var>x_run</var>,<var>y_rise</var>)=(0,1), then
<var>travel</var> gives the change in <em>y</em>.
@@ -7082,15 +7988,13 @@ not (if you use the latter then you get a sequence of arrowheads).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\framebox (picture)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvector" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vector</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.13 <code>\makebox</code> (picture)</h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakebox-_0028for-picture_0029"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7139,15 +8043,13 @@ two of these letters.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frame</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.14 <code>\framebox</code> (picture)</h4>
-<a name="index-_005cframebox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cframebox"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7179,8 +8081,8 @@ the text in the center.
<var>text</var>; see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a> for the values that it can
take.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-1"></span>
<p>The rule has thickness <code>\fboxrule</code> and there is a blank space
<code>\fboxsep</code> between the frame and the contents of the box.
</p>
@@ -7190,15 +8092,13 @@ determined in some other way then either use <code>\fbox</code> (see <a href="#g
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cframe"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cframe"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdashbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\dashbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\framebox (picture)</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cframe-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cframe-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.15 <code>\frame</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cframe"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cframe"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7213,15 +8113,13 @@ between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect"
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cdashbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cdashbox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cframe" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frame</a>, Up: <a href="#picture" accesskey="u" rel="up">picture</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cdashbox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.19.16 <code>\dashbox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cdashbox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdashbox"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7257,26 +8155,24 @@ take.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="quotation-_0026-quote"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="quotation-_0026-quote"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabbing</a>, Previous: <a href="#picture" accesskey="p" rel="prev">picture</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></h3>
+<span id="quotation-_0026-quote-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.20 <code>quotation</code> &amp; <code>quote</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-quotation"></a>
-<a name="index-quotation-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-quotation"></span>
+<span id="index-quotation-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
-<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></a>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-quote-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span>
+<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-quote-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></a>
-<a name="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></a>
+<span id="index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying"></span>
+<span id="index-displaying-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentations-in-quoted-text_002c-omitting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7313,20 +8209,19 @@ between paragraphs (it is the rubber length <code>\parsep</code>).
<hr>
-<a name="tabbing"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tabbing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#table" accesskey="n" rel="next">table</a>, Previous: <a href="#quotation-_0026-quote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">quotation &amp; quote</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="tabbing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
+<span id="tabbing-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.21 <code>tabbing</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></a>
-<a name="index-tabbing-environment"></a>
+
+<span id="index-environment_002c-tabbing"></span>
+<span id="index-tabbing-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></a>
-<a name="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></a>
-<a name="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></a>
+<span id="index-tab-stops_002c-using"></span>
+<span id="index-lining-text-up-using-tab-stops"></span>
+<span id="index-alignment-via-tabbing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7349,12 +8244,12 @@ widths, ended by a <code>\kill</code> command (which is described below):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabbing}
-\hspace{0.75in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \= \hspace{0.40in} \kill
-Ship \&gt; Guns \&gt; Year \\
-\textit{Sophie} \&gt; 14 \&gt; 1800 \\
-\textit{Polychrest} \&gt; 24 \&gt; 1803 \\
-\textit{Lively} \&gt; 38 \&gt; 1804 \\
-\textit{Surprise} \&gt; 28 \&gt; 1805 \\
+\hspace{1.2in}\=\hspace{1in}\=\kill
+Ship \&gt;Guns \&gt;Year \\
+\textit{Sophie} \&gt;14 \&gt;1800 \\
+\textit{Polychrest} \&gt;24 \&gt;1803 \\
+\textit{Lively} \&gt;38 \&gt;1804 \\
+\textit{Surprise} \&gt;28 \&gt;1805 \\
\end{tabbing}
</pre></div>
@@ -7365,24 +8260,25 @@ determined automatically by LaTeX, while in <code>tabbing</code> the user
sets the tab stops. Another distinction is that <code>tabular</code>
generates a box, but <code>tabbing</code> can be broken across pages.
Finally, while <code>tabular</code> can be used in any mode, <code>tabbing</code>
-can be used only in paragraph mode and it starts a new paragraph.
+can be used only in paragraph mode and it always starts a new paragraph,
+without indentation.
</p>
-<p>A <code>tabbing</code> environment always starts a new paragraph, without
-indentation. Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
+<p>Moreover, as shown in the example above, there is no need
to use the starred form of the <code>\hspace</code> command at the beginning
of a tabbed row. The right margin of the <code>tabbing</code> environment is
the end of line, so that the width of the environment is
<code>\linewidth</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-row_002c-tabbing"></a>
+<span id="index-row_002c-tabbing"></span>
<p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment contains a sequence of <em>tabbed
rows</em>. The first tabbed row begins immediately after
<code>\begin{tabbing}</code> and each row ends with <code>\\</code> or
<code>\kill</code>. The last row may omit the <code>\\</code> and end with just
<code>\end{tabbing}</code>.
</p>
-<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a current tab stop
-pattern, a sequence of <em><var>n</var> &gt; 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
+<span id="index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing"></span>
+<p>At any point the <code>tabbing</code> environment has a <em>current tab stop
+pattern</em>, a sequence of <em><var>n</var> &gt; 0</em> tab stops, numbered 0, 1,
etc. These create <var>n</var> corresponding columns. Tab stop&nbsp;0 is
always the left margin, defined by the enclosing environment. Tab
stop number&nbsp;<var>i</var> is set if it is assigned a horizontal
@@ -7399,33 +8295,33 @@ They are all fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\\ <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>End a tabbed line and typeset it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\= <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_003d-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets a tab stop at the current position.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003e"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003e"></span>
<p>Advances to the next tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\&lt;</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_003c"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_003c"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put following text to the left of the local margin (without changing
the margin). Can only be used at the start of the line.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\+</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_002b"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002b"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if
@@ -7433,7 +8329,7 @@ necessary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\-</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_002d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves the left margin of the next and all the
following commands one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if
@@ -7441,7 +8337,7 @@ necessary.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column, i.e.,
everything from the most recent <code>\&gt;</code>, <code>\&lt;</code>, <code>\'</code>,
@@ -7450,7 +8346,7 @@ to the right, flush against the current column&rsquo;s tab stop.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\` <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0060-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including tab
stop&nbsp;0. However, it can&rsquo;t move text to the right of the last
@@ -7463,18 +8359,18 @@ of the <code>tabbing</code> environment. There must be no <code>\&gt;</code> or
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ca_0060-_0028grave-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"></span>
<p>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and
<code>\`</code> do not produce accents as usual (see <a href="#Accents">Accents</a>). Instead,
use the commands <code>\a=</code>, <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kill</code>
-<a name="index-_005ckill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ckill"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like <code>\\</code> except
that it throws away the current line instead of producing output for it.
@@ -7483,21 +8379,21 @@ effect.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\poptabs</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpoptabs"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpoptabs"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cpoptabs-1"></span>
<p>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last <code>\pushtabs</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pushtabs</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpushtabs"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpushtabs"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily changing
tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> environment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabbingsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctabbingsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctabbingsep"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Distance of the text moved by <code>\'</code> to left of current tab stop.
</p>
@@ -7530,15 +8426,15 @@ function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
end;
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></a>
-<a name="index-algorithm2e-package"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-listings"></a>
-<a name="index-listings-package"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-minted"></a>
-<a name="index-minted-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-algorithm2e"></span>
+<span id="index-algorithm2e-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-listings"></span>
+<span id="index-listings-package"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-minted"></span>
+<span id="index-minted-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyvrb-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyvrb-package"></span>
<p>This example is just for illustration of the environment. To actually
typeset computer code in typewriter like this, a verbatim environment
@@ -7548,19 +8444,17 @@ there are quite a few packages, including <code>algorithm2e</code>,
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="table"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="table"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="n" rel="next">tabular</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabbing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabbing</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="table-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
+<span id="table-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.22 <code>table</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-table"></a>
-<a name="index-table-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-table"></span>
+<span id="index-table-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-tables_002c-creating"></a>
-<a name="index-creating-tables"></a>
+<span id="index-tables_002c-creating"></span>
+<span id="index-creating-tables"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7593,19 +8487,17 @@ are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page.
\end{table}
</pre></div>
-<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>,
-including text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+<p>but you can put many different kinds of content in a <code>table</code>:
+the <var>table body</var> may contain text, LaTeX commands, graphics, etc. It is
+typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
</p>
<p>For the possible values of <var>placement</var> and their effect on the
float placement algorithm, see <a href="#Floats">Floats</a>.
</p>
-<p>The table body is typeset in a <code>parbox</code> of width <code>\textwidth</code>.
-It can contain text, commands, graphics, etc.
-</p>
<p>The label is optional; it is used for cross references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>).
-<a name="index-_005ccaption-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccaption-1"></span>
The <code>\caption</code> command is also optional. It specifies caption text
-for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
+<var>title</var> for the table. By default it is numbered. If its optional
<var>lottitle</var> is present then that text is used in the list of tables
instead of <var>title</var> (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>).
</p>
@@ -7627,19 +8519,17 @@ unless it is pushed to a float page at the end.
<hr>
-<a name="tabular"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="tabular"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="n" rel="next">thebibliography</a>, Previous: <a href="#table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">table</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="tabular-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
+<span id="tabular-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.23 <code>tabular</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-tabular"></a>
-<a name="index-tabular-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-tabular"></span>
+<span id="index-tabular-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-lines-in-tables"></a>
-<a name="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></a>
+<span id="index-lines-in-tables"></span>
+<span id="index-lining-text-up-in-tables"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7675,12 +8565,12 @@ illustrates many of the features.
<p>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <code>tabular</code>&rsquo;s argument
<code>{l|l}</code>.
-<a name="index-_0026"></a>
+<span id="index-_0026-for-table-cells"></span>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <code>&amp;</code>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <code>\\</code>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <code>\hline</code>.
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-tabular"></span>
After the last row the <code>\\</code> is optional, unless an <code>\hline</code>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</p>
@@ -7763,7 +8653,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
\end{tabular}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cextracolsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cextracolsep"></span>
<p>An <code>\extracolsep{<var>wd</var>}</code> command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width <var>wd</var> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <code>\extracolsep</code>. Unlike
@@ -7796,7 +8686,7 @@ a <code>\centering</code>, <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code
declaration (when used in a <code>p</code>-column element these declarations
must appear inside braces, as with <code>{\centering .. \\
..}</code>). Otherwise LaTeX will misinterpret the double backslash as
-ending the row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
+ending the tabular row. Instead, to get a line break in there use
<code>\newline</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>).
</p>
</dd>
@@ -7826,33 +8716,33 @@ are likely to get the <code>Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in alignment
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arrayrulewidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carrayrulewidth"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></a><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
+<dd><span id="tabular-arrayrulewidth"></span><p>A length that is the thickness of the rule created by <code>|</code>,
<code>\hline</code>, and <code>\vline</code> in the <code>tabular</code> and <code>array</code>
environments. The default is &lsquo;<samp>.4pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it as in
<code>\setlength{\arrayrulewidth}{0.8pt}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arraystretch</code>
-<a name="index-_005carraystretch"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carraystretch"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-arraystrech"></a><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
+<dd><span id="tabular-arraystrech"></span><p>A factor by which the spacing between rows in the <code>tabular</code> and
<code>array</code> environments is multiplied. The default is &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;, for
no scaling. Change it as <code>\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doublerulesep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdoublerulesep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-doublerulesep"></a><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
+<dd><span id="tabular-doublerulesep"></span><p>A length that is the distance between the vertical rules produced by the
<code>||</code> specifier. The default is &lsquo;<samp>2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tabcolsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctabcolsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctabcolsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="tabular-tabcolsep"></a><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
+<dd><span id="tabular-tabcolsep"></span><p>A length that is half of the space between columns. The default is
&lsquo;<samp>6pt</samp>&rsquo;. Change it with <code>\setlength</code>.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -7863,27 +8753,25 @@ environment, the first two inside an entry and the second two between
lines:
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="1">\multicolumn</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make an item spanning several columns.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2">\vline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="2">\vline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a vertical line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3">\cline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="3">\cline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning some columns.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4">\hline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="4">\hline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Draw a horizontal line spanning all columns.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cmulticolumn-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.1 <code>\multicolumn</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cmulticolumn"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmulticolumn"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -7978,15 +8866,13 @@ in the first row here. That&rsquo;s because there is no vertical bar in the
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmulticolumn" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\multicolumn</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cvline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.2 <code>\vline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cvline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvline"></span>
<p>Draw a vertical line in a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment
extending the full height and depth of an entry&rsquo;s row. Can also be
used in an @-expression, although its synonym vertical
@@ -8016,15 +8902,13 @@ the vertical line in that entry appears immediately next to the
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.3 <code>\cline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccline"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8051,15 +8935,13 @@ height.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cline</a>, Up: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="u" rel="up">tabular</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005chline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.23.4 <code>\hline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005chline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chline"></span>
<p>Draw a horizontal line the width of the enclosing <code>tabular</code> or
<code>array</code> environment. It&rsquo;s most commonly used to draw a line at the
@@ -8080,18 +8962,16 @@ is required.
<hr>
-<a name="thebibliography"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="thebibliography"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#tabular" accesskey="p" rel="prev">tabular</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="thebibliography-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
+<span id="thebibliography-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.24 <code>thebibliography</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></a>
-<a name="index-thebibliography-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-thebibliography"></span>
+<span id="index-thebibliography-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8104,7 +8984,7 @@ Next: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">theorem</a>, Previous: <a href
<p>Produce a bibliography or reference list. There are two ways to produce
bibliographic lists. This environment is suitable when you have only a
-few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>
+few references and can maintain the list by hand. See <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>,
for a more sophisticated approach.
</p>
<p>This shows the environment with two entries.
@@ -8126,15 +9006,17 @@ Together they are \cite{latexdps, texbook}.
</pre></div>
<p>This styles the first reference as &lsquo;<samp>[1] Leslie ...</samp>&rsquo;, and so that
-<code>\cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching &lsquo;<samp>... based on [1]</samp>&rsquo;.
-The second <code>\cite</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>[1, 2]</samp>&rsquo;. You must compile the
-document twice to resolve these references.
+<code>... based on \cite{latexdps}</code> produces the matching
+&lsquo;<samp>... based on [1]</samp>&rsquo;. The second <code>\cite</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>[1,
+2]</samp>&rsquo;. You must compile the document twice to resolve these references.
</p>
<p>The mandatory argument <var>widest-label</var> is text that, when typeset, is
as wide as the widest item label produced by the <code>\bibitem</code>
commands. The tradition is to use <code>9</code> for bibliographies with less
than 10 references, <code>99</code> for ones with less than 100, etc.
</p>
+<span id="index-_005cbibname"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crefname"></span>
<p>The bibliographic list is headed by a title such as &lsquo;<samp>Bibliography</samp>&rsquo;.
To change it there are two cases. In the <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp>
classes, where the top level sectioning is <code>\chapter</code> and the
@@ -8142,38 +9024,38 @@ default title is &lsquo;<samp>Bibliography</samp>&rsquo;, that title is in the m
<code>\bibname</code>. For <samp>article</samp>, where the class&rsquo;s top level
sectioning is <code>\section</code> and the default is &lsquo;<samp>References</samp>&rsquo;, the
title is in macro <code>\refname</code>. Change it by redefining the command,
-as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code> after
+as with <code>\renewcommand{\refname}{Cited references}</code>, after
<code>\begin{document}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-1"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-1"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-1"></span>
<p>Language support packages such as <samp>babel</samp> will automatically
redefine <code>\refname</code> or <code>\bibname</code> to fit the selected
language.
</p>
+<p>See <a href="#list">list</a>, for the list layout control parameters.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="1">\bibitem</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="2">\cite</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Refer to a bibliography item.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="3">\nocite</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Include an item in the bibliography.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="4">Using BibTeX</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatic generation of bibliographies.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbibitem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbibitem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cbibitem-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.1 <code>\bibitem</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cbibitem"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbibitem"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8187,16 +9069,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#
<pre class="example">\bibitem[<var>label</var>]{<var>cite_key</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Generate an entry labeled by <var>label</var>. The default is for LaTeX to
-generates a number using the <code>enumi</code> counter. The <em>citation key</em>
-<a name="index-citation-key"></a>
-<var>cite_key</var> is a string of
+<p>Generate an entry labeled by default by a number generated using the
+<code>enumi</code> counter. The <em>citation key</em>
+<span id="index-citation-key"></span>
+<var>cite_key</var> can be any string of
letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols (but not comma).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a> for an example.
+<p>See <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>, for an example.
</p>
-<p>The optional <var>label</var> changes the default label from an integer to the
-given string. With this
+<p>When provided, the optional <var>label</var> becomes the entry label and the
+<code>enumi</code> counter is not incremented. With this
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{thebibliography}
@@ -8227,8 +9109,8 @@ Warning: There were multiply-defined labels</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>Under the hood, LaTeX remembers the <var>cite_key</var> and <var>label</var>
information because <code>\bibitem</code> writes it to the auxiliary file
-<samp><var>filename</var>.aux</samp>. For instance, the above example causes
-<code>\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and
+<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, the above
+example causes the two <code>\bibcite{latexdps}{Lamport, 1993}</code> and
<code>\bibcite{texbook}{1}</code> to appear in that file. The <samp>.aux</samp>
file is read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command and then the
information is available for <code>\cite</code> commands. This explains why
@@ -8242,15 +9124,13 @@ recompiling.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccite"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccite"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nocite</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bibitem</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccite-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005ccite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.2 <code>\cite</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005ccite"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccite"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8281,20 +9161,21 @@ comma-separated list of citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</
\end{thebibliography}
</pre></div>
-<p>produces output like &lsquo;<samp>... source is [1]</samp>&rsquo;. (You can change the
-appearance of the citation with bibliography styles. More is in
-<a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>.)
+<p>produces output like &lsquo;<samp>... source is [1]</samp>&rsquo;. You can change the
+appearance of the citation and of the reference by using bibliography
+styles if you generate automatically the <code>thebibliography</code>
+environment. More information in <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <var>subcite</var> is appended to the citation. For
example, <code>See 14.3 in \cite[p.~314]{texbook}</code> might produce
&lsquo;<samp>See 14.3 in [1, p.&nbsp;314]</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>In addition to what appears in the output, <code>\cite</code> writes
-information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>filename</var>.aux</samp>. For
-instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes &lsquo;<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>&rsquo;
-to that file. This information is used by BibTeX to include in your
-reference list only those works that you have actually cited; see
-<a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a> also.
+information to the auxiliary file <samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp>
+(see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>). For instance, <code>\cite{latexdps}</code> writes
+&lsquo;<samp>\citation{latexdps}</samp>&rsquo; to that file. This information is used by
+BibTeX to include in your reference list only those works that you
+have actually cited; see <a href="#g_t_005cnocite">\nocite</a> also.
</p>
<p>If <var>keys</var> is not in your bibliography information then you get
&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: There were undefined references</samp>&rsquo;, and in the output
@@ -8307,15 +9188,13 @@ the fix may be to run LaTeX again.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnocite"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnocite"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnocite-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnocite-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.3 <code>\nocite</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cnocite"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnocite"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8324,33 +9203,31 @@ Next: <a href="#Using-BibTeX" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using BibTeX</a>, Previou
</pre></div>
<p>Produces no output but writes <var>keys</var> to the auxiliary file
-<samp><var>doc-filename</var>.aux</samp>.
+<samp><var>jobname</var>.aux</samp> (see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>).
</p>
<p>The mandatory argument <var>keys</var> is a comma-separated list of one or
more citation keys (see <a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a>). This information is used by
BibTeX to include these works in your reference list even though you
-have not cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>).
+have not explicitly cited them (see <a href="#g_t_005ccite">\cite</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Using-BibTeX"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Using-BibTeX"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnocite" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nocite</a>, Up: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="u" rel="up">thebibliography</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Using-BibTeX-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
+<span id="Using-BibTeX-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.24.4 Using BibTeX</h4>
-<a name="index-using-BibTeX"></a>
-<a name="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></a>
-<a name="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cbibliography"></a>
+<span id="index-using-BibTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-bibTeX_002c-using"></span>
+<span id="index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028automatically_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbibliographystyle"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cbibliography"></span>
<p>As described in <code>thebibliography</code> (see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>), a
sophisticated approach to managing bibliographies is provided by the
BibTeX program. This is only an introduction; see the full
-documentation on CTAN.
+documentation on CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
</p>
<p>With BibTeX, you don&rsquo;t use <code>thebibliography</code>
(see <a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a>). Instead, include these lines.
@@ -8383,7 +9260,7 @@ Sort the bibliographic items alphabetically.
<p>Many, many other BibTeX style files exist,
tailored to the demands of various publications. See CTAN&rsquo;s listing
-<a href="http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">http://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.
+<a href="https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib">https://mirror.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/contrib</a>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\bibliography</code> command is what actually produces the
bibliography. Its argument is a comma-separated list, referring to
@@ -8416,18 +9293,16 @@ you used.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="theorem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="theorem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="n" rel="next">titlepage</a>, Previous: <a href="#thebibliography" accesskey="p" rel="prev">thebibliography</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="theorem-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
+<span id="theorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.25 <code>theorem</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem"></a>
-<a name="index-theorem-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem"></span>
+<span id="index-theorem-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></a>
+<span id="index-theorems_002c-typesetting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8455,11 +9330,11 @@ The next result follows immediately.
\end{thm}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-4"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-4"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-4"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm"></a>
-<a name="index-amsthm-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm"></span>
+<span id="index-amsthm-package"></span>
<p>Most new documents use the packages <code>amsthm</code> and <code>amsmath</code>
from the American Mathematical Society. Among other things these
@@ -8468,19 +9343,17 @@ such as styling options.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="titlepage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="titlepage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="n" rel="next">verbatim</a>, Previous: <a href="#theorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">theorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="titlepage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
+<span id="titlepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.26 <code>titlepage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-titlepage-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-titlepage-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-making-a-title-page"></a>
-<a name="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-making-a-title-page"></span>
+<span id="index-title-pages_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8524,22 +9397,20 @@ environment, use <code>\maketitle</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\make
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="verbatim"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="verbatim"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#verse" accesskey="n" rel="next">verse</a>, Previous: <a href="#titlepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">titlepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="verbatim-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
+<span id="verbatim-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.27 <code>verbatim</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></a>
-<a name="index-verbatim-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-verbatim"></span>
+<span id="index-verbatim-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-verbatim-text"></a>
-<a name="index-simulating-typed-text"></a>
-<a name="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></a>
-<a name="index-code_002c-typesetting"></a>
-<a name="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></a>
+<span id="index-verbatim-text"></span>
+<span id="index-simulating-typed-text"></span>
+<span id="index-typed-text_002c-simulating"></span>
+<span id="index-code_002c-typesetting"></span>
+<span id="index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8565,19 +9436,24 @@ Symbol swearing: %&amp;$#?!.
<p>The only restriction on <code>literal-text</code> is that it cannot include
the string <code>\end{verbatim}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cprotect"></a>
-<a name="index-cprotect-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect"></span>
+<span id="index-cprotect-package"></span>
<p>You cannot use the verbatim environment in the argument to macros, for
instance in the argument to a <code>\section</code>. This is not the same as
-commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot appear
-there. (But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
+commands being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot work,
+as the <code>verbatim</code> environment changes the catcode regime before
+processing its contents, and restore it immediately afterward,
+nevertheless with a macro argument the content of the argument has
+already be converted to a token list along the catcode regime in effect
+when the macro was called. However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can
+help with this.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-listings-1"></a>
-<a name="index-listings-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-listings-1"></span>
+<span id="index-listings-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-minted-1"></a>
-<a name="index-minted-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-minted-1"></span>
+<span id="index-minted-package-1"></span>
<p>One common use of verbatim input is to typeset computer code. There are
packages that are an improvement the <code>verbatim</code> environment. For
@@ -8585,34 +9461,32 @@ instance, one improvement is to allow the verbatim inclusion of external
files, or parts of those files. Such packages include <code>listings</code>,
and <code>minted</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyvrb-1"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyvrb-package-1"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></a>
-<a name="index-verbatimbox-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-verbatimbox"></span>
+<span id="index-verbatimbox-package"></span>
<p>A package that provides many more options for verbatim environments is
<code>fancyvrb</code>. Another is <code>verbatimbox</code>.
</p>
-<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN.
+<p>For a list of all the relevant packages, see CTAN (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cverb" accesskey="1">\verb</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The macro form of the <code>verbatim</code> environment.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cverb"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cverb"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="u" rel="up">verbatim</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cverb-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cverb-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">8.27.1 <code>\verb</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cverb"></a>
-<a name="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cverb"></span>
+<span id="index-verbatim-text_002c-inline"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8636,62 +9510,65 @@ exclamation point, <code>!</code>. The second instead uses plus, <code>+</code>
because the exclamation point is part of <code>literal-text</code>.
</p>
<p>The single-character delimiter <var>char</var> surrounds
-<var>literal-text</var>&nbsp;&mdash; it must be the same character before and
-after. No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and
-<var>char</var>, or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between
-<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the synopsis
-shows a space only to distinguish one component from the other). The
-delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The <var>literal-text</var>
-cannot include a line break.
-</p>
-<a name="index-visible-space"></a>
+<var>literal-text</var>&mdash;it must be the same character before and after.
+No spaces come between <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and <var>char</var>,
+or between <var>char</var> and <var>literal-text</var>, or between
+<var>literal-text</var> and the second occurrence of <var>char</var> (the
+synopsis shows a space only to distinguish one component from the
+other). The delimiter must not appear in <var>literal-text</var>. The
+<var>literal-text</var> cannot include a line break.
+</p>
+<span id="index-visible-space"></span>
<p>The <code>*</code>-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a visible
space character.
</p>
-<p>The output from this will include a character showing the spaces.
+<p>The output from this will include a visible space on both side of word
+&lsquo;<samp>with</samp>&rsquo;:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">The commands's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
+<pre class="example">The command's first argument is \verb*!filename with extension! and ...
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-url"></a>
-<a name="index-url-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-url"></span>
+<span id="index-url-package"></span>
<p>For typesetting Internet addresses, urls, the package <code>url</code>
-provides an option that is better than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
+is a better option than the <code>\verb</code> command, since
it allows line breaks.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-listings-2"></a>
-<a name="index-listings-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-listings-2"></span>
+<span id="index-listings-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-minted-2"></a>
-<a name="index-minted-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-minted-2"></span>
+<span id="index-minted-package-2"></span>
<p>For computer code there are many packages with advantages over
<code>\verb</code>. One is <samp>listings</samp>, another is <samp>minted</samp>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></a>
-<a name="index-cprotect-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cprotect-1"></span>
+<span id="index-cprotect-package-1"></span>
<p>You cannot use <code>\verb</code> in the argument to a macro, for instance in
the argument to a <code>\section</code>. It is not a question of <code>\verb</code>
-being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot appear there.
-(But the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.)
+being fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>), instead it just cannot work, as the
+<code>\verb</code> command changes the catcode regime before reading its
+argument, and restore it immediately afterward, nevertheless with a
+macro argument the content of the argument has already be converted to a
+token list along the catcode regime in effect when the macro was called.
+However, the <code>cprotect</code> package can help with this.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="verse"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="verse"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="u" rel="up">Environments</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="verse-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
+<span id="verse-1"></span><h3 class="section">8.28 <code>verse</code></h3>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-verse"></a>
-<a name="index-verse-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-verse"></span>
+<span id="index-verse-environment"></span>
-<a name="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></a>
+<span id="index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -8712,7 +9589,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#verbatim" accesskey="p" rel="prev">verbatim</a>, Up: <a href
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-verse"></span>
<p>Separate the lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</p>
@@ -8735,16 +9612,14 @@ are not indented, and the text is not right-justified.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Line-breaking"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Line-breaking"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page breaking</a>, Previous: <a href="#Environments" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Environments</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Line-breaking-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
+<span id="Line-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">9 Line breaking</h2>
-<a name="index-line-breaking"></a>
-<a name="index-breaking-lines"></a>
+<span id="index-line-breaking"></span>
+<span id="index-breaking-lines"></span>
<p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to
translate your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces. To
@@ -8761,37 +9636,35 @@ text as you input it. Putting these off until the end prevents a lot of
fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="1">\\</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="2">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make each input line start a new output line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="3">\newline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Break the line
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="4">\- (hyphenation)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert explicit hyphenation.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="5">\discretionary</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Explicit control of the hyphen character.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="6">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Be more or less particular with line breaking.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="7">\hyphenation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="8">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding line breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_005c"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_005c"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="n" rel="next">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_005c-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_005c-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.1 <code>\\</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></a>
-<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-force-line-break"></span>
+<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-line-break_002c-forcing"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -8867,25 +9740,23 @@ something like this.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_005c" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\\</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.2 <code>\obeycr</code> &amp; <code>\restorecr</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cobeycr"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crestorecr"></a>
-<a name="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cobeycr"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crestorecr"></span>
+<span id="index-new-line_002c-output-as-input"></span>
<p>The <code>\obeycr</code> command makes a return in the input file (&lsquo;<samp>^^M</samp>&rsquo;,
internally) the same as <code>\\</code>, followed by <code>\relax</code>. So each
new line in the input will also be a new line in the output. The
<code>\restorecr</code> command restores normal line-breaking behavior.
</p>
-<p>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code.
-See <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a> instead.
+<p>This is not the way to show verbatim text or computer code. Use
+<code>verbatim</code> (see <a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a>) instead.
</p>
<p>With LaTeX&rsquo;s usual defaults, this
</p>
@@ -8922,16 +9793,14 @@ fff ggg
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewline-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewline-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.3 <code>\newline</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewline"></a>
-<a name="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewline"></span>
+<span id="index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029"></span>
<p>In ordinary text, this ends a line in a way that does not right-justify
the line, so the prior text is not stretched. That is, in paragraph mode
@@ -8959,16 +9828,14 @@ single cell of the table.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="n" rel="next">\discretionary</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newline</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002d-_0028discretionary-hyphen_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.4 <code>\-</code> (discretionary hyphen)</h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-forcing"></span>
<p>Tell LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. When you
insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at
@@ -9006,15 +9873,13 @@ care.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\- (hyphenation)</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></a>
+<span id="g_t_005cdiscretionary-_0028generalized-hyphenation-point_0029"></span><h3 class="section">9.5 <code>\discretionary</code> (generalized hyphenation point)</h3>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-discretionary-hyphenation"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9042,17 +9907,15 @@ automatically by TeX&rsquo;s hyphenation algorithm.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\discretionary</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.6 <code>\fussy</code> &amp; <code>\sloppy</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfussy"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csloppy"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfussy"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csloppy"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-changing"></span>
<p>Declarations to make TeX more picky or less picky about line
breaking. Declaring <code>\fussy</code> usually avoids too much space between
@@ -9067,22 +9930,20 @@ the line breaks, include that paragraph-ending material in the scope of
the command.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1">sloppypar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of \sloppy command.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#sloppypar" accesskey="1">sloppypar</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of \sloppy command.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="sloppypar"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="sloppypar"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="sloppypar-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
+<span id="sloppypar-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">9.6.1 <code>sloppypar</code></h4>
-<a name="index-sloppypar"></a>
-<a name="index-sloppypar-environment"></a>
+<span id="index-sloppypar"></span>
+<span id="index-sloppypar-environment"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9114,16 +9975,14 @@ Up: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="u" rel="up">\fussy &am
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chyphenation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chyphenation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fussy &amp; \sloppy</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chyphenation-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.7 <code>\hyphenation</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chyphenation"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chyphenation"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-defining"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9146,18 +10005,16 @@ exactly. Multiple <code>\hyphenation</code> commands accumulate.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chyphenation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hyphenation</a>, Up: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Line breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">9.8 <code>\linebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nolinebreak</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005clinebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnolinebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clinebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnolinebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-forcing"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-preventing"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -9192,21 +10049,19 @@ underrepresented groups.
<p>When you issue <code>\linebreak</code>, the spaces in the line are stretched
out so that it extends to the right margin. See <a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a>
-and&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a> to have the spaces not stretched out.
+and&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a>, to have the spaces not stretched out.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Page-breaking"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Page-breaking"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Line-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Line breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Page-breaking-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
+<span id="Page-breaking-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">10 Page breaking</h2>
-<a name="index-page-breaking"></a>
-<a name="index-breaking-pages"></a>
+<span id="index-page-breaking"></span>
+<span id="index-breaking-pages"></span>
<p>Ordinarily LaTeX automatically takes care of breaking output into
pages with its usual aplomb. But if you are writing commands, or
@@ -9235,34 +10090,32 @@ second one is lousy; to break the current page LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t look as
far ahead as the next page break. So occasionally you may want to
influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a> for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
+<p>See <a href="#Layout">Layout</a>, for more material that is relevant to page breaking.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page; eject floats.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="1">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page; eject floats.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2">\newpage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="2">\newpage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a new page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3">\enlargethispage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="3">\enlargethispage</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Enlarge the current page a bit.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="4">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Forcing &amp; avoiding page breaks.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.1 <code>\clearpage</code> &amp; <code>\cleardoublepage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cclearpage"></a>
-<a name="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cclearpage"></span>
+<span id="index-flushing-floats-and-starting-a-page"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-a-new-page-and-clearing-floats"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccleardoublepage"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-on-a-right_002dhand-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9311,17 +10164,15 @@ two-column mode then <code>\newpage</code> ends the current column while
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewpage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewpage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\enlargethispage</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewpage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.2 <code>\newpage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewpage"></a>
-<a name="index-new-page_002c-starting"></a>
-<a name="index-starting-a-new-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewpage"></span>
+<span id="index-new-page_002c-starting"></span>
+<span id="index-starting-a-new-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -9354,22 +10205,20 @@ continent,
proposition that all men are created equal.
</pre></div>
-<p>makes a new page start after &lsquo;<samp>continent,</samp>&rsquo; and the cut-off line is
+<p>makes a new page start after &lsquo;<samp>continent</samp>&rsquo;, and the cut-off line is
not right justified. In addition, <code>\newpage</code> does not vertically
stretch out the page, as <code>\pagebreak</code> does.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newpage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cenlargethispage-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.3 <code>\enlargethispage</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cenlargethispage"></a>
-<a name="index-enlarge-current-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cenlargethispage"></span>
+<span id="index-enlarge-current-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -9399,18 +10248,16 @@ explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enlargethispage</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page breaking</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">10.4 <code>\pagebreak</code> &amp; <code>\nopagebreak</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpagebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnopagebreak"></a>
-<a name="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></a>
-<a name="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpagebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnopagebreak"></span>
+<span id="index-page-break_002c-forcing"></span>
+<span id="index-page-break_002c-preventing"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -9449,26 +10296,24 @@ a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal.
</pre></div>
-<p>does not give a page break at &lsquo;<samp>continent,</samp>&rsquo; but instead at
-&lsquo;<samp>nation,</samp>&rsquo; since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
+<p>does not give a page break at &lsquo;<samp>continent</samp>&rsquo;, but instead at
+&lsquo;<samp>nation</samp>&rsquo;, since that is where LaTeX breaks that line. In
addition, with <code>\pagebreak</code> the vertical space on the page is
stretched out where possible so that it extends to the normal bottom
margin. This can look strange, and if <code>\flushbottom</code> is in effect
this can cause you to get &lsquo;<samp>Underfull \vbox (badness 10000) has
-occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a> for a command that
+occurred while \output is active</samp>&rsquo;. See <a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a>, for a command that
does not have these effects.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Definitions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-breaking" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page breaking</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
+<span id="Footnotes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">11 Footnotes</h2>
-<a name="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes_002c-creating"></span>
<p>Place a footnote at the bottom of the current page, as here.
</p>
@@ -9490,31 +10335,29 @@ circumstances.
include a bibliographic style with that behavior (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="1">\footnote</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert a footnote.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="2">\footnotemark</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote mark only.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="3">\footnotetext</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Insert footnote text only.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="4">Footnotes in section headings</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Chapter or section titles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="5">Footnotes in a table</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table footnotes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="6">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Multiple classes of footnotes.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnote"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnote"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnote-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.1 <code>\footnote</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnote"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnote"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -9538,9 +10381,9 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotemark</a>
the footnote. If you use this then LaTeX does not increment the
<code>footnote</code> counter.
</p>
-<a name="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"></span>
<p>By default, LaTeX uses arabic numbers as footnote markers. Change
this with something like
<code>\renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}</code>, which
@@ -9550,14 +10393,14 @@ you make the change local then you may want to reset the counter with
</p>
<p>LaTeX determines the spacing of footnotes with two parameters.
</p>
-<a name="index-footnote-parameters"></a>
-<a name="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote-parameters"></span>
+<span id="index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes"></span>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\footnoterule</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnoterule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnoterule"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="footnote-footnoterule"></a><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
+<dd><span id="footnote-footnoterule"></span><p>Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the page&rsquo;s
footnotes. Default dimensions in the standard document classes (except
<code>slides</code>, where it does not appear) is: vertical thickness of
<code>0.4pt</code>, and horizontal size of <code>0.4\columnwidth</code> long.
@@ -9572,9 +10415,9 @@ Change the rule with something like this.
</dd>
<dt><code>\footnotesep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotesep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotesep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="footnote-footnotesep"></a><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
+<dd><span id="footnote-footnotesep"></span><p>The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote
(see <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>). By default, this is set to the normal strut for
<code>\footnotesize</code> fonts (see <a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a>), therefore there is no
extra space between footnotes. This is &lsquo;<samp>6.65pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo;,
@@ -9592,8 +10435,8 @@ sectioning command such as <code>\chapter</code> (it can only be used in outer
paragraph mode; see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). There are some workarounds; see
following sections.
</p>
-<a name="index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></a>
-<a name="index-mpfootnote-counter"></a>
+<span id="index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage"></span>
+<span id="index-mpfootnote-counter"></span>
<p>In a <code>minipage</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code> command uses the
<code>mpfootnote</code> counter instead of the <code>footnote</code> counter, so
they are numbered independently. They are shown at the bottom of the
@@ -9602,15 +10445,13 @@ shown alphabetically. See <a href="#minipage">minipage</a> and <a href="#Footnot
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="n" rel="next">\footnotetext</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnote" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnote</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotemark-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.2 <code>\footnotemark</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotemark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotemark"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -9663,11 +10504,11 @@ Illogical persons are despised.\footnotemark[\value{footnoteValueSaver}]
Therefore, anyone who can manage a crocodile is not a baby.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></a>
-<a name="index-cleveref-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-cleveref-2"></span>
+<span id="index-cleveref-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package"></span>
<p>This example accomplishes the same by using the package <samp>cleveref</samp>.
</p>
@@ -9680,22 +10521,20 @@ The corollary is from Chance.\footnote{Evers, Chance, 1990.}
But the key lemma is from Tinker.\cref{fn:TE}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-1"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-1"></span>
<p>It will work with the package <samp>hyperref</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotemark</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfootnotetext-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.3 <code>\footnotetext</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfootnotetext"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfootnotetext"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -9710,21 +10549,19 @@ that command, but must appear in outer paragraph mode (see <a href="#Modes">Mode
The optional argument <var>number</var> changes the number of the footnote
mark.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a> for usage
+<p>See <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table">Footnotes in a table</a>, for usage
examples.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes in a table</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfootnotetext" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\footnotetext</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
+<span id="Footnotes-in-section-headings-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.4 Footnotes in section headings</h3>
-<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-section-headings"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes"></span>
<p>Putting a footnote in a section heading, as in:
</p>
@@ -9748,15 +10585,13 @@ what gets moved to the table of contents is the optional argument.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Footnotes of footnotes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in section headings</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
+<span id="Footnotes-in-a-table-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.5 Footnotes in a table</h3>
-<a name="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote_002c-in-a-table"></span>
<p>Inside a <code>tabular</code> or <code>array</code> environment the <code>\footnote</code>
command does not work; there is a footnote mark in the table cell but
@@ -9833,18 +10668,16 @@ other footnotes.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Footnotes-in-a-table" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes in a table</a>, Up: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Footnotes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
+<span id="Footnotes-of-footnotes-1"></span><h3 class="section">11.6 Footnotes of footnotes</h3>
-<a name="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></a>
+<span id="index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></a>
-<a name="index-bigfoot-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-bigfoot"></span>
+<span id="index-bigfoot-package"></span>
<p>Particularly in the humanities, authors can have multiple classes of
footnotes, including having footnotes of footnotes. The package
@@ -9863,60 +10696,58 @@ second.\footnotefrom{%
<hr>
-<a name="Definitions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Definitions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Counters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Footnotes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Footnotes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Definitions-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
+<span id="Definitions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">12 Definitions</h2>
-<a name="index-definitions"></a>
+<span id="index-definitions"></span>
<p>LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="1">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(Re)define a new command.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="2">\providecommand</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new command, if name not used.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="3">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the status of the at-sign character.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4">\@ifstar</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="4">\@ifstar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define your own commands with *-variants.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5">\newcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="5">\newcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6">\newlength</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="6">\newlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7">\newsavebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="7">\newsavebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="8">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9">\newtheorem</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="9">\newtheorem</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new theorem-like environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Define a new font name.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using tricky commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discard extra spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space after a macro, conditionally.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.1 <code>\newcommand</code> &amp; <code>\renewcommand</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewcommand"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-redefining"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-a-new-command"></a>
-<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewcommand"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-redefining"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-a-new-command"></span>
+<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -9940,13 +10771,16 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="n" rel="next">\providecommand
\renewcommand*{\<var>cmd</var>}[<var>nargs</var>][<var>optargdefault</var>]{<var>defn</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Define or redefine a command. See also the discussion of
-<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>.
-<a name="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></a>
-The starred form of these two requires that the arguments not contain
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms that it not be
-<code>\long</code>).
+<p>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
+<code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code> in <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="index-starred-form_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clong"></span>
+<p>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain TeX terms, the commands
+are not <code>\long</code>). With the default form, arguments can be
+multiple paragraphs.
</p>
<p>These are the parameters:
</p>
@@ -9970,10 +10804,10 @@ different number of arguments than the old version.
<dt><var>optargdefault</var></dt>
<dd><p>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is optional, with default value <var>optargdefault</var>
-(which may be the empty string). If this argument is not present then
-<code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
+(which may be the empty string). If <var>optargsdefault</var> is not present
+then <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> does not take an optional argument.
</p>
-<a name="index-positional-parameter"></a>
+<span id="index-positional-parameter"></span>
<p>That is, if <code>\<var>cmd</var></code> is used with square brackets, as in
<code>\<var>cmd</var>[<var>optval</var>]{...}...</code>, then within <var>defn</var> the
parameter&nbsp;<code>#1</code> is set to the value of <var>optval</var>. On the
@@ -10069,18 +10903,16 @@ is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cprovidecommand-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.2 <code>\providecommand</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cprovidecommand"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></a>
-<a name="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprovidecommand"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones-1"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-a-new-command-1"></span>
+<span id="index-new-commands_002c-defining-1"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -10098,14 +10930,14 @@ If no command of this name already exists then this has the same effect
as <code>\newcommand</code>. If a command of this name already exists then
this definition does nothing. This is particularly useful in a file
that may be loaded more than once, such as a style file.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a> for the description of the arguments.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a>, for the description of the arguments.
</p>
<p>This example
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Saint Michael's College}
-From \myaffiliation.
+&gt;From \myaffiliation.
</pre></div>
<p>outputs &lsquo;<samp>From Saint Michael's College</samp>&rsquo;. Unlike <code>\newcommand</code>,
@@ -10113,13 +10945,11 @@ the repeated use of <code>\providecommand</code> does not give an error.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="n" rel="next">\@ifstar</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\providecommand</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.3 <code>\makeatletter</code> &amp; <code>\makeatother</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10136,9 +10966,9 @@ letter, code&nbsp;11. The <code>\makeatother</code> declaration sets the
category code of the at-sign to code&nbsp;12, its default value.
</p>
<p>As TeX reads characters, it assigns each one a category code, or
-<a name="index-catcode"></a>
-<a name="index-character-category-code"></a>
-<a name="index-category-code_002c-character"></a>
+<span id="index-catcode"></span>
+<span id="index-character-category-code"></span>
+<span id="index-category-code_002c-character"></span>
<em>catcode</em>. For instance, it assigns the backslash
character&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp><code>\</code></samp>&rsquo; the catcode&nbsp;0. Command names
consist of a category&nbsp;0 character, ordinarily backslash, followed
@@ -10152,19 +10982,19 @@ or class writers. The convention prevents authors who are just using a
package or class from accidentally replacing such a command with one of
their own, because by default the at-sign has catcode&nbsp;12.
</p>
-<p>The pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> changes the
-default code and then changes it back. Use them inside a <samp>.tex</samp>
-file, in the preamble, when you are defining or redefining commands
-named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your definition. Don&rsquo;t
-use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files since the
-<code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already arrange
-that the at-sign has the character code of a letter, catcode&nbsp;11.
+<p>Use the pair <code>\makeatletter</code> and <code>\makeatother</code> inside a
+<samp>.tex</samp> file, typically in the preamble, when you are defining or
+redefining commands named with <code>@</code>, by having them surround your
+definition. Don&rsquo;t use these inside <samp>.sty</samp> or <samp>.cls</samp> files
+since the <code>\usepackage</code> and <code>\documentclass</code> commands already
+arrange that the at-sign has the character code of a letter,
+catcode&nbsp;11.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-macros2e"></a>
-<a name="index-macros2e-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-macros2e"></span>
+<span id="index-macros2e-package"></span>
<p>For a comprehensive list of macros with an at-sign in their names see
-<a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>.
+<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e">https://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e</a>.
</p>
<p>In this example the class file has a command
<code>\thesis@universityname</code> that the user wants to change. These
@@ -10179,17 +11009,15 @@ three lines should go in the preamble, before the
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040ifstar-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.4 <code>\@ifstar</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></a>
-<a name="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040ifstar"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants"></span>
+<span id="index-star_002dvariants_002c-commands"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10206,28 +11034,34 @@ Examples are the <code>table</code> and <code>table*</code> environments and the
</p>
<p>When defining environments, following this pattern is straightforward
because <code>\newenvironment</code> and <code>\renewenvironment</code> allow the
-environment name to contain a star. For commands the situation is more
-complex. As in the synopsis above, there will be a user-called command,
-given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which peeks ahead to see if it is followed
-by a star. For instance, LaTeX does not really have a
-<code>\section*</code> command; instead, the <code>\section</code> command peeks
-ahead. This command does not accept arguments but instead expands to
-one of two commands that do accept arguments. In the synopsis these two
-are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and <code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the
-same number of arguments or a different number, or no arguments at all.
-As always, in a LaTeX document a command using at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code>
-must be enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
+environment name to contain a star. So you just have to write
+<code>\newenvironment{<var>myenv</var>}</code> or
+<code>\newenvironment{<var>myenv</var>*}</code> and continue the definition as
+usual. For commands the situation is more complex as the star not being
+a letter cannot be part of the command name. As in the synopsis above,
+there will be a user-called command, given above as <code>\mycmd</code>, which
+peeks ahead to see if it is followed by a star. For instance, LaTeX
+does not really have a <code>\section*</code> command; instead, the
+<code>\section</code> command peeks ahead. This command does not accept
+arguments but instead expands to one of two commands that do accept
+arguments. In the synopsis these two are <code>\mycmd@nostar</code> and
+<code>\mycmd@star</code>. They could take the same number of arguments or a
+different number, or no arguments at all. As always, in a LaTeX
+document a command using an at-sign&nbsp;<code>@</code> in its name must be
+enclosed inside a <code>\makeatletter ... \makeatother</code> block
(see <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a>).
</p>
<p>This example of <code>\@ifstar</code> defines the command <code>\ciel</code> and a
variant <code>\ciel*</code>. Both have one required argument. A call to
-<code>\ciel{night}</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot; while
-<code>\ciel*{blue}</code> will return &quot;starry not blue sky&quot;.
+<code>\ciel{blue}</code> will return &quot;not starry blue sky&quot; while
+<code>\ciel*{night}</code> will return &quot;starry night sky&quot;.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
-\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry not #1 sky}
+<pre class="example">\makeatletter
+\newcommand*{\ciel@unstarred}[1]{not starry #1 sky}
+\newcommand*{\ciel@starred}[1]{starry #1 sky}
\newcommand*{\ciel}{\@ifstar{\ciel@starred}{\ciel@unstarred}}
+\makeatother
</pre></div>
<p>In the next example, the starred variant takes a different number of
@@ -10243,31 +11077,45 @@ arguments than the unstarred one. With this definition, Agent 007&rsquo;s
\@ifstar{\agentsecret@starred}{\agentsecret@unstarred}}
</pre></div>
-<p>There are two sometimes more convenient ways to accomplish the work of
-<code>\@ifstar</code>. The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the construct
-<code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred version</var>}</code> followed by
-<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred version</var>}</code>. And
-LaTeX3 has the <samp>xparse</samp> package that allows this code.
+<p>After a command name, a star is handled similarly to an optional
+argument. (This differs from environment names in which the star is
+part of the name itself and as such could be in any position.) Thus,
+it is technically possible to put any number of spaces between the
+command and the star. Thus <code>\agentsecret*{Bond}</code> and
+<code>\agentsecret&nbsp;*<!-- /@w -->{Bond}</code> are equivalent. However, the
+standard practice is not to insert any such spaces.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-suffix"></span>
+<span id="index-suffix-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-xparse-1"></span>
+<span id="index-xparse-package-1"></span>
+
+<p>There are two alternative ways to accomplish the work of
+<code>\@ifstar</code>. (1)&nbsp;The <samp>suffix</samp> package allows the
+construct <code>\newcommand\mycommand{<var>unstarred-variant</var>}</code>
+followed by
+<code>\WithSuffix\newcommand\mycommand*{<var>starred-variant</var>}</code>.
