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diff --git a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
index a2145d20b9..4569eac934 100644
--- a/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
+++ b/info/latex2e-help-texinfo/latex2e.dbk
@@ -1,45 +1,20 @@
<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
<!ENTITY tex