+(2)&nbsp;LaTeX provides the <samp>xparse</samp> package, which allows
+this code:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\NewDocumentCommand\foo{s}{\IfBooleanTF#1
- {<var>starred version</var>}%
- {<var>unstarred version</var>}%
+ {<var>starred-variant</var>}%
+ {<var>unstarred-variant</var>}%
}
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newlength</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@ifstar</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewcounter_003a-Allocating-a-counter"></span><h3 class="section">12.5 <code>\newcounter</code>: Allocating a counter</h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewcounter"></a>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewcounter"></span>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-defining-new"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -10316,19 +11164,17 @@ defined.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewlength"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewlength"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newsavebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.6 <code>\newlength</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewlength"></a>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></a>
-<a name="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></a>
-<a name="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
-<a name="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewlength"></span>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-allocating-new"></span>
+<span id="index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new"></span>
+<span id="index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10356,16 +11202,14 @@ Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewsavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.7 <code>\newsavebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewsavebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewsavebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-allocating-new"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10398,19 +11242,17 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newsavebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.8 <code>\newenvironment</code> &amp; <code>\renewenvironment</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewenvironment"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crenewenvironment"></a>
-<a name="index-environments_002c-defining"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-new-environments"></a>
-<a name="index-redefining-environments"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewenvironment"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crenewenvironment"></span>
+<span id="index-environments_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-new-environments"></span>
+<span id="index-redefining-environments"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -10437,7 +11279,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newtheorem</a>, Pr
<p>Define or redefine the environment <var>env</var>, that is, create the
construct <code>\begin{<var>env</var>} ... <var>body</var> ... \end{<var>env</var>}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"></span>
<p>The starred form of these commands requires that the arguments not
contain multiple paragraphs of text. However, the body of these
environments can contain multiple paragraphs.
@@ -10570,20 +11412,18 @@ the document, use the environment like this.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="n" rel="next">\newfont</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewtheorem-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.9 <code>\newtheorem</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewtheorem"></a>
-<a name="index-theorems_002c-defining"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-new-theorems"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewtheorem"></span>
+<span id="index-theorems_002c-defining"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-new-theorems"></span>
-<a name="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></a>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></a>
+<span id="index-theorem_002dlike-environment"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-theorem_002dlike"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -10714,17 +11554,15 @@ by &lsquo;<samp>Theorem&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Definition&nbsp;
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewfont"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewfont"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="n" rel="next">\protect</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newtheorem</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewfont-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.10 <code>\newfont</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cnewfont"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></a>
-<a name="index-defining-new-fonts"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnewfont"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for"></span>
+<span id="index-defining-new-fonts"></span>
<p>This command is obsolete. This description is here only to help with old
documents. New documents should define fonts in families through the
@@ -10741,8 +11579,8 @@ boldface with a roman (see <a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a>).
The control sequence must not already be defined. It must begin with a
backslash, <code>\</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
-<a name="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></a>
+<span id="index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions"></span>
+<span id="index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions"></span>
<p>The <var>font description</var> consists of a <var>fontname</var> and an optional
<em>at clause</em>. LaTeX will look on your system for a file named
<samp><var>fontname</var>.tfm</samp>. The at clause can have the form either
@@ -10763,17 +11601,15 @@ relative to the font&rsquo;s design size, which is a value defined in the
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cprotect"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cprotect"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewfont" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newfont</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cprotect-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cprotect-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.11 <code>\protect</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cprotect"></a>
-<a name="index-fragile-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-robust-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprotect"></span>
+<span id="index-fragile-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-robust-commands"></span>
<p>All LaTeX commands are either <em>fragile</em> or <em>robust</em>. A
fragile command can break when it is used in the argument to certain
@@ -10791,7 +11627,7 @@ name</var>}</code> command it writes the <var>section name</var> text to the
document such as in the table of contents. Any argument that is
internally expanded by LaTeX without typesetting it directly is
referred to as a
-<a name="index-moving-arguments"></a>
+<span id="index-moving-arguments"></span>
<em>moving argument</em>. A command is fragile if it can
expand during this process into invalid TeX code. Some examples of
moving arguments are those that appear in the <code>\caption{...}</code>
@@ -10834,18 +11670,16 @@ to <code>\protect\(..\protect\)</code>.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#xspace-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">xspace package</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.12 <code>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cignorespaces"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></a>
-<a name="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cignorespaces"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cignorespacesafterend"></span>
+<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -10861,7 +11695,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cprotect" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\protect</a>, Up:
<p>Both commands cause LaTeX to ignore spaces after the end of the
command up until the first non-space character. The first is a command
-from Plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
+from plain TeX, and the second is LaTeX-specific.
</p>
<p>The <code>ignorespaces</code> is often used when defining commands via
<code>\newcommand</code>, or <code>\newenvironment</code>, or <code>\def</code>. The
@@ -10891,10 +11725,9 @@ as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
<code>\fullname</code> will reproduce that.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\makeatletter
-\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\@honorific{#1}} % remember title
-\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\@honorific~#1} % put title before name
-\makeatother
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\honorific}[1]{\def\honorific{#1}} % remember title
+\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\honorific~#1} % put title before name
+
\begin{tabular}{|l|}
\honorific{Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} \\ % no extra space here
\honorific{ Mr/Ms} \fullname{Jones} % extra space before title
@@ -10902,11 +11735,11 @@ as given, if a title accidentally starts with a space then
</pre></div>
<p>To fix this, change to
-<code>\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\@honorific~#1}</code>.
+<code>\newcommand{\fullname}[1]{\ignorespaces\honorific~#1}</code>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\ignorespaces</code> is also often used in a <code>\newenvironment</code>
-at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, that is, as part of the second
-argument, as in <code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env
+at the end of the <var>begin</var> clause, as in
+<code>\begin{newenvironment}{<var>env
name</var>}{... \ignorespaces}{...}</code>.
</p>
<p>To strip spaces off the end of an environment use
@@ -10934,16 +11767,77 @@ inconvenient. The solution is to change to
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Counters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="xspace-package"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a>, Up: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Definitions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="xspace-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">12.13 xspace package</h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005cxspace"></span>
+<span id="index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{xspace}
+ ...
+\newcommand{...}{...\xspace}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\xspace</code> macro, when used at the end of a command, adds a
+space unless the command is followed by certain punctuation characters.
+</p>
+<p>After a command name that uses letters (as opposed to single character
+command names using non-letters such as <code>\$</code>), TeX gobbles white
+space. Thus, in the first sentence below, the output has &lsquo;<samp>Vermont</samp>&rsquo;
+placed snugly against the period, without any intervening space.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont}
+Our college is in \VT .
+The \VT{} summers are nice.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>But because of the gobbling, the second sentence needs the dummy curly
+braces or else there would be no space separating &lsquo;<samp>Vermont</samp>&rsquo; from
+&lsquo;<samp>summers</samp>&rsquo;. (Many authors instead instead use a backslash-space
+<code>\ </code> for this. See <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>The <samp>xspace</samp> package provides <code>\xspace</code>. It is for writing
+commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It inserts a
+space after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
+exceptions. In this example, the dummy braces are not needed.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand{\VT}{Vermont\xspace}
+Our college is in \VT .
+\VT summers are nice.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The default exception list contains the characters <code>,.'/?;:!~-)</code>,
+the open curly brace and the backslash-space command discussed above,
+and the commands <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotemark</code>. Add to that
+list as with <code>\xspaceaddexceptions{\myfni \myfnii}</code> and remove
+from that list as with <code>\xspaceremoveexception{!}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>A comment: many experts prefer not to use <code>\xspace</code>. Putting it in
+a definition means that the command will usually get the spacing right.
+But it isn&rsquo;t easy to predict when to enter dummy braces because
+<code>\xspace</code> will get it wrong, such as when it is followed by another
+command, and so <code>\xspace</code> can make editing material harder and more
+error-prone than instead always remembering the dummy braces.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Counters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="n" rel="next">Lengths</a>, Previous: <a href="#Definitions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Definitions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Counters-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
+<span id="Counters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">13 Counters</h2>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></a>
-<a name="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></a>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-a-list-of"></span>
+<span id="index-variables_002c-a-list-of"></span>
<p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with
it. The name of the counter is often the same as the name of the
@@ -10974,35 +11868,33 @@ up to four levels of nesting (see <a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="1">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print value of a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="2">\usecounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use a specified counter in a list environment.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="3">\value</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Use the value of a counter in an expression.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="4">\setcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="5">\addtocounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="6">\refstepcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="7">\stepcounter</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add to a counter, resetting subsidiary counters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="8">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Numeric date values.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol_003a-Printing-counters"></span><h3 class="section">13.1 <code>\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</code>: Printing counters</h3>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-printing"></a>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-printing"></span>
<p>Print the value of a counter, in a specified style. For instance, if
the counter <var>counter</var> has the value 1 then a
@@ -11015,7 +11907,7 @@ start with a backslash.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005calph_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print the value of <var>counter</var> in lowercase letters: &lsquo;a&rsquo;, &lsquo;b&rsquo;,
<small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 or more than 26 then
@@ -11023,7 +11915,7 @@ you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Alph{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cAlph_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase letters: &lsquo;A&rsquo;, &lsquo;B&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the counter&rsquo;s value
is less than 1 or more than 26 then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter
@@ -11031,13 +11923,13 @@ too large.</samp>&rsquo;
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arabic{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carabic_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in Arabic numbers such as &lsquo;<samp>5</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>-2</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005croman_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in lowercase roman numerals: &lsquo;i&rsquo;, &lsquo;ii&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
@@ -11045,7 +11937,7 @@ LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Roman{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cRoman_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Print in uppercase roman numerals: &lsquo;I&rsquo;, &lsquo;II&rsquo;, <small class="enddots">...</small> If the
counter&rsquo;s value is less than 1 then you get no warning or error but
@@ -11053,7 +11945,7 @@ LaTeX does not print anything in the output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Prints the value of <var>counter</var> using a sequence of nine symbols that
are traditionally used for labeling footnotes. The value of
@@ -11082,17 +11974,15 @@ warning but LaTeX does not output anything.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cusecounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cusecounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="n" rel="next">\value</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cusecounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.2 <code>\usecounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cusecounter"></a>
-<a name="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
-<a name="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cusecounter"></span>
+<span id="index-list-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span>
+<span id="index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11124,16 +12014,14 @@ enumerated with <var>testcounter</var>:
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvalue"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvalue"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cusecounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\usecounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvalue-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cvalue-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.3 <code>\value</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvalue"></a>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvalue"></span>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-getting-value-of"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11173,17 +12061,15 @@ preceded by <code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csetcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csetcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvalue" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\value</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csetcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.4 <code>\setcounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csetcounter"></a>
-<a name="index-counters_002c-setting"></a>
-<a name="index-setting-counters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csetcounter"></span>
+<span id="index-counters_002c-setting"></span>
+<span id="index-setting-counters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11206,20 +12092,19 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{exercise}.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\refstepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.5 <code>\addtocounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddtocounter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddtocounter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>&nbsp;</pre></div>
+<pre class="example">\addtocounter{<var>counter</var>}{<var>value</var>}
+</pre></div>
<p>Globally increment <var>counter</var> by the amount specified by the
<var>value</var> argument, which may be negative.
@@ -11234,15 +12119,13 @@ Here it is in Roman: \Roman{section}.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stepcounter</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005crefstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.6 <code>\refstepcounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005crefstepcounter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crefstepcounter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11263,15 +12146,13 @@ locally, i.e., inside the current group.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear" accesskey="n" rel="next">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\refstepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cstepcounter-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.7 <code>\stepcounter</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cstepcounter"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstepcounter"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11284,23 +12165,21 @@ within it. (For the definition of &ldquo;counters numbered within&rdquo;,
see <a href="#g_t_005cnewcounter">\newcounter</a>.)
</p>
<p>This command differs from <code>\refstepcounter</code> in that this one does
-not influence references&nbsp;&mdash; it does not define the current
+not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<code>\ref</code> value to be the result of <code>\thecounter</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stepcounter</a>, Up: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Counters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear-1"></span><h3 class="section">13.8 <code>\day</code> &amp; <code>\month</code> &amp; <code>\year</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cday"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmonth"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cyear"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cday"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmonth"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cyear"></span>
<p>LaTeX defines the counter <code>\day</code> for the day of the month
(nominally with value between 1 and 31), <code>\month</code> for the month of
@@ -11322,27 +12201,31 @@ bogus month value produces no output).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Lengths"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Lengths"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="n" rel="next">Making paragraphs</a>, Previous: <a href="#Counters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Counters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Lengths-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
+<span id="Lengths-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">14 Lengths</h2>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></a>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-defining-and-using"></span>
<p>A <em>length</em> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a
length as an argument.
</p>
+<span id="index-rigid-lengths"></span>
+<span id="index-rubber-lengths"></span>
+<span id="index-dimen-plain-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-skip-plain-TeX"></span>
+<span id="index-glue-plain-TeX"></span>
<p>Lengths come in two types. A <em>rigid length</em> such as <code>10pt</code>
-does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain TeX
-calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what Plain TeX
-calls a <em>skip</em>) such as as with <code>1cm plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code>
-can contain either or both of those components. In that rubber length,
-the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural length</em> while the other two, the
-<code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> components, allow TeX to stretch or
-shrink the length to optimize placement.
+does not contain a <code>plus</code> or <code>minus</code> component. (Plain
+TeX calls this a <em>dimen</em>.) A <em>rubber length</em> (what plain
+TeX calls a <em>skip</em> or <em>glue</em>) such as with <code>1cm
+plus0.05cm minus0.01cm</code> can contain either or both of those
+components. In that rubber length, the <code>1cm</code> is the <em>natural
+length</em> while the other two, the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code>
+components, allow TeX to stretch or shrink the length to optimize
+placement.
</p>
<p>The illustrations below use these two commands.
</p>
@@ -11443,101 +12326,103 @@ that after <code>\setlength{\ylength}{1in plus 0.2in}</code> and
<code>\zlength</code> is <code>3in</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="1">Units of length</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The units that LaTeX knows.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2">\setlength</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3">\addtolength</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="2">\setlength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the value of a length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4">\settodepth</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="3">\addtolength</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add a quantity to a length.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5">\settoheight</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="4">\settodepth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the depth of something.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="5">\settoheight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the height of something.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="7">\stretch</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add infinite stretchability.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="6">\settowidth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set a length to the width of something.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="8">Expressions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Compute with lengths and integers.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Units-of-length"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Units-of-length"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Units-of-length-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
+<span id="Units-of-length-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.1 Units of length</h3>
-<a name="index-units_002c-of-length"></a>
+<span id="index-units_002c-of-length"></span>
<p>TeX and LaTeX know about these units both inside and outside of
math mode.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>pt</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pt"></a>
-<a name="index-Point"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-pt"></a><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units, to two decimal
-places, is 1point = 2.85mm = 28.45cm.
+<dd><span id="index-pt"></span>
+<span id="index-point"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-pt"></span><p>Point, 1/72.27 inch. The conversion to metric units
+is 1point = 2.845mm = .2845cm.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>pc</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pica"></a>
-<a name="index-pc"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-pc"></a><p>Pica, 12 pt
+<dd><span id="index-pica"></span>
+<span id="index-pc"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-pc"></span><p>Pica, 12 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>in</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-in"></a>
-<a name="index-inch"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-in"></a><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
+<dd><span id="index-in"></span>
+<span id="index-inch"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-in"></span><p>Inch, 72.27 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>bp</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bp"></a>
-<a name="index-Big-point"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-bp"></a><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
+<dd><span id="index-bp"></span>
+<span id="index-big-point"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-bp"></span><p>Big point, 1/72 inch. This length is the definition of a point in
PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Centimeter"></a>
-<a name="index-cm"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-cm"></a><p>Centimeter
+<dd><span id="index-centimeter"></span>
+<span id="index-cm"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-cm"></span><p>Centimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>mm</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Millimeter"></a>
-<a name="index-mm"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-mm"></a><p>Millimeter
+<dd><span id="index-millimeter"></span>
+<span id="index-mm"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-mm"></span><p>Millimeter
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>dd</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Didot-point"></a>
-<a name="index-dd"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-dd"></a><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
+<dd><span id="index-didot-point"></span>
+<span id="index-dd"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-dd"></span><p>Didot point, 1.07 pt
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>cc</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Cicero"></a>
-<a name="index-cc"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-cc"></a><p>Cicero, 12 dd
+<dd><span id="index-cicero"></span>
+<span id="index-cc"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-cc"></span><p>Cicero, 12 dd
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sp</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-Scaled-point"></a>
-<a name="index-sp"></a>
-<a name="units-of-length-sp"></a><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
+<dd><span id="index-scaled-point"></span>
+<span id="index-sp"></span>
+<span id="units-of-length-sp"></span><p>Scaled point, 1/65536 pt
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-ex"></a>
-<a name="index-x_002dheight"></a>
-<a name="index-ex-1"></a>
-<a name="index-m_002dwidth"></a>
-<a name="index-em"></a>
-<a name="index-em-1"></a>
-<a name="Lengths_002fem"></a><a name="Lengths_002fen"></a><a name="Lengths_002fex"></a><a name="units-of-length-em"></a><a name="units-of-length-en"></a><a name="units-of-length-ex"></a><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
+<span id="index-ex"></span>
+<span id="index-x_002dheight"></span>
+<span id="index-ex-1"></span>
+<span id="index-m_002dwidth"></span>
+<span id="index-em"></span>
+<span id="index-em-1"></span>
+<span id="Lengths_002fem"></span><span id="Lengths_002fen"></span><span id="Lengths_002fex"></span><span id="units-of-length-em"></span><span id="units-of-length-en"></span><span id="units-of-length-ex"></span><p>Two other lengths that are often used are values set by the designer of
the font. The x-height of the current font <em>ex</em>, traditionally the
height of the lowercase letter x, is often used for vertical
lengths. Similarly <em>em</em>, traditionally the width of the capital
@@ -11549,24 +12434,22 @@ of the vertical space between list items given as
likely to still be reasonable if the font is changed than a definition
given in points.
</p>
-<a name="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></a>
-<a name="index-mu"></a>
+<span id="index-mu_002c-math-unit"></span>
+<span id="index-mu"></span>
<p>In math mode, many definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit
<em>mu</em> given by 1 em = 18 mu, where the em is taken from the current
math symbols family. See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csetlength"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csetlength"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtolength</a>, Previous: <a href="#Units-of-length" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Units of length</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csetlength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csetlength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.2 <code>\setlength</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csetlength"></a>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-setting"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csetlength"></span>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-setting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11599,16 +12482,14 @@ read again&gt; \relax l.19 \setlength{specparindent}{0.6\parindent}</samp>&rsquo
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtolength"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddtolength"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settodepth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csetlength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\setlength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddtolength-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.3 <code>\addtolength</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddtolength"></a>
-<a name="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddtolength"></span>
+<span id="index-lengths_002c-adding-to"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11642,15 +12523,13 @@ If you leave off the backslash at the start of <var>len</var>, as in
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csettodepth"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csettodepth"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settoheight</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtolength" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtolength</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csettodepth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.4 <code>\settodepth</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csettodepth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csettodepth"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11679,15 +12558,13 @@ then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argumen
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csettoheight"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csettoheight"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="n" rel="next">\settowidth</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settodepth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csettoheight-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.5 <code>\settoheight</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csettoheight"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csettoheight"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11717,15 +12594,13 @@ you leave the backslash out of <var>len</var>, as in
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csettowidth"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csettowidth"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stretch</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettoheight" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settoheight</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csettowidth-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.6 <code>\settowidth</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csettowidth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csettowidth"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11754,16 +12629,176 @@ then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argumen
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Making-paragraphs"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstretch"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Expressions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Expressions</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csettowidth" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\settowidth</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cstretch-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.7 <code>\stretch</code></h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005cstretch"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\stretch{<var>number</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Produces a rubber length with zero natural length and <var>number</var> times
+<code>\fill</code> units of stretchability (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). The
+<var>number</var> can be positive or negative. This command is robust
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>It works for both vertical and horizontal spacing. In this horizontal
+example, LaTeX produces three tick marks, and the distance between
+the first and second is half again as long as the distance between the
+second and third.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1.5}}%
+ \rule{0.4pt}{1ex}\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
+ \rule{0.4pt}{1ex}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In this vertical example, the &lsquo;<samp>We dedicate &hellip;</samp>&rsquo; will have three
+times as much space under it as above it.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newenvironment{dedication}{% in document preamble
+ \clearpage\thispagestyle{empty}%
+ \vspace*{\stretch{1}} % stretchable space at top
+ \it
+}{%
+ \vspace{\stretch{3}} % space at bot is 3x as at top
+ \clearpage
+}
+ ...
+\begin{dedication} % in document body
+We dedicate this book to our wives.
+\end{dedication}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Expressions"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstretch" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\stretch</a>, Up: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="u" rel="up">Lengths</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Expressions-1"></span><h3 class="section">14.8 Expressions</h3>
+
+<span id="index-expressions"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\numexpr <var>expression</var>
+\dimexpr <var>expression</var>
+\glueexpr <var>expression</var>
+\muglue <var>expression</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Any place where you may write an integer, or a TeX dimen, or TeX
+glue, or muglue, you can instead write an expression to compute that
+type of quantity.
+</p>
+<p>An example is that <code>\the\dimexpr\linewidth-4pt\relax</code> will
+produce as output the length that is four points less than width of a
+line (the only purpose of <code>\the</code> is to show the result in the
+document). Analogously, <code>\romannumeral\numexpr6+3\relax</code> will
+produce &lsquo;<samp>ix</samp>&rsquo;, and <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus 1pt * 2 \relax</code>
+will produce &lsquo;<samp>10.0pt plus 2.0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>A convenience here over doing calculations by allocating registers and
+then using <code>\advance</code>, etc., is that the evaluation of expressions
+does not involve assignments and can therefore be performed in places
+where assignments are not allowed. The next example computes the width
+of the <code>\parbox</code>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\offset}\setlength{\offset}{2em}
+\begin{center}
+\parbox{\dimexpr\linewidth-\offset*3}{With malice toward none
+with charity for all with firmness in the right as God gives us to see
+the right let us strive on to finish the work we are in to bind up the
+nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and
+for his widow and his orphan \textasciitilde\ to do all which may
+achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with
+all nations. ---Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, from the
+memorial}
+\end{center}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <var>expression</var> consists of one or more terms of the same type
+(integer, dimension, etc.) that are added or subtracted. A term that is
+a type of number, dimension, etc., consists of a factor of that type,
+optionally multiplied or divided by factors. A factor of a type is
+either a quantity of that type or a parenthesized subexpression. The
+expression produces a result of the given type, so that <code>\numexpr</code>
+produces an integer, <code>\dimexpr</code> produces a dimension, etc.
+</p>
+<p>In the quotation example above, changing to
+<code>\dimexpr\linewidth-3*\offset</code> gives the error <code>Illegal unit
+of measure (pt inserted)</code>. This is because for <code>\dimexpr</code> and
+<code>\glueexpr</code>, the input consists of a dimension or glue value
+followed by an optional multiplication factor, and not the other way
+around. Thus <code>\the\dimexpr 1pt*10\relax</code> is valid and produces
+&lsquo;<samp>10.0pt</samp>&rsquo;, but <code>\the\dimexpr 10*1pt\relax</code> gives the
+<code>Illegal unit</code> error.
+</p>
+<p>The expressions absorb tokens and carry out appropriate mathematics up
+to a <code>\relax</code> (which will be absorbed), or up to the first
+non-valid token. Thus, <code>\the\numexpr2+3px</code> will print
+&lsquo;<samp>5px</samp>&rsquo;, because LaTeX reads the <code>\numexpr2+3</code>, which is
+made up of numbers, and then finds the letter <code>p</code>, which cannot
+be part of a number. It therefore terminates the expression and
+produces the &lsquo;<samp>5</samp>&rsquo;, followed by the regular text &lsquo;<samp>px</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>This termination behavior is useful in comparisons. In
+<code>\ifnum\numexpr\parindent*2 &lt; 10pt Yes\else No\fi</code>, the less than
+sign terminates the expression and the result is &lsquo;<samp>No</samp>&rsquo; (in a
+standard LaTeX article).
+</p>
+<p>Expressions may use the operators <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code> and
+<code>/</code> along with parentheses for subexpressions, <code>(...)</code>. In
+glue expressions the <code>plus</code> and <code>minus</code> parts do not need
+parentheses to be affected by a factor. So <code>\the\glueexpr 5pt plus
+1pt * 2 \relax</code> results in &lsquo;<samp>10pt plus 2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>TeX will coerce other numerical types in the same way as it does when
+doing register assignment. Thus <code>\the\numexpr\dimexpr
+1pt\relax\relax</code> will result in &lsquo;<samp>65536</samp>&rsquo;, which is <code>1pt</code>
+converted to scaled points (TeX&rsquo;s internal unit) and then coerced
+into an integer. With a <code>\glueexpr</code> here, the stretch and shrink
+would be dropped. Going the other way, a <code>\numexpr</code> inside a
+<code>\dimexpr</code> or <code>\glueexpr</code> will need appropriate units, as in
+<code>\the\dimexpr\numexpr 1 + 2\relax pt\relax</code>, which produces
+&lsquo;<samp>3.0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>The details of the arithmetic: each factor is checked to be in the
+allowed range, numbers must be less than <em>2^{31}</em> in absolute
+value, and dimensions or glue components must be less than
+<em>2^{14}</em> points, or <code>mu</code>, or <code>fil</code>, etc. The
+arithmetic operations are performed individually, except for a scaling
+operation (a multiplication immediately followed by a division) which
+is done as one combined operation with a 64-bit product as
+intermediate value. The result of each operation is again checked to
+be in the allowed range.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, division and scaling take place with rounding (unlike TeX&rsquo;s
+<code>\divide</code>, which truncates). Thus
+<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(3/2)\relax</code> puts &lsquo;<samp>10.0pt</samp>&rsquo; in the document,
+because it rounds <code>3/2</code> to <code>2</code>, while
+<code>\the\dimexpr 5pt*(4/3)\relax</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>5.0pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Making-paragraphs"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math formulas</a>, Previous: <a href="#Lengths" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Lengths</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Making-paragraphs-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
+<span id="Making-paragraphs-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">15 Making paragraphs</h2>
-<a name="index-making-paragraphs"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraphs"></a>
+<span id="index-making-paragraphs"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraphs"></span>
<p>To start a paragraph, just type some text. To end the current
paragraph, put an empty line. This is three paragraphs, separated by
@@ -11814,28 +12849,26 @@ complete</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="1">\par</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">End the current paragraph.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="2">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Go into horizontal mode, possibly with an indent.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="3">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Space added before paragraphs.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="4">Marginal notes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put remarks in the margin.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpar"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpar"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="n" rel="next">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpar-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpar-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.1 <code>\par</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpar"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpar"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph_002c-ending"></span>
<p>Synopsis (note that while reading the input TeX converts two
consecutive newlines to a <code>\par</code>):
@@ -11893,18 +12926,16 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&nbsp;inches and then
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpar" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\par</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.2 <code>\indent</code> &amp; <code>\noindent</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cindent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnoindent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent-1"></a>
-<a name="index-indent_002c-forcing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cindent"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnoindent"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparindent-1"></span>
+<span id="index-indent_002c-forcing"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -11923,7 +12954,7 @@ first outputs an empty box whose width is <code>\parindent</code>. These
commands are robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>Ordinarily you create a new paragraph by putting in a blank line.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a> for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
+See <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a>, for the difference between this command and <code>\par</code>. To
start a paragraph without an indent, or to continue an interrupted
paragraph, use <code>\noindent</code>.
</p>
@@ -11956,8 +12987,8 @@ because LaTeX is already in horizontal mode there. The
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
<code>\parskip</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></a>
-<a name="index-indentfirst-package-5"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"></span>
+<span id="index-indentfirst-package-5"></span>
<p>Default LaTeX styles have the first paragraph after a section that is
not indented, as is traditional typesetting in English. To change that,
@@ -11965,62 +12996,64 @@ look on CTAN for the package <code>indentfirst</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Marginal-notes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Marginal notes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\indent &amp; \noindent</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.3 <code>\parindent</code> &amp; <code>\parskip</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cparindent-2"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cparskip"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-indentation"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparindent-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cparskip"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\setlength{\parskip}{<var>horizontal len</var>}
-\setlength{\parinden}{<var>vertical len</var>}
+<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{<var>horizontal len</var>}
+\setlength{\parskip}{<var>vertical len</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Both are a rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They give the indentation
-of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside minipages
-(see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>), and the vertical space between paragraphs.
+<p>Both are rubber lengths (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>). They affect the
+indentation of ordinary paragraphs, not paragraphs inside
+minipages (see <a href="#minipage">minipage</a>), and the vertical space between
+paragraphs, respectively.
</p>
-<p>This, put in the preamble,
+<p>For example, if this is put in the preamble:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\setlength{\parindent}{0em}
\setlength{\parskip}{1ex}
</pre></div>
-<p>arranges that the document will have paragraphs that are not indented,
-but instead are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase
-&lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>The document will have paragraphs that are not indented, but instead
+are vertically separated by about the height of a lowercase &lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<p>In standard LaTeX documents, the default value for <code>\parindent</code>
in one-column documents is <code>15pt</code> when the default text size is
-<code>10pt</code> , <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
-<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. The default
-value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document styles is
-<code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
+<code>10pt</code>, <code>17pt</code> for <code>11pt</code>, and <code>1.5em</code> for
+<code>12pt</code>. In two-column documents it is <code>1em</code>. (These values
+are set before LaTeX calls <code>\normalfont</code> so <code>em</code> is derived
+from the default font, Computer Modern. If you use a different font
+then to set <code>\parindent</code> in units matching that font, do
+<code>\AtBeginDocument{\setlength{\parindent}{1em}}</code>.)
+</p>
+<p>The default value for <code>\parskip</code> in LaTeX&rsquo;s standard document
+styles is <code>0pt plus1pt</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Marginal-notes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Marginal-notes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="u" rel="up">Making paragraphs</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Marginal-notes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
+<span id="Marginal-notes-1"></span><h3 class="section">15.4 Marginal notes</h3>
-<a name="index-marginal-notes"></a>
-<a name="index-notes-in-the-margin"></a>
-<a name="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginpar"></a>
+<span id="index-marginal-notes"></span>
+<span id="index-notes-in-the-margin"></span>
+<span id="index-remarks-in-the-margin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginpar"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -12041,8 +13074,8 @@ two-sided layout (document option <code>twoside</code>) then it goes in the
outside margin. If you are in two-column layout (document option
<code>twocolumn</code>) then it goes in the nearest margin.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005creversemarginpar"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005creversemarginpar"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalmarginpar"></span>
<p>If you declare <code>\reversemarginpar</code> then LaTeX will place
subsequent marginal notes in the opposite margin to that given in the
prior paragraph. Revert that to the default position with
@@ -12060,23 +13093,23 @@ hyphenation there by beginning <var>left</var> or <var>right</var> with
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\marginparpush</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparpush-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></a><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; for
-&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
+<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparpush"></span><p>Minimum vertical space between notes; default &lsquo;<samp>7pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;
+documents, &lsquo;<samp>5pt</samp>&rsquo; else. See also&nbsp;<a href="#page-layout-parameters-marginparpush">page layout parameters marginparpush</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparsep"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparsep"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></a><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
+<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparsep"></span><p>Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default
&lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; documents, &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; else.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\marginparwidth</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarginparwidth-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></a><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
+<dd><span id="marginal-notes-marginparwidth"></span><p>Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided &lsquo;<samp>10pt</samp>&rsquo; document
is &lsquo;<samp>90pt</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>83pt</samp>&rsquo; for &lsquo;<samp>11pt</samp>&rsquo;, and &lsquo;<samp>68pt</samp>&rsquo; for
&lsquo;<samp>12pt</samp>&rsquo;; &lsquo;<samp>17pt</samp>&rsquo; more in each case for a two-sided document.
In two column mode, the default is &lsquo;<samp>48pt</samp>&rsquo;.
@@ -12089,25 +13122,23 @@ notes from falling off the bottom of the page.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-formulas"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-formulas"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-formulas-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
+<span id="Math-formulas-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2>
-<a name="index-math-formulas"></a>
-<a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a>
-<a name="index-math-environment-1"></a>
+<span id="index-math-formulas"></span>
+<span id="index-formulas_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></span>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-math-1"></span>
+<span id="index-math-environment-1"></span>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></span>
+<span id="index-displaymath-environment-1"></span>
-<a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a>
-<a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a>
+<span id="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></span>
+<span id="index-equation-environment-1"></span>
<p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display
@@ -12176,7 +13207,7 @@ equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var>
\end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph
mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></span>
<p>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences.
One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display
math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer
@@ -12204,14 +13235,14 @@ fraction will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>,
the &lsquo;<samp>Geometric</samp>&rsquo; line&rsquo;s fraction will be easy to read, with
characters the same size as in the rest of the line.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-5"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-5"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a>
-<a name="index-amsfonts-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></span>
+<span id="index-amsfonts-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package"></span>
<p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of
packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics,
@@ -12222,37 +13253,35 @@ Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn&rsquo;t fit anywhere else.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn&rsquo;t fit anywhere else.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</h3>
+<span id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts &amp; superscripts</h3>
-<a name="index-superscript"></a>
-<a name="index-subscript"></a>
-<a name="index-exponent"></a>
-<a name="index-_005f"></a>
-<a name="index-_005e"></a>
+<span id="index-superscript"></span>
+<span id="index-subscript"></span>
+<span id="index-_005e-superscript"></span>
+<span id="index-_005f-subscript"></span>
+<span id="index-exponent"></span>
<p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of:
</p>
@@ -12317,40 +13346,38 @@ subscript.
subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally
attaching to a prior symbols.
</p>
-<p>Using the subscript or superscript command outside of math mode or
+<p>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or
display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you
the error &lsquo;<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a>
-<a name="index-mhchem-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mhchem"></span>
+<span id="index-mhchem-package"></span>
<p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to
-typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that such as
+typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as
<samp>mhchem</samp>; see CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-symbols"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-symbols"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
+<span id="Math-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.2 Math symbols</h3>
-<a name="index-math-symbols"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-greek-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-math-symbols"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-greek-letters"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-symbols"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-comprehensive"></span>
+<span id="index-comprehensive-package"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that
-anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source,
-you will get the pi symbol &#x03C0;. See the <samp>Comprehensive
-LaTeX Symbol List</samp> at
-<a href="https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/">https://ctan.org/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/</a>.
+anyone uses. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your source,
+you will get the pi symbol &#x03C0;. See the &ldquo;Comprehensive
+LaTeX Symbol List&rdquo; package at
+<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive">https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive</a>.
</p>
<p>Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive.
Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class,
@@ -12362,44 +13389,44 @@ mode, see <a href="#g_t_005censuremath">\ensuremath</a>.
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\|</code>
-<a name="index-_005c_007c"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_007c"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\parallel</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\aleph</code>
-<a name="index-_005caleph"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caleph"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2135; Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\alpha</code>
-<a name="index-_005calpha"></a>
+<span id="index-_005calpha"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B1; Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\amalg</code>
-<a name="index-_005camalg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005camalg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A3F; Disjoint union (binary)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\angle</code>
-<a name="index-_005cangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2220; Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than
sign&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code> and angle bracket&nbsp;<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\approx</code>
-<a name="index-_005capprox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005capprox"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2248; Almost equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ast</code>
-<a name="index-_005cast"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cast"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2217; Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed
(binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>*</code>, which is often a superscript or
@@ -12409,281 +13436,281 @@ sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\asymp</code>
-<a name="index-_005casymp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005casymp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x224D; Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\backslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbackslash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbackslash"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus&nbsp;<code>\setminus</code>, and
<code>\textbackslash</code> for backslash outside of math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\beta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbeta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbeta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B2; Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcap</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigcap"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigcap"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C2; Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar:
binary intersection&nbsp;<code>\cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcirc</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigcirc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigcirc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x26AA; Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function
composition&nbsp;<code>\circ</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigcup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigcup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigcup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary
union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigodot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigodot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigodot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A00; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigoplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigoplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigoplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A01; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigotimes</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigotimes"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigotimes"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A02; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangledown</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigtriangledown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25BD; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigtriangleup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigtriangleup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigsqcup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigsqcup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigsqcup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A06; Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\biguplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbiguplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbiguplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A04; Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus
(operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigvee</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigvee"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigvee"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22C1; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
+<dd><p>&#x22C1; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bigwedge</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigwedge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigwedge"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22C0; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
+<dd><p>&#x22C0; Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x22A5; Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
+<dd><p>&#x22A5;, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered
set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\top</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bowtie</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbowtie"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbowtie"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C8; Natural join of two relations (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Box</code>
-<a name="index-_005cBox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cBox"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25A1; Modal operator for necessity; square open box
(ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bullet</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbullet"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbullet"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bullet-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bullet-symbol"></span>
<p>&#x2022; Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication
dot&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cap</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccap"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccap"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2229; Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cdot</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccdot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccdot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C5; Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet
dot&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\chi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cchi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cchi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C7; Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\circ</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccirc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccirc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2218; Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcirc</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\clubsuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cclubsuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cclubsuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2663; Club card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\complement</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccomplement"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccomplement"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2201; Set complement, used as a superscript as in
+<dd><p>&#x2201;, Set complement, used as a superscript as in
<code>$S^\complement$</code> (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. Also used:
<code>$S^{\mathsf{c}}$</code> or&nbsp;<code>$\bar{S}$</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cong</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccong"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccong"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2245; Congruent (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coprod</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccoprod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccoprod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2210; Coproduct (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cup</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222A; Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dagger</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdagger"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdagger"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2020; Dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dashv</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdashv"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdashv"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A3; Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar:
turnstile&nbsp;<code>\vdash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddagger</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddagger"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddagger"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2021; Double dagger relation (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Delta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cDelta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDelta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x0394; Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\delta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdelta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdelta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B4; Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Diamond</code>
-<a name="index-_005cDiamond"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDiamond"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C7; Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamond</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdiamond"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdiamond"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C4; Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large
diamond&nbsp;<code>\Diamond</code>, circle bullet&nbsp;<code>\bullet</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\diamondsuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdiamondsuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2662; Diamond card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\div</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdiv"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdiv"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00F7; Division sign (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\doteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdoteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdoteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2250; Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal
to&nbsp;<code>\Doteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\downarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2193; Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar:
<code>\Downarrow</code> double line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Downarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cDownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D3; Double line down arrow (relation). Similar:
<code>\downarrow</code> single line down arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ell</code>
-<a name="index-_005cell"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cell"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2113; Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\emptyset</code>
-<a name="index-_005cemptyset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cemptyset"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varnothing</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\epsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cepsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cepsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F5; Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to
Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small
@@ -12692,127 +13719,127 @@ the set membership relation <code>\in</code>&nbsp;&#x2208;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\equiv</code>
-<a name="index-_005cequiv"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cequiv"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2261; Equivalence (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\eta</code>
-<a name="index-_005ceta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ceta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B7; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exists</code>
-<a name="index-_005cexists"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cexists"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2203; Existential quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\flat</code>
-<a name="index-_005cflat"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cflat"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x266D; Musical flat (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\forall</code>
-<a name="index-_005cforall"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cforall"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2200; Universal quantifier (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\frown</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfrown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfrown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2322; Downward curving arc (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Gamma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cGamma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cGamma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x0393; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gamma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgamma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgamma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ge</code>
-<a name="index-_005cge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cge"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\geq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\geq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgeq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgeq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2265; Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\ge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gets</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgets"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgets"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Is assigned the value (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gg</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x226B; Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less
than&nbsp;<code>\ll</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hbar</code>
-<a name="index-_005chbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chbar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x210F; Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\heartsuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cheartsuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cheartsuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2661; Heart card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookleftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005chookleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chookleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21A9; Hooked left arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hookrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005chookrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chookrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21AA; Hooked right arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iff</code>
-<a name="index-_005ciff"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ciff"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; If and only if (relation). It is <code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>
with a <code>\thickmuskip</code> on either side.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Im</code>
-<a name="index-_005cIm"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cIm"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2111; Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part&nbsp;<code>\Re</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\imath</code>
-<a name="index-_005cimath"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cimath"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dotless-i_002c-math"></span>
<p>Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\in</code>
-<a name="index-_005cin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2208; Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate
epsilon&nbsp;<code>\epsilon</code>&#x03F5; and small letter script
@@ -12820,115 +13847,115 @@ epsilon&nbsp;<code>\varepsilon</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\infty</code>
-<a name="index-_005cinfty"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinfty"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221E; Infinity (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\int</code>
-<a name="index-_005cint"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cint"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\iota</code>
-<a name="index-_005ciota"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ciota"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Join</code>
-<a name="index-_005cJoin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cJoin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2A1D; Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain
TeX.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\jmath</code>
-<a name="index-_005cjmath"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cjmath"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dotless-j_002c-math"></span>
<p>Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see <a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\kappa</code>
-<a name="index-_005ckappa"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ckappa"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BA; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Lambda</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLambda"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLambda"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x039B; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lambda</code>
-<a name="index-_005clambda"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clambda"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BB; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\land</code>
-<a name="index-_005cland"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cland"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). This is a synonym for <code>\wedge</code>.
-See also logical or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
+See also logical&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code>\lor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\langle</code>
-<a name="index-_005clangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E8; Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar:
less-than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rangle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrace</code>
-<a name="index-_005clbrace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clbrace"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x007B; Left curly brace
(opening). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\{</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lbrack</code>
-<a name="index-_005clbrack"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clbrack"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x005B; Left square bracket (opening).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>[</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\rbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lceil</code>
-<a name="index-_005clceil"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clceil"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2308; Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom
shaved off (opening). Matches&nbsp;<code>\rceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\le</code>
-<a name="index-_005cle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leadsto</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleadsto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleadsto"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
+<dd><p>&#x21DD; Squiggly right arrow (relation).
To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put
<code>\newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}}</code> in the
preamble and then use <code>\Leadsto</code> instead.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLeftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLeftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D0; Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar:
single-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2190; Single-line left arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\gets</code>. Similar: double-line left
@@ -12936,116 +13963,117 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoondown</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftharpoondown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BD; Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftharpoonup</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftharpoonup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21BC; Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Leftrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLeftrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D4; Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation).
Similar: single-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leftrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleftrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2194; Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar:
double-line double headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Leftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\leq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cleq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cleq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2264; Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym
for&nbsp;<code>\le</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lfloor</code>
-<a name="index-_005clfloor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clfloor"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x230A; Left floor bracket (opening). Matches:&nbsp;<code>\floor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005clhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary).
-Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
+For the normal subgroup symbol you should load
<samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleleft</code> (which is a relation
and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ll</code>
-<a name="index-_005cll"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cll"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x226A; Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater
than&nbsp;<code>\gg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lnot</code>
-<a name="index-_005clnot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clnot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neg</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F5; Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line left arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longleftrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongleftrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F7; Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line double-headed arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longleftrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longmapsto</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongmapsto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongmapsto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27FC; Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
(relation). Similar: shorter version&nbsp;<code>\mapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\longrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005clongrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clongrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27F6; Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long
double-line right arrow&nbsp;<code>\Longrightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lor</code>
-<a name="index-_005clor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clor"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or (binary). Synonym: wedge&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\vee</code>.
+See also logical&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code>\land</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mapsto</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmapsto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmapsto"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21A6; Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation).
+<dd><p>&#x21A6; Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar
+(relation).
Similar: longer version&nbsp;<code>\longmapsto</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mho</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmho"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmho"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2127; Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
-Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mid</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmid"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmid"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2223; Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of
<code>\mid</code> is for a set <code>\{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\}</code>.
@@ -13058,50 +14086,50 @@ for&nbsp;<code>\vert</code> and for norm see the entry for&nbsp;<code>\Vert</cod
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\models</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmodels"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmodels"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A8; Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash
(relation). Similar: long double dash&nbsp;<code>\vDash</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2213; Minus or plus (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mu</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmu"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmu"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BC; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nabla</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnabla"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnabla"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2207; Hamilton&rsquo;s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\natural</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnatural"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnatural"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x266E; Musical natural notation (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ne</code>
-<a name="index-_005cne"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cne"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\neq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nearrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnearrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnearrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2197; North-east arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neg</code>
-<a name="index-_005cneg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cneg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00AC; Logical negation (ordinary).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\lnot</code>. Sometimes instead used for
@@ -13109,13 +14137,13 @@ negation:&nbsp;<code>\sim</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\neq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cneq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cneq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2260; Not equal (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ne</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ni</code>
-<a name="index-_005cni"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cni"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\owns</code>. Similar: is a member
@@ -13123,7 +14151,7 @@ of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\not</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x0020;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a
following operator (relation).
@@ -13134,78 +14162,78 @@ is typographically preferable to <code>\not\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\notin</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnotin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnotin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2209; Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset
of&nbsp;<code>\nsubseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nu</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnu"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnu"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BD; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\nwarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cnwarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnwarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2196; North-west arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\odot</code>
-<a name="index-_005codot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005codot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2299; Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigodot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oint</code>
-<a name="index-_005coint"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coint"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222E; Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle
(operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Omega</code>
-<a name="index-_005cOmega"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cOmega"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A9; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\omega</code>
-<a name="index-_005comega"></a>
+<span id="index-_005comega"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C9; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ominus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cominus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cominus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2296; Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005coplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2295; Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized
operator&nbsp;<code>\bigoplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005coslash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coslash"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2298; Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\otimes</code>
-<a name="index-_005cotimes"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cotimes"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2297; Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar:
variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\bigotimes</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\owns</code>
-<a name="index-_005cowns"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cowns"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x220B; Reflected membership epsilon; has the member
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\ni</code>. Similar: is a member
@@ -13213,66 +14241,72 @@ of&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\parallel</code>
-<a name="index-_005cparallel"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparallel"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2225; Parallel (relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\|</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\partial</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpartial"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpartial"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2202; Partial differential (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\perp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cperp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cperp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27C2; Perpendicular (relation). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\bot</code> uses the
same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class
ordinary.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\Phi</code>
+<span id="index-_005cPhi"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>&#x03A6; Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\phi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cphi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cphi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varphi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A0; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C0; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varpi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pm</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpm"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpm"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00B1; Plus or minus (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prec</code>
-<a name="index-_005cprec"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprec"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x227A; Precedes (relation). Similar: less than&nbsp;<code>&lt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\preceq</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpreceq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpreceq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AAF; Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or
equals&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prime</code>
-<a name="index-_005cprime"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprime"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2032; Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary).
Typically used as a superscript: <code>$f^\prime$</code>; <code>$f^\prime$</code>
@@ -13285,58 +14319,58 @@ single quote&nbsp;<code>'</code> in text mode produces a different character
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\prod</code>
-<a name="index-_005cprod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x220F; Product (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\propto</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpropto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpropto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221D; Is proportional to (relation)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Psi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPsi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPsi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A8; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\psi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpsi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpsi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rangle</code>
-<a name="index-_005crangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x27E9; Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing).
Similar: greater than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>. Matches:<code>\langle</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrace</code>
-<a name="index-_005crbrace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crbrace"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x007D; Right curly brace
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\}</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrace</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rbrack</code>
-<a name="index-_005crbrack"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crbrack"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x005D; Right square bracket
(closing). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>]</code>. Matches&nbsp;<code>\lbrack</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rceil</code>
-<a name="index-_005crceil"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crceil"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2309; Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lceil</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Re</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRe"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cRe"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x211C; Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related:
double-line, or blackboard bold, R&nbsp;<code>\mathbb{R}</code>; to access
@@ -13344,51 +14378,51 @@ this, load the <samp>amsfonts</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\restriction</code>
-<a name="index-_005crestriction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crestriction"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21BE; Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
+<dd><p>&#x21BE;, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym:
<code>\upharpoonright</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\revemptyset</code>
-<a name="index-_005crevemptyset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crevemptyset"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x29B0; Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
+<dd><p>&#x29B0;, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related:
<code>\varnothing</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>stix</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rfloor</code>
-<a name="index-_005crfloor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crfloor"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x230B; Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut
off (closing). Matches&nbsp;<code>\lfloor</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005crhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary).
-Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
+For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead
load <samp>amssymb</samp> and use&nbsp;<code>\vartriangleright</code> (which is a
relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rho</code>
-<a name="index-_005crho"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crho"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C1; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varrho</code>&nbsp;&#x03F1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Rightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cRightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cRightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D2; Implies, right-pointing double line arrow
(relation). Similar: right single-line arrow&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\to</code>. Similar: right double line
@@ -13396,34 +14430,34 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\Rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoondown</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightharpoondown"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightharpoondown"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C1; Right-pointing harpoon with barb below
the line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightharpoonup</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightharpoonup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightharpoonup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21C0; Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the
line (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rightleftharpoons</code>
-<a name="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crightleftharpoons"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21CC; Right harpoon up above left harpoon down
(relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\searrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005csearrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csearrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2198; Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\setminus</code>
-<a name="index-_005csetminus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csetminus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x29F5; Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash,
like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
@@ -13431,64 +14465,64 @@ like \ (binary). Similar: backslash&nbsp;<code>\backslash</code> and also
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sharp</code>
-<a name="index-_005csharp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csharp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x266F; Musical sharp (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Sigma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cSigma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cSigma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A3; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sigma</code>
-<a name="index-_005csigma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csigma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C3; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\varsigma</code>&nbsp;&#x03C2;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sim</code>
-<a name="index-_005csim"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csim"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x223C; Similar, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\simeq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csimeq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csimeq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2243; Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smallint</code>
-<a name="index-_005csmallint"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csmallint"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x222B; Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a
display (operator).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\smile</code>
-<a name="index-_005csmile"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csmile"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2323; Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\spadesuit</code>
-<a name="index-_005cspadesuit"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cspadesuit"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2660; Spade card suit (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcap</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqcap"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqcap"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2293; Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar:
intersection&nbsp;<code>cap</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqcup</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqcup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqcup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2294; Square union symbol (binary). Similar:
union&nbsp;<code>cup</code>. Related: variable-sized
@@ -13496,35 +14530,35 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigsqcup</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsubset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsubset"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x228F; Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
+<dd><p>&#x228F;, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar:
subset&nbsp;<code>\subset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsubseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsubseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsubseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2291; Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or
equal to&nbsp;<code>\subseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsupset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsupset"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2290; Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
+<dd><p>&#x2290;, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar:
superset&nbsp;<code>\supset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sqsupseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csqsupseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csqsupseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2292; Square superset or equal symbol (binary).
Similar: superset or equal&nbsp;<code>\supseteq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\star</code>
-<a name="index-_005cstar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22C6; Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary
operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary).
@@ -13534,52 +14568,52 @@ as with the Kleene star.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csubset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubset"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2282; Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\subseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csubseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csubseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2286; Subset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succ</code>
-<a name="index-_005csucc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csucc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x227B; Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less
than&nbsp;<code>&gt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\succeq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csucceq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csucceq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2AB0; Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less
than or equal to&nbsp;<code>\leq</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sum</code>
-<a name="index-_005csum"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csum"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2211; Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital
sigma&nbsp;<code>\Sigma</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supset</code>
-<a name="index-_005csupset"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csupset"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2283; Superset (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\supseteq</code>
-<a name="index-_005csupseteq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csupseteq"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2287; Superset or equal to (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\surd</code>
-<a name="index-_005csurd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csurd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x221A; Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command
<code>\sqrt{...}</code> typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar
@@ -13587,53 +14621,53 @@ that extends to cover the argument.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\swarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cswarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cswarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2199; Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tau</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctau"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctau"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C4; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\theta</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctheta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctheta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B8; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is
<code>\vartheta</code>&nbsp;&#x03D1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\times</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctimes"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctimes"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x00D7; Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See
also&nbsp;<code>\cdot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\to</code>
-<a name="index-_005cto"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cto"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2192; Right-pointing single line arrow (relation).
Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\rightarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\top</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctop"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctop"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A4; Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set
(ordinary). See also&nbsp;<code>\bot</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangle</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctriangle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctriangle"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B3; Triangle (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleleft</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctriangleleft"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctriangleleft"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25C1; Not-filled triangle pointing left
(binary). Similar:&nbsp;<code>\lhd</code>. For the normal subgroup symbol you
@@ -13642,7 +14676,7 @@ is a relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\triangleright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctriangleright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctriangleright"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x25B7; Not-filled triangle pointing right
(binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load
@@ -13651,27 +14685,27 @@ relation and so gives better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unlhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunlhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunlhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B4; Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
-triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the
+triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglelefteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\unrhd</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunrhd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunrhd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22B5; Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is,
-triangle, with a line under (binary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package. For the
+triangle, with a line under (binary). For the
normal subgroup symbol load <samp>amssymb</samp> and
use&nbsp;<code>\vartrianglerighteq</code> (which is a relation and so gives
better spacing).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Uparrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cUparrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cUparrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D1; Double-line upward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing
@@ -13679,7 +14713,7 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uparrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cuparrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cuparrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2191; Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges
(relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing
@@ -13687,7 +14721,7 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\Uparrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Updownarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cUpdownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x21D5; Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing
@@ -13695,7 +14729,7 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\updownarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005cupdownarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cupdownarrow"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2195; Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow
(relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing
@@ -13703,15 +14737,15 @@ arrow&nbsp;<code>\Updownarrow</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upharpoonright</code>
-<a name="index-_005cupharpoonright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cupharpoonright"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x21BE; Up harpoon, with barb on right side
+<dd><p>&#x21BE;, Up harpoon, with barb on right side
(relation). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\restriction</code>.
Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\uplus</code>
-<a name="index-_005cuplus"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cuplus"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x228E; Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in
the middle (binary). Similar: union&nbsp;<code>\cup</code>. Related:
@@ -13719,19 +14753,19 @@ variable-sized operator&nbsp;<code>\biguplus</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Upsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cUpsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cUpsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03A5; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\upsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cupsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cupsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C5; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varepsilon</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarepsilon"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarepsilon"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B5; Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is
more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form
@@ -13740,35 +14774,35 @@ membership&nbsp;<code>\in</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vanothing</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvanothing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvanothing"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2205; Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
+<dd><p>&#x2205;, Empty set symbol. Similar: <code>\emptyset</code>. Related:
<code>\revemptyset</code>. Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the <samp>amssymb</samp> package.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varphi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarphi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarphi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\phi</code>&nbsp;&#x03D5;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varpi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarpi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarpi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D6; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\pi</code>&nbsp;&#x03C0;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varrho</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarrho"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarrho"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03F1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\varsigma</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvarsigma"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvarsigma"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03C2; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
@@ -13776,7 +14810,7 @@ The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vartheta</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvartheta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvartheta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03D1; Variant on the lowercase Greek letter
(ordinary). The non-variant form is
@@ -13784,7 +14818,7 @@ The non-variant form is <code>\rho</code>&nbsp;&#x03C1;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vdash</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvdash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvdash"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x22A2; Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash
(relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a
@@ -13792,7 +14826,7 @@ half-circle&nbsp;<code>\dashv</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vee</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvee"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvee"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2228; Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related:
logical and&nbsp;<code>\wedge</code>. Similar: variable-sized
@@ -13800,47 +14834,24 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigvee</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Vert</code>
-<a name="index-_005cVert"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cVert"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). Similar: vertical single
-bar&nbsp;<code>\vert</code>.
-</p>
-<p>For a norm symbol, you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and put in
-your preamble
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\norm{\lVert}{\rVert}</code>. This gives you
-three command variants for double-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version <code>$\norm*{M^\perp}$</code> then the height of the vertical bars
-will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\norm{M^\perp}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of the
-argument but instead are the default height, and <code>\norm[<var>size
-command</var>]{M^\perp}</code> also gives bars that do not grow but are set to
-the size given in the <var>size command</var>, e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+<dd><p>&#x2016; Vertical double bar (ordinary). See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>,
+for how to use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package to create flexibly-sized
+norm symbols.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vert</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvert"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><p>&#x007C; Single line vertical bar (ordinary). Similar: double-line
-vertical bar&nbsp;<code>\Vert</code>. For such that, as in the definition of a
-set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it is a relation.
-</p>
-<p>For absolute value you can use the <samp>mathtools</samp> package and in your
-preamble put
-<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code>. This gives you
-three command variants for single-line vertical bars that are correctly
-horizontally spaced: if in the document body you write the starred
-version <code>$\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}$</code> then the height of the
-vertical bars will match the height of the argument, whereas with
-<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code> the bars do not grow with the height of
-the argument but instead are the default height, and
-<code>\abs[<var>size command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code> also gives bars that
-do not grow but are set to the size given in the <var>size command</var>,
-e.g., <code>\Bigg</code>.
+<span id="index-_005cvert"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><p>&#x007C; Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For &ldquo;such
+that&rdquo;, as in the definition of a set, use&nbsp;<code>\mid</code> because it
+is a relation. See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for how to use the <samp>mathtools</samp>
+package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wedge</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwedge"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwedge"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2227; Logical and (binary). Synonym:&nbsp;<code>\land</code>. See also
logical or <code>\vee</code>. Similar: variable-sized
@@ -13848,31 +14859,31 @@ operator&nbsp;<code>\bigwedge</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2118; Weierstrass p (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\wr</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwr"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwr"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x2240; Wreath product (binary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Xi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cXi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cXi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x039E; uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\xi</code>
-<a name="index-_005cxi"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cxi"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03BE; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\zeta</code>
-<a name="index-_005czeta"></a>
+<span id="index-_005czeta"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>&#x03B6; Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
</p>
@@ -13884,31 +14895,31 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\mathdollar</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathdollar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathdollar"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Dollar sign in math mode: $.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathparagraph</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathparagraph"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathparagraph"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, &#x00B6;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsection</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathsection"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathsection"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Section sign in math mode &#x00A7;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathsterling</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathsterling"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathsterling"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sterling sign in math mode: &pound;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathunderscore</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathunderscore"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathunderscore"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Underscore in math mode: _.
</p>
@@ -13916,28 +14927,161 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="1">Blackboard bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="1">Arrows</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of arrows.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="2">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="2">Calligraphic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="3">Blackboard bold</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Doublestruck characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="3">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Symbols in boldface.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="4">Calligraphic</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Cursive characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Dots" accesskey="4">Dots</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ellipses, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="5">Delimiters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Parentheses, braces, etc.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Dots" accesskey="6">Dots</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ellipses, etc.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="7">Greek letters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of Greek letters.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Blackboard-bold"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Arrows"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Arrows-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Arrows</h4>
+
+<span id="index-arrows"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-arrows"></span>
+<span id="index-math_002c-arrows"></span>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"></span>
+<span id="index-amsfonts-package-1"></span>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-latexsym"></span>
+<span id="index-latexsym-package"></span>
+
+<p>These are the arrows that come with standard LaTeX. The
+<samp>latexsym</samp> and <samp>amsfonts</samp> packages contain many more.
+</p>
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="40%">Command</th><th width="50%"></th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021D3;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02193;</td><td width="40%"><code>\downarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021A9;</td><td width="40%"><code>\hookleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021AA;</td><td width="40%"><code>\hookrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x2190;</td><td width="40%"><code>\leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021D0;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Leftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021D4;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02194;</td><td width="40%"><code>\leftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027F5;</td><td width="40%"><code>\longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027F8;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longleftarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027F7;</td><td width="40%"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027FA;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longleftrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027FC;</td><td width="40%"><code>\longmapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027F9;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x027F6;</td><td width="40%"><code>\longrightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021A6;</td><td width="40%"><code>\mapsto</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02197;</td><td width="40%"><code>\nearrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02196;</td><td width="40%"><code>\nwarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021D2;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Rightarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02192;</td><td width="40%"><code>\rightarrow</code>, or <code>\to</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02198;</td><td width="40%"><code>\searrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02199;</td><td width="40%"><code>\swarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02191;</td><td width="40%"><code>\uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021D1;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Uparrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x02195;</td><td width="40%"><code>\updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x021D5;</td><td width="40%"><code>\Updownarrow</code></td><td width="50%"></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>An example of the difference between <code>\to</code> and <code>\mapsto</code>
+is: <code>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</code>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amscd"></span>
+<span id="index-amscd-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"></span>
+<span id="index-tikz_002dcd-package"></span>
+
+<p>For commutative diagrams there are a number of packages, including
+<samp>tikz-cd</samp> and <samp>amscd</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="n" rel="next">Blackboard bold</a>, Previous: <a href="#Arrows" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Arrows</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 <code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-boldface-mathematics"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cboldmath"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cunboldmath"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-_005cboldmath-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></span>
+<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
+a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
+(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
+math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+</p>
+<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
+<code>\mbox</code>,
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
+mode, and explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code>
+and <code>u</code>.
+</p>
+<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
+\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX
+Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
+11</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-bm"></span>
+<span id="index-bm-package"></span>
+
+<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
+the <samp>bm</samp> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
+description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
+documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
+...
+we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Blackboard-bold"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="n" rel="next">Calligraphic</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Blackboard-bold-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.1 Blackboard bold</h4>
+<span id="Blackboard-bold-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 Blackboard bold</h4>
-<a name="index-blackboard-bold"></a>
-<a name="index-doublestruck"></a>
+<span id="index-blackboard-bold"></span>
+<span id="index-doublestruck"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -13957,7 +15101,7 @@ integers, etc.
<pre class="example">\( \forall n \in \mathbb{N}, n^2 \geq 0 \)
</pre></div>
-<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol &#x2115;
+<p>the <code>\mathbb{N}</code> gives blackboard bold symbol &#x2115;,
representing the natural numbers.
</p>
<p>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
@@ -13968,17 +15112,15 @@ capital letters; look on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Calligraphic"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Calligraphic"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Delimiters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Blackboard-bold" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Blackboard bold</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Calligraphic-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.2 Calligraphic</h4>
+<span id="Calligraphic-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Calligraphic</h4>
-<a name="index-calligraphic-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-script-fonts"></a>
-<a name="index-fonts_002c-script"></a>
+<span id="index-calligraphic-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-script-fonts"></span>
+<span id="index-fonts_002c-script"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -13995,90 +15137,353 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="n" rel="next"
</pre></div>
<p>If you use something other than an uppercase letter then you do not get
-an error. Instead you get unexpected output. For instance,
-<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol, while
-<code>\mathcal{+}</code> outputs a plus sign.
+an error but you also do not get math calligraphic output. For instance,
+<code>\mathcal{g}</code> outputs a close curly brace symbol.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Delimiters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="n" rel="next">Dots</a>, Previous: <a href="#Calligraphic" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Calligraphic</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.3 <code>\boldmath</code> &amp; <code>\unboldmath</code></h4>
+<span id="Delimiters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.5 Delimiters</h4>
-<a name="index-boldface-mathematics"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-boldface"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cboldmath"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cunboldmath"></a>
+<span id="index-delimiters"></span>
+<span id="index-parentheses"></span>
+<span id="index-braces"></span>
+<span id="index-curly-braces"></span>
+<span id="index-brackets"></span>
-<p>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
+<p>Delimiters are parentheses, braces, or other characters used to mark
+the start and end of subformulas. This formula has three sets of
+parentheses delimiting the three subformulas.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\boldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+<pre class="example">(z-z_0)^2 = (x-x_0)^2 + (y-y_0)^2
</pre></div>
-<p>or
+<p>The delimiters do not need to match, so you can enter <code>\( [0,1) \)</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Here are the common delimiters:
+</p>
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="11%">Delimiter</th><th width="20%">Command</th><th width="40%">Name</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="11%">(</td><td width="20%"><code>(</code></td><td width="40%">Left parenthesis</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">)</td><td width="20%"><code>)</code></td><td width="40%">Right parenthesis</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\}</td><td width="20%"><code>{</code> or <code>\lbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Left brace</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\{</td><td width="20%"><code>}</code> or <code>\rbrace</code></td><td width="40%">Right brace</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">[</td><td width="20%"><code>[</code> or <code>\lbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Left bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">]</td><td width="20%"><code>]</code> or <code>\rbrack</code></td><td width="40%">Right bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x230A;</td><td width="20%"><code>\lfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Left floor bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x230B;</td><td width="20%"><code>\rfloor</code></td><td width="40%">Right floor bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x2308;</td><td width="20%"><code>\lceil</code></td><td width="40%">Left ceiling bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x2309;</td><td width="20%"><code>\rceil</code></td><td width="40%">Right ceiling bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x27E8;</td><td width="20%"><code>\langle</code></td><td width="40%">Left angle bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x27E9;</td><td width="20%"><code>\rangle</code></td><td width="40%">Right angle bracket</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">/</td><td width="20%"><code>/</code></td><td width="40%">Slash, or forward slash</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">\</td><td width="20%"><code>\backslash</code></td><td width="40%">Reverse slash, or backslash</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">|</td><td width="20%"><code>|</code> or <code>\vert</code></td><td width="40%">Vertical bar</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="11%">&#x2016;</td><td width="20%"><code>\|</code> or <code>\Vert</code></td><td width="40%">Double vertical bar</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-1"></span>
+
+<p>The <samp>mathtools</samp> package allows you to create commands for paired
+delimiters. For instance, if you put
+<code>\DeclarePairedDelimiter\abs{\lvert}{\rvert}</code> in your preamble
+then you get two commands for single-line vertical bars (they only work
+in math mode). The starred version, such as
+<code>\abs*{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the height of the vertical bars
+match the height of the argument. The unstarred version, such as
+<code>\abs{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, has the bars fixed at a default height.
+This version accepts an optional argument, as in <code>\abs[<var>size
+command</var>]{\frac{22}{7}}</code>, where the height of the bars is given in
+<var>size command</var>, such as <code>\Bigg</code>. Using <code>\lVert</code> and
+<code>\rVert</code> as the symbols will give you a norm symbol with the same
+behavior.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="1">\left &amp; \right</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Automatically sized delimiters.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="2">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Manually sized delimiters.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.1 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></span>
+<span id="index-paired-delimiters"></span>
+<span id="index-matching-parentheses"></span>
+<span id="index-matching-brackets"></span>
+<span id="index-null-delimiter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cleft"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cright"></span>
+
+
+<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\unboldmath \( <var>math</var> \)
+<pre class="example">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cboldmath-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cunboldmath-1"></a>
-<p>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <var>math</var> to be in
-a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
-(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
-math mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). Both commands are fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. LaTeX makes
+the delimiters tall enough to just cover the size of the formula that
+they enclose.
</p>
-<p>In this example each <code>\boldmath</code> command takes place inside an
-<code>\mbox</code>,
+<p>This makes a unit vector surrounded by parentheses tall enough to cover
+the entries.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \left(\begin{array}{c}
+ 1 \\
+ 0 \\
+ \end{array}\right)
+\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>which means <code>\boldmath</code> is only called in a text mode, here LR
-mode, and explains why LaTeX must switch to math mode to set <code>v</code>
-and <code>u</code>.
+<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters.
</p>
-<p>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <code>Trouble: \(
-\boldmath x \)</code>, then you get something like &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Font Warning:
-Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX
-Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
-11</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. In the above
+example, leaving out the <code>\left(</code> gets the error message
+&lsquo;<samp>Extra \right</samp>&rsquo;. Leaving out the <code>\right)</code> gets &lsquo;<samp>You
+can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-bm"></a>
-<a name="index-bm-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-6"></span>
-<p>There are many issues with <code>\boldmath</code>. New documents should use
-the <samp>bm</samp> package provided by the LaTeX Project team. A complete
-description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
-documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-2"></span>
+
+<p>However, <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need not match. A common
+case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
+&lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, as a null delimiter.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
-...
-we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
+ 1 &amp;\mbox{--if \(n=0\)} \\
+ f(n-1)+3n^2 &amp;\mbox{--else}
+ \end{array}\right.
+\end{equation}
</pre></div>
-<p>shows that it is an improvement over <code>\boldmath</code>.
+<p>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
+backslash, <code>\{</code>. (The packages <samp>amsmath</samp> and
+<samp>mathtools</samp> allow you to get the above construct through in a
+<code>cases</code> environment.)
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair make a group. One consequence is that
+the formula enclosed in the <code>\left ... \right</code> pair cannot have
+line breaks in the output. This includes both manual line breaks and
+LaTeX-generated automatic ones. In this example, LaTeX breaks the
+equation to make the formula fit the margins.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+\( (a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z) \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>But with <code>\left</code> and <code>\right</code>
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
+\( \left(a+b+c+d+e+f+g+h+i+j+k+l+m+n+o+p+q+r+s+t+u+v+w+x+y+z\right) \)
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>LaTeX won&rsquo;t break the line, causing the formula to extend into the
+margin.
+</p>
+<p>Because <code>\left ... \right</code> make a group, all the usual grouping
+rules hold. Here, the value of <code>\testlength</code> set inside the
+equation will be forgotten, and the output is &lsquo;<samp>1.2pt</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newlength{\testlength} \setlength{\testlength}{1.2pt}
+\begin{equation}
+ \left( a+b=c \setlength{\testlength}{3.4pt} \right)
+ \the\testlength
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\left ... \right</code> pair affect the horizontal spacing of the
+enclosed formula, in two ways. The first is that in <code>\( \sin(x) =
+\sin\left(x\right) \)</code> the one after the equals sign has more space
+around the <code>x</code>. That&rsquo;s because <code>\left( ... \right)</code> inserts
+an inner node while <code>( ... )</code> inserts an opening node. The second
+way that the pair affect the horizontal spacing is that because they
+form a group, the enclosed subformula will be typeset at its natural
+width, with no stretching or shrinking to make the line fit better.
+</p>
+<p>TeX scales the delimiters according to the height and depth of the
+contained formula. Here LaTeX grows the brackets to extend the full
+height of the integral.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \left[ \int_{x=r_0}^{\infty} -G\frac{Mm}{r^2}\, dr \right]
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Manual sizing is often better. For instance, although below the rule
+has no depth, TeX will create delimiters that extend far below the
+rule.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \left( \rule{1pt}{1cm} \right)
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>TeX can choose delimiters that are too small, as in <code>\( \left|
+|x|+|y| \right| \)</code>. It can also choose delimiters that are too large,
+as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \left( \sum_{0\leq i&lt;n} i^k \right)
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A third awkward case is when a long displayed formula is on more than
+one line and you must match the sizes of the opening and closing
+delimiter; you can&rsquo;t use <code>\left</code> on the first line and
+<code>\right</code> on the last because they must be paired.
+</p>
+<p>To size the delimiters manually, see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\left &amp; \right</a>, Up: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Delimiters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigl_002c-_005cbigr_002c-etc_002e"></span><h4 class="subsubsection">16.2.5.2 <code>\bigl</code>, <code>\bigr</code>, etc.</h4>
+
+<p>Synopsis, one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
+\Bigl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \bigr<var>delimiter2</var>
+\biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
+\Biggl<var>delimiter1</var> ... \Biggr<var>delimiter2</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(as with <code>\bigl[...\bigr]</code>; strictly speaking they need not be
+paired, see below), or one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\bigm<var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigm<var>delimiter</var>
+\biggm<var>delimiter</var>
+\Biggm<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(as with <code>\bigm|</code>), or one of:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\big<var>delimiter</var>
+\Big<var>delimiter</var>
+\bigg<var>delimiter</var>
+\Bigg<var>delimiter</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>(as with <code>\big[</code>).
+</p>
+<p>Produce manually-sized delimiters. For delimiters that are
+automatically sized see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a>).
</p>
+<p>This produces slightly larger outer vertical bars.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"> \bigl| |x|+|y| \bigr|
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The commands above are listed in order of increasing size. You can use
+the smallest size such as <code>\bigl...\bigr</code> in a paragraph without
+causing LaTeX to spread the lines apart. The larger sizes are meant
+for displayed equations.
+</p>
+<p>See <a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a>, for a list of the common delimiters. In the family of
+commands with &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo;, <var>delimiter1</var> and
+<var>delimiter2</var> need not be the same.
+</p>
+<p>The &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; commands produce open and close delimiters
+that insert no horizontal space between a preceding atom and the
+delimiter, while the commands without &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; insert some
+space (because each delimiter is set as an ordinary variable). Compare
+these two.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{l}
+ \(\displaystyle \sin\biggl(\frac{1}{2}\biggr) \) \\ % good
+ \(\displaystyle \sin\bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg) \) \\ % bad
+\end{tabular}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The traditional typographic treatment is on the first line. On the
+second line the output will have some extra space between the
+<code>\sin</code> and the open parenthesis.
+</p>
+<p>Commands without &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; or&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; do give correct spacing in
+some circumstances, as with this large vertical line
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \int_{x=a}^b x^2\,dx = \frac{1}{3} x^3 \Big|_{x=a}^b
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-7"></span>
+
+<p>(many authors would replace <code>\frac</code> with the <code>\tfrac</code> command
+from the <samp>amsmath</samp> package), and as with this larger slash.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \lim_{n\to\infty}\pi(n) \big/ (n/\log n) = 1
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Unlike the <code>\left...\right</code> pair (see <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a>), the
+commands here with &lsquo;<samp>l</samp>&rsquo; and&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>r</samp>&rsquo; do not make a group.
+Strictly speaking they need not be matched so you can write something
+like this.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \Biggl[ \pi/6 ]
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The commands with &lsquo;<samp>m</samp>&rsquo; are for relations, which are in the middle of
+formulas, as here.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
+ \biggl\{ a\in B \biggm| a=\sum_{0\leq i&lt;n}3i^2+4 \biggr\}
+\end{equation}
+</pre></div>
+
+
<hr>
-<a name="Dots"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Dots"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Greek-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Greek letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Delimiters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Delimiters</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.2.4 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
+<span id="Dots_002c-horizontal-or-vertical"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.6 Dots, horizontal or vertical</h4>
-<a name="index-ellipses"></a>
-<a name="index-dots"></a>
+<span id="index-ellipses"></span>
+<span id="index-dots"></span>
<p>Ellipses are the three dots (usually three) indicating that a pattern
continues.
@@ -14094,24 +15499,24 @@ continues.
<p>LaTeX provides these.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="ellipses-cdots"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="ellipses-cdots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\cdots</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccdots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccdots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the line, as
in &#x22EF;. Used as: <code>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
\)</code>.
</p>
-<a name="ellipses-ddots"></a></dd>
+<span id="ellipses-ddots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\ddots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Diagonal ellipsis, &#x22F1;. See the above array example for a
usage.
</p>
-<a name="ellipses-ldots"></a></dd>
+<span id="ellipses-ldots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cldots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cldots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Ellipsis on the baseline, &#x2026;. Used as: <code>\(
x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</code>. Another example is the above array example. A
@@ -14122,9 +15527,9 @@ package is <code>\hdots</code>.
<code>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</code>. (In a paragraph
mode or LR mode a synonym for <code>\ldots</code> is <code>\dots</code>.)
</p>
-<a name="ellipses-vdots"></a></dd>
+<span id="ellipses-vdots"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\vdots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvdots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvdots"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Vertical ellipsis, &#x22EE;. See the above array example for a
usage.
@@ -14132,8 +15537,8 @@ usage.
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-6"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-6"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-8"></span>
<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package has the command <code>\dots</code> to semantically
mark up ellipses. This example produces two different-looking outputs
@@ -14161,229 +15566,279 @@ or relation symbol, <code>\dotsi</code> for dots with integrals, or
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-functions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Greek-letters"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Dots" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Dots</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math symbols</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Greek-letters-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.2.7 Greek letters</h4>
+
+<span id="index-Greek-letters"></span>
+
+<p>The upper case versions of these Greek letters are only shown when they
+differ from Roman upper case letters.
+</p>
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="10%">Symbol</th><th width="30%">Command</th><th width="15%">Name</th><th width="45%"></th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B1;</td><td width="30%"><code>\alpha</code></td><td width="15%">Alpha</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B2;</td><td width="30%"><code>\beta</code></td><td width="15%">Beta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B3;, &#x0393;</td><td width="30%"><code>\gamma</code>, <code>\Gamma</code></td><td width="15%">Gamma</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B4;, &#x0394;</td><td width="30%"><code>\delta</code>, <code>\Delta</code></td><td width="15%">Delta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B5;, &#x03F5;</td><td width="30%"><code>\varepsilon</code>, <code>\epsilon</code></td><td width="15%">Epsilon</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B6;</td><td width="30%"><code>\zeta</code></td><td width="15%">Zeta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B7;</td><td width="30%"><code>\eta</code></td><td width="15%">Eta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B8;, &#x03D1;</td><td width="30%"><code>\theta</code>, <code>\vartheta</code></td><td width="15%">Theta</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03B9;</td><td width="30%"><code>\iota</code></td><td width="15%">Iota</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03BA;</td><td width="30%"><code>\kappa</code></td><td width="15%">Kappa</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03BB;, &#x039B;</td><td width="30%"><code>\lambda</code>, <code>\Lambda</code></td><td width="15%">Lambda</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03BC;</td><td width="30%"><code>\mu</code></td><td width="15%">Mu</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03BD;</td><td width="30%"><code>\nu</code></td><td width="15%">Nu</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03BE;, &#x039E;</td><td width="30%"><code>\xi</code>, <code>\Xi</code></td><td width="15%">Xi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C0;, &#x03A0;</td><td width="30%"><code>\pi</code>, <code>\Pi</code></td><td width="15%">Pi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C1;, &#x03F1;</td><td width="30%"><code>\rho</code>, <code>\varrho</code></td><td width="15%">Rho</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C3;, &#x03A3;</td><td width="30%"><code>\sigma</code>, <code>\Sigma</code></td><td width="15%">Sigma</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C4;</td><td width="30%"><code>\tau</code></td><td width="15%">Tau</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03D5;, &#x03C6;, &#x03A6;</td><td width="30%"><code>\phi</code>, <code>\varphi</code>, <code>\Phi</code></td><td width="15%">Phi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C7;</td><td width="30%"><code>\chi</code></td><td width="15%">chi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C8;, &#x03A8;</td><td width="30%"><code>\psi</code>, <code>\Psi</code></td><td width="15%">Psi</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="10%">&#x03C9;, &#x03A9;</td><td width="30%"><code>\omega</code>, <code>\Omega</code></td><td width="15%">Omega</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"></span>
+<span id="index-unicode_002dmath-package"></span>
+
+<p>For omicron, if you are using LaTeX&rsquo;s default Computer Modern font
+then enter omicron just as &lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>O</samp>&rsquo;. If you like having the
+name or if your font shows a difference then you can use something like
+<code>\newcommand\omicron{o}</code>. The package <samp>unicode-math</samp> has
+<code>\upomicron</code> for upright omicron and <code>\mitomicron</code> for math
+italic.
+</p>
+<p>While the set membership relation symbol &#x2208; generated by
+<code>\in</code> is related to epsilon, it is never used for a variable.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Math-functions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-functions-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>
+<span id="Math-functions-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.3 Math functions</h3>
-<a name="index-math-functions"></a>
-<a name="index-functions_002c-math"></a>
+<span id="index-math-functions"></span>
+<span id="index-functions_002c-math"></span>
<p>These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\arccos</code>
-<a name="index-_005carccos"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carccos"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Inverse cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arcsin</code>
-<a name="index-_005carcsin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carcsin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Inverse sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arctan</code>
-<a name="index-_005carctan"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carctan"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Inverse tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\arg</code>
-<a name="index-_005carg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005carg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Angle between the real axis and a point in the complex plane
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bmod</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbmod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbmod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Binary modulo operator, used as in <code>\( 5\bmod 3=2 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cos</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccos"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccos"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cosh</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccosh"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccosh"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cosine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\cot</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccot"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\coth</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccoth"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccoth"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic cotangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\csc</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccsc"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccsc"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Cosecant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\deg</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdeg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdeg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Degrees
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\det</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdet"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdet"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Determinant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dim</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdim"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdim"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Dimension
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\exp</code>
-<a name="index-_005cexp"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cexp"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Exponential
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\gcd</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgcd"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgcd"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Greatest common divisor
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hom</code>
-<a name="index-_005chom"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chom"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Homomorphism
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\inf</code>
-<a name="index-_005cinf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinf"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Infinum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ker</code>
-<a name="index-_005cker"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cker"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Kernel
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lg</code>
-<a name="index-_005clg"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clg"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Base 2 logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lim</code>
-<a name="index-_005clim"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clim"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Limit
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\liminf</code>
-<a name="index-_005climinf"></a>
+<span id="index-_005climinf"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Limit inferior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\limsup</code>
-<a name="index-_005climsup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005climsup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Limit superior
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ln</code>
-<a name="index-_005cln"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cln"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Natural logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\log</code>
-<a name="index-_005clog"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clog"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Logarithm
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\max</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmax"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmax"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Maximum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\min</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Minimum
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pmod</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpmod"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpmod"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Parenthesized modulus, as used in <code>\( 5\equiv 2\pmod 3 \)</code>
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\Pr</code>
-<a name="index-_005cPr"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cPr"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Probability
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sec</code>
-<a name="index-_005csec"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csec"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Secant
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sin</code>
-<a name="index-_005csin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csin"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sinh</code>
-<a name="index-_005csinh"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csinh"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic sine
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\sup</code>
-<a name="index-_005csup"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csup"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>sup
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tan</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctan"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctan"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Tangent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tanh</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctanh"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctanh"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Hyperbolic tangent
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-7"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-7"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-9"></span>
<p>The <samp>amsmath</samp> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
@@ -14395,16 +15850,14 @@ below, as is traditional with <code>\lim</code>, <code>\sup</code>, or <code>\ma
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-accents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Math-accents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="n" rel="next">Over- and Underlining</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>
+<span id="Math-accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.4 Math accents</h3>
-<a name="index-math-accents"></a>
-<a name="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></a>
+<span id="index-math-accents"></span>
+<span id="index-accents_002c-mathematical"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters
in math. These are different from accents in normal text
@@ -14412,96 +15865,96 @@ in math. These are different from accents in normal text
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\acute</code>
-<a name="index-_005cacute"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cacute"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-acute-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math acute accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\bar</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbar"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-macron-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math bar-over accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\breve</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbreve"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbreve"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-breve-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math breve accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\check</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccheck"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccheck"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-check-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-check-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-hacek-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math h&aacute;&#269;ek (check) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-dot-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math dieresis accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dot</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdot"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdot"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-overdot-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-dot-over-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math dot accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\grave</code>
-<a name="index-_005cgrave"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgrave"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-grave-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math grave accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\hat</code>
-<a name="index-_005chat"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chat"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
-<a name="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
+<span id="index-circumflex-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math hat (circumflex) accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\mathring</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmathring"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmathring"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-ring-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math ring accent </p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\tilde</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctilde"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctilde"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\vec</code>
-<a name="index-_005cvec"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvec"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-vector-symbol_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math vector symbol
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widehat</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwidehat"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwidehat"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math wide hat accent
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\widetilde</code>
-<a name="index-_005cwidetilde"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwidetilde"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math"></span>
<p>Math wide tilde accent
</p>
</dd>
@@ -14512,31 +15965,29 @@ one without a dot, <code>\imath</code> or <code>jmath</code> (see <a href="#Math
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spacing in math mode</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
+<span id="Over_002d-and-Underlining-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.5 Over- and Underlining</h3>
-<a name="index-overlining"></a>
-<a name="index-underlining"></a>
+<span id="index-overlining"></span>
+<span id="index-underlining"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for making overlines or underlines, or
putting braces over or under some material.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\underline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunderline_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Underline <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and outside.
The line is always completely below the text, taking account of
descenders, so in <code>\(\underline{y}\)</code> the line is lower than in
<code>\(\underline{x}\)</code>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-ulem"></a>
-<a name="index-ulem-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-ulem"></span>
+<span id="index-ulem-package"></span>
<p>Note that the package <samp>ulem</samp> does text mode underlining and allows
line breaking as well as a number of other features. See the
@@ -14545,7 +15996,7 @@ producing a line, for such things as a signature.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overline{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coverline_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put a horizontal line over <var>text</var>. Works inside math mode, and
outside. For example, <code>\overline{x+y}</code>.
@@ -14553,7 +16004,7 @@ Note that this differs from the command <code>\bar</code> (see <a href="#Math-ac
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\underbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunderbrace_007bmath_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put a brace under <var>math</var>. For example, this
<code>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</code> emphasizes the telescoping part.
@@ -14572,7 +16023,7 @@ unconnected to the underbrace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\overbrace{<var>math</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005coverbrace_007bmath_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put a brace over <var>math</var>, as with
<code>\overbrace{x+x+\cdots+x}^{\mbox{\(k\) times}}</code>. See also
@@ -14581,33 +16032,31 @@ unconnected to the underbrace.
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-1"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-3"></span>
<p>The package <samp>mathtools</samp> adds an over- and underbrace, as well as
some improvements on the braces. See the documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
+<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3>
-<a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a>
+<span id="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></span>
<p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the
normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then
LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x,
as <em>y=mx</em>.
</p>
-<p>But LaTeX&rsquo;s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an
+<p>But LaTeX&rsquo;s rules occasionally need tweaking. For example, in an
integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the
-<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command.
+<code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx
@@ -14622,26 +16071,42 @@ a&nbsp;&lsquo;<samp>M</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\;</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cthickspace"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math
-mode only.
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003b"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cthickspace"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\negthickspace</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cnegthickspace"></span>
+<p>Normally <code>-5.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\:</code></dt>
<dt><code>\&gt;</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmedspace"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
-Math mode only.
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003a"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_003e-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmedspace"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\negmedspace</code></dt>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cnegmedspace"></span>
+<p>Normally <code>-4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that, in math mode only.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\,</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space"></a>
-<a name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_002c"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cthinspace"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space"></span>
+<span id="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></span><span id="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></span><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em.
Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
</p>
<p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the
@@ -14657,49 +16122,51 @@ this, before punctuation in a displayed equation.
</dd>
<dt><code>\!</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0021"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. The <code>\!</code> command is
-math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code> command is available for
-text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0021"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></span><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>.
+With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the 2020-10-01 LaTeX release, can be
+used in text mode as well as math mode; before that,
+The <code>\!</code> command is math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code>
+command has always worked in text mode (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quad</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-quad"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cquad"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
+<dd><span id="index-quad"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cquad"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></span><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space
surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between
two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available
in both text and math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\qquad</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cqquad"></a>
-<a name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
+<dd><span id="index-_005cqquad"></span>
+<span id="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></span><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in
both text and math mode.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box same size as argument.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box with the same size as the argument.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="3">\mathstrut</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add some vertical space to a formula.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csmash"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csmash"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="n" rel="next">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csmash-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005csmash-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.1 <code>\smash</code></h4>
-<a name="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></a>
+<span id="index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14765,28 +16232,26 @@ mode. So if it starts a paragraph then you should first put a
\leavevmode\smash{zzz} % usual paragraph indent
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-2"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-4"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-4"></span>
<p>The package <code>mathtools</code> has operators that provide even finer
control over smashing a subformula box.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\smash</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\mathstrut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\smash</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.2 <code>\phantom</code> &amp; <code>\vphantom</code> &amp; <code>\hphantom</code></h4>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-horizontal-spacing"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-spacing"></a>
-<a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-invisible-character"></a>
-<a name="index-character_002c-invisible"></a>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-spacing"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-spacing"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-invisible-character"></span>
+<span id="index-character_002c-invisible"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14808,28 +16273,38 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\smash</a>, Up: <a h
<p>The <code>\phantom</code> command creates a box with the same height, depth,
and width as <var>subformula</var>, but empty. That is, this command causes
-LaTeX to typeset the box but not its ink. The <code>\vphantom</code>
-variant also produces an invisible box with the same height and depth as
-<var>subformula</var>, but it has width zero. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a
-box with the same width as <var>subformula</var> but with height and depth
-zero.
-</p>
-<p>Without the <code>\vphantom</code> in this example, the top bars of the two
-square roots would be at different heights.
+LaTeX to typeset the space but not fill it with the material. Here
+LaTeX will put a box of the right size for the quotation, but empty.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\( \sqrt{\vphantom{a^3}a}\cdot\sqrt{a^3} \)
+<pre class="example">\fbox{\phantom{Conservatism is the fear-filled worship of dead radicals.
+ --- Mark Twain}}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>\vphantom{a^3}</code> causes the first <code>\sqrt</code> to have inside
-it a box of the same height as the second <code>\sqrt</code>, so LaTeX
-makes the bars align.
+<p>The <code>\vphantom</code> variant produces an invisible box with the same
+vertical size as <var>subformula</var>, the same height and depth, but having
+zero width. And <code>\hphantom</code> makes a box with the same width as
+<var>subformula</var> but with zero height and depth.
</p>
-<p>These commands often are combined with <code>\smash</code>. See <a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a>
-for another example of the use of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+<p>In this example, the tower of exponents in the second summand expression
+is so tall that TeX places this expression further down than its
+default. Without adjustment, the two summand expressions would be at
+different levels. The <code>\vphantom</code> in the first expression tells
+TeX to leave as much vertical room as it does for the tower, so the
+two expressions come out at the same level.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mathtools-3"></a>
-<a name="index-mathtools-package-3"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\begin{displaymath}
+ \sum_{j\in\{0,\ldots\, 10\}\vphantom{3^{3^{3^j}}}}
+ \sum_{i\in\{0,\ldots\, 3^{3^{3^j}}\}} i\cdot j
+\end{displaymath}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>These commands are often used in conjunction with <code>\smash</code>.
+See <a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a>, which includes another example of <code>\vphantom</code>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-mathtools-5"></span>
+<span id="index-mathtools-package-5"></span>
<p>The three phantom commands appear often but note that LaTeX provides
a suite of other commands to work with box sizes that may be more
@@ -14839,8 +16314,8 @@ as <code>\settodepth</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csettodepth">\settodepth</a>),
In addition, the <samp>mathtools</samp> package has many commands that offer
fine-grained control over spacing.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-8"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-8"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-10"></span>
<p>All three commands produce an ordinary box, without any special
mathematics status. So to do something like attaching a superscript you
@@ -14854,48 +16329,77 @@ with <code>\leavevmode</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Math-miscellany"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmathstrut"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a>, Up: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spacing in math mode</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cmathstrut-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.6.3 <code>\mathstrut</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cmathstrut"></span>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-spacing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2"></span>
+<span id="index-invisible-character-1"></span>
+<span id="index-character_002c-invisible-1"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\mathstrut
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The analogue of <code>\strut</code> for mathematics. See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>.
+</p>
+<p>The input <code>$\sqrt{x} + \sqrt{x^i}$</code> gives output where the
+second radical is taller than the first. To add extra vertical space
+without any horizontal space, so that the two have the same height, use
+<code>$\sqrt{x\mathstrut} + \sqrt{x^i\mathstrut}$</code>.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\mathstrut</code> command adds the vertical height of an open
+parenthesis, <code>(</code>, but no horizontal space. It is defined as
+<code>\vphantom{(}</code>, so see <a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a> for
+more. An advantage over <code>\strut</code> is that <code>\mathstrut</code> adds no
+depth, which is often the right thing for formulas. Using the height of
+an open parenthesis is just a convention; for complete control over the
+amount of space, use <code>\rule</code> with a width of zero. See <a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Math-miscellany"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spacing in math mode</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Math-miscellany-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">16.7 Math miscellany</h3>
+<span id="Math-miscellany-1"></span><h3 class="section">16.7 Math miscellany</h3>
-<a name="index-math-miscellany"></a>
+<span id="index-math-miscellany"></span>
<p>LaTeX contains a wide variety of mathematics facilities. Here are
some that don&rsquo;t fit into other categories.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character &amp; \colon</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Colon.
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2">\*</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discretionary multiplication.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="1">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Colon.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3">\frac</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fraction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="2">\*</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Discretionary multiplication.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="4">\left &amp; \right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Paired delimiters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="3">\frac</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Fraction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="5">\sqrt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Radicals.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="4">\sqrt</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Radicals.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="6">\stackrel</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text over a relation.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="5">\stackrel</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text over a relation.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></h4>
+<span id="Colon-character-_003a-_0026-_005ccolon"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.1 Colon character <code>:</code> &amp; <code>\colon</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_003a"></a>
-<a name="index-colon-character"></a>
-<a name="index-_003a-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccolon"></a>
+<span id="index-colon-character"></span>
+<span id="index-_003a-for-math"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccolon"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -14910,15 +16414,15 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="n" rel="next">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Ma
<pre class="example">With side ratios \( 3:4 \) and \( 4:5 \), the triangle is right.
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-9"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-9"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-11"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-11"></span>
<p>Ordinary LaTeX defines <code>\colon</code> to produce the colon character
with the spacing appropriate for punctuation, as in set-builder notation
<code>\{x\colon 0\leq x&lt;1\}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-10"></a>
-<a name="index-amsmath-package-10"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsmath-12"></span>
+<span id="index-amsmath-package-12"></span>
<p>But the widely-used <samp>amsmath</samp> package defines <code>\colon</code> for use
in the definition of functions <code>f\colon D\to C</code>. So if you want
@@ -14926,19 +16430,17 @@ the colon character as a punctuation then use <code>\mathpunct{:}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002a"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_002a"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frac</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colon character &amp; \colon</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002a-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002a-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.2 <code>\*</code></h4>
-<a name="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></a>
-<a name="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_002a"></a>
+<span id="index-multiplication_002c-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-line-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary"></span>
+<span id="index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_002a"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14958,16 +16460,14 @@ break, followed by <code>\( A_3 A_4 \)</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrac"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfrac"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="n" rel="next">\left &amp; \right</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sqrt</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002a" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\*</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrac-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrac-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.3 <code>\frac</code></h4>
-<a name="index-fraction"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfrac"></a>
+<span id="index-fraction"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfrac"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -14982,74 +16482,16 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <code>\displaystyle</code>
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csqrt"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sqrt</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frac</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stackrel</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrac" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frac</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.4 <code>\left</code> &amp; <code>\right</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005csqrt-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.4 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
-<a name="index-delimiters_002c-paired"></a>
-<a name="index-paired-delimiters"></a>
-<a name="index-matching-parentheses"></a>
-<a name="index-matching-brackets"></a>
-<a name="index-null-delimiter"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cleft"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cright"></a>
-
-<p>Synopsis:
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\left <var>delimiter1</var> ... \right <var>delimiter2</var>
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Make matching parentheses, braces, or other delimiters. The delimiters
-are sized according to the math they enclose. This makes a unit vector
-surrounded by appropriate-height parentheses.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- \left(\begin{array}{c}
- 1 \\
- 0 \\
- \end{array}\right)
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Every <code>\left</code> must have a matching <code>\right</code>. Leaving out the
-<code>\left(</code> in the above gets &lsquo;<samp>Extra \right</samp>&rsquo;. Leaving off the
-<code>\right)</code> gets &lsquo;<samp>You can't use `\eqno' in math mode</samp>&rsquo;.
-</p>
-<p>However, the two delimiters <var>delimiter1</var> and <var>delimiter2</var> need
-not match. A common case is that you want an unmatched brace, as
-below. Use a period, &lsquo;<samp>.</samp>&rsquo;, as a null delimiter.
-</p>
-<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\begin{equation}
- f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
- 1 &amp;\mbox{--if \(n=0\)} \\
- f(n-1)+3n^2 &amp;\mbox{--else}
- \end{array}\right.
-\end{equation}
-</pre></div>
-
-<p>Note that to get a curly brace as a delimiter you must prefix it with a
-backslash, <code>\{</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csqrt"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstackrel" accesskey="n" rel="next">\stackrel</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\left &amp; \right</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csqrt-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.5 <code>\sqrt</code></h4>
-
-<a name="index-square-root"></a>
-<a name="index-roots"></a>
-<a name="index-radical"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csqrt"></a>
+<span id="index-square-root"></span>
+<span id="index-roots"></span>
+<span id="index-radical"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csqrt"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -15069,17 +16511,15 @@ a large enough <code>arg</code>, it is vertical).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cstackrel"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstackrel"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csqrt" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sqrt</a>, Up: <a href="#Math-miscellany" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math miscellany</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">16.7.6 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cstackrel-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">16.7.5 <code>\stackrel</code></h4>
-<a name="index-stack-math"></a>
-<a name="index-relation_002c-text-above"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cstackrel"></a>
+<span id="index-stack-math"></span>
+<span id="index-relation_002c-text-above"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cstackrel"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -15092,15 +16532,13 @@ arrow enter <code>\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Modes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Modes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="n" rel="next">Page styles</a>, Previous: <a href="#Math-formulas" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Math formulas</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Modes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
+<span id="Modes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">17 Modes</h2>
-<a name="index-modes"></a>
+<span id="index-modes"></span>
<p>As LaTeX processes your document, at any point it is in one of six
modes. They fall into three categories of two each, the horizontal
@@ -15109,14 +16547,14 @@ in one mode or another (in particular, many commands only work in one of
the math modes), and error messages will refer to these.
</p>
<ul>
-<li> <a name="modes-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="index-paragraph-mode"></a>
+<li> <span id="modes-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="index-paragraph-mode"></span>
<em>Paragraph mode</em> is what LaTeX is in when processing ordinary
text. It breaks the input text into lines and breaks the lines into
pages. This is the mode LaTeX is in most of the time.
-<a name="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-LR-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-lr-mode"></a><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
+<span id="index-left_002dto_002dright-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-LR-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-lr-mode"></span><p><em>LR mode</em> (for left-to-right mode; in plain TeX this is called
<em>restricted horizontal mode</em>) is in effect when LaTeX starts
making a box with an <code>\mbox</code> command. As in paragraph mode,
LaTeX&rsquo;s output is a string of words with spaces between them. Unlike
@@ -15126,23 +16564,23 @@ that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put
that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
box won&rsquo;t fit there.)
</p>
-</li><li> <a name="index-math-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-math-mode"></a><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
+</li><li> <span id="index-math-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-math-mode"></span><em>Math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating
an inline mathematical formula.
-<a name="index-display-math-mode"></a>
+<span id="index-display-math-mode"></span>
<p><em>Display math mode</em> is when LaTeX is generating a displayed
mathematical formula. (Displayed formulas differ somewhat from inline
ones. One example is that the placement of the subscript on <code>\int</code>
differs in the two situations.)
</p>
-</li><li> <a name="index-vertical-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-vertical-mode"></a><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
+</li><li> <span id="index-vertical-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-vertical-mode"></span><em>Vertical mode</em> is when LaTeX is building the list of lines and
other material making the output page. This is the mode LaTeX is in
when it starts a document.
-<a name="index-internal-vertical-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></a><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
+<span id="index-internal-vertical-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-internal-vertical-mode"></span><p><em>Internal vertical mode</em> is in effect when LaTeX starts making a
<code>\vbox</code>. This is the vertical analogue of LR mode.
</p>
</li></ul>
@@ -15154,9 +16592,9 @@ mode, then the next switch happens at the &lsquo;<samp>\(</samp>&rsquo; where La
changes to math mode, and then when it leaves the formula it pops
back to paragraph mode.
</p>
-<a name="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></a>
-<a name="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></a><a name="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></a><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
+<span id="index-inner-paragraph-mode"></span>
+<span id="index-outer-paragraph-mode"></span>
+<span id="modes-inner-paragraph-mode"></span><span id="modes-outer-paragraph-mode"></span><p>Paragraph mode has two subcases. If you use a <code>\parbox</code> command
or a <code>minipage</code> then LaTeX is put into paragraph mode. But it
will not put a page break here. Inside one of these boxes, called a
<em>parbox</em>, LaTeX is in <em>inner paragraph mode</em>. Its more usual
@@ -15164,18 +16602,16 @@ situation, where it can put page breaks, is <em>outer paragraph mode</em>
(see <a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a>).
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censuremath" accesskey="1">\ensuremath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure that math mode is active.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005censuremath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005censuremath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Up: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005censuremath-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005censuremath-1"></span><h3 class="section">17.1 <code>\ensuremath</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15205,16 +16641,14 @@ But compare the correct spacing in $\alf+\alf$ with that in \alf+\alf.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Page-styles"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Page-styles"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="n" rel="next">Spaces</a>, Previous: <a href="#Modes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Modes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Page-styles-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
+<span id="Page-styles-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">18 Page styles</h2>
-<a name="index-styles_002c-page"></a>
-<a name="index-page-styles"></a>
+<span id="index-styles_002c-page"></span>
+<span id="index-page-styles"></span>
<p>The style of a page determines where LaTeX places the components of
that page, such as headers and footers, and the text body. This
@@ -15222,35 +16656,33 @@ includes pages in the main part of the document but also includes
special pages such as the title page of a book, a page from an index, or
the first page of an article.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyhdr-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyhdr-package"></span>
<p>The package <samp>fancyhdr</samp> is very helpful for constructing page
styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="1">\maketitle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a title page.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="2">\pagenumbering</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the style used for page numbers.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="3">\pagestyle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="4">\thispagestyle</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Change the headings/footings style for this page.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmaketitle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.1 <code>\maketitle</code></h3>
-<a name="index-titles_002c-making"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmaketitle"></a>
+<span id="index-titles_002c-making"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmaketitle"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15260,7 +16692,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagenumbering</
<p>Generate a title. In the standard classes the title appears on a
separate page, except in the <code>article</code> class where it is at the top
-of the first page. (See <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a> for information about
+of the first page. (See <a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a>, for information about
the <code>titlepage</code> document class option.)
</p>
<p>This example shows <code>\maketitle</code> appearing in its usual place,
@@ -15294,11 +16726,11 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\author{<var>name1</var> \and <var>name2</var> \and ...}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cauthor_007bname1-_005cand-name2-_005cand-_002e_002e_002e_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-author_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005cauthor"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cand-for-_005cauthor"></span>
<p>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
list of authors separated by <code>\and</code> commands. To separate lines
within a single author&rsquo;s entry, for instance to give the author&rsquo;s
@@ -15308,9 +16740,9 @@ the <code>\author</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Warning: No
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\date{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdate_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-date_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
<p>Optional. Declare <var>text</var> to be the document&rsquo;s date. The <var>text</var>
doesn&rsquo;t need to be in a date format; it can be any text at all. If you
omit <code>\date</code> then LaTeX uses the current date (see <a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a>).
@@ -15318,10 +16750,10 @@ To have no date, instead use <code>\date{}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\thanks{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthanks_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-credit-footnote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-credit-footnote"></span>
<p>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
@@ -15330,10 +16762,10 @@ address.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\title{<var>text</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctitle_007btext_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-title_002c-for-titlepage"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-_005ctitle"></span>
<p>Required. Declare <var>text</var> to be the title of the document. Get line
breaks inside <var>text</var> with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>. If you
omit the <code>\title</code> declaration then you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: No
@@ -15350,16 +16782,14 @@ house requirements.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\pagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\maketitle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpagenumbering-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.2 <code>\pagenumbering</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpagenumbering"></a>
-<a name="index-page-numbering-style"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpagenumbering"></span>
+<span id="index-page-numbering-style"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15410,8 +16840,8 @@ get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Counter too large</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>gobble</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package-2"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-2"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-2"></span>
<p>LaTeX does not output a page number, although it
does get reset. References to that page also are blank. (This does not
work with the popular package <samp>hyperref</samp> so to have the page number
@@ -15432,18 +16862,16 @@ number then you will manipulate the <code>page</code> counter
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagenumbering</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cpagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.3 <code>\pagestyle</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cpagestyle"></a>
-<a name="index-header-style"></a>
-<a name="index-footer-style"></a>
-<a name="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpagestyle"></span>
+<span id="index-header-style"></span>
+<span id="index-footer-style"></span>
+<span id="index-running-header-and-footer-style"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15454,8 +16882,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthispagestyle" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thispagestyle</
<p>Declaration that specifies how the page headers and footers are typeset,
from the current page onwards.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></a>
-<a name="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"></span>
+<span id="index-fancyhdr-package-1"></span>
<p>A discussion with an example is below. Note first that the package
<samp>fancyhdr</samp> is now the standard way to manipulate headers and
@@ -15532,7 +16960,7 @@ setting <code>\rightmark</code> to &lsquo;<samp>Subsection&nbsp;2.1</samp>&rsquo
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\markboth{<var>left-head</var>}{<var>right-head</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarkboth_007bleft_002dhead_007d_007bright_002dhead_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets both the right hand and left hand heading information for either a
page style of <code>headings</code> or <code>myheadings</code>. A left hand page
@@ -15544,7 +16972,7 @@ the last one that came before that page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\markright{<var>right</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmarkright_007bright_007d"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</p>
@@ -15553,16 +16981,14 @@ the last one that came before that page.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\pagestyle</a>, Up: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="u" rel="up">Page styles</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cthispagestyle-1"></span><h3 class="section">18.4 <code>\thispagestyle</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cthispagestyle"></a>
-<a name="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthispagestyle"></span>
+<span id="index-page-style_002c-this-page"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15596,16 +17022,14 @@ To make the page entirely empty, the command
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Spaces"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Spaces"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Page-styles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Page styles</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Spaces-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
+<span id="Spaces-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">19 Spaces</h2>
-<a name="index-spaces"></a>
-<a name="index-white-space"></a>
+<span id="index-spaces"></span>
+<span id="index-white-space"></span>
<p>LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space. Some of
these are best suited to mathematical text; see&nbsp;<a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>. Some spacing commands are suitable for both regular text
@@ -15614,56 +17038,54 @@ chapter.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">Horizontal space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Traditional horizontal spaces.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="1">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Traditional horizontal spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2">\hspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Any horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="2">\hspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Any horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="3">\hfill</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="4">\hss</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Infinitely stretchable/shrinkable horizontal space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="5">\spacefactor</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchability of following space
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">\(SPACE)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space; and explicit space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="6">\(SPACE)</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Backslash-space, and explicit space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7">~</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="7">~</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Tie, an unbreakable space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="8">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">One-sixth of an em, and negative one-sixth.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9">\/</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="9">\/</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Italic correction.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable horizontal rule or dots.
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
Vertical space
-</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
+</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph vertical spaces.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inter-paragraph space and page breaks.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Ensure height of a line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stretchable vertical space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add arbitrary vertical space if needed.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.1 <code>\enspace</code> &amp; <code>\quad</code> &amp; <code>\qquad</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005censpace"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cquad-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cqquad-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005censpace"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cquad-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cqquad-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -15688,22 +17110,20 @@ measurement such as points (see <a href="#Lengths_002fem">Lengths/em</a>).
\end{center}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a> for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These
+<p>See <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>, for <code>\quad</code> and <code>\qquad</code>. These
are lengths from centuries of typesetting and so may be a better choice
in many circumstances than arbitrary lengths, such as you get with
<code>\hspace</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\enspace &amp; \quad &amp; \qquad</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.2 <code>\hspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chspace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chspace"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -15759,18 +17179,16 @@ space won&rsquo;t shrink more than 0.25cm (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chfill"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chfill"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hss</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.3 <code>\hfill</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chfill"></span>
-<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></a>
-<a name="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></a>
+<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-horizontal"></span>
+<span id="index-infinite-horizontal-stretch"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15788,7 +17206,7 @@ of the page and &lsquo;<samp>Quiz One</samp>&rsquo; on the right.
<pre class="example">\noindent Name:\hfill Quiz One
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfill"></span>
<p>The <code>\hfill</code> command is equivalent to <code>\hspace{\fill}</code> and
so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
<code>\hspace*{\fill}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005chspace">\hspace</a>).
@@ -15811,18 +17229,16 @@ so the space can be discarded at line breaks. To avoid that instead use
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chss"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chss"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="n" rel="next">\spacefactor</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chss-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chss-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.4 <code>\hss</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chss"></a>
-<a name="index-horizontal-space"></a>
-<a name="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chss"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-space"></span>
+<span id="index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15849,13 +17265,11 @@ X\hbox to 0pt{\hss Z}Y
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE)</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chss" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hss</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cspacefactor-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.5 <code>\spacefactor</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -15863,7 +17277,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="n" rel="next">\(SPACE)</a>,
<pre class="example">\spacefactor=<var>integer</var>
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cspacefactor"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cspacefactor"></span>
<p>Influence LaTeX&rsquo;s glue stretch and shrink behavior. Most user-level
documents do not use this command.
</p>
@@ -15921,30 +17335,28 @@ See <a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="1">\@</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Distinguish sentence-ending periods from abbreviations.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="2">\frenchspacing</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Equal interword and inter-sentence space.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="3">\normalsfcodes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Restore space factor settings to the default.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0040-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.1 <code>\@</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005c_0040"></a>
-<a name="index-at_002dsign"></a>
-<a name="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></a>
-<a name="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></a>
-<a name="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></a>
-<a name="g_t_005cAT"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040"></span>
+<span id="index-at_002dsign"></span>
+<span id="index-period_002c-sentence_002dending"></span>
+<span id="index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending"></span>
+<span id="index-period_002c-spacing-after"></span>
+<span id="g_t_005cAT"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -15998,17 +17410,15 @@ Examples are <code>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</code>, and <code>Mr.~Bean</code>, and
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes" accesskey="n" rel="next">\normalsfcodes</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cfrenchspacing-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.2 <code>\frenchspacing</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></a>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfrenchspacing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnonfrenchspacing"></span>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16026,21 +17436,19 @@ The second causes spacing between sentences to stretch or shrink more
space between sentences (or spaces following a question mark,
exclamation point, comma, or colon) more than the space between words
that are in the middle of a sentence. Declaring <code>\frenchspacing</code>
-(the command is from Plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
+(the command is from plain TeX) switches to the tradition that all
spaces are treated equally.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspacing</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="u" rel="up">\spacefactor</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnormalsfcodes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">19.5.3 <code>\normalsfcodes</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></a>
-<a name="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnormalsfcodes"></span>
+<span id="index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16053,17 +17461,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\frenchspaci
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="n" rel="next">~</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\spacefactor</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
+<span id="Backslash_002dspace_002c-_005c-"></span><h3 class="section">19.6 Backslash-space, <code>\ </code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cNEWLINE"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cSPACE"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cTAB"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cNEWLINE"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cSPACE"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cTAB"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cSPACE-1"></span>
<p>This section refers to the command consisting of two characters, a
backslash followed by a space. Synopsis:
@@ -16102,7 +17510,7 @@ in <code>\TeX\ is nice</code>. (But using curly parentheses, as in
<code>\TeX{} is best</code>, has the advantage of still working if the next
character is a period.) The other common use is that it marks a period
as ending an abbreviation instead of ending a sentence, as in <code>So
-says Prof.\ Smith</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
+says Prof.\ Smith</code> or <code>Jones et al.\ (1993)</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
</p>
<p>Under normal circumstances, <code>\</code><tt class="key">tab</tt> and <code>\</code><tt class="key">newline</tt>
are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
@@ -16110,19 +17518,18 @@ are equivalent to backslash-space, <code>\ </code>.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_007e"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_007e"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\(SPACE)</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_007e-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_007e-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.7 <code>~</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_007e"></a>
-<a name="index-tie"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-hard"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></a>
-<a name="index-NBSP"></a>
+<span id="index-_007e"></span>
+<span id="index-tie"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-unbreakable"></span>
+<span id="index-hard-space"></span>
+<span id="index-unbreakable-space"></span>
+<span id="index-NBSP"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16144,28 +17551,35 @@ space has length 3.33333pt plus 1.66666pt minus
<p>In addition, despite the period, LaTeX does not use the
end-of-sentence spacing (see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a>).
</p>
-<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could cause
-confusion. But they also reduce LaTeX&rsquo;s options when it breaks lines
-into paragraphs, so you can use too many. They are also matters of
-taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste, among readers. Nevertheless,
-here are some usage models, many of them from the TeXbook.
+<p>Ties prevent the end of line separation of things where that could
+cause confusion. They also still allow hyphenation (of either of the
+tied words), so they are generally preferable to putting consecutive
+words in an <code>\mbox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>).
+</p>
+<p>They are also matters of taste, sometimes alarmingly dogmatic taste,
+among readers. Nevertheless, here are some usage models, many of them
+from <cite>The TeXbook</cite>.
</p>
<ul>
<li> Between an enumerator and its item, such as in references:
<code>Chapter~12</code>, or <code>Theorem~\ref{th:Wilsons}</code>, or
-<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>. When cases are enumerated inline:
-<code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is (1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
+<code>Figure~\ref{fig:KGraph}</code>.
+
+</li><li> When cases are enumerated inline: <code>(b)~Show that $f(x)$ is
+(1)~continuous, and (2)~bounded</code>.
-<a name="index-package_002c-siunitx"></a>
-<a name="index-siunitx-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-siunitx-1"></span>
+<span id="index-siunitx-package-1"></span>
</li><li> Between a number and its unit: <code>$745.7.8$~watts</code> (the
<samp>siunitx</samp> package has a special facility for this) or
<code>144~eggs</code>. This includes between a month and a date:
-<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions where
-numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
+<code>October~12</code> or <code>12~Oct</code>. In general, in any expressions
+where numbers and abbreviations or symbols are separated by a space:
<code>AD~565</code>, or <code>2:50~pm</code>, or <code>Boeing~747</code>, or
-<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>.
+<code>268~Plains Road</code>, or <code>\$$1.4$~billion</code>. Other common
+choices here are a thin space (see <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>) and
+no space at all.
</li><li> When mathematical phrases are rendered in words: <code>equals~$n$</code>, or
<code>less than~$\epsilon$</code>, or <code>given~$X$</code>, or <code>modulo~$p^e$
@@ -16179,32 +17593,28 @@ common with~$m$</code>.
</li><li> Between symbols in series: <code>$1$,~$2$, or~$3$</code> or <code>$1$,~$2$,
\ldots,~$n$</code>.
-</li><li> Between a person&rsquo;s forenames and between multiple surnames:
+</li><li> Between a person&rsquo;s given names and between multiple surnames:
<code>Donald~E. Knuth</code>, or <code>Luis~I. Trabb~Pardo</code>, or
-<code>Charles~XII</code> (but you must give TeX places to break the line so
-you may do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>).
-
-</li><li> Before a dash: <code>pages 12~--14</code> or <code>it is~--- it must be
-said~--- plausible</code>.
+<code>Charles~XII</code>&mdash;but you must give TeX places to break the line
+so you might do <code>Charles Louis Xavier~Joseph de~la
+Vall\'ee~Poussin</code>.
</li></ul>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_007e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">~</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.8 <code>\thinspace</code> &amp; <code>\negthinspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cthinspace-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-thin"></a>
-<a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cthinspace-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnegthinspace-1"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-thin"></span>
+<span id="index-thin-space_002c-negative-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-negative-thin"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16213,14 +17623,14 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="n" rel="next">\/</a>, Previous: <a hre
\negthinspace
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce an unbreakable and unstretchable space of 1/6em and
--1/6em. These are the text mode equivalents of <code>\,</code> and
-<code>\!</code> (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>). You can use
-<code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode.
+<p>These produce unbreakable and unstretchable spaces of 1/6em and
+-1/6em, respectively. These are the text mode equivalents of
+<code>\,</code> and <code>\!</code> (see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace">Spacing in math mode/\thinspace</a>).
+</p>
+<p>You can use <code>\,</code> as a synonym for <code>\thinspace</code> in text mode.
</p>
-<p>The <code>\negthinspace</code> command is used in text mode mostly for
-fiddling with spaces. One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the
-space between nested quotes.
+<p>One common use of <code>\thinspace</code> is as the space between nested
+quotes:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">Killick replied, ``I heard the Captain say, `Ahoy there.'\thinspace''
@@ -16228,21 +17638,25 @@ space between nested quotes.
<p>Another use is that some style guides call for a <code>\thinspace</code>
between an ellipsis and a sentence ending period (other style guides,
-though, think the three dots are quite enough already). Still another
-use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\ Knuth</code>.
+think the three dots and/or four dots are plenty). Another
+style-specific use is between initials, as in <code>D.\thinspace E.\
+Knuth</code>.
+</p>
+<p>LaTeX provides a variety of similar spacing commands
+(see <a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a>). With <code>amsmath</code>, or as of the
+2020-10-01 LaTeX release, they can be used in text mode as well as
+math mode, including <code>\!</code> for <code>\negthinspace</code>; before that,
+they were available only in math mode.
</p>
-
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002f"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_002f"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005c_002f-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005c_002f-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.9 <code>\/</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005c_002f"></a>
-<a name="index-italic-correction"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_002f"></span>
+<span id="index-italic-correction"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16251,10 +17665,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\
</pre></div>
<p>Insert an <em>italic correction</em>, a small space defined by the font
-designer for each character, to avoid the character colliding with
-whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, LaTeX takes the correction
-from the font metric file, scales it by any scaling that has been
-applied to the font, and then inserts that much horizontal space.
+designer for each character (possibly zero), to avoid the character
+colliding with whatever follows. When you use <code>\/</code>, LaTeX
+takes the correction from the font metric file, scales it by any
+scaling that has been applied to the font, and then inserts that much
+horizontal space.
</p>
<p>Here, were it not for the <code>\/</code>, the <var>before-character</var>
italic&nbsp;f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman&nbsp;H
@@ -16263,35 +17678,45 @@ italic&nbsp;f would hit the <var>after-character</var> roman&nbsp;H
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\companylogo}{{\it f}\/H}
</pre></div>
-<p>because the italic letter leans far to the right.
+<p>because the italic letter f leans far to the right.
</p>
<p>If <var>after-character</var> is a period or comma then don&rsquo;t insert an
-italic correction since those punctuation symbols have a very small
-height. However, with semicolons or colons as well as with normal
-letters, the italic correction can help.
+italic correction since those punctuation symbols are so low to the
+baseline already. However, with semicolons or colons, as well as with
+normal letters, the italic correction can help. It is typically used
+between a switch from italic or slanted fonts to an upright font.
+</p>
+<p>When you use commands such as <code>\emph</code> and <code>\textit</code> and
+<code>\textsl</code> to change fonts, LaTeX automatically inserts the
+italic correction when needed (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>). However,
+declarations such as <code>\em</code> and <code>\itshape</code> and
+<code>\slshape</code> do not automatically insert italic corrections.
</p>
-<p>When you use commands such as <code>\textit</code> or <code>\itshape</code> to
-change fonts, LaTeX will automatically insert any needed italic
-correction (see <a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a>).
+<p>Upright characters can also have an italic correction. An example
+where this is needed is the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>. However, most
+upright characters have a zero italic correction. Some font creators
+do not include italic correction values even for italic fonts.
</p>
-<p>Roman characters can also have an italic correction. An example is in
-the name <code>pdf\/\TeX</code>.
+<span id="index-_005cfontdimen1"></span>
+<span id="index-font-dimension_002c-slant"></span>
+<p>Technically, LaTeX uses another font-specific value, the so-called
+slant parameter (namely <code>\fontdimen1</code>), to determine whether to
+possibly insert an italic correction, rather than tying the action to
+particular font commands.
</p>
-<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; spacing is done
-in a different way.
+<p>There is no concept of italic correction in math mode; math spacing is
+done in a different way.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_002f" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\/</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.10 <code>\hrulefill</code> &amp; <code>\dotfill</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005chrulefill"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cdotfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005chrulefill"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cdotfill"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16353,13 +17778,11 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="n" rel="next">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.11 <code>\bigskip</code> &amp; <code>\medskip</code> &amp; <code>\smallskip</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16388,29 +17811,29 @@ said Peter.
file.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="bigskip"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="bigskip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\bigskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005cbigskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cbigskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cbigskipamount"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cbigskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\bigskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about one line
space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code> and
<code>article</code> classes is <code>12pt plus 4pt minus 4pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="medskip"></a></dd>
+<span id="medskip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\medskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005cmedskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmedskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cmedskipamount"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cmedskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\medskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about half of a
line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the <code>book</code>
and <code>article</code> classes is <code>6pt plus 2pt minus 2pt</code>.
</p>
-<a name="smallskip"></a></dd>
+<span id="smallskip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\smallskip</code>
-<a name="index-_005csmallskip"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csmallskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005csmallskipamount"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005csmallskipamount"></span>
<p>The same as <code>\vspace{\smallskipamount}</code>, ordinarily about a
quarter of a line space, with stretch and shrink. The default for the
<code>book</code> and <code>article</code> classes is <code>3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt</code>.
@@ -16429,13 +17852,11 @@ put a page break (see <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005c
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="n" rel="next">\strut</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.12 <code>\bigbreak</code> &amp; <code>\medbreak</code> &amp; <code>\smallbreak</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16467,16 +17888,14 @@ with &lsquo;<samp>def</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cstrut"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cstrut"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\bigbreak &amp; \medbreak &amp; \smallbreak</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cstrut-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cstrut-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.13 <code>\strut</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cstrut"></a>
-<a name="index-strut"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cstrut"></span>
+<span id="index-strut"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16540,10 +17959,10 @@ third list&rsquo;s <code>\parbox</code> goes only to the bottom of its second
the baseline. The fourth list adds the strut that gives the needed
extra below-baseline space.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></a>
-<a name="index-TikZ-package-1"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-1"></span>
+<span id="index-TikZ-package-1"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package-1"></span>
<p>The <code>\strut</code> command is often useful in graphics, such as in
<samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>. For instance, you may have a command
@@ -16575,17 +17994,15 @@ integral would still hit the line.)
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="n" rel="next">\vfill</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cstrut" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\strut</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.14 <code>\vspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvspace"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-vertical"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvspace"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-space"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-vertical"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16607,7 +18024,7 @@ or <code>minus</code> component (see <a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a>).
The new day dawned cold.
</pre></div>
-<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a> for common inter-paragraph
+<p>(See <a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a>, for common inter-paragraph
spaces.)
</p>
<p>The <code>*</code>-version inserts vertical space that non-discardable. More
@@ -16645,18 +18062,16 @@ the page, with at least one inch of space below each.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cvfill"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cvfill"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddvspace" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addvspace</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvspace" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vspace</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cvfill-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cvfill-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.15 <code>\vfill</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cvfill"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cvfill"></span>
-<a name="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></a>
-<a name="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></a>
+<span id="index-stretch_002c-infinite-vertical"></span>
+<span id="index-infinite-vertical-stretch"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16691,17 +18106,15 @@ Lost Dog!
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddvspace"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddvspace"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cvfill" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\vfill</a>, Up: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="u" rel="up">Spaces</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddvspace-1"></span><h3 class="section">19.16 <code>\addvspace</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddvspace"></a>
-<a name="index-vertical-space-1"></a>
-<a name="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddvspace"></span>
+<span id="index-vertical-space-1"></span>
+<span id="index-space_002c-inserting-vertical"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -16739,7 +18152,7 @@ The two rules here are 22pt apart: the sum of the
<p>Now uncomment the second <code>\addvspace</code>. It does not make the gap
20pt longer; instead the gap is the sum of <code>\baselineskip</code>
and 20pt. So <code>\addvspace</code> in a sense does the opposite of
-its name &mdash; it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
+its name&mdash;it makes sure that multiple vertical spaces do not
accumulate, but instead that only the largest one is used.
</p>
<p>LaTeX uses this command to adjust the vertical space above or below
@@ -16755,54 +18168,53 @@ with a <code>\par</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cpar">\par</a>), as in th
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Boxes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Boxes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Spaces" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Spaces</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Boxes-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
+<span id="Boxes-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">20 Boxes</h2>
-<a name="index-boxes"></a>
+<span id="index-boxes"></span>
<p>At its core, LaTeX puts things in boxes and then puts the boxes on a
page. So these commands are central.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-adjustbox"></span>
+<span id="index-adjustbox-package"></span>
+
<p>There are many packages on CTAN that are useful for manipulating boxes.
One useful adjunct to the commands here is <samp>adjustbox</samp>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="1">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Horizontal boxes.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="2">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put a frame around a box.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3">\parbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="3">\parbox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Box with text in paragraph mode.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4">\raisebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="4">\raisebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Raise or lower text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="5">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Like <code>\makebox</code> but save the text for later.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6">lrbox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="6">lrbox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Environment version of <code>\sbox</code>.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7">\usebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="7">\usebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Print saved text.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.1 <code>\mbox</code> &amp; <code>\makebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cmbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmakebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box"></a>
-<a name="index-make-a-box"></a>
-<a name="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmbox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmakebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box"></span>
+<span id="index-make-a-box"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphenation_002c-preventing"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -16820,13 +18232,13 @@ LR mode (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>) so it is not broken into lines. The
</p>
<p>Because <code>text</code> is not broken into lines, you can use <code>\mbox</code>
to prevent hyphenation. In this example, LaTeX will not hyphenate
-the table name, &lsquo;<samp>T-4</samp>&rsquo;.
+the tank name, &lsquo;<samp>T-34</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">See Table~\mbox{T-4}
+<pre class="example">The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism.
</pre></div>
-<p>The first two command versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
+<p>The first two command synopsis versions, <code>\mbox</code> and <code>\makebox</code>, are
roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
<var>text</var>. (They are like plain TeX&rsquo;s <code>\hbox</code>.)
</p>
@@ -16842,7 +18254,7 @@ this creates a full-line box
<p>with &lsquo;<samp>Chapter Exam</samp>&rsquo; centered. But <var>text</var> can also be too wide
for <var>width</var>. See the example below of zero-width boxes.
</p>
-<a name="mbox-makebox-depth"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-height"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-width"></a><a name="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
+<span id="mbox-makebox-depth"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-height"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-width"></span><span id="mbox-makebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the <var>width</var> argument you can use the following lengths that refer
to the dimension of the box that LaTeX gets on typesetting
<var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>, <code>\width</code>,
<code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box&rsquo;s height plus its depth). For
@@ -16853,7 +18265,7 @@ size you can say this.
<pre class="example">\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}
</pre></div>
-<p>For the fourth command version the optional argument <var>position</var>
+<p>For the fourth command synopsis version the optional argument <var>position</var>
gives position of the text within the box. It may take the following
values:
</p>
@@ -16889,18 +18301,17 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
</pre></div>
-<p><a name="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></a>
-<a name="index-TikZ-package-2"></a>
+<p><span id="index-package_002c-TikZ-2"></span>
+<span id="index-TikZ-package-2"></span>
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></a>
-<a name="index-Asymptote-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package-2"></span>
-<p>The right edge of the output &lsquo;<samp>10 points </samp>&rsquo; (note the ending space)
-will be just before the &lsquo;<samp>What</samp>&rsquo; (note the space after
-&lsquo;<samp>points</samp>&rsquo;). You can use <code>\makebox</code> similarly when making
-graphics, such as in <samp>TikZ</samp> or <samp>Asymptote</samp>, where you put the
-edge of the text at a known location, regardless of the length of that
-text.
+<p>The right edge of the output &lsquo;<samp>10 points </samp>&rsquo; (note the ending space
+after &lsquo;<samp>points</samp>&rsquo;) will be just before the &lsquo;<samp>What</samp>&rsquo;. You can use
+<code>\makebox</code> similarly when making graphics, such as in <samp>TikZ</samp>
+or <samp>Asymptote</samp>, where you put the edge of the text at a known
+location, regardless of the length of that text.
</p>
<p>For boxes with frames see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>. For colors
see&nbsp;<a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
@@ -16909,24 +18320,23 @@ see&nbsp;<a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>.
<code>picture</code> environment, where the length is given in terms of
<code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmakebox-_0028picture_0029">\makebox (picture)</a>).
</p>
-<p>If you put a double-backslash into <var>text</var> then LaTeX will not
-give you a new line; for instance <code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code>
-outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc defghi</samp>&rsquo; while <code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code>
-outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc def ghi</samp>&rsquo;, but neither go to a second line. To get
-multiple lines see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a> and&nbsp;<a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
+<p>As <var>text</var> is typeset in LR mode, neither a double backslash
+<code>\\</code> nor <code>\par</code> will give you a new line; for instance
+<code>\makebox{abc def \\ ghi}</code> outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc defghi</samp>&rsquo; while
+<code>\makebox{abc def \par ghi}</code> outputs &lsquo;<samp>abc def ghi</samp>&rsquo;, both on
+a single line. To get multiple lines see&nbsp;<a href="#g_t_005cparbox">\parbox</a>
+and&nbsp;<a href="#minipage">minipage</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\parbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.2 <code>\fbox</code> &amp; <code>\framebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cfbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cframebox-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfbox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cframebox-1"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -16954,7 +18364,7 @@ a frame.
<code>\framebox{...}</code>, are roughly the same. As to the third and
fourth invocations, the optional arguments allow you to specify the box
width as <var>width</var> and the position of the text inside that box as
-<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> for the full description but
+<var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, for the full description but
here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -16967,23 +18377,23 @@ here is an example creating an empty box that is 1/4in wide.
<p>These parameters determine the frame layout.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="fbox-framebox-fboxrule"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fboxrule</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxrule-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-line-width"></a>
-<a name="index-frame-rule-width"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxrule"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-line-width"></span>
+<span id="index-frame-rule-width"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxrule"></span>
<p>The thickness of the lines around the enclosed box. The default is
0.2pt. Change it with a command such as
<code>\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.8pt}</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>).
</p>
-<a name="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></a></dd>
+<span id="fbox-framebox-fboxsep"></span></dd>
<dt><code>\fboxsep</code>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxsep-2"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cfboxsep"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cfboxsep"></span>
<p>The distance from the frame to the enclosed box. The default is 3pt.
Change it with a command such as <code>\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}</code>
(see <a href="#g_t_005csetlength">\setlength</a>). Setting it to 0pt is useful sometimes:
@@ -17012,24 +18422,22 @@ paragraph, and then frame the result.
\end{minipage}}
</pre></div>
-<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a> for colors other than black and white.
+<p>See <a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a>, for colors other than black and white.
</p>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment has a version of this command where the
units depend on <code>picture</code>&rsquo;s <code>\unitlength</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cparbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cparbox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\raisebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cparbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cparbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.3 <code>\parbox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cparbox"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph-mode-1"></a>
-<a name="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cparbox"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph-mode-1"></span>
+<span id="index-paragraph_002c-in-a-box"></span>
<p>Synopses, one of:
</p>
@@ -17069,10 +18477,10 @@ in that box. It should not have any paragraph-making components.
</p>
<p>There are three optional arguments, <var>position</var>, <var>height</var>, and
<var>inner-pos</var>. The <var>position</var> gives the vertical alignment of the
-<code>parbox</code> with respect to the surrounding material. The possible
+<em>parbox</em> with respect to the surrounding material. The supported
values are <code>c</code> or <code>m</code> to make the vertical center of the
-<code>parbox</code> lines up with the center of the adjacent line (this is the
-default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the <code>parbox</code> with
+parbox lines up with the center of the adjacent text line (this is the
+default), or <code>t</code> to match the top line of the parbox with
the baseline of the surrounding material, or <code>b</code> to match the
bottom line.
</p>
@@ -17088,15 +18496,13 @@ stretch it out vertically (for this, the text must contain vertically
stretchable space).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005craisebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005craisebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cparbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\parbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005craisebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005craisebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.4 <code>\raisebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005craisebox"></a>
+<span id="index-_005craisebox"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17108,11 +18514,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\sbox
<p>Raise or lower <var>text</var>. This command is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>This example makes a command for the restriction of a function by
-lowering the vertical bar symbol.
+<p>This example makes a command for denoting the restriction of a function
+by lowering the vertical bar symbol.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newcommand\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*\restricted[1]{\raisebox{-.5ex}{$|$}_{#1}}
$f\restricted{A}$
</pre></div>
@@ -17126,7 +18532,7 @@ the second mandatory argument <var>text</var>. This is a rigid length
they are specified, they override the natural height and depth of the
box LaTeX gets by typesetting <var>text</var>.
</p>
-<a name="raisebox-depth"></a><a name="raisebox-height"></a><a name="raisebox-width"></a><a name="raisebox-totalheight"></a><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
+<span id="raisebox-depth"></span><span id="raisebox-height"></span><span id="raisebox-width"></span><span id="raisebox-totalheight"></span><p>In the arguments <var>distance</var>, <var>height</var>, and <var>depth</var> you can
use the following lengths that refer to the dimension of the box that
LaTeX gets on typesetting <var>text</var>: <code>\depth</code>, <code>\height</code>,
<code>\width</code>, <code>\totalheight</code> (this is the box&rsquo;s height plus its
@@ -17135,7 +18541,7 @@ depth).
<p>This will align two graphics on their top (see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{calc} % in preamble
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx,calc} % in preamble
...
\begin{center}
\raisebox{1ex-\height}{%
@@ -17151,17 +18557,15 @@ second is the height of <samp>meta.png</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005craisebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\raisebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.5 <code>\sbox</code> &amp; <code>\savebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005csbox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005csavebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-save"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csbox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005csavebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-save"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -17173,13 +18577,13 @@ Next: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="n" rel="next">lrbox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g
</pre></div>
<p>Typeset <var>text</var> just as with <code>\makebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>) except that LaTeX does not output it but instead saves it
-in a storage bin named <var>box-cmd</var>. The bin name <var>box-cmd</var> begins
-with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must have previously allocated the bin
-<var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>).The
-<code>\sbox</code> command is robust while <code>\savebox</code> is fragile
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+in a box register referred to by a variable named <var>box-cmd</var>. The
+variable name <var>box-cmd</var> begins with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must
+have previously allocated the box register <var>box-cmd</var> with <code>\newsavebox</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). The <code>\sbox</code> command is robust while
+<code>\savebox</code> is fragile (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
-<p>This creates and uses a bin.
+<p>This creates and uses a box register.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\fullname}
@@ -17187,32 +18591,32 @@ with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must have previously allocated the bin
...
\usebox{\fullname}! His name is my name, too!
Whenever we go out, the people always shout!
-There goes \\usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da.
+There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da.
</pre></div>
-<p>One advantage of using and reusing a bin over a <code>\newcommand</code> is
-efficiency, that LaTeX need not repeatedly retypeset the contents.
-See the example below.
+<p>One advantage of using and reusing a box register over a
+<code>\newcommand</code> macro variable is efficiency, that LaTeX need not
+repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below.
</p>
<p>The first two command invocations,
<code>\sbox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code> and
<code>\savebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>, are roughly equivalent.
As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
the box width as <var>width</var>, and the position of the text inside that
-box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a> for the full
+box as <var>position</var>. See <a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a>, for the full
description.
</p>
<p>In the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code> commands the <var>text</var> is
typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). If
you use these then LaTeX doesn&rsquo;t give you an error but it ignores
-what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox{\newbin}{test \\ test}</code> and
-<code>\usebox{\newbin}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>testtest</samp>&rsquo;, while if you
-enter <code>\sbox{\newbin}{test \par test}</code> and
-<code>\usebox{\newbin}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>test test</samp>&rsquo;, but no error or
+what you want: if you enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \\ test}</code> and
+<code>\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>testtest</samp>&rsquo;, while if you
+enter <code>\sbox{\newreg}{test \par test}</code> and
+<code>\usebox{\newreg}</code> then you get &lsquo;<samp>test test</samp>&rsquo;, but no error or
warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\savebox{\abin}{%
+<pre class="example">\savebox{\areg}{%
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
@@ -17220,17 +18624,17 @@ warning. To fix this use a <code>\parbox</code> or <code>minipage</code> as her
\end{enumerate}
\end{minipage}}
...
-\usebox{\abin}
+\usebox{\areg}
</pre></div>
-<p>As an example of the efficiency of reusing a bin&rsquo;s contents, this puts
+<p>As an example of the efficiency of reusing a register&rsquo;s contents, this puts
the same picture on each page of the document by putting it in the
header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % all this in the preamble
-\newsavebox{\sealbin}
-\savebox{\sealbin}{%
+\newsavebox{\sealreg}
+\savebox{\sealreg}{%
\setlength{\unitlength}{1in}%
\begin{picture}(0,0)%
\put(1.5,-2.5){%
@@ -17240,26 +18644,24 @@ header. LaTeX only typesets it once.
\end{tabular}}
\end{picture}%
}
-\markright{\usebox{\sealbin}}
+\markright{\usebox{\sealreg}}
\pagestyle{headings}
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>picture</code> environment is good for fine-tuning the placement.
</p>
-<p>If the bin has not already been defined then you get something like
-&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \nobin</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>If the register <code>\noreg</code> has not already been defined then you get something like
+&lsquo;<samp>Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \noreg</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="lrbox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="lrbox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="lrbox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
+<span id="lrbox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.6 <code>lrbox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-lrbox"></a>
+<span id="index-lrbox"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17269,39 +18671,39 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cusebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\usebox</a>, Previous:
\end{lrbox}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the bin
-<code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The <var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a
-backslash. You must create this bin in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code>
-and <code>\savebox</code> commands, and is equivalent to them. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a> for the full information.
+<p>This is the environment form of the <code>\sbox</code> and <code>\savebox</code>
+commands, and is equivalent to them. for the full description,
+See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>.
</p>
-<p>In this example the environment is convenient for entering the
-<code>tabular</code>.
+<p>The <var>text</var> inside the environment is saved in the box register
+referred to by variable <code><var>box-cmd</var></code>. The variable name
+<var>box-cmd</var> must begin with a backslash, <code>\</code>. You must allocate
+this box register in advance with <code>\newsavebox</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a>). In this example the environment is convenient
+for entering the <code>tabular</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\jhbin}
-\begin{lrbox}{\jhbin}
+<pre class="example">\newsavebox{\jhreg}
+\begin{lrbox}{\jhreg}
\begin{tabular}{c}
\includegraphics[height=1in]{jh.png} \\
Jim Hef{}feron
\end{tabular}
\end{lrbox}
...
-\usebox{\jhbin}
+\usebox{\jhreg}
</pre></div>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cusebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cusebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Boxes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cusebox-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cusebox-1"></span><h3 class="section">20.7 <code>\usebox</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cusebox"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cusebox"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-use-saved-box"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17309,23 +18711,20 @@ Previous: <a href="#lrbox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">lrbox</a>, Up: <a href="#Box
<pre class="example">\usebox{<var>box-cmd</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the bin <var>box-cmd</var> by the
-commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
-environment. See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a> for more information and examples.
-(Note that <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a backslash.) This command is
-robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Produce the box most recently saved in the box register <var>box-cmd</var> by
+the commands <code>\sbox</code> or <code>\savebox</code>, or the <code>lrbox</code>
+environment. For more information and examples, See <a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a>. (Note that the variable name <var>box-cmd</var> starts with a
+backslash, <code>\</code>.) This command is robust (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Color"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Color"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Color-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
+<span id="Color-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">21 Color</h2>
-<a name="index-color"></a>
+<span id="index-color"></span>
<p>You can add color to text, rules, etc. You can also have color in a box
or on an entire page and write text on top of it.
@@ -17340,26 +18739,24 @@ significantly extends the capabilities described here, including adding
&lsquo;<samp>HTML</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>Hsb</samp>&rsquo; color models.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="1">Color package options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the standard package.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="2">Color models</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How colors are represented.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="3">Commands for color</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Color-package-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Color-package-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="n" rel="next">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="color-package-options"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3>
+<span id="color-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">21.1 <code>color</code> package options</h3>
-<a name="index-color-package-options"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-color-package"></a>
+<span id="index-color-package-options"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-color-package"></span>
<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</p>
@@ -17408,15 +18805,13 @@ memory space.
<hr>
-<a name="Color-models"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Color-models"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for color</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Color-models-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
+<span id="Color-models-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.2 Color models</h3>
-<a name="index-color-models"></a>
+<span id="index-color-models"></span>
<p>A <em>color model</em> is a way of representing colors. LaTeX&rsquo;s
capabilities depend on the printer driver. However, the <samp>pdftex</samp>,
@@ -17432,7 +18827,7 @@ such as with inks, so that combining full intensity of cyan, magenta,
and yellow makes black.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="color-models-cmyk"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="color-models-cmyk"></span></dd>
<dt><code>cmyk</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with four real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of cyan, the second is
@@ -17440,12 +18835,12 @@ magenta, and the others are yellow and black. A number value of 0 means
minimal intensity, while a 1 is for full intensity. This model is often
used in color printing. It is a subtractive model.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-gray"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-gray"></span></dd>
<dt><code>gray</code></dt>
<dd><p>A single real number between 0 and 1, inclusive. The colors are shades
of grey. The number 0 produces black while 1 gives white.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-rgb"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-rgb"></span></dd>
<dt><code>rgb</code></dt>
<dd><p>A comma-separated list with three real numbers between 0 and 1,
inclusive. The first number is the intensity of the red component, the
@@ -17453,7 +18848,7 @@ second is green, and the third the blue. A number value of 0 means that
none of that component is added in, while a 1 means full intensity.
This is an additive model.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-RGB"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-RGB"></span></dd>
<dt><code>RGB</code></dt>
<dd><p>(<samp>pdftex</samp>, <samp>xetex</samp>, <samp>luatex</samp> drivers) A comma-separated
list with three integers between 0 and 255, inclusive. This model is a
@@ -17462,7 +18857,7 @@ often described in a red-green-blue model using numbers in this range.
The values entered here are converted to the <code>rgb</code> model by
dividing by 255.
</p>
-<a name="color-models-named"></a></dd>
+<span id="color-models-named"></span></dd>
<dt><code>named</code></dt>
<dd><p>Colors are accessed by name, such as &lsquo;<samp>PrussianBlue</samp>&rsquo;. The list of
names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp>black</samp>&rsquo;,
@@ -17475,42 +18870,38 @@ names depends on the driver, but all support the names &lsquo;<samp>black</samp>
<hr>
-<a name="Commands-for-color"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Commands-for-color"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Color-models" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color models</a>, Up: <a href="#Color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Commands-for-color-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
+<span id="Commands-for-color-1"></span><h3 class="section">21.3 Commands for color</h3>
-<a name="index-color-package-commands"></a>
+<span id="index-color-package-commands"></span>
<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>color</samp> package.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="1">Define colors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a color a name.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="2">Colored text</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Text or rules in color.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="3">Colored boxes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A box of color, to write over.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="4">Colored pages</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">A whole page colored.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Define-colors"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Define-colors"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Define-colors-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
+<span id="Define-colors-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.1 Define colors</h4>
-<a name="index-color-1"></a>
-<a name="index-define-color"></a>
-<a name="index-color_002c-define"></a>
+<span id="index-color-1"></span>
+<span id="index-define-color"></span>
+<span id="index-color_002c-define"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -17540,16 +18931,14 @@ or style, rather than in the document body.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Colored-text"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colored-text"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored boxes</a>, Previous: <a href="#Define-colors" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Define colors</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colored-text-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
+<span id="Colored-text-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.2 Colored text</h4>
-<a name="index-color-2"></a>
-<a name="index-colored-text"></a>
+<span id="index-color-2"></span>
+<span id="index-colored-text"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -17620,10 +19009,10 @@ synopses.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">Colors of \textcolor[rgb]{0.33,0.14,0.47}{Purple} and
-{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37} Gold} for the team.
+{\color[rgb]{0.72,0.60,0.37}Gold} for the team.
</pre></div>
-<p>The format of <var>color specification </var> depends on the color model
+<p>The format of <var>color specification</var> depends on the color model
(see <a href="#Color-models">Color models</a>). For instance, while <code>rgb</code> takes three
numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
</p>
@@ -17642,17 +19031,15 @@ numbers, <code>gray</code> takes only one.
<hr>
-<a name="Colored-boxes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colored-boxes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Colored-pages" accesskey="n" rel="next">Colored pages</a>, Previous: <a href="#Colored-text" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored text</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colored-boxes-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
+<span id="Colored-boxes-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.3 Colored boxes</h4>
-<a name="index-color-3"></a>
-<a name="index-colored-boxes"></a>
-<a name="index-box_002c-colored"></a>
+<span id="index-color-3"></span>
+<span id="index-colored-boxes"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-colored"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -17701,18 +19088,16 @@ of the second line.
<hr>
-<a name="Colored-pages"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Colored-pages"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Colored-boxes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Colored boxes</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-color" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for color</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Colored-pages-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
+<span id="Colored-pages-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">21.3.4 Colored pages</h4>
-<a name="index-color-4"></a>
-<a name="index-colored-page"></a>
-<a name="index-page_002c-colored"></a>
-<a name="index-background_002c-colored"></a>
+<span id="index-color-4"></span>
+<span id="index-colored-page"></span>
+<span id="index-page_002c-colored"></span>
+<span id="index-background_002c-colored"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -17738,16 +19123,14 @@ rather than the default transparent background.)
<hr>
-<a name="Graphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Graphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Special insertions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Color" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Color</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Graphics-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
+<span id="Graphics-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">22 Graphics</h2>
-<a name="index-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-package"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-package"></span>
<p>You can use graphics such as PNG or PDF files in your LaTeX document.
You need an additional package, which comes standard with LaTeX.
@@ -17787,26 +19170,24 @@ Full description of these systems is outside the scope of this document;
see their documentation on CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="1">Graphics package options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Options when you load the package.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="2">Graphics package configuration</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Where to look for files, which file types.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="3">Commands for graphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The available commands.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Graphics-package-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Graphics-package-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="n" rel="next">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="graphics-package-options"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
+<span id="graphics-package-options"></span><h3 class="section">22.1 <code>graphics</code> package options</h3>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-options"></a>
-<a name="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-options"></span>
+<span id="index-options_002c-graphics-package"></span>
<p>Synopsis (must be in the document preamble):
</p>
@@ -17853,7 +19234,7 @@ rectangle (unless another size is specified in the
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
-<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead the file name is
+<dd><p>For each graphic file, it is not shown but instead its file name is
printed in a box of the correct size. In order to determine the size,
the file must be present.
</p>
@@ -17886,22 +19267,15 @@ option has LaTeX to read the size from the latter.
<hr>
-<a name="Graphics-package-configuration"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Graphics-package-configuration"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="n" rel="next">Commands for graphics</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package options</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="graphics-package-configuration"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
+<span id="graphics-package-configuration"></span><h3 class="section">22.2 <code>graphics</code> package configuration</h3>
-<a name="index-graphics-1"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-1"></a>
-<a name="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></a>
-<a name="index-EPS-files"></a>
-<a name="index-JPEG-files"></a>
-<a name="index-JPG-files"></a>
-<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files"></a>
-<a name="index-PNG-files"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-1"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-1"></span>
+<span id="index-configuration_002c-graphics-package"></span>
<p>These commands configure the way LaTeX searches the file system for
the graphic.
@@ -17913,39 +19287,38 @@ the documentation in <samp>grfguide.pdf</samp>, or the LaTeX source, or your
TeX distribution&rsquo;s documentation.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="1">\graphicspath</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Directories to search.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="2">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">File types, such as JPG or EPS.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="3">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to handle file types.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cgraphicspath-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.1 <code>\graphicspath</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cgraphicspath"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cgraphicspath"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of dir names inside curly brackets</var>}
+<pre class="example">\graphicspath{<var>list of directories inside curly braces</var>}
</pre></div>
<p>Declare a list of directories to search for graphics files. This allows
you to later say something like <code>\includegraphics{lion.png}</code>
instead of having to give its path.
</p>
-<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory.
-The declaration below tells the system to then look in the subdirectory
-<samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
+<p>LaTeX always looks for graphic files first in the current directory
+(and the output directory, if specified; see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>).
+The declaration below tells the system to then look in the
+subdirectory <samp>pix</samp>, and then <samp>../pix</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % or graphics; put in preamble
@@ -17979,7 +19352,7 @@ current directory,
</pre></div>
<p>for each of the listed directories, LaTeX concatenates it with the
-file name and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp>
+filename and searches for the result, checking for <samp>pix/lion.png</samp>
and then <samp>../pix/lion.png</samp>. This algorithm means that the
<code>\graphicspath</code> command does not recursively search subdirectories:
if you issue <code>\graphicspath{{a/}}</code> and the graphic is in
@@ -18004,15 +19377,13 @@ instead in <samp>book/plots</samp>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\graphicspath</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.2 <code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -18034,7 +19405,7 @@ files.
\includegraphics{lion} % will find <samp>lion.png</samp> before <samp>lion.pdf</samp>
</pre></div>
-<p>Because the file name <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
+<p>Because the filename <samp>lion</samp> does not have a period, LaTeX uses
the extension list. For each directory in the graphics path
(see <a href="#g_t_005cgraphicspath">\graphicspath</a>), LaTeX will try the extensions in the order
given. If it does not find such a file after trying all the directories
@@ -18051,24 +19422,27 @@ your document; the printer driver has a sensible default. For example,
the most recent <samp>pdftex.def</samp> has this extension list.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">.png,.pdf,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PNG,.PDF,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
+<pre class="example">.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.jpeg,.jbig2,.jb2,.PDF,.PNG,.JPG,.JPEG,.JBIG2,.JB2
</pre></div>
+<span id="index-package_002c-grfext"></span>
+<span id="index-grfext-package"></span>
+
+<p>To change the order, use the <code>grfext</code> package.
+</p>
<p>You can use this command anywhere in the document. You can use it more
than once. Show its value with
<code>\makeatletter\typeout{\Gin@extensions}\makeatother</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics package configuration</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.2.3 <code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -18103,7 +19477,7 @@ extension not covered by another rule, so it covers <samp>filename.1</samp>,
<dt><var>extension</var></dt>
<dd><p>The file extension to which this rule applies. The extension is anything
after and including the first dot in the filename. Use the Kleene star,
-<code>*</code>, to denote the default behaviour for all undeclared extensions.
+<code>*</code>, to denote the default behavior for all undeclared extensions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var>type</var></dt>
@@ -18136,7 +19510,7 @@ other format is available.)
</dd>
<dt><var>command</var></dt>
<dd><p>A command that will be applied to the
-file. This is very often left blank. This command must start with a
+file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a
single backward quote. Thus,
<code>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
#1}</code> specifies that any file with the extension <samp>.eps.gz</samp> should
@@ -18153,51 +19527,47 @@ See the documentation for your TeX distribution.
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="Commands-for-graphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Commands-for-graphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Graphics-package-configuration" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics package configuration</a>, Up: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Commands-for-graphics-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
+<span id="Commands-for-graphics-1"></span><h3 class="section">22.3 Commands for graphics</h3>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-commands"></a>
-<a name="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-graphics-package"></span>
<p>These are the commands available with the <samp>graphics</samp> and
<samp>graphicx</samp> packages.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="1">\includegraphics</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Using a graphic in your document.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="2">\rotatebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Rotating boxes, including graphics.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="3">\scalebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="4">\resizebox</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Scaling boxes, including graphics, to a set size.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cincludegraphics-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.1 <code>\includegraphics</code></h4>
-<a name="index-graphics-2"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics-package-2"></a>
-<a name="index-including-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-importing-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-EPS-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-JPEG-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-JPG-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-PDF-graphic-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-PNG-files-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cincludegraphics"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics-2"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics-package-2"></span>
+<span id="index-including-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-importing-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-EPS-files"></span>
+<span id="index-JPEG-files"></span>
+<span id="index-JPG-files"></span>
+<span id="index-PDF-graphic-files"></span>
+<span id="index-PNG-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cincludegraphics"></span>
<p>Synopses for <samp>graphics</samp> package:
</p>
@@ -18244,10 +19614,10 @@ is <code>\includegraphics{&quot;sister picture.jpg&quot;}</code>.
</p>
<p>The <code>\includegraphics{<var>filename</var>}</code> command decides on the
type of graphic by splitting <var>filename</var> on the first dot. You can
-use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in <code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>
-and then LaTeX tries a sequence of extensions such as <code>.png</code> and
-<code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file with that extension
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>).
+instead use <var>filename</var> with no dot, as in
+<code>\includegraphics{turing}</code>, and then LaTeX tries a sequence of
+extensions such as <code>.png</code> and <code>.pdf</code> until it finds a file
+with that extension (see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a>).
</p>
<p>If your file name contains dots before the extension then you can hide
them with curly braces, as in
@@ -18256,7 +19626,7 @@ the <samp>graphicx</samp> package then you can use the options <code>type</code>
<code>ext</code>; see below. This and other filename issues are also handled
with the package <samp>grffile</samp>.
</p>
-<p>This example puts a graphic in a figure environment so LaTeX can
+<p>This example puts a graphic in a <code>figure</code> environment so LaTeX can
move it to the next page if fitting it on the current page is awkward
(see <a href="#figure">figure</a>).
</p>
@@ -18329,28 +19699,30 @@ two will end with different widths and heights.
</p>
<p>There are many options. The primary ones are listed first.
</p>
+<span id="index-bounding-box"></span>
+<span id="index-box_002c-bounding"></span>
<p>Note that a graphic is placed by LaTeX into a box, which is
-traditionally referred to as its bounding box (distinct from the
+traditionally referred to as its <em>bounding box</em> (distinct from the
PostScript BoundingBox described below). The graphic&rsquo;s printed area may
go beyond this box, or sit inside this box, but when LaTeX makes up a
page it puts together boxes and this is the box allocated for the
graphic.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-width"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-width"></span></dd>
<dt><code>width</code></dt>
<dd><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this width. An example
is <code>\includegraphics[width=1in]{plot}</code>. You can use the standard
TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>) and also convenient is
<code>\linewidth</code>, or in a two-column document, <code>\columnwidth</code>
(see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). An example is that by using the
-<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1&nbsp;cm narrow than
+<samp>calc</samp> package you can make the graphic be 1&nbsp;cm narrower than
the width of the text with
<code>\includegraphics[width=\linewidth-1.0cm]{hefferon.jpg}</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>height</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-height"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-height"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box is this height. You can
use the standard TeX dimensions (see <a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>), and also
convenient are <code>\pageheight</code> and <code>\textheight</code> (see <a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a>). For instance, the command
<code>\includegraphics[height=0.25\textheight]{godel}</code> will make the
@@ -18358,14 +19730,14 @@ graphic a quarter of the height of the text area.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>totalheight</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-totalheght"></a><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-totalheight"></span><p>The graphic will be shown so its bounding box has this height plus
depth. This differs from the height if the graphic was rotated. For
instance, if it has been rotated by -90 then it will have zero height
but a large depth.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>keepaspectratio</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></a><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-keepaspectratio"></span><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"><code>\includegraphics[...,keepaspectratio,...]{...}</code>
@@ -18381,7 +19753,7 @@ is the graphic wider than <code>width</code> nor taller than <code>height</code>
<dt><code>scale</code></dt>
<dd><p>Factor by which to scale the graphic. To make a graphic twice its
nominal size, enter <code>\includegraphics[scale=2.0]{...}</code>. This
-number may be any value; a number between 1 and&nbsp;0 will shrink the
+number may be any value; a number between 0 and&nbsp;1 will shrink the
graphic and a negative number will reflect it.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -18412,16 +19784,16 @@ vertical center in <code>lc</code> or <code>rc</code>.) The default is <code>lB
<p>These are lesser-used options.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-viewport"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-viewport"></span></dd>
<dt><code>viewport</code></dt>
<dd><p>Pick out a subregion of the graphic to show. Takes four arguments,
separated by spaces and given in TeX dimensions, as with
-<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. The
-dimensions default to big points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken
-relative to the origin specified by the bounding box. See also the
-<code>trim</code> option.
+<code>\includegraphics[.., viewport=0in 0in 1in 0.618in]{...}</code>. When
+the unit is omitted, the dimensions default to big
+points,&nbsp;<code>bp</code>. They are taken relative to the origin specified
+by the bounding box. See also the <code>trim</code> option.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-trim"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-trim"></span></dd>
<dt><code>trim</code></dt>
<dd><p>Gives parts of the graphic to not show. Takes four arguments, separated
by spaces, that are given in TeX dimensions, as with
@@ -18431,7 +19803,7 @@ will crop the picture by 0&nbsp;inches on the left, 0.1&nbsp;inches on
the bottom, 0.2&nbsp;inches on the right, and 0.3&nbsp;inches on the
top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-clip"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-clip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>clip</code></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as here
</p>
@@ -18443,12 +19815,12 @@ top. See also the <code>viewport</code> option.
using the starred form of the command,
<code>\includegraphics*[...]{...}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-page"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-page"></span></dd>
<dt><code>page</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give the page number of a multi-page PDF file. The default is
<code>page=1</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-pagebox"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-pagebox"></span></dd>
<dt><code>pagebox</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specifies which bounding box to use for PDF files from among
<code>mediabox</code>, <code>cropbox</code>, <code>bleedbox</code>, <code>trimbox</code>, or
@@ -18463,7 +19835,7 @@ content. The driver will set the image size based on CropBox if
present, otherwise it will not use one of the others, with a
driver-defined order of preference. MediaBox is always present.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-interpolate"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-interpolate"></span></dd>
<dt><code>interpolate</code></dt>
<dd><p>Enable or disable interpolation of raster images by the viewer. Can be
set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
@@ -18472,13 +19844,13 @@ set with <code>interpolate=true</code> or just specified as here.
<pre class="example">\includegraphics[...,interpolate,...]{...}
</pre></div>
-<a name="includegraphics-quiet"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-quiet"></span></dd>
<dt><code>quiet</code></dt>
<dd><p>Do not write information to the log. You can set it with
<code>quiet=true</code> or just specified it with
-<code>\includegraphics[...,quite,...]{...}</code>,
+<code>\includegraphics[...,quiet,...]{...}</code>,
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-draft"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-draft"></span></dd>
<dt><code>draft</code></dt>
<dd><p>If you set it with <code>draft=true</code> or just specify it with
</p>
@@ -18504,7 +19876,7 @@ For example, if an <samp>.eps</samp> file has the line <code>%%BoundingBox 10
60/72&nbsp;inch tall.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-bb"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-bb"></span></dd>
<dt><code>bb</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the bounding box of the displayed region. The argument is four
dimensions separated by spaces, as with <code>\includegraphics[.., bb=
@@ -18513,12 +19885,12 @@ BoundingBox numbers from the EPS file automatically, so this option is
only useful if the bounding box is missing from that file or if you want
to change it.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-bbllx"></a><a name="includegraphics-bblly"></a><a name="includegraphics-bburx"></a><a name="includegraphics-bbury"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-bbllx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bblly"></span><span id="includegraphics-bburx"></span><span id="includegraphics-bbury"></span></dd>
<dt><code>bbllx, bblly, bburx, bbury</code></dt>
<dd><p>Set the bounding box. These four are obsolete, but are retained for
compatibility with old packages.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-natwidth"></a><a name="includegraphics-natheight"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-natwidth"></span><span id="includegraphics-natheight"></span></dd>
<dt><code>natwidth, natheight</code></dt>
<dd><p>An alternative for <code>bb</code>. Setting
</p>
@@ -18528,7 +19900,7 @@ compatibility with old packages.
<p>is the same as setting <code>bb=0 0 1in 0.618in</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-hiresbb"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-hiresbb"></span></dd>
<dt><code>hiresbb</code></dt>
<dd><p>If set to <code>true</code>, or just specified as with
</p>
@@ -18552,24 +19924,24 @@ will read the file <samp>lion.xxx</samp> as though it were
<samp>lion.png</samp>. For more on these, see <a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a>.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="includegraphics-type"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="includegraphics-type"></span></dd>
<dt><code>type</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics type.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-ext"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-ext"></span></dd>
<dt><code>ext</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the graphics extension.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-read"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-read"></span></dd>
<dt><code>read</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify the file extension of the read file.
Only use this in conjunction with the option <code>type</code>.
</p>
-<a name="includegraphics-command"></a></dd>
+<span id="includegraphics-command"></span></dd>
<dt><code>command</code></dt>
<dd><p>Specify a command to be applied to this file. Only use this in
-conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>
+conjunction with the option <code>type</code>. See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>,
for a discussion of enabling the <code>\write18</code> functionality to run
external commands.
</p>
@@ -18578,18 +19950,16 @@ external commands.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005crotatebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005crotatebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\includegraphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005crotatebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.2 <code>\rotatebox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-rotation"></a>
-<a name="index-rotating-graphics"></a>
-<a name="index-rotating-text"></a>
-<a name="index-_005crotatebox"></a>
+<span id="index-rotation"></span>
+<span id="index-rotating-graphics"></span>
+<span id="index-rotating-text"></span>
+<span id="index-_005crotatebox"></span>
<p>Synopsis if you use the <samp>graphics</samp> package:
</p>
@@ -18607,7 +19977,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\scalebox</a>, Previo
<p>Put <var>material</var> in a box and rotate it <var>angle</var> degrees
counterclockwise.
</p>
-<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty five degrees.
+<p>This example rotates the table column heads forty-five degrees.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{ll}
@@ -18676,22 +20046,20 @@ setting <code>units=6.283185</code> changes to radians counterclockwise.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cscalebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cscalebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cresizebox" accesskey="n" rel="next">\resizebox</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crotatebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rotatebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cscalebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.3 <code>\scalebox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></a>
-<a name="index-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-resizing"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-scaling"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-resizing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cscalebox"></a>
-<a name="index-_005creflectbox"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing"></span>
+<span id="index-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-resizing"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-scaling"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-resizing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cscalebox"></span>
+<span id="index-_005creflectbox"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -18730,21 +20098,19 @@ immediately followed by its mirror reflection.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cresizebox"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cresizebox"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cscalebox" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\scalebox</a>, Up: <a href="#Commands-for-graphics" accesskey="u" rel="up">Commands for graphics</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cresizebox-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">22.3.4 <code>\resizebox</code></h4>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></a>
-<a name="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-scaling-1"></a>
-<a name="index-resizing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></a>
-<a name="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cresizebox"></a>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-scaling-1"></span>
+<span id="index-graphics_002c-resizing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-scaling-1"></span>
+<span id="index-resizing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-scaling-1"></span>
+<span id="index-text_002c-resizing-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cresizebox"></span>
<p>Synopses:
</p>
@@ -18778,85 +20144,84 @@ text two inches wide but keep the original height with
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Special-insertions"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Special-insertions"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Splitting the input</a>, Previous: <a href="#Graphics" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Graphics</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Special-insertions-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
+<span id="Special-insertions-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">23 Special insertions</h2>
-<a name="index-special-insertions"></a>
-<a name="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></a>
+<span id="index-special-insertions"></span>
+<span id="index-insertions-of-special-characters"></span>
<p>LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a
special meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting &lsquo;<samp># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>&rsquo;
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="1">Reserved characters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting &lsquo;<samp># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \</samp>&rsquo;
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="2">Upper and lower case</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make text upper or lower case.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="3">Symbols by font position</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting font symbols by number.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="4">Text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-letter symbols in text.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Accents" accesskey="5">Accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting accents.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="6">Additional Latin letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting other non-English characters.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="7">inputenc package</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set the input file text encoding.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="7">\rule</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="8">\rule</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting lines and rectangles.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="8">\today</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today&rsquo;s date.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="9">\today</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inserting today&rsquo;s date.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Reserved-characters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Reserved-characters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="n" rel="next">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Reserved-characters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
+<span id="Reserved-characters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.1 Reserved characters</h3>
-<a name="index-reserved-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-reserved"></a>
-<a name="index-special-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-special"></a>
+<span id="index-reserved-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-reserved"></span>
+<span id="index-special-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-special"></span>
<p>LaTeX sets aside the following characters for special purposes. For
example, the percent sign&nbsp;<code>%</code> is for comments. They are
-called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>.
+called <em>reserved characters</em> or <em>special characters</em>. They are
+all discussed elsewhere in this manual.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example"># $ % &amp; { } _ ~ ^ \
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005c_0023"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0024"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0025"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_0026"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005f"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_007b"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0023"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0024"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0025"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0026"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005f"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_007b"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_007d"></span>
<p>If you want a reserved character to be printed as itself, in the text
body font, for all but the final three characters in that list simply
put a backslash&nbsp;<code>\</code> in front of the character. Thus,
typing <code>\$1.23</code> will produce&nbsp;<code>$1.23</code> in your output.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005c_007e"></a>
-<a name="index-_005c_005e"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_007e"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_005e"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash"></span>
<p>As to the last three characters, to get a tilde in the text body font
use <code>\~{}</code> (omitting the curly braces would result in the next
-character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a get a text
-body font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font
-of the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
+character receiving a tilde accent). Similarly, to get a text body
+font circumflex use <code>\^{}</code>. To get a backslash in the font of
+the text body, enter <code>\textbackslash{}</code>.
</p>
<p>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
<code>\verb!!</code> as below (the double backslash&nbsp;<code>\\</code> is only
-there to split the lines).
+there to split the lines in the output).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\begin{center}
@@ -18867,17 +20232,16 @@ there to split the lines).
<hr>
-<a name="Upper-and-lower-case"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Upper-and-lower-case"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by font position</a>, Previous: <a href="#Reserved-characters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Reserved characters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
+<span id="Upper-and-lower-case-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.2 Upper and lower case</h3>
-<a name="index-uppercase"></a>
-<a name="index-lowercase"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-case-of"></a>
+<span id="index-uppercase"></span>
+<span id="index-lowercase"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-case-of"></span>
+<span id="index-changing-case-of-characters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -18888,13 +20252,13 @@ Next: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="n" rel="next">Symbols by fo
\MakeLowercase{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitives commands
-<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> only work for American
-characters. The LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
-<code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change characters accessed by
-commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The commands
-<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust but they have
-moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
+<p>Change the case of characters. The TeX primitive commands
+<code>\uppercase</code> and <code>\lowercase</code> are set up by default to work
+only with the 26 letters a&ndash;z and A&ndash;Z. The LaTeX commands
+<code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> commands also change
+characters accessed by commands such as <code>\ae</code> or <code>\aa</code>. The
+commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and <code>\MakeLowercase</code> are robust
+but they have moving arguments (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>).
</p>
<p>These commands do not change the case of letters used in the name of a
command within <var>text</var>. But they do change the case of every other
@@ -18920,308 +20284,321 @@ you need to do expansion. Here the <code>\Schoolname</code> produces
<!-- /@w -->\expandafter{\schoolname}}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-textcase"></a>
-<a name="index-textcase-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-textcase"></span>
+<span id="index-textcase-package"></span>
<p>The <samp>textcase</samp> package brings some of the missing feature of the
standard LaTeX commands <code>\MakeUppercase</code> and
<code>\MakeLowerCase</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></a>
-<a name="index-mfirstuc-package"></a>
-
+<span id="index-package_002c-mfirstuc"></span>
+<span id="index-mfirstuc-package"></span>
+
<p>To uppercase only the first letter of words, you can use the package
<samp>mfirstuc</samp>.
</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-expl3-1"></span>
+<span id="index-expl3-package-1"></span>
+
+<span id="index-Wright_002c-Joseph"></span>
+<p>Handling all the casing rules specified by Unicode, e.g., for
+non-Latin scripts, is a much bigger job than anything envisioned in
+the original TeX and LaTeX. It has been implemented in the
+<code>expl3</code> package as of 2020. The article &ldquo;Case changing: From
+TeX primitives to the Unicode algorithm&rdquo;, (Joseph Wright,
+<cite>TUGboat</cite>&nbsp;41:1,
+<a href="https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf">https://tug.org/TUGboat/tb41-1/tb127wright-case.pdf</a>), gives a
+good overview of the topic, past and present.
+</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Symbols-by-font-position"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Symbols-by-font-position"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Text symbols</a>, Previous: <a href="#Upper-and-lower-case" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Upper and lower case</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
+<span id="Symbols-by-font-position-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.3 Symbols by font position</h3>
-<a name="index-_005csymbol"></a>
-<a name="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></a>
-<a name="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csymbol"></span>
+<span id="index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font"></span>
+<span id="index-font-symbols_002c-by-number"></span>
<p>You can access any character of the current font using its number with
the <code>\symbol</code> command. For example, the visible space character
-used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32, so it can be
-typed as <code>\symbol{32}</code>.
+used in the <code>\verb*</code> command has the code decimal 32 in the
+standard Computer Modern typewriter font, so it can be typed as
+<code>\symbol{32}</code>.
</p>
<p>You can also specify numbers in octal (base 8) by using a <code>'</code>
-prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the previous
-example could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or
-<code>\symbol{&quot;20}</code>.
+prefix, or hexadecimal (base 16) with a <code>&quot;</code> prefix, so the
+visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
+<code>\symbol{'40}</code> or <code>\symbol{&quot;20}</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Text-symbols"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Text-symbols"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="n" rel="next">Accents</a>, Previous: <a href="#Symbols-by-font-position" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Symbols by font position</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Text-symbols-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
+<span id="Text-symbols-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.4 Text symbols</h3>
-<a name="index-text-symbols"></a>
-<a name="index-symbols_002c-text"></a>
+<span id="index-text-symbols"></span>
+<span id="index-symbols_002c-text"></span>
-<a name="index-textcomp-package-1"></a>
-<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
-running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
-available in OT1. Unless you are using XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX then
-you may need to load the <code>textcomp</code> package.
+<span id="index-textcomp-package"></span>
+<span id="index-TS1-encoding"></span>
+<p>LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
+in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
+not available in OT1. As of the LaTeX February 2020 release, all
+symbols are available by default; before that, it was necessary to use
+the <code>textcomp</code> package for some (technically, those in the
+<code>TS1</code> font encoding).
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\copyright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ccopyright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccopyright"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcopyright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcopyright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcopyright"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-copyright-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-copyright-symbol"></span>
<p>&copy; The copyright symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dag</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdag"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdag"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2020; The dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ddag</code>
-<a name="index-_005cddag"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cddag"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x2021; The double dagger symbol (in text).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeX</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLaTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLaTeX"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-LaTeX-logo"></a>
-<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-LaTeX-logo"></span>
+<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX"></span>
<p>The LaTeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\LaTeXe</code>
-<a name="index-_005cLaTeXe"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cLaTeXe"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></a>
-<a name="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-LaTeX2e-logo"></span>
+<span id="index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e"></span>
<p>The LaTeX2e logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\guillemotleft <span class="roman">(&laquo;)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguillemotleft-_0028_00ab_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guillemotright <span class="roman">(&raquo;)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguillemotright-_0028_00bb_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglleft <span class="roman">(&lsaquo;)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguilsinglleft-_0028_2039_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\guilsinglright <span class="roman">(&rsaquo;)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></a>
-</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-guillemets"></a>
-<a name="index-single-guillemets"></a>
-<a name="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-French-quotation-marks"></a>
-<a name="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cguilsinglright-_0028_203a_0029"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-double-guillemets"></span>
+<span id="index-single-guillemets"></span>
+<span id="index-left-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-right-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-double-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-single-angle-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-French-quotation-marks"></span>
+<span id="index-quotation-marks_002c-French"></span>
<p>&laquo;, &raquo;, &lsaquo;, &rsaquo;
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ldots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cldots-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cldots-1"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\dots</code>
-<a name="index-_005cdots"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cdots"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textellipsis</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextellipsis"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextellipsis"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-ellipsis"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-ellipsis"></span>
<p>&hellip; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <code>\ldots</code>
and <code>\dots</code> also work in math mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\lq</code>
-<a name="index-_005clq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clq"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-opening-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-opening-quote"></span>
<p>&lsquo; Left (opening) quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\P</code>
-<a name="index-_005cP"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cP"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textparagraph</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextparagraph"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextparagraph"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-paragraph-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-pilcrow"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-paragraph-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-pilcrow"></span>
<p>&#x00B6; Paragraph sign (pilcrow).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\pounds</code>
-<a name="index-_005cpounds"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cpounds"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textsterling</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextsterling"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextsterling"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-pounds-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-sterling-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-pounds-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-sterling-symbol"></span>
<p>&pound; English pounds sterling.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\quotedblbase <span class="roman">(&bdquo;)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cquotedblbase-_0028_201e_0029"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\quotesinglbase <span class="roman">(&sbquo;)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cquotesinglbase-_0028_201a_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
-<a name="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></a>
-<a name="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
+<span id="index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark"></span>
+<span id="index-low_002d9-quotation-marks_002c-single-and-double"></span>
<p>&bdquo; and &sbquo;
Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\rq</code>
-<a name="index-_005crq"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crq"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-closing-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-closing-quote"></span>
<p>&rsquo; Right (closing) quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\S</code>
-<a name="index-_005cS"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cS"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textsection</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextsection"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextsection"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-section-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-section-symbol"></span>
<p>&#x00A7; Section sign.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\TeX</code>
-<a name="index-_005cTeX"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cTeX"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-TeX-logo"></a>
-<a name="index-logo_002c-TeX"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-TeX-logo"></span>
+<span id="index-logo_002c-TeX"></span>
<p>The TeX logo.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciicircum</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextasciicircum"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-circumflex_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>^ ASCII circumflex.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasciitilde</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextasciitilde"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-ASCII-tilde_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>~ ASCII tilde.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textasteriskcentered</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextasteriskcentered"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-asterisk_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-centered-asterisk_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>* Centered asterisk.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbackslash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbackslash-1"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-backslash_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>\ Backslash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbar</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbar"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002c-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>| Vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbardbl</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbardbl"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbardbl"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-vertical-bar_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x23F8; Double vertical bar.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbigcircle</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbigcircle"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>&#x25EF; Big circle symbol.
+<dd><span id="index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>&#x25EF;, Big circle symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceleft</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbraceleft"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>{ Left brace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbraceright</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbraceright"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbraceright"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-brace_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>} Right brace.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textbullet</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextbullet"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextbullet"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-bullet_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&bull; Bullet.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcircled{<var>letter</var>}</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcircled_007bletter_007d"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>&#x24B6; Circle around <var>letter</var>.
+<dd><span id="index-circled-letter_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>&#x24B6;, Circle around <var>letter</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textcompwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcompwordmark"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textcapitalcompwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextcapitalcompwordmark"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textascendercompwordmark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextascendercompwordmark"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-cap-height"></a>
-<a name="index-ascender-height"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-cap-height"></span>
+<span id="index-ascender-height"></span>
<p>Used to separate letters that would normally ligature. For example,
<code>f\textcompwordmark i</code> produces &lsquo;<samp>fi</samp>&rsquo; without a ligature. This
is most useful in non-English languages. The
@@ -19230,259 +20607,296 @@ while the <code>\textascendercompwordmark</code> form has the ascender height.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdagger</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdagger"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextdagger"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
<p>&#x2020; Dagger.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdaggerdbl</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextdaggerdbl"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-double-dagger_002c-in-text-1"></span>
<p>&#x2021; Double dagger.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textdollar <span class="roman">(or <code>\$</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextdollar-_0028or-_005c_0024_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-dollar-sign"></a>
-<a name="index-currency_002c-dollar"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-dollar-sign"></span>
+<span id="index-currency_002c-dollar"></span>
<p>$ Dollar sign.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textemdash <span class="roman">(or <code>---</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextemdash-_0028or-_002d_002d_002d_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-em_002ddash"></a>
-<p>&mdash; Em-dash (used for punctuation, as in
-<code>The playoffs --- if you are fortunate enough to make the playoffs ---
-is more like a sprint.</code>).
+<dd><span id="index-em_002ddash"></span>
+<p>&mdash; Em-dash. Used for punctuation, usually similar to commas or
+parentheses, as in &lsquo;<code>The playoffs---if you're lucky
+enough to make the playoffs---are more like a sprint.</code>&rsquo; Conventions
+for spacing around em-dashes vary widely.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-e_002ddash"></a>
-<p>&ndash; En-dash (used for ranges, as in <code>See pages 12--14</code>).
+<dd><span id="index-e_002ddash"></span>
+<p>&ndash; En-dash. Used for ranges, as in &lsquo;<code>see pages 12--14</code>&rsquo;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texteuro</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctexteuro"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctexteuro"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-euro-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-currency_002c-euro"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-eurosym"></a>
-<a name="index-eurosym-package"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-euro-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-currency_002c-euro"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym"></span>
+<span id="index-eurosym-package"></span>
-<p>The Euro symbol: &euro;. For an alternative glyph design, try the
+<p>The Euro currency symbol: &euro;.
+<span id="index-package_002c-eurosym-1"></span>
+<span id="index-eurosym-package-1"></span>
+</p>
+<p>For an alternative glyph design, try the
<samp>eurosym</samp> package; also, most fonts nowadays come with their own
Euro symbol (Unicode U+20AC).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
<p>&iexcl; Upside down exclamation point.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\textfiguredash</code>
+<span id="index-_005ctextfiguredash"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-figure-dash-character"></span>
+<p>Dash used between numerals, Unicode U+2012. Defined in the June 2021
+release of LaTeX. When used in pdfTeX, approximated by an
+en-dash; with a Unicode engine, either typesets the glyph if available
+in the current font, or writes the usual &ldquo;Missing character&rdquo; warning
+to the log file.
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\textgreater</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextgreater"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextgreater"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&gt; Greater than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
+<dt><code>\texthorizontalbar</code>
+<span id="index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-horizontal-bar-character"></span>
+<p>Horizontal bar character, Unicode U+2015. Defined in the June 2021
+release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code> above;
+the pdfTeX approximation is an em-dash.
+</p>
+</dd>
<dt><code>\textless</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextless"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextless"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-less-than-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&lt; Less than symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textleftarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextleftarrow"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>&#x2190; Left arrow.
+<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-left-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>&#x2190;, Left arrow.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code>
+<span id="index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"></span>
+</dt>
+<dd><span id="index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character"></span>
+<span id="index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking"></span>
+<p>Non-breaking hyphen character, Unicode U+2011. Defined in the June
+2021 release of LaTeX. Behavior as with <code>\textfiguredash</code>
+above; the pdfTeX approximation is a regular ASCII hyphen (with
+breaks disallowed after).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textordfeminine</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextordfeminine"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textordmasculine</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextordmasculine"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
-<a name="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-feminine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-masculine-ordinal-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
+<span id="index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine"></span>
<p>&ordf;, &ordm; Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textperiodcentered</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextperiodcentered"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-period_002c-centered_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-centered-period_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>&#x00B7; Centered period.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquestiondown <span class="roman">(or <code>?`</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquestiondown-_0028or-_003f_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown"></span>
<p>&iquest; Upside down question mark.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblleft <span class="roman">(or <code>``</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotedblleft-_0028or-_0060_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-double"></a>
-<a name="index-double-left-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-double"></span>
+<span id="index-double-left-quote"></span>
<p>&ldquo; Double left quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotedblright <span class="roman">(or <code>''</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotedblright-_0028or-_0027_0027_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-double"></a>
-<a name="index-double-right-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-double"></span>
+<span id="index-double-right-quote"></span>
<p>&rdquo; Double right quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteleft <span class="roman">(or <code>`</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquoteleft-_0028or-_0060_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-left-quote_002c-single"></a>
-<a name="index-single-left-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-left-quote_002c-single"></span>
+<span id="index-single-left-quote"></span>
<p>&lsquo; Single left quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquoteright <span class="roman">(or <code>'</code>)</span></code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquoteright-_0028or-_0027_0029"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-right-quote_002c-single"></a>
-<a name="index-single-right-quote"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-right-quote_002c-single"></span>
+<span id="index-single-right-quote"></span>
<p>&rsquo; Single right quote.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotesingle</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotesingle"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></a>
-<a name="index-straight-single-quote"></a>
-<a name="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></a>
-<p>&#x0027; Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
+<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-single-straight"></span>
+<span id="index-straight-single-quote"></span>
+<span id="index-single-quote_002c-straight"></span>
+<p>&#x0027;, Straight single quote. (From TS1 encoding.)
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightbase</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotestraightbase"></span>
</dt>
<dt><code>\textquotestraightdblbase</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextquotestraightdblbase"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
-<a name="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></a>
-<a name="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></a>
-<a name="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
+<span id="index-straight-quote_002c-base"></span>
+<span id="index-double-quote_002c-straight-base"></span>
+<span id="index-straight-double-quote_002c-base"></span>
<p>Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textregistered</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextregistered"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextregistered"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-registered-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-registered-symbol"></span>
<p>&reg; Registered symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textrightarrow</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextrightarrow"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></a>
-<a name="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>&#x2192; Right arrow.
+<dd><span id="index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text"></span>
+<span id="index-right-arrow_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>&#x2192;, Right arrow.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textthreequartersemdash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextthreequartersemdash"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></a>
-<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></a>
-<p>&#xFE58; &ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+<dd><span id="index-three_002dquarters-em_002ddash"></span>
+<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-three_002dquarters"></span>
+<p>&#xFE58;, &ldquo;Three-quarters&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttrademark</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctexttrademark"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctexttrademark"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-trademark-symbol"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-trademark-symbol"></span>
<p>&#x2122; Trademark symbol.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\texttwelveudash</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctexttwelveudash"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></a>
-<a name="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></a>
-<p>&#xFE58; &ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
+<dd><span id="index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash"></span>
+<span id="index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds"></span>
+<p>&#xFE58;, &ldquo;Two-thirds&rdquo; em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textunderscore</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextunderscore"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextunderscore"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-underscore_002c-in-text"></span>
<p>_ Underscore.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\textvisiblespace</code>
-<a name="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctextvisiblespace"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></a>
-<p>&#x2423; Visible space symbol.
+<dd><span id="index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text"></span>
+<p>&#x2423;, Visible space symbol.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr>
-<a name="Accents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Accents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Additional Latin letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Text-symbols" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Text symbols</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Accents-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
+<span id="Accents-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.5 Accents</h3>
-<a name="index-accents"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-accented"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-accented"></a>
+<span id="index-accents"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-accented"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-accented"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-2"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-2"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-2"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package"></span>
-<a name="index-multilingual-support"></a>
-<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and languages,
-through the <code>babel</code> package and related support if you are using
-pdfLaTeX, or <samp>polyglossia</samp> if you are using XeLaTeX or
-LuaLaTeX. This section does not cover that support. It only lists
-the core LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The
-<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for use
-with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
+<span id="index-multilingual-support"></span>
+<p>LaTeX has wide support for many of the world&rsquo;s scripts and
+languages, provided through the core <code>babel</code> package, which
+supports pdfLaTeX, XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX. The
+<samp>polyglossia</samp> package provides similar support with the latter
+two engines.
+</p>
+<p>This section does not cover that support. It only lists the core
+LaTeX commands for creating accented characters. The
+<code>\capital...</code> commands shown here produce alternative forms for
+use with capital letters. These are not available with OT1.
</p>
<p>Below, to make them easier to find, the accents are all illustrated with
lowercase &lsquo;<samp>o</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dotless-i"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-dotless-i"></span>
<p>Note that <code>\i</code> produces a dotless i,
-<a name="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dotless-j"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-dotless-j"></span>
and <code>\j</code> produces a dotless j.
These are often used in place of their dotted counterparts when they are
accented.
@@ -19490,70 +20904,70 @@ accented.
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\&quot;</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldieresis</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></a>
-<a name="index-umlaut-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-dieresis-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaldieresis"></span>
+<span id="index-umlaut-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-dieresis-accent"></span>
<p>&ouml; Umlaut (dieresis).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\'</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalacute</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalacute"></a>
-<a name="index-acute-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalacute"></span>
+<span id="index-acute-accent"></span>
<p>&oacute; Acute accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\.</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-dot-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-dot_002dover-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_002e-_0028dot_002dover-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-dot-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-dot_002dover-accent"></span>
<p>&#559; Dot accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\=</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalmacron</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></a>
-<a name="index-macron-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-overbar-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002dover-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_003d-_0028macron-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalmacron"></span>
+<span id="index-macron-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-overbar-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002dover-accent"></span>
<p>&#333; Macron (overbar) accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\^</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcircumflex</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></a>
-<a name="index-circumflex-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-hat-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_005e-_0028circumflex-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalcircumflex"></span>
+<span id="index-circumflex-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-hat-accent"></span>
<p>&ocirc; Circumflex (hat) accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\`</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalgrave</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></a>
-<a name="index-grave-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_0060-_0028grave-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalgrave"></span>
+<span id="index-grave-accent"></span>
<p>&ograve; Grave accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\~</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaltilde</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></a>
-<a name="index-tilde-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaltilde"></span>
+<span id="index-tilde-accent"></span>
<p>&ntilde; Tilde accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\b</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cb-_0028bar_002dunder-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-bar_002dunder-accent"></span>
<p>o_ Bar accent underneath.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cunderbar"></a>
-<a name="index-underbar"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cunderbar"></span>
+<span id="index-underbar"></span>
<p>Related to this, <code>\underbar{<var>text</var>}</code> produces a bar under
<var>text</var>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
(see <a href="#Modes">Modes</a>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
@@ -19563,41 +20977,41 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
</dd>
<dt><code>\c</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcedilla</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></a>
-<a name="index-cedilla-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cc-_0028cedilla-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalcedilla"></span>
+<span id="index-cedilla-accent"></span>
<p>&ccedil; Cedilla accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\d</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitaldotaccent</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></a>
-<a name="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cd-_0028dot_002dunder-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaldotaccent"></span>
+<span id="index-dot_002dunder-accent"></span>
<p>&#7885; Dot accent underneath.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\H</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalhungarumlaut</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></a>
-<a name="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cH-_0028Hungarian-umlaut-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalhungarumlaut"></span>
+<span id="index-hungarian-umlaut-accent"></span>
<p>&#337; Long Hungarian umlaut accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\k</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalogonek</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></a>
-<a name="index-ogonek"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalogonek"></span>
+<span id="index-ogonek"></span>
<p>&#491; Ogonek. Not available in the OT1 encoding.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\r</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalring</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalring"></a>
-<a name="index-ring-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cr-_0028ring-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalring"></span>
+<span id="index-ring-accent"></span>
<p>o* Ring accent.
</p>
</dd>
@@ -19605,51 +21019,108 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <code>\underline</code> in
<dt><code>\capitaltie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\newtie</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalnewtie</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitaltie"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnewtie"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></a>
-<a name="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005ct-_0028tie_002dafter-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitaltie"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnewtie"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalnewtie"></span>
+<span id="index-tie_002dafter-accent"></span>
<p>oo[ Tie-after accent. The <code>\newtie</code> form is centered in
its box.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\u</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalbreve</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></a>
-<a name="index-breve-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cu-_0028breve-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalbreve"></span>
+<span id="index-breve-accent"></span>
<p>&#335; Breve accent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\v</code></dt>
<dt><code>\capitalcaron</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></a>
-<a name="index-hacek-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-check-accent"></a>
-<a name="index-caron-accent"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccapitalcaron"></span>
+<span id="index-hacek-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-check-accent"></span>
+<span id="index-caron-accent"></span>
<p>&#466; H&aacute;&#269;ek (check, caron) accent.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caccent" accesskey="1">\accent</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Low level command to produce an accented character.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
<hr>
-<a name="Additional-Latin-letters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caccent"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Up: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="u" rel="up">Accents</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caccent-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">23.5.1 <code>\accent</code></h4>
+<span id="index-_005caccent"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\accent <var>number</var> <var>character</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>A TeX primitive command used to generate accented characters from
+accent marks and letters. The accent mark is selected by <var>number</var>,
+a numeric argument, followed by a space and then a <var>character</var> argument
+constructs the accented character in the current font.
+</p>
+<p>These are accented &lsquo;<samp>e</samp>&rsquo; characters.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\accent18 e
+\accent20 e
+\accent21 e
+\accent22 e
+\accent23 e
+</pre></div>
-<a name="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></a><a name="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></a>
-<a name="index-extended-Latin"></a>
-<a name="index-special-characters-1"></a>
-<a name="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></a>
-<a name="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></a>
+<p>The first is a grave, the second is breve, etc.
+</p>
+<p>The position of the accent is determined by the font designer and so the
+outcome of <code>\accent</code> use may differ between fonts. In LaTeX it is
+desirable to have glyphs for accented characters rather than building
+them using <code>\accent</code>. Using glyphs that already contain the
+accented characters (as in T1 encoding) allows correct hyphenation
+whereas <code>\accent</code> disables hyphenation (specifically with OT1 font
+encoding where accented glyphs are absent).
+</p>
+<p>There can be an optional font change between <var>number</var> and
+<var>character</var>. Note also that this command sets the
+<code>\spacefactor</code> to 1000 (see <a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a>).
+</p>
+<p>An unavoidable characteristic of some Cyrillic letters and
+the majority of accented Cyrillic letters is that they must be
+assembled from multiple elements (accents, modifiers, etc.) while
+<code>\accent</code> provides for a single accent mark and a single letter
+combination. There are also cases where accents must appear between
+letters that \accent does not support. Still other cases exist where
+the letters I and J have dots above their lowercase counterparts that
+conflict with dotted accent marks. The use of <code>\accent</code> in these
+cases will not work as it cannot analyze upper/lower case.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Additional-Latin-letters"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="n" rel="next">inputenc package</a>, Previous: <a href="#Accents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Accents</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Additional-Latin-letters-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.6 Additional Latin letters</h3>
+
+<span id="Non_002dEnglish-characters"></span><span id="index-Latin-letters_002c-additional"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-additional-Latin"></span>
+<span id="index-extended-Latin"></span>
+<span id="index-special-characters-1"></span>
+<span id="index-non_002dEnglish-characters"></span>
+<span id="index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish"></span>
<p>Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting letters beyond
A&ndash;Z that extend the Latin alphabet, used primarily in languages other
@@ -19658,26 +21129,26 @@ than English.
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>\aa</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AA</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-aring"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-aring"></span>
<p>&aring; and &Aring;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ae</code></dt>
<dt><code>\AE</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-ae-ligature"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cae-_0028ae_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cAE-_0028AE_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-ae-ligature"></span>
<p>&aelig; and &AElig;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\dh</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DH</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-Icelandic-eth"></a>
-<a name="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cdh-_0028d_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDH-_0028D_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-Icelandic-eth"></span>
+<span id="index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
<p>Icelandic letter eth: &eth; and &ETH;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
@@ -19685,8 +21156,8 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</dd>
<dt><code>\dj</code></dt>
<dt><code>\DJ</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cdj"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cDJ"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cdj"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDJ"></span>
<p>Crossed d and D, a.k.a. capital and small letter d with stroke. Not
available with <small>OT1</small> encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to
select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
@@ -19694,58 +21165,58 @@ select an alternate font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
</dd>
<dt><code>\ij</code></dt>
<dt><code>\IJ</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cij-_0028ij_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch"></span>
<p>ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\l</code></dt>
<dt><code>\L</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-polish-l"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-polish-l"></span>
<p>&#322; and &#321;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ng</code></dt>
<dt><code>\NG</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cng"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cNG"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cng"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cNG"></span>
<p>Lappish letter eng, also used in phonetics.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\o</code></dt>
<dt><code>\O</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-oslash"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005co-_0028o_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-oslash"></span>
<p>&oslash; and &Oslash;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\oe</code></dt>
<dt><code>\OE</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-oe-ligature"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005coe-_0028oe_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cOE-_0028OE_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-oe-ligature"></span>
<p>&oelig; and &OElig;.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\ss</code></dt>
<dt><code>\SS</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></a>
-<a name="index-sharp-S-letters"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005css-_0028ss_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cSS-_0028SS_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-es_002dzet-German-letter"></span>
+<span id="index-sharp-S-letters"></span>
<p>&szlig; and SS.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>\th</code></dt>
<dt><code>\TH</code></dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></a>
-<a name="index-Icelandic-thorn"></a>
-<a name="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cth-_0028th_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cTH-_0028TH_0029"></span>
+<span id="index-Icelandic-thorn"></span>
+<span id="index-thorn_002c-Icelandic-letter"></span>
<p>Icelandic letter thorn: &thorn; and &THORN;. Not available with <small>OT1</small>
encoding, you need the <samp>fontenc</samp> package to select an alternate
font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
@@ -19755,15 +21226,83 @@ font encoding, such as <small>T1</small>.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005crule"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="inputenc-package"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="n" rel="next">\rule</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="inputenc-package-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.7 <code>inputenc</code> package</h3>
+
+<span id="index-inputenc"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[<var>encoding-name</var>]{inputenc}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Declare the input file&rsquo;s text encoding to be <var>encoding-name</var>. The
+default, if this package is not loaded, is UTF-8. Technically,
+specifying the encoding name is optional, but in practice it is not
+useful to omit it.
+</p>
+<span id="index-encoding_002c-of-input-files"></span>
+<span id="index-character-encoding"></span>
+<span id="index-Unicode"></span>
+<p>In a computer file, the characters are stored according to a scheme
+called the <em>encoding</em>. There are many different encodings. The
+simplest is ASCII, which supports 95 printable characters, not enough
+for most of the world&rsquo;s languages. For instance, to typeset the
+a-umlaut character &auml; in an ASCII-encoded LaTeX source file, the
+sequence <code>\&quot;a</code> is used. This would make source files for anything
+but English hard to read; even for English, often a more extensive
+encoding is more convenient.
+</p>
+<p>The modern encoding standard, in some ways a union of the others, is
+UTF-8, one of the representations of Unicode. This is the default for
+LaTeX since 2018.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>inputenc</code> package is how LaTeX knows what encoding is
+used. For instance, the following command explicitly says that the
+input file is UTF-8 (note the lack of a dash).
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Caution: use <code>inputenc</code> only with the pdfTeX engine
+(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). (The XeTeX and LuaTeX engines assume
+that the input file is UTF-8 encoded.) If you invoke LaTeX with
+either the <code>xelatex</code> command or the <code>lualatex</code>
+command, and try to declare a non-UTF-8 encoding with <code>inputenc</code>,
+such as <code>latin1</code>, then you will get the error <code>inputenc is
+not designed for xetex or luatex</code>.
+</p>
+<p>An <code>inputenc</code> package error such as <code>Invalid UTF-8 byte &quot;96</code>
+means that some of the material in the input file does not follow the
+encoding scheme. Often these errors come from copying material from a
+document that uses a different encoding than the input file; this one
+is a left single quote from a web page using <code>latin1</code> inside a
+LaTeX input file that uses UTF-8. The simplest solution is to
+replace the non-UTF-8 character with its UTF-8 equivalent, or use a
+LaTeX equivalent command or character.
+</p>
+<p>In some documents, such as a collection of journal articles from a
+variety of authors, changing the encoding in mid-document may be
+necessary. Use the command
+<code>\inputencoding{<var>encoding-name</var>}</code>. The most common values
+for <var>encoding-name</var> are: <code>ascii</code>, <code>latin1</code>,
+<code>latin2</code>, <code>latin3</code>, <code>latin4</code>, <code>latin5</code>,
+<code>latin9</code>, <code>latin10</code>, and&nbsp;<code>utf8</code>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005crule"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#Additional-Latin-letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Additional Latin letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a href="#inputenc-package" accesskey="p" rel="prev">inputenc package</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005crule-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.7 <code>\rule</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005crule-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\rule</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005crule"></a>
+<span id="index-_005crule"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -19774,17 +21313,17 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctoday" accesskey="n" rel="next">\today</a>, Previous: <a
<p>Produce a <em>rule</em>, a filled-in rectangle.
</p>
-<a name="index-Halmos-symbol"></a>
-<a name="index-tombstone"></a>
-<p>This produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
-often used to mark the end of a proof.
+<span id="index-Halmos-symbol"></span>
+<span id="index-tombstone"></span>
+<p>This example produces a rectangular blob, sometimes called a Halmos symbol,
+or just &ldquo;qed&rdquo;, often used to mark the end of a proof:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\newcommand{\qedsymbol}{\rule{0.4em}{2ex}}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></a>
-<a name="index-amsthm-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-amsthm-1"></span>
+<span id="index-amsthm-package-1"></span>
<p>The <samp>amsthm</samp> package includes this command, with a somewhat
different-looking symbol.
@@ -19806,21 +21345,19 @@ thickness is common in LaTeX.
</p>
<p>A rule that has zero width, or zero thickness, will not show up in the
output, but can cause LaTeX to change the output around it.
-See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a> for examples.
+See <a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a>, for examples.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctoday"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctoday"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Special insertions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctoday-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">23.8 <code>\today</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctoday-1"></span><h3 class="section">23.9 <code>\today</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctoday"></a>
-<a name="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></a>
-<a name="index-today_0027s-date"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctoday"></span>
+<span id="index-date_002c-today_0027s"></span>
+<span id="index-today_0027s-date"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -19832,11 +21369,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#g_t_005crule" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\rule</a>, Up: <a hre
<var>yyyy</var></samp>&rsquo;. An example of a date in that format is &lsquo;<samp>July 4,
1976</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-3"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-3"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-3"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package-1"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-1"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-1"></span>
<p>Multilingual packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>, or
classes such as <samp>lettre</samp>, will localize <code>\today</code>. For example,
@@ -19854,8 +21391,8 @@ the following will output &lsquo;<samp>4 juillet 1976</samp>&rsquo;:
<p><code>\today</code> uses the counters <code>\day</code>, <code>\month</code>, and
<code>\year</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-datetime"></a>
-<a name="index-datetime-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-datetime"></span>
+<span id="index-datetime-package"></span>
<p>A number of package on CTAN work with dates. One is <samp>datetime</samp> package
which can produce a wide variety of date formats, including ISO standards.
@@ -19865,24 +21402,22 @@ date could be incorrect by the time the program finishes.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Splitting-the-input"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Splitting-the-input"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="n" rel="next">Front/back matter</a>, Previous: <a href="#Special-insertions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Special insertions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Splitting-the-input-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
+<span id="Splitting-the-input-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">24 Splitting the input</h2>
-<a name="index-splitting-the-input-file"></a>
-<a name="index-input-file"></a>
+<span id="index-splitting-the-input-file"></span>
+<span id="index-input-file"></span>
<p>LaTeX lets you split a large document into several smaller ones.
This can simplify editing or allow multiple authors to work on the
document. It can also speed processing.
</p>
<p>Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is always one
-<a name="index-root-file"></a>
-<a name="index-file_002c-root"></a>
+<span id="index-root-file"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-root"></span>
<em>root file</em>, on which LaTeX compilation starts. This shows such
a file with five included files.
</p>
@@ -19911,7 +21446,7 @@ a file with five included files.
<p>This will bring in material from <samp>pref.tex</samp>, <samp>chap1.tex</samp>,
<samp>chap2.tex</samp>, <samp>append.tex</samp>, and <samp>bib.tex</samp>. If you compile
this file, and then comment out all of the lines inside
-<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1,</code> and compile again,
+<code>\includeonly{...}</code> except for <code>chap1</code>, and compile again,
then LaTeX will only process the material in the first chapter.
Thus, your output will appear more quickly and be shorter to print.
However, the advantage of the <code>\includeonly</code> command is that
@@ -19919,29 +21454,27 @@ LaTeX will retain the page numbers and all of the cross reference
information from the other parts of the document so these will appear in
your output correctly.
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for another example of <code>\includeonly</code>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1">\endinput</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stop including material from a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="1">\endinput</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stop including material from a file.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include files.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="2">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Conditionally include files.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="3">\input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Unconditionally include a file.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cendinput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cendinput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="n" rel="next">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cendinput-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cendinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.1 <code>\endinput</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cendinput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cendinput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -19965,12 +21498,13 @@ This will not appear.
</pre></div>
<p>This can be useful for putting documentation or comments at the end of a
-file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added during mailing.
-It is also useful for debugging: one strategy to localize errors is to
-put <code>\endinput</code> halfway through the included file and see if the
-error disappears. Now, knowing which half contains the error, moving
-<code>\endinput</code> to halfway through that area further narrows down the
-location. This process rapidly finds the offending line.
+file, or for avoiding junk characters that can be added if the file is
+transmitted in the body of an email. It is also useful for debugging:
+one strategy to localize errors is to put <code>\endinput</code> halfway
+through the included file and see if the error disappears. Now, knowing
+which half contains the error, moving <code>\endinput</code> to halfway
+through that area further narrows down the location. This process
+rapidly finds the offending line.
</p>
<p>After reading <code>\endinput</code>, LaTeX continues to read to the end of
the line, so something can follow this command and be read nonetheless.
@@ -19979,16 +21513,14 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <code>\if...</code> with a
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cinput" accesskey="n" rel="next">\input</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cendinput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\endinput</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.2 <code>\include</code> &amp; <code>\includeonly</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cinclude"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cincludeonly"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinclude"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cincludeonly"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20009,10 +21541,12 @@ LaTeX document.
<code>\clearpage</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a>), then it
inputs the material from <samp><var>filename</var>.tex</samp> into the document,
and then it does another <code>\clearpage</code>. This command can only
-appear in the document body. The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls
-which files will be read by LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code>
-commands. Its list of filenames is comma-separated, and it can only
-appear in the preamble.
+appear in the document body.
+</p>
+<p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will be read by
+LaTeX under subsequent <code>\include</code> commands. Its list of
+filenames is comma-separated. It must appear in the preamble or even
+earlier, e.g., the command line; it can&rsquo;t appear in the document body.
</p>
<p>This example root document, <samp>constitution.tex</samp>, brings in
three files, <samp>preamble.tex</samp>, <samp>articles.tex</samp>, and
@@ -20045,7 +21579,7 @@ in Order to form a more perfect Union, ...
<p>Running LaTeX on <samp>constitution.tex</samp> makes the material from the
three files appear in the document but also generates the auxiliary
files <samp>preamble.aux</samp>, <samp>articles.aux</samp>, and
-<samp>amendments.tex</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
+<samp>amendments.aux</samp>. These contain information such as page numbers
and cross-references (see <a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a>). If you now comment out
<code>\includeonly</code>&rsquo;s lines with <code>preamble</code> and <code>amendments</code>
and run LaTeX again then the resulting document shows only the
@@ -20062,7 +21596,7 @@ commands.
<a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a> (which, however, does not retain the auxiliary
information).
</p>
-<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for another example using <code>\include</code>
+<p>See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for another example using <code>\include</code>
and <code>\includeonly</code>. That example also uses <code>\input</code> for some
material that will not necessarily start on a new page.
</p>
@@ -20105,7 +21639,7 @@ this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
\end{document}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></a>
+<span id="index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed"></span>
<p>You cannot use <code>\include</code> inside a file that is being included or
you get &lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: \include cannot be nested.</samp>&rsquo; The
<code>\include</code> command cannot appear in the document preamble; you will
@@ -20119,20 +21653,18 @@ athiesm.tex.</samp>&rsquo; (It will also create <samp>athiesm.aux</samp>.)
<p>If you <code>\include</code> the root file in itself then you first get
&lsquo;<samp>LaTeX Error: Can be used only in preamble.</samp>&rsquo; Later runs get
&lsquo;<samp>TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [text input levels=15]</samp>&rsquo;. To fix
-this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{root}</code> but also
-delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
+this, you must remove the inclusion <code>\include{<var>root</var>}</code> but
+also delete the file <samp><var>root</var>.aux</samp> and rerun LaTeX.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cinput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cinput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>, Up: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="u" rel="up">Splitting the input</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cinput-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cinput-1"></span><h3 class="section">24.3 <code>\input</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cinput"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cinput"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20178,41 +21710,37 @@ this works under TeX Live on GNU/Linux:
<hr>
-<a name="Front_002fback-matter"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Front_002fback-matter"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="n" rel="next">Letters</a>, Previous: <a href="#Splitting-the-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting the input</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Front_002fback-matter-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
+<span id="Front_002fback-matter-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">25 Front/back matter</h2>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents etc.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="1">Table of contents etc.</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Table of contents, list of figures, list of tables.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate an index.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="2">Indexes</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate an index.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a glossary.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="3">Glossaries</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Generate a glossary.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents etc.</h3>
+<span id="Table-of-contents-etc_002e-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.1 Table of contents etc.</h3>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></a>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents_002c-creating"></span>
-<a name="index-_005ctableofcontents"></a>
-<a name="index-_002etoc-file-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clistoffigures"></a>
-<a name="index-_005clistoftables"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elof-file-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_002elot-file-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etoc-file-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clistoffigures"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clistoftables"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elof-file-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elot-file-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -20248,7 +21776,7 @@ LaTeX will produce a table of contents on the book&rsquo;s first page.
<p>Uncommenting the second line would cause that table to contain chapter
and section listings but not subsection listings, because the
-<code>\section</code> command has level&nbsp;1. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a> for level
+<code>\section</code> command has level&nbsp;1. See <a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a>, for level
numbers of the sectioning units. For more on the <code>tocdepth</code>
see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>.
</p>
@@ -20258,7 +21786,7 @@ see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>.
<code>\newpage</code> command after the <code>\tableofcontents</code> command, as
above.
</p>
-<p>To make the table of contents LaTeX stores the information in an
+<p>To make the table of contents, LaTeX stores the information in an
auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). For example, this LaTeX file <samp>test.tex</samp>
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -20270,83 +21798,170 @@ auxiliary file named <samp><var>root-file</var>.toc</samp> (see <a href="#Splitt
...
</pre></div>
-<p>writes the following line to <samp>test.toc</samp>.
+<p>writes these lines to <samp>test.toc</samp>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}First section}{2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}First subsection}{2}
</pre></div>
-<p>The <code>section</code> or <code>subsection</code> is the sectioning unit. The
-hook <code>\numberline</code> lets you to change how the information appears
-in the table of contents. Of its two arguments, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>
-is the sectioning unit number and <code>First section</code> or <code>First
-subsection</code> is the title. Finally, <code>2</code> is the page number on which
-the sectioning units start.
-</p>
-<p>One consequence of this auxiliary file storage strategy is that to get the
-contents page correct you must run LaTeX twice, once to store the
-information and once to get it. In particular, the first time that you
-run LaTeX on a new document, the table of contents page will be empty
-except for its &lsquo;<samp>Contents</samp>&rsquo; header. Just run it again.
+<span id="index-_005ccontentsline"></span>
+<p>Each line contains a single command, <code>\contentsline</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a>). The first argument, the <code>section</code> or
+<code>subsection</code>, is the sectioning unit. The second argument has two
+components. The hook <code>\numberline</code> determines how the sectioning
+number, <code>1</code> or <code>1.1</code>, appears in the table of contents
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a>). The remainder of the second argument of
+<code>\contentsline</code>, &lsquo;<samp>First section</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>First subsection</samp>&rsquo;,
+is the sectioning title text. Finally, the third argument, &lsquo;<samp>2</samp>&rsquo;, is
+the page number on which this sectioning unit starts.
+</p>
+<p>To typeset these lines, the document class provides
+<code>\l@<var>section-unit</var></code> commands such as
+<code>\l@section{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code> and
+<code>\l@subsection{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}</code>. These commands
+often use the <code>\@dottedtocline</code> command
+(see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a>).
+</p>
+<p>A consequence of LaTeX&rsquo;s strategy of using auxiliary files is that to
+get the correct information in the document you must run LaTeX twice,
+once to store the information and the second time to retrieve it. In
+the ordinary course of writing a document authors run LaTeX a number
+of times, but you may notice that the first time that you compile a new
+document, the table of contents page will be empty except for its
+&lsquo;<samp>Contents</samp>&rsquo; header. Just run LaTeX again.
</p>
<p>The commands <code>\listoffigures</code> and <code>\listoftables</code> produce a
-list of figures and a list of tables. They work the same way as the
-contents commands; for instance, these work with information stored in
-<samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp> files.
-</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-4"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-4"></a>
-
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package-2"></a>
+list of figures and a list of tables. Their information is stored in
+files with extension <samp>.lof</samp> and <samp>.lot</samp>. They work the same way
+as <code>\tableofcontents</code> but the latter is more common, so we use it
+for most examples.
+</p>
+<p>You can manually add material to the table of contents, the list of
+figures, and the list of tables. For instance, add a line about a
+section to the table of contents with
+<code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{<var>text</var>}</code>.
+(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>). Add arbitrary material, that is, non-line
+material, with <code>\addtocontents</code>, as with the command
+<code>\addtocontents{lof}{\protect\vspace{2ex}}</code>, which adds
+vertical space to the list of figures (see <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents">\addtocontents</a>).
+</p>
+<p>Lines in the table of contents, the list of figures, and the list of
+tables, have four parts. First is an indent. Next is a box into which
+sectioning numbers are placed, and then the third box holds the title
+text, such as &lsquo;<samp>First section</samp>&rsquo;. Finally there is a box up against
+the right margin, inside of which LaTeX puts the page number box.
+For the indent and the width of the number box,
+see <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a>. The right margin box has width
+<code>\@tocrmarg</code> and the page number is flush right in that space,
+inside a box of width <code>\@pnumwidth</code>. By default
+<code>\@tocrmarg</code> is <code>2.55em</code> and <code>\@pnumwidth</code> is
+<code>1.55em</code>. Change these as with
+<code>\renewcommand{\@tocrmarg}{3.5em}</code>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-tocloft"></span>
+<span id="index-tocloft-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></span>
+<span id="index-tocbibbind-package"></span>
-<p>To change the header for the table of contents page do something like
-the first line here.
+<p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
+and tables (see <a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a>). The package <samp>tocloft</samp> is convenient for
+adjusting some aspects of the default such as spacing. And,
+<samp>tocbibbind</samp> will automatically add the bibliography, index,
+etc. to the table of contents.
+</p>
+<p>To change the header for the table of contents page, do something like
+these commands before you call <code>\tableofcontents</code>, etc.
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of contents}
+<pre class="example">\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of Contents}
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
-\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Tables}
+\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications}
</pre></div>
-<p>Similarly, the other two lines will do the other two.
-Internationalization packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>
-will change the headers depending on the chosen base language.
+<p><span id="index-package_002c-babel-4"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-4"></span>
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-tocloft"></a>
-<a name="index-tocloft-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-2"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-tocbibbind"></a>
-<a name="index-tocbibbind-package"></a>
-
-<p>CTAN has many packages for the table of contents and lists of figures
-and tables. One convenient one for adjusting some aspects of the
-default, such as spacing, is <samp>tocloft</samp>. And, <samp>tocbibbind</samp>
-will automatically add the bibliography, index, etc. to the table of
-contents.
+<p>Internationalization packages such as <samp>babel</samp> or <samp>polyglossia</samp>
+will change these headers depending on the chosen base language.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="1">\addcontentsline</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="1">\@dottedtocline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Format entry line in table of contents, etc.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="2">\addcontentsline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add an entry to table of contents, etc.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="3">\addtocontents</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="2">\addtocontents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Add text directly to table of contents file, etc.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="4">\contentsline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Set line in table of contents, etc.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="3">\nofiles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="5">\nofiles</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Prevent writing to auxiliary files.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="6">\numberline</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put its number argument flush left in a box.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.1 <code>\@dottedtocline</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005caddcontentsline"></a>
-<a name="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\@dottedtocline{<var>section-level-num</var>}{<var>indent</var>}{<var>numwidth</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Used internally by LaTeX to format an entry line in the table of
+contents, list of figures, or list of tables. Authors do not directly
+enter <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands.
+</p>
+<p>This command is typically used by <code>\l@section</code>, <code>\l@subsection</code>,
+etc., to format the content lines. For example, the <samp>article.cls</samp>
+file contains these definitions:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newcommand*\l@section{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
+\newcommand*\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In this example, <code>\@dottedcline</code> appears to have been given only
+three arguments. But tracing the internal code shows that it picks up
+the final <var>text</var> and <var>pagenumber</var> arguments in the synopsis
+from a call to <code>\contentsline</code>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents"></span>
+<p>Between the box for the title text of a section and the right margin
+box, these <code>\@dottedtocline</code> commands insert <em>leaders</em>, that
+is, evenly-spaced dots. The dot-to-dot space is given by the command
+<code>\@dotsep</code>. By default it is 4.5 (it is in math units, which
+are <code>1/18</code>&nbsp;em. Change it using <code>\renewcommand</code>, as
+in <code>\renewcommand{\@dotsep}{3.5}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In the default book class, LaTeX does not use dotted leaders for
+the Part and Chapter table entries, and in the default article class
+it does not use dotted leaders for Section entries.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\@dottedtocline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005caddcontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addcontentsline</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005caddcontentsline"></span>
+<span id="index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20354,10 +21969,8 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="n" rel="next">\addtocontents</
<pre class="example">\addcontentsline{<var>ext</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005ccontentsline"></a>
-<p>Add an entry to the file specified by <var>ext</var>. Usually <var>ext</var> is
-one of <code>toc</code> for the table of contents, <code>lof</code> for the list of
-figures, or <code>lot</code> for the list of tables.
+<span id="index-_005ccontentsline-1"></span>
+<p>Add an entry to the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>.
</p>
<p>The following will result in an &lsquo;<samp>Appendices</samp>&rsquo; line in the table of
contents.
@@ -20374,16 +21987,16 @@ where it appears in the input file.
<samp><var>root-name</var>.<var>ext</var></samp>. It writes that information as the
text of the command
<code>\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>num</var>}</code>, where
-<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>. The
-most common case is the table of contents and there <var>num</var> is the
-page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
+<code><var>num</var></code> is the current value of counter <code><var>unit</var></code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a>). The most common case is the table of contents
+and there <var>num</var> is the page number of the first page of <var>unit</var>.
</p>
<p>This command is invoked by the sectioning commands <code>\chapter</code>,
etc., and also by <code>\caption</code> inside a float environment. But it is
-also used by authors. For example, in a book to have the preface
-unnumbered, you may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>. But that does not
-put in table of contents information, so you can enter it manually, as
-here.
+also used by authors. For example, an author writing a book whose style
+is to have an unnumbered preface may use the starred <code>\chapter*</code>.
+But that command leaves out table of contents information, which can be
+entered manually, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\chapter*{Preface}
@@ -20391,10 +22004,9 @@ here.
</pre></div>
<p>In the <samp>.toc</samp> file LaTeX will put the line <code>\contentsline
-{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note the page number
-&lsquo;<samp>3</samp>&rsquo;.
+{chapter}{\numberline {}Preface}{3}</code>; note that the page number
+&lsquo;<samp>3</samp>&rsquo; is automatically generated by the system, not entered manually.
</p>
-
<p>All of the arguments for <code>\addcontentsline</code> are required.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
@@ -20447,15 +22059,13 @@ will not make sense.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\contentsline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addcontentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.1.2 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005caddtocontents-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\addtocontents</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddtocontents_007bext_007d_007btext_007d"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20465,7 +22075,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous
<p>Add <var>text</var>, which may be text or formatting commands, directly to
the auxiliary file with extension <var>ext</var>. This is most commonly used
-for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but this also
+for the table of contents so that is the discussion here, but it also
applies to the list of figures and list of tables.
</p>
<p>This will put some vertical space in the table of contents after the
@@ -20476,6 +22086,28 @@ applies to the list of figures and list of tables.
\addtocontents{toc}{\protect\vspace*{3ex}}
</pre></div>
+<p>This puts the word &lsquo;<samp>Page</samp>&rsquo;, in boldface, above the column of page
+numbers and after the header.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\tableofcontents
+\addtocontents{toc}{~\hfill\textbf{Page}\par}
+\chapter{...}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This adds a line announcing work by a new author.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\addtocontents{toc}{%
+ \protect\vspace{2ex}
+ \textbf{Chapters by N. Other Author}\par}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The difference between <code>\addtocontents</code> and <code>\addcontentsline</code>
+is that the latter is strictly for lines, such as with a line giving the
+page number for the start of a new subset of the chapters. As the above
+examples show, <code>\addtocontents</code> is for material such as spacing.
+</p>
<p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command has two arguments. Both are
required.
</p>
@@ -20506,15 +22138,77 @@ move <code>\addtocontents</code> into the file being included.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnofiles"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccontentsline"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="n" rel="next">\nofiles</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005ccontentsline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.4 <code>\contentsline</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-table-of-contents"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccontentsline-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ctableofcontents-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002etoc-file-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clistoffigures-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005clistoftables-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elof-file-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_002elot-file-2"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cl_0040chapter"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cl_0040section"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cl_0040subsection"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\contentsline{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}{<var>pagenumber</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Used internally by LaTeX to typeset an entry of the table of
+contents, list of figures, or list of tables (see <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a>). Authors do not directly enter <code>\contentsline</code> commands.
+</p>
+<p>Usually adding material to these lists is done automatically by the
+commands <code>\chapter</code>, <code>\section</code>, etc. for the table of
+contents, or by the <code>\caption</code> command inside of a <code>\figure</code>
+or <code>\table</code> environment (see <a href="#figure">figure</a> and see <a href="#table">table</a>). Thus,
+where the base file is <samp>thesis.tex</samp>, and contains the declaration
+<code>\tableofcontents</code>, the command <code>\chapter{Chapter One}</code>
+produces something like this in the file <samp>thesis.toc</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Chapter One}{3}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If the file contains the declaration <code>\listoffigures</code> then a figure
+environment involving <code>\caption{Test}</code> will produce
+something like this in <samp>thesis.lof</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Test}}{6}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>To manually add material, use
+<code>\addcontentsline{<var>filetype</var>}{<var>unit</var>}{<var>text</var>}</code>,
+where <var>filetype</var> is <code>toc</code>, <code>lof</code>, or <code>lot</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>).
+</p>
+<p>For manipulating how the <code>\contentline</code> material is typeset, see
+the <samp>tocloft</samp> package.
+</p>
+<p>Note that the <code>hyperref</code> package changes the definition of
+<code>\contentsline</code> (and <code>\addcontentsline</code>) to add more
+arguments, to make hyperlinks. This is the source of the error
+<code>Argument of \contentsline has an extra }</code>. Fix this error by
+deleting the <samp>.toc</samp> or <samp>.lof</samp> or <samp>.lot</samp> file, and running
+LaTeX again.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cnofiles"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddtocontents" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\addtocontents</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cnumberline" accesskey="n" rel="next">\numberline</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\contentsline</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.1.3 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnofiles-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.5 <code>\nofiles</code></h4>
-<a name="index-_005cnofiles"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cnofiles"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20545,19 +22239,59 @@ the old information.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Indexes"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnumberline"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnofiles" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\nofiles</a>, Up: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="u" rel="up">Table of contents etc.</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cnumberline-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.1.6 <code>\numberline</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cnumberline"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\numberline{<var>number</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Typeset its argument flush left in a box. This is used in a
+<code>\contentsline</code> command to typeset the section number
+(see <a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a>).
+</p>
+<p>For example, this line in a <samp>.toc</samp> file causes the <code>1</code> to be
+typeset flush left.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.1}Motivation}{2}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>By default, LaTeX typesets the section numbers in a box of length
+<code>\@tempdima</code>. That length is set by the commands
+<code>\l@section</code>, <code>\l@subsection</code>, etc. Put section numbers
+inside a natural-width box with
+<code>\renewcommand{\numberline}[1]{#1~}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This command is fragile, so you may need to precede it with
+<code>\protect</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). An example is the use of
+<code>\protect</code> in the command
+<code>\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\protect\numberline{}Summary}</code>
+to get the <code>\numberline</code> into this command in the <samp>.toc</samp> file:
+<code>\contentsline {section}{\numberline {}Summary}{6}</code> (the
+page number &lsquo;<samp>6</samp>&rsquo; is automatically added by LaTeX;
+see <a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a>).
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Indexes"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="n" rel="next">Glossaries</a>, Previous: <a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Table of contents etc.</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Indexes-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
+<span id="Indexes-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.2 Indexes</h3>
-<a name="index-indexes"></a>
+<span id="index-indexes"></span>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeindex"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cindex"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eidx-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakeindex"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cindex"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eidx-file"></span>
<p>This document has an index.
</p>
@@ -20588,40 +22322,41 @@ These output a file <samp><var>root-name</var>.ind</samp>. Finally, you bring t
information back into your document and typeset it with the
<code>\printindex</code> command (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-showidx"></a>
-<a name="index-showidx-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-showidx"></span>
+<span id="index-showidx-package"></span>
-<a name="index-package_002c-multind"></a>
-<a name="index-multind-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-multind"></span>
+<span id="index-multind-package"></span>
-<p>There are many packages that apply to indexing commands. The
-<code>showidx</code> package causes each index entries to be shown in the
-margin on the page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing
-the index. The <code>multind</code> package supports multiple indexes. See
-also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
-<a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind</a>.
+<span id="index-index_002c-multiple"></span>
+<span id="index-multiple-indexes"></span>
+<p>There are many packages in the area of indexing. The <code>showidx</code>
+package causes each index entries to be shown in the margin on the
+page where the entry appears. This can help in preparing the index.
+The <code>multind</code> package, among others, supports multiple indexes.
+See also the TeX FAQ entry on this topic,
+<a href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-multind</a>, and the CTAN topic,
+<a href="https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi">https://ctan.org/topic/index-multi</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="1">\index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare an index entry.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="1">\index</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare an index entry.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="2">makeindex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetize index entries.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="2">makeindex</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Alphabetize index entries.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="3">\printindex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put the index here.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="3">\printindex</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Put the index here.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cindex"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cindex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cindex-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.1 <code>\index</code></h4>
-<a name="index-index-entry"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cindex-1"></a>
+<span id="index-index-entry"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cindex-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -20662,7 +22397,7 @@ document as above will give an index entry like &lsquo;<samp>Ackermann, 22,
instance <code>\index{Ackermann!function}</code> could come before
<code>\index{Ackermann}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-index_002c-page-range"></a>
+<span id="index-index_002c-page-range"></span>
<p>Get a page range in the output, like &lsquo;<samp>Hilbert, 23--27</samp>&rsquo;, as here.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -20682,14 +22417,14 @@ the output is the item &lsquo;<samp>Jones</samp>&rsquo; with no comma or page nu
followed by two subitems, like &lsquo;<samp>program, 50</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>results,
51</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries"></a>
-<a name="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cseename"></a>
-<a name="index-_005calsoname"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-babel-5"></a>
-<a name="index-babel-package-5"></a>
-<a name="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></a>
-<a name="index-polyglossia-package-3"></a>
+<span id="index-see-and-see-also-index-entries"></span>
+<span id="index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cseename"></span>
+<span id="index-_005calsoname"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-babel-5"></span>
+<span id="index-babel-package-5"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"></span>
+<span id="index-polyglossia-package-3"></span>
<p>Generate a index entry that says &lsquo;<samp>See</samp>&rsquo; by using a vertical bar
@@ -20744,8 +22479,8 @@ would naturally give it.
entry, preceding it with a double quote, <code>&quot;</code>. (The double quote
gets deleted before alphabetization.)
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-index"></a>
-<a name="index-index-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-index"></span>
+<span id="index-index-package"></span>
<p>A number of packages on CTAN have additional functionality beyond that
provided by <samp>makeidx</samp>. One is <samp>index</samp>, which allows for
@@ -20753,8 +22488,8 @@ multiple indices and contains a command
<code>\index*{<var>index-entry-string</var>}</code> that prints the
<var>index-entry-string</var> as well as indexing it.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cindexentry"></a>
-<a name="index-idx-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cindexentry"></span>
+<span id="index-idx-file"></span>
<p>The <code>\index</code> command writes the indexing information to the file
<samp><var>root-name</var>.idx</samp> file. Specifically, it writes text of the
command
@@ -20773,19 +22508,17 @@ message like this.
<hr>
-<a name="makeindex"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="makeindex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex" accesskey="n" rel="next">\printindex</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\index</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="makeindex-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
+<span id="makeindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.2 <code>makeindex</code></h4>
-<a name="index-index_002c-processing"></a>
-<a name="index-makeindex"></a>
-<a name="index-makeindex-program"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eind-file"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eidx-file-1"></a>
+<span id="index-index_002c-processing"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex-program"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eind-file"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eidx-file-1"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -20801,9 +22534,9 @@ raw index files, <samp><var>filename</var>.idx</samp> files, and produces the
actual index file, the <samp><var>filename</var>.ind</samp> file that is input by
<code>\printindex</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a>).
</p>
-<a name="index-_002eisty-file"></a>
-<a name="index-index_002c-style-file"></a>
-<a name="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_002eisty-file"></span>
+<span id="index-index_002c-style-file"></span>
+<span id="index-makeindex_002c-style-file"></span>
<p>The first form of the command suffices for many uses. The second allows
you to format the index by using an <em>index style file</em>, a
<samp>.isty</samp> file. The third form is the most general; see the full
@@ -20840,33 +22573,33 @@ is for a tab. Backslashes are escaped with another backslash,
comment.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="makeindex-preamble"></a></dd>
+<dd><span id="makeindex-preamble"></span></dd>
<dt><code>preamble</code>
-<a name="index-preamble"></a>
+<span id="index-preamble"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Preamble of the output file. Defines the context in which the index is
formatted. Default: <code>&quot;\\begin{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-postamble"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-postamble"></span></dd>
<dt><code>postamble</code>
-<a name="index-postamble"></a>
+<span id="index-postamble"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Postamble of the output file. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n\\end{theindex}\n&quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-group-skip"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-group-skip"></span></dd>
<dt><code>group_skip</code>
-<a name="index-group_005fskip"></a>
+<span id="index-group_005fskip"></span>
</dt>
-<dd><a name="index-_005cindexspace"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_005cindexspace"></span>
<p>Traditionally index items are broken into groups, typically a group for
entries starting with &lsquo;<samp>a</samp>&rsquo;, etc. This specifier gives what is
inserted when a new group begins. Default: <code>&quot;\n\n \\indexspace\n&quot;</code>
-(<code>\indexspace</code> is a rubber length with default value <code>10pt
-plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
+(<code>\indexspace</code> is a command inserting a rubber length, by default
+<code>10pt plus5pt minus3pt</code>).
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-letheadflag"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-letheadflag"></span></dd>
<dt><code>lethead_flag</code>
-<a name="index-lethead_005fflag"></a>
+<span id="index-lethead_005fflag"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>An integer. It governs what is inserted for a new group or letter. If
it is 0 (which is the default) then other than <code>group_skip</code> nothing
@@ -20876,129 +22609,129 @@ inserted, with that letter in uppercase between them. If it is negative
then what will be inserted is the letter in lowercase. The default
is&nbsp;0.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-lethead-prefix"></span></dd>
<dt><code>lethead_prefix</code>
-<a name="index-lethead_005fprefix"></a>
+<span id="index-lethead_005fprefix"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>If a new group begins with a different letter then this is the prefix
inserted before the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-lethead-suffix"></span></dd>
<dt><code>lethead_suffix</code>
-<a name="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></a>
+<span id="index-lethead_005fsuffix"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>If a group begins with a different letter then this is the suffix
inserted after the new letter header. Default: <code>&quot;&quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-0"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-0"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_0</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f0"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f0"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between two level&nbsp;0 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\item
&quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-1"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-1"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_1</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f1"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Put between two level&nbsp;1 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-2"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-2"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_2</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f2"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f2"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>put between two level&nbsp;2 items. Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-01"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-01"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_01</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f01"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f01"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-x1"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-x1"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_x1</code>
-<a name="index-item_005fx1"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005fx1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;0 item and a level&nbsp;1 item in the
case that the level&nbsp;0 item doesn&rsquo;t have any page numbers (as in
<code>\index{aaa|see{bbb}}</code>). Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-12"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-12"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_12</code>
-<a name="index-item_005f12"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005f12"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item.
Default: <code>&quot;\n \\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-item-x2"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-item-x2"></span></dd>
<dt><code>item_x2</code>
-<a name="index-item_005fx2"></a>
+<span id="index-item_005fx2"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between a level&nbsp;1 item and a level&nbsp;2 item, if the
level&nbsp;1 item doesn&rsquo;t have page numbers. Default: <code>&quot;\n
\\subsubitem &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-0"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-0"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_0</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005f0"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005f0"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;0 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-1"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-1"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_1</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005f1"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005f1"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter put between a level&nbsp;1 key and its first page
number. Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-2"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-2"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_2</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005f2"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005f2"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between a level&nbsp;2 key and its first page number. Default:
a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-n"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-n"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_n</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005fn"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005fn"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>Delimiter between two page numbers for the same key (at any
level). Default: a comma followed by a blank, <code>&quot;, &quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-delim-r"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-delim-r"></span></dd>
<dt><code>delim_r</code>
-<a name="index-delim_005fr"></a>
+<span id="index-delim_005fr"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is put between the starting and ending page numbers of a range.
Default: <code>&quot;--&quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-line-max"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-line-max"></span></dd>
<dt><code>line_max</code>
-<a name="index-line_005fmax"></a>
+<span id="index-line_005fmax"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>An integer. Maximum length of an index entry&rsquo;s line in the output,
beyond which the line wraps. Default: <code>72</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-indent-space"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-indent-space"></span></dd>
<dt><code>indent_space</code>
-<a name="index-indent_005fspace"></a>
+<span id="index-indent_005fspace"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>What is inserted at the start of a wrapped line. Default:
<code>&quot;\t\t&quot;</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-indent-length"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-indent-length"></span></dd>
<dt><code>indent_length</code>
-<a name="index-indent_005flength"></a>
+<span id="index-indent_005flength"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>A number. The length of the wrapped line indentation. The default
<code>indent_space</code> is two tabs and each tab is eight spaces so the
default here is <code>16</code>.
</p>
-<a name="makeindex-page-precedence"></a></dd>
+<span id="makeindex-page-precedence"></span></dd>
<dt><code>page_precedence</code>
-<a name="index-page_005fprecedence"></a>
+<span id="index-page_005fprecedence"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>A document may have pages numbered in different ways. For example, a
book may have front matter pages numbered in lowercase roman while main
@@ -21012,27 +22745,29 @@ roman <code>R</code>, and uppercase alphabetic <code>A</code>. Default:
</dd>
</dl>
-<a name="index-xindy"></a>
-<a name="index-xindy-program"></a>
+<span id="index-xindy-program"></span>
<p>There are a number of other programs that do the job
-<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code>, which does
-internationalization and can process indexes for documents marked up
-using LaTeX and a number of other languages. It is highly
-configurable, both in markup terms and in terms of the collating order
-of the text, as described in its documentation.
+<code>makeindex</code> does. One is <code>xindy</code>
+(https://ctan.org/pkg/xindy), which does internationalization and can
+process indexes for documents marked up using LaTeX and a number of
+other languages. It is written in Lisp, highly configurable, both in
+markup terms and in terms of the collating order of the text, as
+described in its documentation.
+</p>
+<span id="index-xindex-program"></span>
+<p>A more recent indexing program supporting Unicode is <code>xindex</code>,
+written in Lua (<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex">https://ctan.org/pkg/xindex</a>).
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cprintindex"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cprintindex"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">makeindex</a>, Up: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="u" rel="up">Indexes</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cprintindex-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.2.3 <code>\printindex</code></h4>
-<a name="index-index_002c-printing"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cprintindex"></a>
+<span id="index-index_002c-printing"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprintindex"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21040,30 +22775,28 @@ Previous: <a href="#makeindex" accesskey="p" rel="prev">makeindex</a>, Up: <a hr
<pre class="example">\printindex
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005cprintindex-1"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cprintindex-1"></span>
<p>Place the index into the output.
</p>
<p>To get an index you must first include
<code>\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex</code> in the document preamble and
compile the document, then run the system command <code>makeindex</code>,
-and then compile the document again. See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a> for further
+and then compile the document again. See <a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a>, for further
discussion and an example of the use of <code>\printindex</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Glossaries"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Glossaries"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Indexes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Indexes</a>, Up: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="u" rel="up">Front/back matter</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Glossaries-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
+<span id="Glossaries-1"></span><h3 class="section">25.3 Glossaries</h3>
-<a name="index-glossary"></a>
-<a name="index-glossaries"></a>
-<a name="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cprintglossaries"></a>
+<span id="index-glossary"></span>
+<span id="index-glossaries"></span>
+<span id="index-acronyms_002c-list-of"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21106,9 +22839,9 @@ of a Turing machine</samp>&rsquo;. In addition, in a separate sectional unit he
&lsquo;<samp>Turing machine</samp>&rsquo; and the rest of the item says in normal type
&lsquo;<samp>A model of a machine &hellip; Computer Science</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></a>
-<a name="index-_002eglo-file"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakeglossary-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cprintglossaries-1"></span>
+<span id="index-_002eglo-file"></span>
<p>The command <code>\makeglossary</code> opens the file that will contain the
entry information, <samp><var>root-file</var>.glo</samp>. Put the
<code>\printglossaries</code> command where you want the glossaries to appear
@@ -21120,24 +22853,22 @@ commands for a list of acronyms. See the package documentations on
CTAN.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1">\newglossaryentry</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="1">\newglossaryentry</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Declare the content of a glossary entry.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2">\gls</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="2">\gls</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Give a page reference for a glossary entry.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next">\gls</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cnewglossaryentry-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.1 <code>\newglossaryentry</code></h4>
-<a name="index-glossary_002c-entries"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></a>
+<span id="index-glossary_002c-entries"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cnewglossaryentry"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -21165,7 +22896,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cgls" accesskey="n" rel="next">\gls</a>, Up: <a href="#Gl
the document. The settings associated with the label are pairs:
<code><var>key</var>=<var>value</var></code>.
</p>
-<p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers &#x211D; in the
+<p>This puts the blackboard bold symbol for the real numbers &#x211D;, in the
glossary.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -21184,13 +22915,13 @@ here are a few.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt><code>name</code>
-<a name="index-name"></a>
+<span id="index-name"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The word, phrase, or symbol that you are defining.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>description</code>
-<a name="index-description"></a>
+<span id="index-description"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>(Required.) The description that will appear in the glossary.
If this has more than one paragraph then you must use the second command
@@ -21198,20 +22929,20 @@ form given in the synopsis.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>plural</code>
-<a name="index-plural"></a>
+<span id="index-plural"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>The plural form of <var>name</var>. Refer to the plural form using
<code>\glspl</code> or <code>\Glspl</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>sort</code>
-<a name="index-sort"></a>
+<span id="index-sort"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>How to place this entry in the list of entries that the glossary holds.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code>symbol</code>
-<a name="index-symbol"></a>
+<span id="index-symbol"></span>
</dt>
<dd><p>A symbol, such as a mathematical symbol, besides the name.
</p>
@@ -21220,16 +22951,14 @@ form given in the synopsis.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cgls"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cgls"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\newglossaryentry</a>, Up: <a href="#Glossaries" accesskey="u" rel="up">Glossaries</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cgls-1"></a>
-<h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
+<span id="g_t_005cgls-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">25.3.2 <code>\gls</code></h4>
-<a name="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cgls"></a>
+<span id="index-glossary_002c-entry-reference"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cgls"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -21264,16 +22993,14 @@ which also takes the plural.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Letters"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Letters"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Terminal input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="n" rel="next">Input/output</a>, Previous: <a href="#Front_002fback-matter" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Front/back matter</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Letters-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
+<span id="Letters-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">26 Letters</h2>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-writing"></a>
-<a name="index-writing-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-writing"></span>
+<span id="index-writing-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21323,7 +23050,7 @@ such as <code>\chapter</code> that make no sense in a letter are turned off.
Each <code>letter</code> environment body typically ends with a
<code>\closing</code> command such as <code>\closing{Yours,}</code>.
</p>
-<a name="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005c_005c-for-letters"></span>
<p>Additional material may come after the <code>\closing</code>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <code>\cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</code>. There&rsquo;s a similar <code>\encl</code> command for
@@ -21360,41 +23087,39 @@ I am not interested in entering a business arrangement with you.
<p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s return address.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="1">\address</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s return address.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Carbon copy list.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="2">\cc</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Carbon copy list.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="3">\closing</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying goodbye.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="4">\encl</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">List of enclosed material.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s organizational location.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="5">\location</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s organizational location.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make address labels.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="6">\makelabels</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Make address labels.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s name, for the return address.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="7">\name</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s name, for the return address.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="8">\opening</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Saying hello.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="9">\ps</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Adding a postscript.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s signature.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005csignature">\signature</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s signature.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s phone number.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone">\telephone</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Sender&rsquo;s phone number.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005caddress"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005caddress"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="n" rel="next">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005caddress-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005caddress-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.1 <code>\address</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005caddress"></a>
+<span id="index-_005caddress"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21424,16 +23149,14 @@ is formatted as a personal letter.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ccc"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ccc"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="n" rel="next">\closing</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005caddress" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\address</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ccc-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ccc-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.2 <code>\cc</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ccc"></a>
-<a name="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ccc"></span>
+<span id="index-cc-list_002c-in-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21454,17 +23177,15 @@ with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>, as in:
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cclosing"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cclosing"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="n" rel="next">\encl</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ccc" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\cc</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cclosing-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cclosing-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.3 <code>\closing</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cclosing"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-ending"></a>
-<a name="index-closing-letters"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cclosing"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-ending"></span>
+<span id="index-closing-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21481,16 +23202,14 @@ at the end of a letter, above a handwritten signature. For example:
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cencl"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cencl"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="n" rel="next">\location</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cclosing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\closing</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cencl-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cencl-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.4 <code>\encl</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cencl"></a>
-<a name="index-enclosure-list"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cencl"></span>
+<span id="index-enclosure-list"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21510,15 +23229,13 @@ Separate multiple lines with a double backslash, <code>\\</code>.
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005clocation"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005clocation"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="n" rel="next">\makelabels</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cencl" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\encl</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005clocation-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005clocation-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.5 <code>\location</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005clocation"></a>
+<span id="index-_005clocation"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21531,15 +23248,13 @@ appears if the page style is <code>firstpage</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="n" rel="next">\name</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005clocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\location</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cmakelabels-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.6 <code>\makelabels</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cmakelabels"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cmakelabels"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21595,8 +23310,8 @@ columns having two labels each.
<p>The first column contains the return address twice. The second column
contains the address for each recipient.
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-envlab"></a>
-<a name="index-envlab-package"></a>
+<span id="index-package_002c-envlab"></span>
+<span id="index-envlab-package"></span>
<p>The package <code>envlab</code> makes formatting the labels easier, with
standard sizes already provided. The preamble lines
@@ -21605,15 +23320,13 @@ are all that you need to print envelopes.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cname"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cname"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="n" rel="next">\opening</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\makelabels</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cname-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005cname-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.7 <code>\name</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cname"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cname"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21626,16 +23339,14 @@ with the return address.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005copening"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005copening"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\name</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005copening-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005copening-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.8 <code>\opening</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005copening"></a>
-<a name="index-letters_002c-starting"></a>
+<span id="index-_005copening"></span>
+<span id="index-letters_002c-starting"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21652,15 +23363,13 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="n" rel="next">\ps</a>, Previous: <a href=
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005cps"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cps"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copening" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\opening</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005cps-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005cps"></a>
-<a name="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></a>
+<span id="g_t_005cps-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.9 <code>\ps</code></h3>
+<span id="index-_005cps"></span>
+<span id="index-postscript_002c-in-letters"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21677,13 +23386,11 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="n" rel="next">\signature</a>, Prev
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005csignature"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005csignature"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cps" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\ps</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005csignature-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005csignature-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.10 <code>\signature</code></h3>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21692,7 +23399,7 @@ Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctelephone" accesskey="n" rel="next">\telephone</a>, Prev
... }
</pre></div>
-<a name="index-_005csignature"></a>
+<span id="index-_005csignature"></span>
<p>The sender&rsquo;s name. This command is optional, although its inclusion is
usual.
@@ -21728,19 +23435,14 @@ the document. To have it apply to one letter only, put it inside a
(see <a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a>).
</p>
-
-
-
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctelephone"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctelephone"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#g_t_005csignature" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\signature</a>, Up: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="u" rel="up">Letters</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctelephone-1"></span><h3 class="section">26.11 <code>\telephone</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctelephone"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctelephone"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21755,35 +23457,182 @@ page.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Input_002foutput"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line interface</a>, Previous: <a href="#Letters" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Letters</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Terminal-input_002foutput-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">27 Terminal input/output</h2>
+<span id="Input_002foutput-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">27 Input/output</h2>
-<a name="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></a>
-<a name="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></a>
+<span id="index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal"></span>
+<span id="index-terminal-input_002foutput"></span>
+<span id="index-input_002foutput"></span>
+<p>LaTeX uses the ability to write to a file and later read it back in
+to build document components such as a table of contents or index. You
+can also read a file that other programs written, or write a file for
+others to read. You can communicate with users through the terminal.
+And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
+</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="1">\typein</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="1">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Open a file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="2">\read</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from a file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="3">\typein</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="2">\typeout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="4">\typeout</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="5">\write</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to a file or terminal.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypein"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="n" rel="next">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypein-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\typein</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.1 <code>\openin</code> &amp; <code>\openout</code></h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005copenin"></span>
+<span id="index-_005copenout"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cclosein"></span>
+<span id="index-_005ccloseout"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-opening"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-closing"></span>
+<span id="index-open-a-file"></span>
-<a name="index-_005ctypein"></a>
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>or:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Open a file for reading material, or for writing it. The <var>number</var>
+must be between 0 and 15, as in <code>\openin3</code> (in LuaLaTeX
+<var>number</var> can be between 0 and 255).
+</p>
+<p>Here TeX opens the file <samp>presidents.tex</samp> for reading.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newread\presidentsfile
+\openin\presidentsfile=presidents
+\typeout{presidentsfile is \the\presidentsfile}
+\read\presidentsfile to\presidentline
+\typeout{\presidentline}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>\newread</code> command allocates input stream numbers from 0
+to&nbsp;15 (there is also a <code>\newwrite</code>). The
+<code>\presidentsfile</code> is more memorable but under the hood it is still
+a number; the first <code>\typeout</code> gives something like
+&lsquo;<samp>presidentsfile is 1</samp>&rsquo;. In addition, <code>\newread</code> keeps track of
+the allocation so that if you use too many then you get an error like
+&lsquo;<samp>! No room for a new \read</samp>&rsquo;. The second <code>\typeout</code> gives the
+first line of the file, something like &lsquo;<samp>1 Washington, George</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Ordinarily TeX will not try to open the file until the next page
+shipout. To change this, use
+<code>\immediate\openin <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code> or
+<code>\immediate\openout <var>number</var>=<var>filename</var></code>.
+</p>
+<p>Close files with <code>\closein <var>number</var></code> and
+<code>\closeout <var>number</var></code>.
+</p>
+<p>How LaTeX handles filenames varies among distributions, and even can
+vary among versions of a distribution. If the file does not have an
+extension then TeX will add a <samp>.tex</samp>. This creates
+<samp>presidents.tex</samp>, writes one line to it, and closes it.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newwrite\presidentsfile
+\openout\presidentsfile=presidents
+\write\presidentsfile{1 Washington, George}
+\closeout\presidentsfile
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>But filenames with a period can cause trouble: if TeX finds a
+<var>filename</var> of <samp>presidents.dat</samp> it could look first for
+<samp>presidents.dat.tex</samp> and later for <samp>presidents.dat</samp>, or it
+could do the opposite. Your distribution&rsquo;s documentation should say
+more, and if you find something that works for you then you are good,
+but to ensure complete portability the best thing is to use file names
+containing only the twenty six ASCII letters (not case-sensitive) and
+the ten digits, along with underscore and dash, and in particular with
+no dot or space.
+</p>
+<p>For <code>\openin</code>, if TeX cannot find the file then it does not give
+an error. It just considers that the stream is not open (test for this
+with <code>\ifeof</code>; one recourse is the command
+<code>\InputIfFileExists</code>, see <a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a>). If you
+try to use the same number twice, LaTeX won&rsquo;t give you an error. If
+you try to use a bad number then you get an error message like &lsquo;<samp>!
+Bad number (16). &lt;to be read again&gt; = l.30 \openin16=test.jh</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cread"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typein</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\openin &amp; \openout</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cread-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\read</code></h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005cread"></span>
+<span id="index-file_002c-reading"></span>
+<span id="index-read-a-file"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\read <var>number</var> to<var>macro</var>
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Make the command <var>macro</var> contain the next line of input from text
+stream <var>number</var>, as in <code>\read5 to\data</code>.
+</p>
+<p>This opens the file <samp>email.tex</samp> for reading, puts the contents of
+the first line into the command <code>\email</code>, and then closes the file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newread\recipientfile
+\openin\recipientfile=email
+\read\recipientfile to\email
+\typeout{Email address: \email}
+\closein\recipientfile
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to&nbsp;15 or if no file
+of that number is open, or if the file has ended, then <code>\read</code>
+will take input from the terminal (or exit if interaction is not
+allowed, e.g., <code>\nonstopmode</code>; see <a href="#interaction-modes">interaction modes</a>).
+(However, the natural way in LaTeX to take input from the terminal
+is <code>\typein</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypein">\typein</a>.)
+</p>
+<p>To read an entire file as additional LaTeX source, use
+<code>\input</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinput">\input</a>) or <code>\include</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-datatool"></span>
+<span id="index-datatool-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-mail-merges"></span>
+<p>A common reason to want to read from a data file is to do mail merges.
+CTAN has a number of packages for that; one is <samp>datatool</samp>.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005ctypein"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="n" rel="next">\typeout</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cread" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\read</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005ctypein-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.3 <code>\typein</code></h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005ctypein"></span>
<p>Synopsis, one of:
</p>
@@ -21817,9 +23666,9 @@ the input you typed to be processed as if it had been included in the
input file in place of the <code>\typein</code> command.
</p>
<p>In the second command version the optional argument <code><var>cmd</var></code>
-argument must be a command name &mdash; it must begin with a backslash, \.
-This command name is then defined or redefined to be the input that you
-typed. For example, this
+argument must be a command name, that is, it must begin with a
+backslash, \. This command name is then defined or redefined to be
+the input that you typed. For example, this
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\typein[\student]{Enter student name:}
@@ -21839,15 +23688,13 @@ Recommendation for John Dee.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypeout"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005ctypeout"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Terminal input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypein" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typein</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">27.2 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
+<span id="g_t_005ctypeout-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.4 <code>\typeout</code></h3>
-<a name="index-_005ctypeout"></a>
+<span id="index-_005ctypeout"></span>
<p>Synopsis:
</p>
@@ -21887,15 +23734,423 @@ character with <code>\csname @percentchar\endcsname</code>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Command-line"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\typeout</a>, Up: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="u" rel="up">Input/output</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite-1"></span><h3 class="section">27.5 <code>\write</code></h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005cwrite"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\write <var>number</var>{<var>string</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file, to the terminal, or to a file
+opened by <code>\openout</code>. For instance, <code>\write6</code> writes to text
+stream number&nbsp;6.
+</p>
+<p>If the following appears in <samp><var>basefile</var>.tex</samp> then it opens
+<samp><var>basefile</var>.jh</samp>, writes &lsquo;<samp>Hello World!</samp>&rsquo; and a newline to
+it, and closes that file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newwrite\myfile
+\immediate\openout\myfile=\jobname.jh % \jobname is root file basename
+...
+\immediate\write\myfile{Hello world!}
+...
+\immediate\closeout\myfile
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-_005cnewwrite"></span>
+<p>The <code>\newwrite</code> allocates a stream number, giving it a symbolic
+name to make life easier, so that <code>stream
+\newwrite\myfile\the\myfile</code> produces something like &lsquo;<samp>stream 3</samp>&rsquo;.
+Then <code>\openout</code> associates the stream number with the given file
+name. TeX ultimately executed <code>\write3</code> which puts the string
+in the file.
+</p>
+<span id="index-log-file_002c-writing-to"></span>
+<span id="index-terminal_002c-writing-to"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"></span>
+<p>Typically <var>number</var> is between 0 and&nbsp;15, because typically
+LaTeX authors follow the prior example and the number is allocated
+by the system. If <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0 to 15 or
+if it is not associated with an open file then LaTeX writes
+<var>string</var> to the log file. If <var>number</var> is positive then in
+addition LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the terminal.
+</p>
+<p>Thus, <code>test \write-1{Hello World!}</code> puts &lsquo;<samp>Hello World!</samp>&rsquo;
+followed by a newline in the log file. (This is what the <code>\wlog</code>
+command does; see <a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a>). And <code>\write100{Hello World!}</code>
+puts the same in the log file but also puts &lsquo;<samp>Hello World!</samp>&rsquo;
+followed by a newline in the terminal output. (But 16, 17, and 18 are
+special as <var>number</var>; see below.)
+</p>
+<span id="index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in"></span>
+<p>In LuaTeX, instead of 16 output streams there are 256
+(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040auxout"></span>
+<span id="index-_005c_0040mainaux"></span>
+<p>Use <code>\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the current
+<samp>.aux</samp> file, which is associated with either the root file or
+with the current include file; and use
+<code>\write\@mainaux{<var>string</var>}</code> to write to the main
+<samp>.aux</samp>. These symbolic names are defined by LaTeX.
+</p>
+<p>By default LaTeX does not write <var>string</var> to the file right
+away. This is because, for example, you may need <code>\write</code> to
+save the current page number, but when TeX comes across a
+<code>\write</code> it typically does not know what the page number is,
+since it has not yet done the page breaking. So, you use <code>\write</code>
+in one of three contexts:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\immediate\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %1
+\write\@auxout{<var>string</var>} %2
+\protected@write\@auxout{}{<var>string</var>} %3
+</pre></div>
+
+<ol>
+<li> <span id="index-immediate-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"></span>
+With the first, LaTeX writes <var>string</var> to the file immediately.
+Any macros in <var>string</var> are fully expanded (just as in
+<code>\edef</code>) so to prevent expansion you must use <code>\noexpand</code>,
+<code>toks</code>, etc., except that you should use <code>#</code> instead of
+<code>##</code>).
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-delayed-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-whatsit-item"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"></span>
+With the second, <var>string</var> is stored on the current list of things
+(as a TeX &ldquo;whatsit&rdquo; item) and kept until the page is shipped out
+and likewise the macros are unexpanded until <code>\shipout</code>. At
+<code>\shipout</code>, <var>string</var> is fully expanded.
+
+</li><li> <span id="index-_005cprotected_0040write"></span>
+The third, <code>\protected@write</code>, is like the second except that
+you can use <code>\protect</code> to avoid expansion. The extra first
+argument allows you to locally insert extra definitions to make more
+macros protected or to have some other special definition for the
+write.
+</li></ol>
+
+<p>As a simple example of expansion with <code>\write</code>, <var>string</var> here
+contains a control sequence <code>\triplex</code> which we&rsquo;ve defined to be
+the text &lsquo;<samp>XYZ</samp>&rsquo;:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
+\openout\jhfile=test.jh
+\newcommand{\triplex}{XYZ}
+\write\jhfile{test \triplex test}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This results in the file <samp>test.jh</samp> containing the text
+&lsquo;<samp>test XYZtest</samp>&rsquo; followed by a newline.
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"></span>
+<p>The cases where <var>number</var> is 16, 17, or 18 are special. Because of
+<code>\write</code>&rsquo;s behavior when <var>number</var> is outside the range from 0
+to 15 described above, in Plain&nbsp;TeX <code>\write16</code> and
+<code>\write17</code> were sometimes used to write to the log file and the
+terminal; however, in LaTeX, the natural way to do that is with
+<code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). The <code>\write18</code> command is
+even more special; modern TeX systems use it for giving commands to
+the operating system (see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"></span>
+<p>Ordinarily <code>\write</code> outputs a single line. You can include a
+newline with <code>^^J</code>. Thus, this produces two lines in the log
+file:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\wlog{Parallel lines have a lot in common.^^JBut they never meet.}
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-package_002c-answers"></span>
+<span id="index-answers-package"></span>
+
+<p>A common case where authors need to write their own file is for
+answers to exercises, or another situation where you want to write
+out verbatim, without expanding the macros. CTAN has a number of
+packages for this; one is <samp>answers</samp>.
+</p>
+<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="1">\write and security</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Security.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="2">\message</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the log file and terminal.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="3">\wlog</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the log file.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="4">\write18</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Run an operating system command.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="n" rel="next">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite-and-security-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.1 <code>\write</code> and security</h4>
+
+<span id="index-security-and-_005cwrite"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite-and-security"></span>
+
+<p>The ability to write files raises security issues. If you compiled a
+downloaded LaTeX file and it overwrote your password file then you
+would be justifiably troubled.
+</p>
+<p>Thus, by default TeX systems only allow you to open files for
+writing that are in the current directory or output directory, if
+specified (see <a href="#output-directory">output directory</a>), or in a subdirectory of
+those. So, this code
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\newwrite\jhfile
+\openout\jhfile=../test.jh
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>gives an error like:
+</p><div class="example">
+<pre class="example">Not writing to ../test.jh (openout_any = p).
+! I can't write on file `../test.jh'
+</pre></div>
+
+<span id="index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to"></span>
+<p>You can get just such an error when using commands such as
+<code>\include{../filename}</code> because LaTeX will try to open
+<samp>../filename.aux</samp>. The simplest solution is to put the included
+files in the same directory as the root file, or in subdirectories.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cmessage"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="n" rel="next">\wlog</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\write and security</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cmessage-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.2 <code>\message</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cmessage"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\message{<var>string</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file and the terminal.
+</p>
+<p>Typically, LaTeX authors use <code>\typeout</code> (see <a href="#g_t_005ctypeout">\typeout</a>). It
+allows you to use <code>\protect</code> on any fragile commands in
+<var>string</var> (see <a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a>). But <code>\typeout</code> always inserts a
+newline at the end of <var>string</var> while <code>\message</code> does not, so
+the latter can be useful.
+</p>
+<p>With this example document body.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">before\message{One Two}\message{Three}\message{Four^^JI}
+\message{declare a thumb war.}After
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>under some circumstances (see below) LaTeX writes the following to
+both the terminal and the log file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">One Two Three Four
+I declare a thumb war.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The <code>^^J</code> produces a newline. Also, in the output document,
+between &lsquo;<samp>before</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>After</samp>&rsquo; will be a single space (from
+the end of line following &lsquo;<samp>I}</samp>&rsquo;).
+</p>
+<p>While <code>\message</code> allows you more control over formatting, a
+gotcha is that LaTeX may mess up that formatting because it inserts
+line breaks depending on what it has already written. Contrast this
+document body, where the &lsquo;<samp>Two</samp>&rsquo; has moved, to the one given above.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">before\message{One}\message{Two Three}\message{Four^^JI}
+\message{declare a thumb war.}After
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>This can happen: when LaTeX is outputting the messages to the
+terminal, now the message with &lsquo;<samp>One</samp>&rsquo; is shorter and it fits at the
+end of the output terminal line, and so LaTeX breaks the line between
+it and the &lsquo;<samp>Two Three</samp>&rsquo;. That line break appears also in the log
+file. This line break insertion can depend on, for instance, the length
+of the full path names of included files. So producing finely-formatted
+lines in a way that is portable is hard, likely requiring
+starting your message at the beginning of a line.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cwlog"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Terminal input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18" accesskey="n" rel="next">\write18</a>, Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cmessage" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\message</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Command-line-1"></a>
-<h2 class="chapter">28 Command line</h2>
+<span id="g_t_005cwlog-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.3 <code>\wlog</code></h4>
-<a name="index-command-line"></a>
+<span id="index-_005cwlog"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\wlog{<var>string</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Write <var>string</var> to the log file.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\wlog{Did you hear about the mathematician who hates negatives?}
+\wlog{He'll stop at nothing to avoid them.}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Ordinarily <var>string</var> appears in a single separate line. Use
+<code>^^J</code> to insert a newline.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\wlog{Helvetica and Times Roman walk into a bar.}
+\wlog{The barman says,^^JWe don't serve your type.}
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<hr>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite18"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#g_t_005cwlog" accesskey="p" rel="prev">\wlog</a>, Up: <a href="#g_t_005cwrite" accesskey="u" rel="up">\write</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="g_t_005cwrite18-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">27.5.4 <code>\write18</code></h4>
+
+<span id="index-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-external-commands"></span>
+<span id="index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX"></span>
+<span id="index-shell-access"></span>
+
+<p>Synopsis:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Issue a command to the operating system shell. The operating system
+runs the command and LaTeX&rsquo;s execution is blocked until that
+finishes.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"></span>
+<span id="index-Asymptote-package-3"></span>
+
+<p>This sequence (on Unix)
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\usepackage{graphicx} % in preamble
+ ...
+\newcommand{\fignum}{1}
+\immediate\write18{cd pix &amp;&amp; asy figure\fignum}
+\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>will run Asymptote (the <code>asy</code> program) on <samp>pix/figure1.asy</samp>,
+so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a>). Like any <code>\write</code>, here LaTeX
+expands macros in <var>shell_command</var> so that <code>\fignum</code> is
+replaced by &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;.
+</p>
+<p>Another example is that you can automatically run BibTeX at the start
+of each LaTeX run (see <a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a>) by including
+<code>\immediate\write18{bibtex8 \jobname}</code> as the first line of the
+file. Note that <code>\jobname</code> expands to the basename of the root
+file unless the <code>--jobname</code> option is passed on the command line,
+in which case this is the option argument.
+</p>
+<p>You sometimes need to do a multi-step process to get the information
+that you want. This will insert into the input a list of all PDF files
+in the current directory (but see <samp>texosquery</samp> below):
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">\immediate\write18{ls *.pdf &gt; tmp.dat}
+\input{tmp.dat}
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>The standard behavior of any <code>\write</code> is to wait until a page is
+being shipped out before expanding the macros or writing to the stream
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a>). But sometimes you want it done now. For this, use
+<code>\immediate\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>.
+</p>
+<p>There are obvious security issues with allowing system commands inside
+a LaTeX file. If you download a file off the net and it contains
+commands to delete all your files then you would be unhappy. The
+standard settings in modern distributions turn off full shell
+access. You can turn it on, if you are sure the shell commands are
+safe, by compiling with <code>latex --enable-write18 <var>filename</var></code>
+(see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>). (The <code>--shell-escape</code> option is
+a synonym, in TeX Live.)
+</p>
+<span id="index-restricted-shell-access"></span>
+<p>In the place of full shell access, modern distributions by default use
+a restricted version that allows some commands to work, such as those
+that run Metafont to generate missing fonts, even if you do not use
+the <code>enable-write18</code> option. By default this list of allowed
+commands is short and features only commands that are under the
+control of the distribution maintainers (see <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>).
+</p>
+<span id="index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"></span>
+<span id="index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"></span>
+<p>The <var>shell_command</var> text is always passed to <samp>/bin/sh</samp> on
+Unix-like operating systems, and the DOS command interpreter
+<samp>cmd.exe</samp> on Windows. Any different shell set by the user, and
+the <code>SHELL</code> environment variable, is ignored.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-texosquery"></span>
+<span id="index-texosquery-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-system-information"></span>
+<span id="index-operating-system-information"></span>
+<span id="index-locale-information_002c-from-system"></span>
+<span id="index-directory-listings_002c-from-system"></span>
+<p>If what you need is system information, such as the operating system
+name, locale information, or directory contents, take a look at the
+<samp>texosquery</samp> package, which provides a convenient and secure
+interface for this, unlike the above examples using the raw
+<code>\write18</code>: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery">https://ctan.org/pkg/texosquery</a>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-shellesc"></span>
+<span id="index-shellesc-package"></span>
+
+<span id="index-_005cShellEscape"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"></span>
+<p>LaTeX provides a package <code>shellesc</code> on top of the primitive
+<code>\write18</code> command. Its primary purpose is to provide a command
+<code>\ShellEscape</code> which works identically on all TeX engines;
+LuaTeX intentionally did not retain <code>\write18</code> as a way to
+invoke a shell command, so some engine-specific code is needed. The
+<code>shellesc</code> package also provides a command
+<code>\DelayedShellEscape</code>, executed at <code>\output</code> time, for the
+same reason.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Command-line-interface"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates</a>, Previous: <a href="#Input_002foutput" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Input/output</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Command-line-interface-1"></span><h2 class="chapter">28 Command line interface</h2>
+
+<span id="Command-line"></span><span id="index-command-line-interface"></span>
+<span id="index-interface_002c-command-line"></span>
+<span id="index-CLI"></span>
<p>Synopsis (from a terminal command line):
</p>
@@ -21903,9 +24158,10 @@ Next: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="n" rel="next">Document templates<
<pre class="example">pdflatex <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
</pre></div>
-<p>Run LaTeX on <var>argument</var>. In place of <code>pdflatex</code> you can
-also use <code>xelatex</code>, or <code>lualatex</code>, or <code>dviluatex</code>, or
-<code>latex</code>.
+<p>Run LaTeX on <var>argument</var>. In place of <code>pdflatex</code> you
+can also use (for PDF output) <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code>, or
+(for DVI output) <code>latex</code> or <code>dvilualatex</code>, among others
+(see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
</p>
<p>For example, this will run LaTeX on the file <samp>thesis.tex</samp>,
creating the output <samp>thesis.pdf</samp>.
@@ -21914,20 +24170,21 @@ creating the output <samp>thesis.pdf</samp>.
<pre class="example">pdflatex thesis
</pre></div>
-<p><a name="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></a>
-Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file extension.
+<p><span id="index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"></span>
+Note that <samp>.tex</samp> is the default file name extension.
</p>
-<p>pdfTeX is a development of the original TeX program, as are
-XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). They are completely
-backward compatible. But the original program had a custom output
-format, DVI, while the newer ones can output directly to PDF. This
-allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF such as
-hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and PNG, and
-ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run <code>pdflatex</code> or
-<code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> then you will by default get PDF
-and have access to all its modern features. If you run <code>latex</code>,
-or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get DVI. The description here
-assumes pdfLaTeX.
+<p>pdfTeX is an extension of the original TeX program, as are
+XeTeX and LuaTeX (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>). The first two are
+completely backward compatible and the latter, almost so. Perhaps the
+most fundamental new feature for all three is that the original TeX
+output its own DVI format, while the newer ones can output directly to
+PDF. This allows them to take advantage of the extra features in PDF
+such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and
+PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run
+<code>pdflatex</code> or <code>xelatex</code> or <code>lualatex</code> then you
+will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features.
+If you run <code>latex</code>, or <code>dvilualatex</code>, then you will get
+DVI. The description here assumes pdfLaTeX.
</p>
<p>See <a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a>, for a selection of the most useful
command line options. As to <var>argument</var>, the usual case is that it
@@ -21938,68 +24195,75 @@ input, which can be used for special effects (see <a href="#Command-line-input">
</p>
<p>If you gave no arguments or options then <code>pdflatex</code> prompts for
input from the terminal. You can escape from this by entering
-<code>&lt;control&gt;-D</code>.
+<kbd>CTRL-D</kbd>.
</p>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then by default it stops and
-asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a> for an outline of what
+asks you about it. See <a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a>, for an outline of what
to do.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Read text from the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="1">Command line options</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Commonly used command line options.
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Specify LaTeX code on the command line.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="2">Command line input</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Write text to the terminal.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="3">Jobname</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How TeX sets the current job name.
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="3">Recovering from errors</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="4">Recovering from errors</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">When something goes wrong.
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="Command-line-options"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Command-line-options"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="n" rel="next">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Command-line-options-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3>
+<span id="Command-line-options-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.1 Command line options</h3>
-<a name="index-options_002c-command-line"></a>
+<span id="index-options_002c-command-line"></span>
<p>These are the command-line options relevant to ordinary document
authoring. For a full list, try running &lsquo;<samp>latex --help</samp>&rsquo; from the
command line.
</p>
<p>With many implementations you can specify command line options by
-prefixing them with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;. This is the case for
-both TeX Live (and MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both
-conventions interchangeably.
+prefixing them with &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>--</samp>&rsquo;. This is the case for both
+TeX Live (including MacTeX) and MiKTeX. We will use both
+conventions interchangeably. If an option takes a value, it can be
+specified either as a separate argument (&lsquo;<samp>--foo val</samp>&rsquo;), or as one
+argument with an &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; sign (&lsquo;<samp>--foo=val</samp>&rsquo;), but there can be no
+spaces around the &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo;. We will generally use the &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; syntax.
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
-<dd><a name="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<dd><span id="index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-version</code></dt>
<dd><p>Show the current version, like &lsquo;<samp>pdfTeX 3.14159265-2.6-1.40.16 (TeX
Live 2015/Debian)</samp>&rsquo; along with a small amount of additional information,
and exit.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dhelp-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-help</code></dt>
<dd><p>Give a brief usage message that is useful as a prompt and exit.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="interaction-modes"></span><span id="index-_002d_002dinteraction-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-interaction=<var>mode</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
+<dd><span id="index-batchmode"></span>
+<span id="index-scrollmode"></span>
+<span id="index-errorstopmode"></span>
+<span id="index-nonstopmode"></span>
+<p>TeX compiles a document in one of four interaction modes:
<code>batchmode</code>, <code>nonstopmode</code>, <code>scrollmode</code>,
-<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstop mode</em> (the default), TeX
-stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batch
-mode</em> it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the
-user hit <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> at every error, and missing files cause the
-job to abort. In <em>nonstop mode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the
-terminal but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
-<em>scroll mode</em>, TeX only stops for missing files or keyboard
-input.
+<code>errorstopmode</code>. In <em>errorstopmode</em> (the default), TeX
+stops at each error and asks for user intervention. In <em>batchmode</em>
+it prints nothing on the terminal, errors are scrolled as if the user
+hit <kbd>RETURN</kbd> at every error, and missing files cause the job to
+abort. In <em>nonstopmode</em>, diagnostic message appear on the terminal
+but as in batch mode there is no user interaction. In
+<em>scrollmode</em>, TeX stops for missing files or keyboard
+input, but nothing else.
</p>
<p>For instance, starting LaTeX with this command line
</p>
@@ -22009,65 +24273,65 @@ input.
<p>eliminates most terminal output.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-jobname"></span>
+<span id="index-filename-for-current-job"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002djobname-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-jobname=<var>string</var></code></dt>
-<dd><p>Set the value of TeX&rsquo;s <code>jobname</code> to the string. The log file
+<dd><p>Set the value of TeX&rsquo;s <em>jobname</em> to the string. The log file
and output file will then be named <samp><var>string</var>.log</samp> and
-<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>.
+<samp><var>string</var>.pdf</samp>. see <a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a>.
</p>
-<p>When you run <code><code>pdflatex</code> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, if
-<var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash then TeX considers it
-the name of a file to input. Otherwise it waits for the first
-<code>\input</code> instruction and the name of the input file will be the job
-name. This is used to name the log file the output file. The
-<code>jobname</code> option overrides that process and directly specifies the
-name. See <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for an example of its use.
-</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="output-directory"></span><span id="index-output-directory-for-all-external-files"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-output-directory=<var>directory</var></code></dt>
<dd><p>Write files in the directory <var>directory</var>. It must already exist.
-</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></a>
+This applies to all external files created by TeX or LaTeX, such
+as the <samp>.log</samp> file for the run, the <samp>.aux</samp>, <samp>.toc</samp>,
+etc., files created by LaTeX, as well as the main <samp>.pdf</samp> or
+<samp>.dvi</samp> output file itself.
+</p>
+<p>When specified, the output directory <var>directory</var> is also
+automatically checked first for any file that it is input, so that the
+external files can be read back in, if desired. The true current
+directory (in which LaTeX was run) remains unchanged, and is also
+checked for input files.
+</p>
+<span id="index-shell-escape"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
-<dt><code>--shell-escape</code></dt>
-<dt><code>--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
<dt><code>--enable-write18</code></dt>
<dt><code>--disable-write18</code></dt>
-<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell command</var>}</code>. The first two
-options are for with TeX Live or MacTeX while the second two are
-for MiKTeX.
-</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-sagetex"></a>
-<a name="index-sagetex-package"></a>
-
-<p>Sometimes you want to run external system commands from inside a
-LaTeX file. For instance the package <samp>sagetex</samp> allows you to
-have the mathematics software system <i>Sage</i> do calculations or draw
-graphs and then incorporate that output in your document. For this
-TeX provides the <code>\write18</code> command.
+<dt><code>--shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dt><code>--no-shell-escape</code></dt>
+<dd><p>Enable or disable <code>\write18{<var>shell_command</var>}</code>
+(see <a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a>). The first two options are supported by both
+TeX Live and MiKTeX, while the second two are synonyms supported
+by TeX Live.
</p>
-<p>But with this functionality enabled, security issues could happen if you
-compiled a LaTeX file from the Internet. By default <code>\write18</code>
-is disabled. (More precisely, by default TeX Live, MacTeX, and
-MiKTeX only allow the execution of a limited number of TeX-related
-programs, which they distribute.)
+<p>Enabling this functionality has major security implications, since it
+allows a LaTeX file to run any command whatsoever. Thus, by
+default, unrestricted <code>\write18</code> is not allowed. (The default
+for TeX Live, MacTeX, and MiKTeX is to allow the execution of
+a limited number of TeX-related programs, which they distribute.)
</p>
-<p>If you invoke LaTeX with the option <code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in
-your document you call <code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an
-error but the log file says &lsquo;<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>&rsquo;.
+<p>For example, if you invoke LaTeX with the option
+<code>no-shell-escape</code>, and in your document you call
+<code>\write18{ls -l}</code>, then you do not get an error but the log
+file says &lsquo;<samp>runsystem(ls -l)...disabled</samp>&rsquo;.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dhalt_002don_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-halt-on-error</code></dt>
<dd><p>Stop processing at the first error.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
-<a name="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></a>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
+<span id="index-_002d_002dno_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"></span>
</dd>
<dt><code>-file-line-error</code></dt>
<dt><code>-no-file-line-error</code></dt>
@@ -22078,27 +24342,29 @@ error messages. These are only available with TeX Live or MacTeX.
<hr>
-<a name="Command-line-input"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Command-line-input"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="n" rel="next">Jobname</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-options" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line options</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Command-line-input-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3>
+<span id="Command-line-input-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.2 Command line input</h3>
-<a name="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></a>
+<span id="index-input_002c-on-command-line"></span>
-<p>As part of the command line invocation <code>pdflatex <var>options</var>
-<var>argument</var></code> you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting
-<var>argument</var> with a backslash. This allows you to do some special
-effects.
+<p>As part of the command line invocation
</p>
-<a name="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></a>
-<a name="index-hyperref-package-3"></a>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example"><var>latex-engine</var> <var>options</var> <var>argument</var>
+</pre></div>
-<p>For example, this file (which uses the <samp>hyperref</samp> package for
-hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of output, one for paper and one for a
-PDF.
+<p>you can specify arbitrary LaTeX input by starting
+<var>argument</var> with a backslash. (All the engines support this.) This
+allows you to do some special effects.
+</p>
+<span id="index-package_002c-hyperref-3"></span>
+<span id="index-hyperref-package-3"></span>
+<p>For example, this file (which uses the
+<samp>hyperref</samp> package for hyperlinks) can produce two kinds of
+output, one to be read on physical paper and one to be read online.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">\ifdefined\paperversion % in preamble
@@ -22114,10 +24380,17 @@ PDF.
<p>Compiling this document <samp>book.tex</samp> with the command line
<code>pdflatex book</code> will give the &lsquo;<samp>CTAN</samp>&rsquo; link in blue. But
-compiling it with <code>pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex&quot;</code>
-has the link in black. (Note the use of double quotes to prevent
-interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell; your system may
-do this differently.)
+compiling it with
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex &quot;\def\paperversion{}\input book.tex&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>has the link in black. We use double quotes to prevent
+interpretation of the symbols by the command line shell. (This
+usually works on both Unix and Windows systems, but there are many
+peculiarities to shell quoting, so read your system documentation if
+need be.)
</p>
<p>In a similar way, from the single file <samp>main.tex</samp> you can compile
two different versions.
@@ -22128,29 +24401,121 @@ pdflatex -jobname=teachers &quot;\def\teachers{}\input{main}&quot;
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>jobname</code> option is there because otherwise both files would be
-called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the first.
+called <samp>main.pdf</samp> and the second would overwrite the first. (See
+the next section.)
</p>
-<p>A final example. This loads the package <samp>graphicx</samp> with the option
-<code>draft</code>
+<p>In this example, we pass the <code>draft</code> option to the
+<samp>graphicx</samp> package:
</p>
<div class="example">
-<pre class="example">pdflatex -jobname=aa &quot;\RequirePackage[draft]{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}&quot;
+<pre class="example">pdflatex &quot;\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\input{aa.tex}&quot;
</pre></div>
-<p>so the graphic files are read for their size information but not
-incorporated into the PDF. (The <code>jobname</code> option is there because
-otherwise the output file would be <samp>graphicx.pdf</samp>, as
-<code>\RequirePackage</code> does an <code>\input</code> of its own.)
+<p>so the graphic files are read for their bounding box size information
+but replaced in the PDF by a box with same size and that contains only
+the file name, which speeds up compilation time and saves printer ink.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Recovering-from-errors"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Jobname"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Recovering-from-errors" accesskey="n" rel="next">Recovering from errors</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-input" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line input</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Recovering-from-errors-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">28.3 Recovering from errors</h3>
+<span id="Jobname-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.3 Jobname</h3>
+
+<span id="index-_005cjobname"></span>
+<span id="index-jobname-1"></span>
+<span id="index-document-root-name"></span>
+<span id="index-name-of-document-root"></span>
+
+<p>Running LaTeX creates a number of files, including the main PDF (or
+DVI) output but also including others. These files are named with the
+so-called <em>jobname</em>. The most common case is also the simplest,
+where for instance the command <code>pdflatex thesis</code> creates
+<code>thesis.pdf</code> and also <code>thesis.log</code> and <code>thesis.aux</code>.
+Here the job name is <code>thesis</code>.
+</p>
+<p>In general, LaTeX is invoked as <code><var>latex-engine</var>
+<var>options</var> <var>argument</var></code>, where <var>latex-engine</var> is
+<code>pdflatex</code>, <code>lualatex</code>, etc. (see <a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a>).
+If <var>argument</var> does not start with a backslash, as is the case
+above with <code>thesis</code>, then TeX considers it to be the name of
+the file to input as the main document. The name of that root file,
+without the <samp>.tex</samp> extension, is the jobname. If <var>argument</var>
+does start with a backslash, or if TeX is in interactive mode, then
+it waits for the first <code>\input</code> command, and the jobname is the
+argument to <code>\input</code>.
+</p>
+<p>There are two more possibilities for the jobname. It can be directly
+specified with the <code>-jobname</code> option, as in <code>pdflatex
+-jobname=myname</code> (see <a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a> for a real example).
+</p>
+<span id="index-texput_002c-jobname-default"></span>
+<span id="index-fallback-jobname"></span>
+<p>The final possibility is <samp>texput</samp>, which is the final fallback
+default if no other name is available to TeX. For example, if no
+<code>-jobname</code> option was specified, and the compilation stops before
+there is any output, then the log file will be named
+<samp>texput.log</samp>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"></span>
+<p>A special case of this is that in LaTeX versions of (approximately)
+2020 or later, the jobname is also <samp>texput</samp> if the first
+<code>\input</code> occurs as a result of being called by either
+<code>\documentclass</code> or <code>\RequirePackage</code>. So this will produce
+a file named <samp>texput.pdf</samp>:
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex &quot;\documentclass{minimal}\begin{document}Hello!\end{document}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>However, this special case only applies to those two commands. Thus, with
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">pdflatex &quot;\documentclass{article}\usepackage{lipsum}\input{thesis}&quot;
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>the output file is <samp>lipsum.pdf</samp>, as <code>\usepackage</code> calls
+<code>\input</code>.
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005cjobname-1"></span>
+<p>Within the document, the macro <code>\jobname</code> expands to the jobname.
+(When you run LaTeX on a file whose name contains spaces, the string
+returned by <code>\jobname</code> contains matching start and end quotes.)
+In the expansion of that macro, all characters are of
+catcode&nbsp;12 (other) except that spaces are category&nbsp;10,
+including letters that are normally catcode&nbsp;11.
+</p>
+<span id="index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-xstring"></span>
+<span id="index-xstring-package"></span>
+
+<p>Because of this catcode situation, using the jobname in a conditional
+can become complicated. One solution is to use the macro
+<code>\IfBeginWith</code> from the <samp>xstring</samp> package in its star
+variant, which is insensitive to catcode. For example, in the
+following text the footnote &ldquo;Including Respublica Bananensis
+Francorum.&rdquo; is only present if the task name starts with
+<samp>my-doc</samp>.
+</p>
+<div class="example">
+<pre class="example">If a democracy is just a regime where citizens vote then
+all banana republics \IfBeginWith*{\jobname}{my-doc}%
+{\footnote{Including Respublica Bananensis Francorum.}}{} are
+democracies.
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>Manipulating the value of <code>\jobname</code> inside of a document does not
+change the name of the output file or the log file.
+</p>
+
+<hr>
+<span id="Recovering-from-errors"></span><div class="header">
+<p>
+Previous: <a href="#Jobname" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Jobname</a>, Up: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="u" rel="up">Command line interface</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
+<span id="Recovering-from-errors-1"></span><h3 class="section">28.4 Recovering from errors</h3>
<p>If LaTeX finds an error in your document then it gives you an error
message and prompts you with a question mark, <code>?</code>. For instance,
@@ -22170,19 +24535,20 @@ l.5 The \PN
?
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter &lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo; and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> and fix the
-typo. You could instead enter &lsquo;<samp>?</samp>&rsquo; and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code> to see other
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>x</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> and fix the
+typo. You could instead enter <kbd>?</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd> to see other
options.
</p>
-<a name="index-_002a-prompt"></a>
-<a name="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></a>
-<a name="index-_005cstop"></a>
+<span id="index-_002a-prompt"></span>
+<span id="index-prompt_002c-_002a"></span>
+<span id="index-_005cstop"></span>
<p>There are two other error scenarios. The first is that you forgot to
include the <code>\end{document}</code> or misspelled it. In this case
LaTeX gives you a &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt. You can get back to the command
-line by typing <code>\stop</code> and <code>&lt;return&gt;</code>.
+line by typing <kbd>\stop</kbd> and <kbd>RETURN</kbd>; this command does its
+best to exit LaTeX immediately, whatever state it may be in.
</p>
-<p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the file name. For instance,
+<p>The last scenario is that you mistyped the filename. For instance,
instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
@@ -22193,51 +24559,48 @@ instead of <code>pdflatex test</code> you might type <code>pdflatex tste</code>.
Please type another input file name:
</pre></div>
-<p>The simplest thing is to enter <code>&lt;Control&gt;</code> and &lsquo;<samp>d</samp>&rsquo; (holding
-them down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
+<p>The simplest thing is to enter <kbd>CTRL d</kbd> (holding the Control and d
+keys down at the same time), and then retype the correct command line.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="Document-templates"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Document-templates"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Command-line-interface" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Command line interface</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Document-templates-1"></a>
-<h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
+<span id="Document-templates-1"></span><h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Document templates</h2>
-<a name="index-document-templates"></a>
-<a name="index-templates_002c-document"></a>
+<span id="index-document-templates"></span>
+<span id="index-templates_002c-document"></span>
-<p>Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
+<p>Although illustrative material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful. Additional template resources are listed at
-<a href="http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
+<a href="https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates">https://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates</a>.
</p>
<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="1">beamer template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#article-template" accesskey="2">article template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#article-template" accesskey="2">article template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#book-template" accesskey="3">book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#book-template" accesskey="3">book template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
-</td></tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="5">tugboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="4">Larger book template</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
</td></tr>
</table>
<hr>
-<a name="beamer-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="beamer-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="beamer-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
+<span id="beamer-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.1 <code>beamer</code> template</h3>
+
+<span id="index-beamer-template-and-class"></span>
+<span id="index-template_002c-beamer"></span>
+<span id="index-package_002c-beamer"></span>
+<span id="index-beamer-package"></span>
-<a name="index-beamer-template-and-class"></a>
-<a name="index-template_002c-beamer"></a>
<p>The <code>beamer</code> class creates presentation slides. It has a vast
array of features, but here is a basic template:
@@ -22246,7 +24609,7 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
-\date{July 31, 2007}
+\date{July 31, 2020}
\begin{document}
@@ -22264,21 +24627,20 @@ array of features, but here is a basic template:
\end{document}
</pre>
-<p>One web resource for this:
-<a href="http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/">http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/</a>.
+<p>The Beamer package on CTAN: <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer">https://ctan.org/pkg/beamer</a>.
</p>
<hr>
-<a name="article-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="article-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#beamer-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">beamer template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="article-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
+<span id="article-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.2 <code>article</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-article"></a>
+<span id="index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article"></span>
+<p>A simple template for an article.
+</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{article}
\title{Article Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}
@@ -22294,21 +24656,20 @@ Additional text.
\section{Second section}
Some more text.
+
\end{document}
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="book-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="book-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">Larger book template</a>, Previous: <a href="#article-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">article template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="book-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<span id="book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.3 <code>book</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-book"></a>
+<span id="index-template_002c-book"></span>
-<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a> for a more elaborate one.
+<p>This is a straightforward template for a book. See <a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a>, for a more elaborate one.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
@@ -22325,33 +24686,35 @@ Some other text.
\section{A subtopic}
The end.
+
\end{document}
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="Larger-book-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Larger-book-template"></span><div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a href="#tugboat-template" accesskey="n" rel="next">tugboat template</a>, Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+Previous: <a href="#book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Larger-book-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
+<span id="Larger-book-template-1"></span><h3 class="section">A.4 Larger <code>book</code> template</h3>
-<a name="index-template_002c-book-1"></a>
+<span id="index-template_002c-book-1"></span>
-<p>This is a more elaborate template for a book. It has
-<code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and <code>\backmatter</code> to
-control the typography of the three main areas of a book
-(see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>). The book has a
-bibliography and an index.
+<p>This is a somewhat elaborate template for a book. See <a href="#book-template">book template</a>,
+for a simpler one.
</p>
-<p>Notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
+<p>This template uses <code>\frontmatter</code>, <code>\mainmatter</code>, and
+<code>\backmatter</code> to control the typography of the three main areas
+of a book (see <a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a>). The
+book has a bibliography and an index.
+</p>
+<p>Also notable is that it uses <code>\include</code> and <code>\includeonly</code>
(see <a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a>). While you are working on a chapter you
can comment out all the other chapter entries from the argument to
-<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing any
-information such as cross-references. (Material that does not need to
-come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
-<code>\include</code>. You don&rsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit this way.)
+<code>\includeonly</code>. That will speed up compilation without losing
+any information such as cross-references. (Material that does not
+need to come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
+<code>\include</code>. You don&rsquo;t get the cross-reference benefit with
+<code>\input</code>.)
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass[titlepage]{book}
\usepackage{makeidx}\makeindex
@@ -22360,11 +24723,12 @@ come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
\author{Alex Author}
\includeonly{%
- frontcover,
+% frontcover,
preface,
chap1,
- ...
+% appenA,
}
+
\begin{document}
\frontmatter
\include{frontcover}
@@ -22372,154 +24736,60 @@ come on a new page is brought in with <code>\input</code> instead of
\maketitle \input{dedication} \input{copyright}
\tableofcontents
\include{preface}
+
\mainmatter
\include{chap1}
...
\appendix
-\include{appena}
+\include{appenA}
...
+
\backmatter
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Bibliography}
\bibliography
\addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{Index}
\printindex
-\include{backcover}
-\end{document}
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
-<a name="tugboat-template"></a>
-<div class="header">
-<p>
-Previous: <a href="#Larger-book-template" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Larger book template</a>, Up: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="u" rel="up">Document templates</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
-</div>
-<a name="tugboat-template-1"></a>
-<h3 class="section">A.5 <code>tugboat</code> template</h3>
-
-<a name="index-template_002c-TUGboat"></a>
-<a name="index-TUGboat-template"></a>
-<a name="index-ltugboat-class"></a>
-
-<p><cite>TUGboat</cite> is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
-<a href="http://tug.org/TUGboat">http://tug.org/TUGboat</a>.
-</p>
-<pre class="verbatim">\documentclass{ltugboat}
-
-\usepackage{graphicx}
-\usepackage{ifpdf}
-\ifpdf
-\usepackage[breaklinks,hidelinks]{hyperref}
-\else
-\usepackage{url}
-\fi
-
-%%% Start of metadata %%%
-
-\title{Example \TUB\ article}
-% repeat info for each author.
-\author{First Last}
-\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
-\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
-\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}
-
-%%% End of metadata %%%
-
-\begin{document}
-
-\maketitle
-
-\begin{abstract}
-This is an example article for \TUB{}.
-Please write an abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-
-\section{Introduction}
-
-This is an example article for \TUB, linked from
-\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.
-
-We recommend the \texttt{graphicx} package for image inclusions, and the
-\texttt{hyperref} package if active urls are desired (in the \acro{PDF}
-output). Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.
-
-The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations (and many more):
-% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
-\begin{verbatim}[\small]
-\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
-\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
-\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
-\mf \MFB
-\plain \POBox \PS
-\SGML \TANGLE \TB \TP
-\TUB \TUG \tug
-\UNIX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE
-
-\, \bull \Dash \dash \hyph
-
-\acro{FRED} -&gt; {\small[er] fred} % please use!
-\cs{fred} -&gt; \fred
-\meta{fred} -&gt; &lt;fred&gt;
-\nth{n} -&gt; 1st, 2nd, ...
-\sfrac{3/4} -&gt; 3/4
-\booktitle{Book of Fred}
-\end{verbatim}
-
-For references to other \TUB\ issue, please use the format
-\textsl{volno:issno}, e.g., ``\TUB\ 32:1'' for our \nth{100} issue.
-
-This file is just a template. The \TUB\ style documentation is the
-\texttt{ltubguid} document at \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/tugboat}. (For
-\CTAN\ references, where sensible we recommend that form of url, using
-\texttt{/pkg/}; or, if you need to refer to a specific file location,
-\texttt{http://mirror.ctan.org/\textsl{path}}.)
-
-Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.
-
-\bibliographystyle{plain} % we recommend the plain bibliography style
-\nocite{book-minimal} % just making the bibliography non-empty
-\bibliography{xampl} % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX
-
-\makesignature
+\include{backcover}
\end{document}
</pre>
<hr>
-<a name="Index"></a>
-<div class="header">
+<span id="Index"></span><div class="header">
<p>
Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templates</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-<a name="Index-1"></a>
-<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
+<span id="Index-1"></span><h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
-<a name="Command-Index"></a>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+<span id="Command-Index"></span>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
&nbsp;
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
@@ -22574,16 +24844,20 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<table class="index-cp" border="0">
<tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-1">&amp;</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026"><code>&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-1">$</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024-inline-math"><code>$ <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0024_0024_002e_002e_002e_0024_0024-plain-TeX-display-math"><code>$$...$$ <span class="roman">plain TeX display math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-2">&amp;</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0026-for-table-cells"><code>&amp; <span class="roman">for table cells</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-2">*</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-3">*</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a-prompt">&lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo; prompt</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-environment-commands"><code>*</code>-form of environment commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"><code>*</code>-form of sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002a_002dform_002c-defining-new-commands">*-form, defining new commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-3">-</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-4">-</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002ddisable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--disable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002denable_002dwrite18-command_002dline-option"><code>--enable-write18 <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dfile_002dline_002derror-command_002dline-option"><code>--file-line-error <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
@@ -22596,10 +24870,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002doutput_002ddirectory-command_002dline-option"><code>--output-directory <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dshell_002descape-command_002dline-option"><code>--shell-escape <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d_002dversion-command_002dline-option"><code>--version <span class="roman">command-line option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002d1_002c-write-stream-number"><em>-1</em>, write stream number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-4">.</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-5">.</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eaux-file"><code>.aux <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002edvi-file"><code>.dvi <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002efmt-file"><code>.fmt <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eglo-file"><samp>.glo</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eidx-file-1"><samp>.idx</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -22607,28 +24883,34 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002eisty-file"><samp>.isty</samp> file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-1"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elof-file-2"><code>.lof <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elog-file"><code>.log <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-1"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002elot-file-2"><code>.lot <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002epdf-file"><code>.pdf <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etex_002c-default-extension"><code>.tex, <span class="roman">default extension</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-1"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002etoc-file-2"><code>.toc <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002exdv-file"><code>.xdv <span class="roman">file</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-5">1</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-6">/</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_002fbin_002fsh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>/bin/sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-7">1</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-10pt-option"><code>10pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-11pt-option"><code>11pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-12pt-option"><code>12pt <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-6">:</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a">:</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-1"><code>:</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-8">:</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_003a-for-math"><code>: <span class="roman">for math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-7">[</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-9">[</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005b_002e_002e_002e_005d-for-optional-arguments"><code>[...] <span class="roman">for optional arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-8">\</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-10">\</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-_0028backslash_002dspace_0029">\ (backslash-space)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c-character-starting-commands"><code>\ <span class="roman">character starting commands</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0021"><code>\!</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0022-_0028umlaut-accent_0029"><code>\&quot; <span class="roman">(umlaut accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -22638,6 +24920,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0026"><code>\&amp;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028acute-accent_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(acute accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0027-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\' <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0028_002e_002e_002e_005c_0029-inline-math"><code>\(...\) <span class="roman">inline math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002a"><code>\*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002b"><code>\+</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_002c"><code>\,</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
@@ -22654,17 +24937,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-1"><code>\&gt;</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_003e-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\&gt; <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040"><code>\@</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040auxout"><code>\@auxout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040beginparpenalty"><code>\@beginparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040dottedtocline"><code>\@dottedtocline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040endparpenalty"><code>\@endparpenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040fnsymbol"><code>\@fnsymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040ifstar"><code>\@ifstar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040itempenalty"><code>\@itempenalty</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040mainaux"><code>\@mainaux</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_0040startsection"><code>\@startsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca-_0028tabbing_0029"><code>\a <span class="roman">(tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_0027-_0028acute-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a' <span class="roman">(acute accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ca_003d-_0028macron-accent-in-tabbing_0029"><code>\a= <span class="roman">(macron accent in tabbing)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caa-_0028aa_0029"><code>\aa (&aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cAA-_0028AA_0029"><code>\AA (&Aring;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caccent"><code>\accent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caccent">\accent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cacute"><code>\acute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddcontentsline"><code>\addcontentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005caddress"><code>\address</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddress">\address</a></td></tr>
@@ -22707,7 +24994,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbackslash"><code>\backslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbar"><code>\bar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselineskip-1"><code>\baselineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbaselinestretch"><code>\baselinestretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbegin"><code>\begin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbeta"><code>\beta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbf"><code>\bf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -22715,6 +25003,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibitem"><code>\bibitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbibitem">\bibitem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliography"><code>\bibliography</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibliographystyle"><code>\bibliographystyle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbibname"><code>\bibname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcap"><code>\bigcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcirc"><code>\bigcirc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cbigcup"><code>\bigcup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -22780,6 +25069,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccleardoublepage"><code>\cleardoublepage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclearpage"><code>\clearpage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">\clearpage &amp; \cleardoublepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccline"><code>\cline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccline">\cline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosein"><code>\closein</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccloseout"><code>\closeout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclosing"><code>\closing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cclubsuit"><code>\clubsuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolon"><code>\colon</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
@@ -22794,7 +25085,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccolumnwidth-2"><code>\columnwidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccomplement"><code>\complement</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccong"><code>\cong</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-1"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccontentsline-2"><code>\contentsline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccoprod"><code>\coprod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccopyright"><code>\copyright</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ccos"><code>\cos</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -22820,13 +25113,27 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddagger"><code>\ddagger</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddot"><code>\ddot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cddots"><code>\ddots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareFontEncoding"><code>\DeclareFontEncoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions"><code>\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareGraphicsRule"><code>\DeclareGraphicsRule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsRule">\DeclareGraphicsRule</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption"><code>\DeclareOption</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareOption_002a"><code>\DeclareOption*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareRobustCommand_002a"><code>\DeclareRobustCommand*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccent-1"><code>\DeclareTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault"><code>\DeclareTextAccentDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommand-1"><code>\DeclareTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-1"><code>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextComposite"><code>\DeclareTextComposite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand"><code>\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbol-1"><code>\DeclareTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault"><code>\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdeg"><code>\deg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelayedShellEscape"><code>\DelayedShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDelta"><code>\Delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdelta"><code>\delta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdet"><code>\det</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -22841,6 +25148,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdj"><code>\dj</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cDJ"><code>\DJ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass"><code>\documentclass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdocumentclass_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\documentclass<span class="roman">, and <code>texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdot"><code>\dot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdoteq"><code>\doteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cdotfill"><code>\dotfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">\hrulefill &amp; \dotfill</a></td></tr>
@@ -22869,6 +25177,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cExecuteOptions"><code>\ExecuteOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexists"><code>\exists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexp"><code>\exp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cexternaldocument"><code>\externaldocument</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cextracolsep"><code>\extracolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfbox"><code>\fbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfboxrule-1"><code>\fboxrule</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</a></td></tr>
@@ -22886,6 +25195,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cflushbottom"><code>\flushbottom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_002c-and-footnotes"><code>\fnsymbol<span class="roman">, and footnotes</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfnsymbol_007bcounter_007d"><code>\fnsymbol{<var>counter</var>}</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontdimen1"><code>\fontdimen1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontencoding"><code>\fontencoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontfamily"><code>\fontfamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cfontseries"><code>\fontseries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
@@ -22945,6 +25255,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cHuge"><code>\Huge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005chyphenation"><code>\hyphenation</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ci-_0028dotless-i_0029"><code>\i <span class="roman">(dotless i)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfBeginWith_002a-macro-from-xstring"><code>\IfBeginWith*<span class="roman"> macro from <samp>xstring</samp></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ciff"><code>\iff</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIfFileExists"><code>\IfFileExists</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cignorespaces"><code>\ignorespaces</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
@@ -22953,6 +25264,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIJ-_0028IJ_0029"><code>\IJ (IJ)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cIm"><code>\Im</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimath"><code>\imath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cimmediate_005cwrite"><code>\immediate\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cin"><code>\in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cinclude"><code>\include</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cincludegraphics"><code>\includegraphics</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
@@ -22980,6 +25292,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005citshape"><code>\itshape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cj-_0028dotless-j_0029"><code>\j <span class="roman">(dotless j)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjmath"><code>\jmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjobname"><code><code>\jobname</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cjobname-1"><code>\jobname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cJoin"><code>\Join</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ck-_0028ogonek_0029"><code>\k <span class="roman">(ogonek)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckappa"><code>\kappa</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -22987,6 +25301,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ckill"><code>\kill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl-_0028l_0029"><code>\l (&#322;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cL-_0028L_0029"><code>\L (&#321;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040chapter"><code>\l@chapter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040section"><code>\l@section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cl_0040subsection"><code>\l@subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabel"><code>\label</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clabel">\label</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumi"><code>\labelenumi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clabelenumii"><code>\labelenumii</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
@@ -23005,6 +25322,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clarge"><code>\large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLarge"><code>\Large</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLARGE"><code>\LARGE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLastDeclaredEncoding"><code>\LastDeclaredEncoding</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cLastDeclaredEncoding">\LastDeclaredEncoding</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeX"><code>\LaTeX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLaTeXe"><code>\LaTeXe</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clbrace"><code>\lbrace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23039,12 +25357,17 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005climsup"><code>\limsup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cline"><code>\line</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinebreak"><code>\linebreak</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">\linebreak &amp; \nolinebreak</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clineskip"><code>\lineskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clineskiplimit"><code>\lineskiplimit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinespread-1"><code>\linespread</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinethickness"><code>\linethickness</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clinethickness">\linethickness</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clinewidth-1"><code>\linewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoffigures-1"><code>\listoffigures</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistoftables-1"><code>\listoftables</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clistparindent"><code>\listparindent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cll"><code>\ll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cln"><code>\ln</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -23053,6 +25376,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cLoadClassWithOptions"><code>\LoadClassWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clocation"><code>\location</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005clocation">\location</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clog"><code>\log</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clong"><code>\long</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftarrow"><code>\longleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongleftrightarrow"><code>\longleftrightarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005clongmapsto"><code>\longmapsto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23091,6 +25415,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsection"><code>\mathsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsf"><code>\mathsf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathsterling"><code>\mathsterling</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathstrut"><code><code>\mathstrut</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathtt"><code>\mathtt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathunderscore"><code>\mathunderscore</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmathversion"><code>\mathversion</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -23100,6 +25425,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskip"><code>\medskip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedskipamount"><code>\medskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmedspace"><code>\medspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmessage"><code>\message</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmessage">\message</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmho"><code>\mho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmid"><code>\mid</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cmin"><code>\min</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
@@ -23116,6 +25442,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnearrow"><code>\nearrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNeedsTeXFormat"><code>\NeedsTeXFormat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneg"><code>\neg</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegmedspace"><code>\negmedspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthickspace"><code>\negthickspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnegthinspace-1"><code>\negthinspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cneq"><code>\neq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23131,6 +25459,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewsavebox"><code>\newsavebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtheorem"><code>\newtheorem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewtie"><code>\newtie</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnewwrite"><code>\newwrite</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cng"><code>\ng</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cNG"><code>\NG</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cni"><code>\ni</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23150,6 +25479,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnot"><code>\not</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnotin"><code>\notin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnu"><code>\nu</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnumberline"><code>\numberline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnumberline">\numberline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cnwarrow"><code>\nwarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005co-_0028o_0029"><code>\o (&oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cO-_0028O_0029"><code>\O (&Oslash;)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -23166,7 +25496,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005comega"><code>\omega</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cominus"><code>\ominus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005conecolumn"><code>\onecolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenin"><code>\openin</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copening"><code>\opening</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copening">\opening</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005copenout"><code>\openout</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coplus"><code>\oplus</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cOptionNotUsed"><code>\OptionNotUsed</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005coslash"><code>\oslash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23209,6 +25541,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpageheight"><code>\pdfpageheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpdfpagewidth"><code>\pdfpagewidth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cperp"><code>\perp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPhi"><code>\Phi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cphi"><code>\phi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPi"><code>\Pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpi"><code>\pi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23220,6 +25553,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPr"><code>\Pr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprec"><code>\prec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpreceq"><code>\preceq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprevdepth"><code>\prevdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprime"><code>\prime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprintglossaries-1"><code>\printglossaries</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
@@ -23230,10 +25564,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprod"><code>\prod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpropto"><code>\propto</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotect"><code>\protect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprotected_0040write"><code>\protected@write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cprovidecommand"><code>\providecommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesClass"><code>\ProvidesClass</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesFile"><code>\ProvidesFile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvidesPackage"><code>\ProvidesPackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">\DeclareTextCommand &amp; \ProvideTextCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommand-1"><code>\ProvideTextCommand</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"><code>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">\DeclareTextCommandDefault &amp; \ProvideTextCommandDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cps"><code>\ps</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cps">\ps</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cPsi"><code>\Psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cpsi"><code>\psi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23256,11 +25594,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crbrack"><code>\rbrack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crceil"><code>\rceil</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRe"><code>\Re</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cread"><code>\read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cref"><code>\ref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005creflectbox"><code>\reflectbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefname"><code>\refname</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crefstepcounter"><code>\refstepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crefstepcounter">\refstepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crenewenvironment"><code>\renewenvironment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage"><code>\RequirePackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackage_002c-and-texput-jobname"><code>\RequirePackage<span class="roman">, and <code>texput</code> jobname</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cRequirePackageWithOptions"><code>\RequirePackageWithOptions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cresizebox"><code>\resizebox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005crestorecr"><code>\restorecr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">\obeycr &amp; \restorecr</a></td></tr>
@@ -23306,6 +25647,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csf"><code>\sf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csffamily"><code>\sffamily</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csharp"><code>\sharp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cShellEscape"><code>\ShellEscape</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshipout-and-expansion"><code>\shipout <span class="roman">and expansion</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cshortstack"><code>\shortstack</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cshortstack">\shortstack</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSigma"><code>\Sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csigma"><code>\sigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23323,6 +25666,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmallskipamount"><code>\smallskipamount</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csmile"><code>\smile</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE">\SPACE</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cSPACE-1"><code>\SPACE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspacefactor"><code>\spacefactor</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cspacefactor">\spacefactor</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cspadesuit"><code>\spadesuit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csqcap"><code>\sqcap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23338,6 +25682,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstar"><code>\star</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstepcounter"><code>\stepcounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstepcounter">\stepcounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstop"><code>\stop</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstretch"><code>\stretch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstretch">\stretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cstrut"><code>\strut</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubparagraph-1"><code>\subparagraph</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
@@ -23345,7 +25690,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsection-1"><code>\subsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubset"><code>\subset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubseteq"><code>\subseteq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csubsubsection-1"><code>\subsubsection</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucc"><code>\succ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csucceq"><code>\succeq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005csum"><code>\sum</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23361,6 +25707,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabbingsep"><code>\tabbingsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctabcolsep"><code>\tabcolsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctableofcontents-1"><code>\tableofcontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctan"><code>\tan</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctanh"><code>\tanh</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctau"><code>\tau</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23391,6 +25738,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextendash-_0028or-_002d_002d_0029"><code>\textendash <span class="roman">(or <code>--</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexteuro"><code>\texteuro</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextexclamdown-_0028or-_0021_0060_0029"><code>\textexclamdown <span class="roman">(or <code>!`</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfiguredash"><code>\textfiguredash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"><code>\textfloatsep</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextfraction"><code>\textfraction</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
@@ -23398,10 +25746,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextgreater"><code>\textgreater</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextheight-1"><code>\textheight</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctexthorizontalbar"><code>\texthorizontalbar</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextit"><code>\textit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextleftarrow"><code>\textleftarrow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextless"><code>\textless</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextmd"><code>\textmd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnonbreakinghyphen"><code>\textnonbreakinghyphen</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextnormal"><code>\textnormal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordfeminine"><code>\textordfeminine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005ctextordmasculine"><code>\textordmasculine</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23485,6 +25835,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusecounter"><code>\usecounter</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusefont"><code>\usefont</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cusepackage"><code>\usepackage</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextAccent"><code>\UseTextAccent</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cUseTextSymbol"><code>\UseTextSymbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">\UseTextSymbol &amp; \UseTextAccent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cv-_0028breve-accent_0029"><code>\v <span class="roman">(breve accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvalue"><code>\value</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvalue">\value</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvanothing"><code>\vanothing</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23494,6 +25846,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarrho"><code>\varrho</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvarsigma"><code>\varsigma</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvartheta"><code>\vartheta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvbox-plain-TeX"><code>\vbox <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdash"><code>\vdash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvdots"><code>\vdots</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvec"><code>\vec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -23505,15 +25858,24 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvfill"><code>\vfill</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvline"><code>\vline</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvline">\vline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvspace"><code>\vspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cvtop-plain-TeX"><code>\vtop <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwedge"><code>\wedge</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidehat"><code>\widehat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwidetilde"><code>\widetilde</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwlog"><code>\wlog</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwlog">\wlog</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwp"><code>\wp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwr"><code>\wr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite"><code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-and-security"><code>\write</code> and security</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite-streams-16_002c-17_002c-18"><code>\write</code> streams 16, 17, 18</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18"><code>\write18</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cwrite18_002c-enabling"><code>\write18</code>, enabling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cXi"><code>\Xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxi"><code>\xi</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cxspace"><code>\xspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005cyear"><code>\year</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">\day &amp; \month &amp; \year</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005czeta"><code>\zeta</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005b_002e_002e_002e_005c_005d-display-math"><code>\[...\] <span class="roman">display math</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-center_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>center</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-eqnarray_0029"><code>\\ <span class="roman">(for <code>eqnarray</code>)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_005c-_0028for-flushright_0029"><code>\\ (for <code>flushright</code>)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
@@ -23538,53 +25900,64 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e"><code>\~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005c_007e-_0028tilde-accent_0029"><code>\~ <span class="roman">(tilde accent)</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-9">^</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e"><code>^</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-11">^</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e-superscript"><code>^ <span class="roman">superscript</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005e_005eJ_002c-in-_005cwrite"><code>^^J</code>, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-10">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f"><code>_</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-12">_</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_005f-subscript"><code>_ <span class="roman">subscript</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-11">`</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027-index-entries">&lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo; index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-12">{</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-13">{</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007b_002e_002e_002e_007d-for-required-arguments"><code>{...} <span class="roman">for required arguments</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_symbol-13">~</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_symbol-14">~</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-_007e"><code>~</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-A">A</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a4paper-option"><code>a4paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-a5paper-option"><code>a5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-environment"><code><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstract-package"><code>abstract</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-abstracts">abstracts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents">accents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-1">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-2">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccentDefault">\DeclareTextAccentDefault</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-3">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextComposite">\DeclareTextComposite</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-4">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextCompositeCommand">\DeclareTextCompositeCommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-defining-5">accents, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbolDefault">\DeclareTextSymbolDefault</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accents_002c-mathematical">accents, mathematical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-accessing-any-character-of-a-font">accessing any character of a font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acronyms_002c-list-of">acronyms, list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent">acute accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-acute-accent_002c-math">acute accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-additional-packages_002c-loading">additional packages, loading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-adjustbox-package"><code>adjustbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ae-ligature">ae ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-algorithm2e-package"><code>algorithm2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-align-environment_002c-from-amsmath">align <span class="roman">environment, from <code>amsmath</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-aligning-equations">aligning equations</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-via-tabbing">alignment via tabbing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amscd-package"><code>amscd</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsfonts-package-1"><code>amsfonts</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-1"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-2"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-3"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-4"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-5"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-6"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-7"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-8"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-9"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-10"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-11"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package-12"><code>amsmath</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsmath-package_002c-replacing-eqnarray">amsmath <span class="roman">package, replacing <code>eqnarray</code></span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-amsthm-package-1"><code>amsthm</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-answers-package"><code>answers</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendices">appendices</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix">appendix</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-appendix-package"><code>appendix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
@@ -23594,6 +25967,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrays_002c-math">arrays, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-left_002c-in-text">arrow, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrow_002c-right_002c-in-text">arrow, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-arrows">arrows</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-article-class"><code>article <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ascender-height">ascender height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ASCII-circumflex_002c-in-text">ASCII circumflex, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23602,12 +25976,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-1"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-2"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Asymptote-package-3"><code>Asymptote</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at-clause_002c-in-font-definitions">at clause, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-at_002dsign"><code>at-sign</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-author_002c-for-titlepage">author, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-auxiliary-file">auxiliary file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-B">B</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-b5paper-option"><code>b5paper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-1"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
@@ -23615,6 +25990,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-3"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-4"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-babel-package-5"><code>babel</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-back-matter-of-a-book">back matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-background_002c-colored">background, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-backslash_002c-in-text">backslash, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002c-double-vertical_002c-in-text">bar, double vertical, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23623,6 +25999,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dover-accent_002c-math">bar-over accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bar_002dunder-accent">bar-under accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basics-of-LaTeX">basics of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-batchmode">batchmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-package"><code>beamer</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beamer-template-and-class"><code>beamer</code> template and class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-beginning-of-document-hook">beginning of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography-format_002c-open">bibliography format, open</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -23630,7 +26008,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibliography_002c-creating-_0028manually_0029">bibliography, creating (manually)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bibTeX_002c-using">bibTeX, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-circle-symbols_002c-in-text">big circle symbols, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Big-point">Big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-big-point">big point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bigfoot-package"><code>bigfoot</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-black-boxes_002c-omitting">black boxes, omitting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-blackboard-bold">blackboard bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
@@ -23646,8 +26024,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-book_002c-main-matter">book, main matter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bottomnumber-1"><code>bottomnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bounding-box">bounding box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box">box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-allocating-new">box, allocating new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewsavebox">\newsavebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-bounding">box, bounding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-colored">box, colored</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-save">box, save</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">\sbox &amp; \savebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-box_002c-use-saved-box">box, use saved box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusebox">\usebox</a></td></tr>
@@ -23655,6 +26035,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bp"><code>bp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-left_002c-in-text">brace, left, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brace_002c-right_002c-in-text">brace, right, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-braces">braces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-brackets">brackets</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-lines">breaking lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Line-breaking">Line breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaking-pages">breaking pages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-breaking">Page breaking</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-breaks_002c-multiplication-discretionary">breaks, multiplication discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
@@ -23666,7 +26048,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bullet_002c-in-text">bullet, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bulleted-lists">bulleted lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-C">C</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-fonts">calligraphic fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calligraphic-letters-for-math">calligraphic letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cap-height">cap height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -23682,11 +26064,14 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centered-period_002c-in-text">centered period, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-declaration-for">centering text, declaration for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccentering">\centering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centering-text_002c-environment-for">centering text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Centimeter">Centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-centimeter">centimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-case-of-characters">changing case of characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chapter-1">chapter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-category-code">character category code</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character-encoding">character encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible">character, invisible</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-character_002c-invisible-1">character, invisible</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-accented">characters, accented</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-case-of">characters, case of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-non_002dEnglish">characters, non-English</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -23694,7 +26079,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-characters_002c-special">characters, special</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent">check accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-check-accent_002c-math">check accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Cicero">Cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cicero">cicero</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circle-symbol_002c-big_002c-in-text">circle symbol, big, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circled-letter_002c-in-text">circled letter, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-circumflex-accent">circumflex accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -23713,10 +26098,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-1"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cleveref-package-2"><code>cleveref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CLI">CLI</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock-option-to-slides-class"><code>clock <span class="roman">option to <code>slides</code> class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-letters">closing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cclosing">\closing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-closing-quote">closing quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm"><code>cm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cm_002dsuper-package"><code>cm-super</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cmd_002eexe_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>cmd.exe<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-code_002c-typesetting">code, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colon-character">colon character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-color">color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color">Color</a></td></tr>
@@ -23731,7 +26119,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-boxes">colored boxes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-boxes">Colored boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-page">colored page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-pages">Colored pages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-colored-text">colored text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colored-text">Colored text</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line">command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line">Command line</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-line-interface">command line interface</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-command-syntax">command syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-class-and-package">commands, class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-defining-new-ones">commands, defining new ones</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
@@ -23739,9 +26127,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-document-class">commands, document class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-graphics-package">commands, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-for-graphics">Commands for graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-ignore-spaces-1">commands, ignore spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-redefining">commands, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-commands_002c-star_002dvariants">commands, star-variants</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-composite-word-mark_002c-in-text">composite word mark, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-comprehensive-package"><code>comprehensive</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-computer-programs_002c-typesetting">computer programs, typesetting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-configuration_002c-graphics-package">configuration, graphics package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-contents-file">contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
@@ -23759,16 +26150,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references">cross references</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-references_002c-resolving">cross references, resolving</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing-with-page-number">cross referencing with page number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpageref">\pageref</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-across-documents">cross referencing, across documents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-cross-referencing_002c-symbolic">cross referencing, symbolic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-CTAN">CTAN</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-curly-braces">curly braces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-dollar">currency, dollar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-currency_002c-euro">currency, euro</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-D">D</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-double_002c-in-text">dagger, double, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dagger_002c-in-text-1">dagger, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-DANTE-e_002eV_002e">DANTE e.V.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#CTAN">CTAN</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datatool-package"><code>datatool</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-for-titlepage">date, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-date_002c-today_0027s">date, today&rsquo;s</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-datetime-package"><code>datetime</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
@@ -23776,6 +26170,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dbltopnumber-1"><code>dbltopnumber</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dcolumn-package"><code>dcolumn</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dd"><code>dd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-size-commands">declaration form of font size commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-declaration-form-of-font-style-commands">declaration form of font style commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-define-color">define color</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Define-colors">Define colors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-a-new-command-1">defining a new command</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprovidecommand">\providecommand</a></td></tr>
@@ -23783,6 +26179,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-fonts">defining new fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-defining-new-theorems">defining new theorems</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewtheorem">\newtheorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-definitions">definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delayed-_005cwrite">delayed <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters">delimiters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delimiters_002c-paired">delimiters, paired</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f0"><code>delim_0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delim_005f1"><code>delim_1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -23793,9 +26191,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-environment"><code><code>description</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-description-lists_002c-creating">description lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-design-size_002c-in-font-definitions">design size, in font definitions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Didot-point">Didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-didot-point">didot point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dieresis-accent">dieresis accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-difference-between-class-and-package">difference between class and package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dimen-plain-TeX">dimen <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-directory-listings_002c-from-system">directory listings, from system</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-breaks_002c-multiplication">discretionary breaks, multiplication</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-discretionary-hyphenation">discretionary hyphenation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display-math-mode">display math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
@@ -23808,6 +26208,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-class_002c-defined">document class, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-classes">document classes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-environment"><code><code>document</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#document">document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-root-name">document root name</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-document-templates">document templates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dollar-sign">dollar sign</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dot-accent">dot accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -23828,15 +26229,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-low_002d9-quotation-mark">double low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-quote_002c-straight-base">double quote, straight base</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-right-quote">double right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-spacing">double spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-double-vertical-bar_002c-in-text">double vertical bar, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-doublestruck">doublestruck</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Blackboard-bold">Blackboard bold</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-draft-option"><code>draft <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvilualatex_002ddev"><code>dvilualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvipdfmx-command"><code>dvipdfmx <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvips-command"><code>dvips <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dvitype-command"><code>dvitype <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-E">E</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002ddash">e-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-e_002dTeX">e-TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ellipses">ellipses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
@@ -23848,13 +26250,18 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-em_002ddash_002c-two_002dthirds">em-dash, two-thirds</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-emphasis">emphasis</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enclosure-list">enclosure list</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cencl">\encl</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-font">encoding, font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-encoding_002c-of-input-files">encoding, of input files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-matter-of-a-book">end matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end-of-document-hook">end of document hook</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cAtEndDocument">\AtEndDocument</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ending-and-starting">ending and starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-engines_002c-TeX">engines, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enlarge-current-page">enlarge current page</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumerate-environment"><code><code>enumerate</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enumitem-package-1"><code>enumitem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment">environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment-form-of-font-size-commands">environment form of font size commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-abstract"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>abstract</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-array"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>array</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environment_002c-center"><code><span class="roman">environment</span>, <code>center</code></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#center">center</a></td></tr>
@@ -23892,8 +26299,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments">environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-environments_002c-defining">environments, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-envlab-package"><code>envlab</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files-1">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPS-files">EPS files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eqnarray-environment"><code><code>eqnarray</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equation-environment-1"><code><code>equation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
@@ -23903,34 +26309,46 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-aligning">equations, aligning</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-environment-for">equations, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-equations_002c-flush-left-vs_002e-centered">equations, flush left vs. centered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errorstopmode">errorstopmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-es_002dzet-German-letter">es-zet German letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etex-command"><code>etex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eth_002c-Icelandic-letter">eth, Icelandic letter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-etoolbox-package"><code>etoolbox</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-euro-symbol">euro symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-eurosym-package-1"><code>eurosym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex">ex</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ex-1"><code>ex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exclamation-point_002c-upside_002ddown">exclamation point, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-executivepaper-option"><code>executivepaper <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expl3-package-1"><code>expl3</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exponent">exponent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expressions"><code>expressions</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Expressions">Expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extended-Latin">extended Latin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-commands">external commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-external-files_002c-writing">external files, writing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-F">F</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fallback-jobname">fallback jobname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-families_002c-of-fonts">families, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyhdr-package-1"><code>fancyhdr</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fancyvrb-package-1"><code>fancyvrb</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-feminine-ordinal-symbol">feminine ordinal symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-dash-character">figure dash character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-environment"><code><code>figure</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figure-number_002c-cross-referencing">figure number, cross referencing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-footnotes-in">figures, footnotes in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-figures_002c-inserting">figures, inserting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-closing">file, closing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-opening">file, opening</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-reading">file, reading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-file_002c-root">file, root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents-environment"><code><code>filecontents</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filecontents_002a-environment"><code><code>filecontents*</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename-for-current-job">filename for current job</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-final-option"><code>final <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-first_002dlatex_002ddoc-document"><code>first-latex-doc <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fixed_002dwidth-font">fixed-width font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
@@ -23944,10 +26362,15 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-flushright-environment"><code><code>flushright</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-catalogue">font catalogue</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-commands_002c-low_002dlevel">font commands, low-level</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-dimension_002c-slant">font dimension, slant</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding">font encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding-1">font encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextAccent">\DeclareTextAccent</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-encoding_002c-declaring">font encoding, declaring</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareFontEncoding">\DeclareFontEncoding</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-size">font size</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-sizes">font sizes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-styles">font styles</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-font-symbols_002c-by-number">font symbols, by number</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Symbols-by-font-position">Symbols by font position</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fontenc"><code>fontenc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts">fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Fonts">Fonts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-new-commands-for">fonts, new commands for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewfont">\newfont</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fonts_002c-script">fonts, script</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
@@ -23960,8 +26383,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnote_002c-of-a-footnote">footnote, of a footnote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes-in-figures">footnotes in figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-creating">footnotes, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">Footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-in-a-minipage">footnotes, in a minipage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-footnotes_002c-symbols-instead-of-numbers">footnotes, symbols instead of numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-force-option-for-filecontents"><code>force</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-format-files_002c-TeX">format files, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-environment-for">formulas, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-formulas_002c-math">formulas, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-forward-reference">forward reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
@@ -23972,9 +26397,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-line-width"><code>frame, line width</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-frame_002c-separation-from-contents"><code>frame, separation from contents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">\fbox &amp; \framebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-French-quotation-marks">French quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-front-matter-of-a-book">front matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-math">functions, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-G">G</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-geometry-package-1"><code>geometry</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-global-options">global options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -23983,6 +26409,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary">glossary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Glossaries">Glossaries</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entries">glossary, entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glossary_002c-entry-reference">glossary, entry reference</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgls">\gls</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-plain-TeX">glue <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-glue-register_002c-plain-TeX">glue register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics">Graphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics-1">graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
@@ -23997,17 +26424,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-resizing-1">graphics, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphics_002c-scaling-1">graphics, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-graphpap-package"><code>graphpap</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent">grave accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grave-accent_002c-math">grave accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greater-than-symbol_002c-in-text">greater than symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-greek-letters">greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Greek-letters">Greek letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-grfext-package"><code>grfext</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_002c-and-environments">group, and environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Environments">Environments</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-group_005fskip"><code>group_skip</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-H">H</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent_002c-math">h&aacute;&#269;ek accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hacek-accent">hacek accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Halmos-symbol">Halmos symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hard-space">hard space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent">hat accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hat-accent_002c-math">hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-header-style">header style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
@@ -24015,6 +26446,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hello_002c-world">hello, world</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-here_002c-putting-floats">here, putting floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-home-page-for-manual">home page for manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-bar-character">horizontal bar character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-paragraph-indentation">horizontal paragraph indentation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space">horizontal space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-space_002c-stretchable">horizontal space, stretchable</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-horizontal-spacing">horizontal spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
@@ -24023,20 +26456,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-1"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-2"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyperref-package-3"><code>hyperref</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphen-character_002c-non_002dbreaking">hyphen character, non-breaking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-defining">hyphenation, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chyphenation">\hyphenation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-discretionary">hyphenation, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cdiscretionary">\discretionary</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-forcing">hyphenation, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002d-_0028hyphenation_0029">\- (hyphenation)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hyphenation_002c-preventing">hyphenation, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-I">I</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-eth">Icelandic eth</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Icelandic-thorn">Icelandic thorn</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-idx-file">idx file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ij-letter_002c-Dutch">ij letter, Dutch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-immediate-_005cwrite">immediate <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-implementations-of-TeX">implementations of TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-importing-graphics">importing graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in"><code>in</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-in_002dline-formulas">in-line formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inch"><code>inch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-including-graphics">including graphics</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indent_002c-forcing">indent, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
@@ -24052,6 +26486,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entries_002c-_0060see_0027-and-_0060see-also_0027">index entries, &lsquo;see&rsquo; and &lsquo;see also&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-entry">index entry</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index-package"><code>index</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-multiple">index, multiple</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-page-range">index, page range</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-printing">index, printing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprintindex">\printindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index_002c-processing">index, processing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -24059,14 +26494,20 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-indexes">indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-horizontal-stretch">infinite horizontal stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chfill">\hfill</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-infinite-vertical-stretch">infinite vertical stretch</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvfill">\vfill</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inline-formulas">inline formulas</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#math">math</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inner-paragraph-mode">inner paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input-file">input file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Splitting-the-input">Splitting the input</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002c-on-command-line">input, on command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-input">Command line input</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput">input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-input_002foutput_002c-to-terminal">input/output, to terminal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inputenc"><code>inputenc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-inserting-figures">inserting figures</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#figure">figure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insertions-of-special-characters">insertions of special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Special-insertions">Special insertions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interface_002c-command-line">interface, command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-interface">Command line interface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-interline-space">interline space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-internal-vertical-mode">internal vertical mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character">invisible character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-invisible-character-1">invisible character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-correction">italic correction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002f">\/</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-italic-font">italic font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-itemize-environment"><code><code>itemize</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
@@ -24078,35 +26519,42 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx1"><code>item_x1</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-item_005fx2"><code>item_x2</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-J">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files-1">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files-1">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-J">J</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname">jobname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-jobname-1">jobname</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPEG-files">JPEG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-JPG-files">JPG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-left">justification, ragged left</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-justification_002c-ragged-right">justification, ragged right</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-K">K</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-K">K</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Knuth_002c-Donald-E_002e">Knuth, Donald E.</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-L">L</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-label">label</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-labelled-lists_002c-creating">labelled lists, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport-TeX">Lamport TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Lamport_002c-Leslie">Lamport, Leslie</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-option"><code>landscape <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-landscape-orientation">landscape orientation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex"><code>latex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex-command"><code>latex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">LaTeX format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-logo">LaTeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-overview">LaTeX overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-Project-team">LaTeX Project team</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX-vs_002e-LaTeX2e">LaTeX vs. LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddev"><code>latex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latex_002ddoc_002dptr-document"><code>latex-doc-ptr <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX2e-logo">LaTeX2e logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LaTeX3-syntax">LaTeX3 syntax</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexrefman_0040tug_002eorg-email-address"><code><a href="mailto:latexrefman@tug.org">latexrefman@tug.org</a> <span class="roman">email address</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-latexsym-package"><code>latexsym</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Latin-letters_002c-additional">Latin letters, additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout-commands">layout commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Layout">Layout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-layout_002c-page-parameters-for">layout, page parameters for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leaders_002c-dots-in-table-of-contents">leaders, dots in table of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-leading">leading</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-angle-quotation-marks">left angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-arrow_002c-in-text">left arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-left-brace_002c-in-text">left brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24156,8 +26604,11 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items">lists of items</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-generic">lists of items, generic</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lists-of-items_002c-numbered">lists of items, numbered</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#enumerate">enumerate</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lmodern-package"><code>lmodern</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-loading-additional-packages">loading additional packages</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-locale-information_002c-from-system">locale information, from system</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file">log file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-log-file_002c-writing-to">log file, writing to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX">logo, LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-LaTeX2e">logo, LaTeX2e</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-logo_002c-TeX">logo, TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24169,17 +26620,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LR-mode">LR mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrbox"><code>lrbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#lrbox">lrbox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lshort-document"><code>lshort <span class="roman">document</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ltugboat-class"><code>ltugboat</code> class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex-command"><code>lualatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex"><code>lualatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lualatex_002ddev"><code>lualatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LuaTeX_002c-256-output-streams-in">LuaTeX, 256 output streams in</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-M">M</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-m_002dwidth">m-width</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macro-package_002c-LaTeX-as">macro package, LaTeX as</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent">macron accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macron-accent_002c-math">macron accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros2e-package"><code>macros2e</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Madsen_002c-Lars">Madsen, Lars</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#eqnarray">eqnarray</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mail-merges">mail merges</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-main-matter-of-a-book">main matter of a book</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter &amp; \mainmatter &amp; \backmatter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make-a-box">make a box</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex"><code>makeindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-makeindex-program"><code>makeindex</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
@@ -24200,17 +26653,21 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-entering">math mode, entering</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-1">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-spacing-2">math mode, spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-mode_002c-vertical-space">math mode, vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math-symbols">math symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-arrows"><code>math, arrows</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-math_002c-bold">math, bold</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-1"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-2"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-3"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-4"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mathtools-package-5"><code>mathtools</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-MetaPost-package"><code>MetaPost</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mfirstuc-package"><code>mfirstuc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mhchem-package"><code>mhchem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Millimeter">Millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-millimeter">millimeter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage-environment"><code><code>minipage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minipage_002c-creating-a">minipage, creating a</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-minted-package"><code>minted</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -24227,10 +26684,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multicolumn-text">multicolumn text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multilingual-support">multilingual support</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multind-package"><code>multind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiple-indexes">multiple indexes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-multiplication_002c-discretionary">multiplication, discretionary</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_002a">\*</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-N">N</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name"><code>name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-name-of-document-root">name of document root</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-NBSP">NBSP</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nested-_005cinclude_002c-not-allowed">nested <code>\include</code>, not allowed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">\include &amp; \includeonly</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-class-commands">new class commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-construction">Class and package construction</a></td></tr>
@@ -24242,14 +26701,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting">new line, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_005c">\\</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-line_002c-starting-_0028paragraph-mode_0029">new line, starting (paragraph mode)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewline">\newline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-new-page_002c-starting">new page, starting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewpage">\newpage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-newline_002c-in-_005cwrite">newline, in <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-noheader-option-for-filecontents"><code>noheader</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dbreaking-hyphen-character">non-breaking hyphen character</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dEnglish-characters">non-English characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nonstopmode">nonstopmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-nosearch-option-for-filecontents"><code>nosearch</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notes-in-the-margin">notes in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-notitlepage-option"><code>notitlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-null-delimiter">null delimiter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numbered-items_002c-specifying-counter">numbered items, specifying counter</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cusecounter">\usecounter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-numerals_002c-old_002dstyle">numerals, old-style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-O">O</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oblique-font">oblique font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oe-ligature">oe ligature</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ogonek">ogonek</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
@@ -24257,11 +26721,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-one_002dcolumn-output">one-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005conecolumn">\onecolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-onecolumn-option"><code>onecolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oneside-option"><code>oneside <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-open-a-file">open a file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">\openin &amp; \openout</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openany-option"><code>openany <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openbib-option"><code>openbib <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-opening-quote">opening quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-openright-option"><code>openright <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OpenType-fonts">OpenType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-operating-system-information">operating system information</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-class">options, class</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-color-package">options, color package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Color-package-options">Color package options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-command-line">options, command line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
@@ -24273,55 +26739,74 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-options_002c-package-1">options, package</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-oslash">oslash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-OT1">OT1</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-outer-paragraph-mode">outer paragraph mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Modes">Modes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-output-directory-for-all-external-files">output directory for all external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overbar-accent">overbar accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overdot-accent_002c-math">overdot accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overlining">overlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overview-of-LaTeX">overview of LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-overwrite-option-for-filecontents"><code>overwrite</code> option for <code>filecontents</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-P">P</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-file-layout">package file layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-structure">Class and package structure</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package-options-1">package options</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-abstract"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>abstract</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#abstract">abstract</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-adjustbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>adjustbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Boxes">Boxes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-algorithm2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>algorithm2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amscd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amscd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsfonts-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsfonts</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#displaymath">displaymath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#equation">equation</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-6"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-7"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">\bigl &amp; \bigr etc.</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-8"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Dots">Dots</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-9"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-functions">Math functions</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-10"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-11"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsmath-12"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsmath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">Colon character &amp; \colon</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-amsthm-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>amsthm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crule">\rule</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-answers"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>answers</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-appendix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>appendix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-array-_0028package_0029"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>array (package)</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-Asymptote-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>Asymptote</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-babel-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>babel</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-beamer"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bigfoot"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bigfoot</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-of-footnotes">Footnotes of footnotes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-bm"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>bm</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cref">\ref</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cleveref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cleveref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cm_002dsuper"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cm-super</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-comprehensive"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>comprehensive</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-cprotect-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>cprotect</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datatool"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datatool</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-datetime"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>datetime</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-dcolumn"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>dcolumn</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#array">array</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-enumitem-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>enumitem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#list">list</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-envlab"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>envlab</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakelabels">\makelabels</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-etoolbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>etoolbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-eurosym-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>eurosym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-expl3-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>expl3</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-styles">Page styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyhdr-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyhdr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-fancyvrb"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>fancyvrb</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
@@ -24330,6 +26815,8 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-float"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>float</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-geometry-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>geometry</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-graphpap"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>graphpap</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cgraphpaper">\graphpaper</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-grfext"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>grfext</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareGraphicsExtensions">\DeclareGraphicsExtensions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnotemark">\footnotemark</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-hyperref-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>hyperref</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagenumbering">\pagenumbering</a></td></tr>
@@ -24341,14 +26828,18 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-indentfirst-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>indentfirst</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">\indent &amp; \noindent</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-index"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-latexsym"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>latexsym</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-listings-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>listings</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-lmodern"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>lmodern</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-macros2e"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>macros2e</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">\makeatletter &amp; \makeatother</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-formulas">Math formulas</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">\left &amp; \right</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mathtools-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mathtools</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-MetaPost"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>MetaPost</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mfirstuc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mfirstuc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-mhchem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>mhchem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
@@ -24362,26 +26853,33 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-polyglossia-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>polyglossia</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-PSTricks"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>PSTricks</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-sagetex"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>sagetex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-setspace"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>setspace</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-shellesc"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>shellesc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-showidx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>showidx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-symbols"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>symbols</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-siunitx-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>siunitx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-suffix"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>suffix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-texosquery"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>texosquery</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcase"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-textcomp"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>textcomp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-TikZ-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>TikZ</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tikz_002dcd"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tikz-cd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-2"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-3"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-4"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-titlesec-5"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>titlesec</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocbibbind"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocbibbind</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-tocloft"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>tocloft</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-ulem"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>ulem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-unicode_002dmath"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>unicode-math</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-url"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>url</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-verbatimbox"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>verbatimbox</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xparse-1"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xparse</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-package_002c-xstring"><span class="roman">package</span>, <code>xstring</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-packages_002c-loading-additional">packages, loading additional</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-packages">Additional packages</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-forcing">page break, forcing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-page-break_002c-preventing">page break, preventing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">\pagebreak &amp; \nopagebreak</a></td></tr>
@@ -24408,12 +26906,16 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-paragraphs">paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Making-paragraphs">Making paragraphs</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-for-footnotes">parameters, for footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfootnote">\footnote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parameters_002c-page-layout">parameters, page layout</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parent-directories_002c-cannot-write-to">parent directories, cannot write to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-parentheses">parentheses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Delimiters">Delimiters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-part-1">part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pattern_002c-current-tab-stops_002c-tabbing">pattern, current tab stops, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pc"><code>pc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files-1">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PDF-graphic-files">PDF graphic files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex"><code>pdflatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex-command"><code>pdflatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdflatex_002ddev"><code>pdflatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pdfTeX-engine">pdfTeX engine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-period_002c-abbreviation_002dending">period, abbreviation-ending</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040">\@</a></td></tr>
@@ -24427,11 +26929,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pictures_002c-creating">pictures, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#picture">picture</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pilcrow">pilcrow</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-placement-of-floats">placement of floats</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Floats">Floats</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-platex"><code>platex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-platex_002ddev"><code>platex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-plural"><code>plural</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Graphics-package-configuration">Graphics package configuration</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files-1">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PNG-files">PNG files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cincludegraphics">\includegraphics</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-poetry_002c-an-environment-for">poetry, an environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verse">verse</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Point">Point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-point">point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polish-l">polish l</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-polyglossia-package-1"><code>polyglossia</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctoday">\today</a></td></tr>
@@ -24445,12 +26948,13 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pounds-symbol">pounds symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble"><code>preamble</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-preamble_002c-defined">preamble, defined</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Starting-and-ending">Starting and ending</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prerelease-testing">prerelease testing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prompt_002c-_002a">prompt, &lsquo;<samp>*</samp>&rsquo;</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Recovering-from-errors">Recovering from errors</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pronunciation">pronunciation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PSTricks-package"><code>PSTricks</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pt"><code>pt</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-Q">Q</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quad">quad</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-question-mark_002c-upside_002ddown">question mark, upside-down</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quotation-environment"><code><code>quotation</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
@@ -24461,23 +26965,26 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-with-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-quoted-text-without-paragraph-indentation_002c-displaying">quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#quotation-_0026-quote">quotation &amp; quote</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-R">R</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-radical">radical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csqrt">\sqrt</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text">ragged left text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-left-text_002c-environment-for">ragged left text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text">ragged right text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedright">\raggedright</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ragged-right-text_002c-environment-for">ragged right text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushleft">flushleft</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-read-a-file">read a file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cread">\read</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-redefining-environments">redefining environments</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">\newenvironment &amp; \renewenvironment</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reference_002c-forward">reference, forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Cross-references">Cross references</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-references_002c-resolving-forward">references, resolving forward</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-registered-symbol">registered symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-relation_002c-text-above">relation, text above</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstackrel">\stackrel</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-release-candidates">release candidates</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remarks-in-the-margin">remarks in the margin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Marginal-notes">Marginal notes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-report-class"><code>report <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reporting-bugs">reporting bugs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reserved-characters">reserved characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-resizing-1">resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-restricted-shell-access">restricted shell access</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-angle-quotation-marks">right angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-arrow_002c-in-text">right arrow, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right-brace_002c-in-text">right brace, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24487,6 +26994,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002dhand-equation-numbers">right-hand equation numbers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text">right-justifying text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005craggedleft">\raggedleft</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-right_002djustifying-text_002c-environment-for">right-justifying text, environment for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#flushright">flushright</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rigid-lengths">rigid lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent">ring accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ring-accent_002c-math">ring accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-robust-commands">robust commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cprotect">\protect</a></td></tr>
@@ -24497,18 +27005,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotating-text">rotating text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rotation">rotation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005crotatebox">\rotatebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-row_002c-tabbing">row, <span class="roman">tabbing</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths">rubber lengths</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rubber-lengths_002c-defining-new">rubber lengths, defining new</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer">running header and footer</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Page-layout-parameters">Page layout parameters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-running-header-and-footer-style">running header and footer style</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpagestyle">\pagestyle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sagetex-package"><code>sagetex</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-S">S</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sans-serif-font">sans serif font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Scaled-point">Scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaled-point">scaled point</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scaling-1">scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-fonts">script fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Calligraphic">Calligraphic</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-script-letters-for-math">script letters for math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-scrollmode">scrollmode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth"><code>secnumdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-secnumdepth-counter"><code>secnumdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section">section</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -24519,11 +27028,19 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-section_002c-redefining">section, redefining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040startsection">\@startsection</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning-commands">sectioning commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sectioning_002c-part">sectioning, part</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-security-and-_005cwrite">security and <code>\write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite-and-security">\write and security</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-see-and-see-also-index-entries">see and see also index entries</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cindex">\index</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-self_002dcontained-sources">self-contained sources</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-series_002c-of-fonts">series, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setspace-package"><code>setspace</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setting-counters">setting counters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sh_002c-used-by-_005cwrite18"><code>sh<span class="roman">, used by <code>\write18</code></span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shapes_002c-of-fonts">shapes, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sharp-S-letters">sharp S letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-access">shell access</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shell-escape">shell escape</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Command-line-options">Command line options</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-SHELL_002c-environment-variables"><code>SHELL<span class="roman">, environment variables</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shellesc-package"><code>shellesc</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-showidx-package"><code>showidx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Indexes">Indexes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simulating-typed-text">simulating typed text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-angle-quotation-marks">single angle quotation marks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24532,8 +27049,10 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-low_002d9-quotation-mark">single low-9 quotation mark</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-quote_002c-straight">single quote, straight</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-single-right-quote">single right quote</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#minipage">minipage</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-siunitx-package-1"><code>siunitx</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sizes-of-text">sizes of text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-sizes">Font sizes</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-plain-TeX">skip <span class="roman">plain TeX</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Lengths">Lengths</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-skip-register_002c-plain-TeX">skip register, plain TeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewlength">\newlength</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slanted-font">slanted font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-slides-class"><code>slides <span class="roman">class</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-classes">Document classes</a></td></tr>
@@ -24541,8 +27060,9 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sloppypar-environment">sloppypar environment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#sloppypar">sloppypar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-small-caps-font">small caps font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sort"><code>sort</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-source-files_002c-making-self_002dcontained">source files, making self-contained</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sp"><code>sp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-hard">space, hard</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space-between-lines">space between lines</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">\baselineskip &amp; \baselinestretch</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-horizontal">space, inserting horizontal</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005chss">\hss</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-inserting-vertical">space, inserting vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-negative-thin">space, negative thin</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace &amp; \negthinspace</a></td></tr>
@@ -24551,10 +27071,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-space_002c-vertical">space, vertical</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cvspace">\vspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces">spaces</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces_002c-ignore-around-commands-1">spaces, ignore around commands</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xspace-package">xspace package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing-within-math-mode">spacing within math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cfrenchspacing">\frenchspacing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-inter_002dsentence-1">spacing, inter-sentence</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnormalsfcodes">\normalsfcodes</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spacing_002c-math-mode-1">spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Spanish-ordinals_002c-feminine-and-masculine">Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Reserved-characters">Reserved characters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-special-characters-1">special characters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Additional-Latin-letters">Additional Latin letters</a></td></tr>
@@ -24584,18 +27106,26 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subscript">subscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsection-1">subsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-subsubsection-1">subsubsection</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-suffix-package"><code>suffix</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-superscript">superscript</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">Subscripts &amp; superscripts</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol"><code>symbol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cnewglossaryentry">\newglossaryentry</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols-package"><code>symbols</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbol_002c-defining">symbol, defining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cDeclareTextSymbol">\DeclareTextSymbol</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-arrows">symbols, arrows</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-boldface">symbols, boldface</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">\boldmath &amp; \unboldmath</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-math">symbols, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-symbols">Math symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-symbols_002c-text">symbols, text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-commands_002c-run-from-LaTeX">system commands, run from LaTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-system-information">system information</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-T">T</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-T1">T1</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tab-stops_002c-using">tab stops, using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabbing-environment"><code><code>tabbing</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabbing">tabbing</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-environment"><code><code>table</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents">table of contents</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ccontentsline">\contentsline</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-create-dotted-line">table of contents entry, create dotted line</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040dottedtocline">\@dottedtocline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-entry_002c-manually-adding">table of contents entry, manually adding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddcontentsline">\addcontentsline</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents-file">table of contents file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-avoiding-footnotes">table of contents, avoiding footnotes</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Footnotes-in-section-headings">Footnotes in section headings</a></td></tr>
@@ -24603,22 +27133,24 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed">table of contents, sectioning numbers printed</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tables_002c-creating">tables, creating</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#table">table</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tabular-environment"><code><code>tabular</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tabular">tabular</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-article">template, <code>article</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template-_0028simple_0029_002c-article">template (simple), <code>article</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#article-template">article template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-beamer">template, <code>beamer</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#beamer-template">beamer template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#book-template">book template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-book-1">template, <code>book</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Larger-book-template">Larger book template</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-template_002c-TUGboat">template, TUGboat</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-templates_002c-document">templates, document</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-templates">Document templates</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Terminal-input_002foutput">Terminal input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal-input_002foutput">terminal input/output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Input_002foutput">Input/output</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-terminal_002c-writing-to">terminal, writing to</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-format-_0028_002efmt_0029-files">TeX format (<code>.fmt</code>) files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TeX-logo">TeX logo</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texosquery-package"><code>texosquery</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite18">\write18</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-texput_002c-jobname-default"><code>texput<span class="roman">, jobname default</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text-symbols">text symbols</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-resizing-1">text, resizing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cscalebox">\scalebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-text_002c-scaling-1">text, scaling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cresizebox">\resizebox</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcase-package"><code>textcase</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package-1"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-textcomp-package"><code>textcomp <span class="roman">package</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thanks_002c-for-titlepage">thanks, for titlepage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-thebibliography-environment"><code><code>thebibliography</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#thebibliography">thebibliography</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-theorem-environment"><code><code>theorem</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#theorem">theorem</a></td></tr>
@@ -24636,6 +27168,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cline">\line</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-1"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cstrut">\strut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TikZ-package-2"><code>TikZ</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tikz_002dcd-package"><code>tikz-cd</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Arrows">Arrows</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent">tilde accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde-accent_002c-math">tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tilde_002c-ASCII_002c-in-text">tilde, ASCII, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
@@ -24645,11 +27178,12 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-environment"><code><code>titlepage</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#titlepage">titlepage</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlepage-option"><code>titlepage <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titles_002c-making">titles, making</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmaketitle">\maketitle</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-1"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cpart">\part</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-2"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cchapter">\chapter</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-3"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csection">\section</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-4"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsection">\subsection</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-titlesec-package-5"><code>titlesec</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">\subsubsection &amp; \paragraph &amp; \subparagraph</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocbibbind-package"><code>tocbibbind</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Table-of-contents-etc_002e">Table of contents etc.</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth"><code>tocdepth</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tocdepth-counter"><code>tocdepth <span class="roman">counter</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Sectioning">Sectioning</a></td></tr>
@@ -24664,7 +27198,7 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-trademark-symbol">trademark symbol</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-transcript-file">transcript file</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TrueType-fonts">TrueType fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TUGboat-template">TUGboat template</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#tugboat-template">tugboat template</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-TS1-encoding">TS1 encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dcolumn-output">two-column output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005ctwocolumn">\twocolumn</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-two_002dthirds-em_002ddash">two-thirds em-dash</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-twocolumn-option"><code>twocolumn <span class="roman">option</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Document-class-options">Document class options</a></td></tr>
@@ -24676,23 +27210,29 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-font">typewriter font</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Font-styles">Font styles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-typewriter-labels-in-lists">typewriter labels in lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#description">description</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-U">U</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ulem-package"><code>ulem</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-umlaut-accent">umlaut accent</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unbreakable-space">unbreakable space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_007e">~</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underbar">underbar</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Accents">Accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underlining">underlining</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-underscore_002c-in-text">underscore, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode">Unicode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#inputenc-package">inputenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Unicode-input_002c-native">Unicode input, native</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unicode_002dmath-package"><code>unicode-math</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Greek-letters">Greek letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-units_002c-of-length">units, of length</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unofficial-nature-of-this-manual">unofficial nature of this manual</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unordered-lists">unordered lists</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#itemize">itemize</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uplatex"><code>uplatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uplatex_002ddev"><code>uplatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-uppercase">uppercase</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-url-package"><code>url</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-BibTeX">using BibTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using-BibTeX">Using BibTeX</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-usrguide-official-documentation"><code>usrguide <span class="roman">official documentation</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#About-this-document">About this document</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8">UTF-8</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-default-LaTeX-input-encoding">UTF-8, default LaTeX input encoding</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Overview">Overview</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-engine-support-for">UTF-8, engine support for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-UTF_002d8_002c-font-support-for">UTF-8, font support for</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#fontenc-package">fontenc package</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-V">V</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-variables_002c-a-list-of">variables, a list of</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Counters">Counters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vector-symbol_002c-math">vector symbol, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-verbatim-environment"><code><code>verbatim</code> <span class="roman">environment</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#verbatim">verbatim</a></td></tr>
@@ -24707,54 +27247,65 @@ Previous: <a href="#Document-templates" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Document templa
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-1">vertical space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005caddvspace">\addvspace</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-space-before-paragraphs">vertical space before paragraphs</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">\parindent &amp; \parskip</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">\phantom &amp; \vphantom &amp; \hphantom</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing-1">vertical spacing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cmathstrut">\mathstrut</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vertical-spacing_002c-math-mode">vertical spacing, math mode</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005csmash">\smash</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space">visible space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cverb">\verb</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-visible-space-symbol_002c-in-text">visible space symbol, in text</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Text-symbols">Text symbols</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-W">W</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-weights_002c-of-fonts">weights, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-whatsit-item">whatsit item</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005cwrite">\write</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-white-space">white space</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Spaces">Spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-hat-accent_002c-math">wide hat accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-wide-tilde-accent_002c-math">wide tilde accent, math</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Math-accents">Math accents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-widths_002c-of-fonts">widths, of fonts</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Low_002dlevel-font-commands">Low-level font commands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-Wright_002c-Joseph">Wright, Joseph</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Upper-and-lower-case">Upper and lower case</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-external-files">writing external files</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#filecontents">filecontents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writing-letters">writing letters</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Letters">Letters</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
-<tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
+<tr><th id="Index_cp_letter-X">X</th><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-x_002dheight">x-height</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Units-of-length">Units of length</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvi-command"><code>xdvi <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Output-files">Output files</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xdvipdfmx"><code>xdvipdfmx</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex-command"><code>xelatex <span class="roman">command</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex"><code>xelatex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xelatex_002ddev"><code>xelatex-dev</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-XeTeX">XeTeX</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#TeX-engines">TeX engines</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy"><code>xindy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy</code> program</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindex-program"><code>xindex <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xindy-program"><code>xindy <span class="roman">program</span></code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#makeindex">makeindex</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#LaTeX-command-syntax">LaTeX command syntax</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xparse-package-1"><code>xparse</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#g_t_005c_0040ifstar">\@ifstar</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr-package"><code><code>xr</code> package</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xr_002dhyper-package"><code><code>xr-hyper</code> package</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#xr-package">xr package</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstring-package"><code>xstring</code> <span class="roman">package</span></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Jobname">Jobname</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
</table>
-<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>&amp;</b></a>
+<table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-1"><b>$</b></a>
+ &nbsp;
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>&amp;</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-2"><b>*</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>*</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-3"><b>-</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>-</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-4"><b>.</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>.</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-5"><b>1</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>/</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-6"><b>:</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>1</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-7"><b>[</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>:</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-8"><b>\</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>[</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-9"><b>^</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>\</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-10"><b>_</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>^</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-11"><b>`</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>_</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-12"><b>{</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>{</b></a>
&nbsp;
-<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-13"><b>~</b></a>
+<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_symbol-14"><b>~</b></a>
&nbsp;
<br>
<a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>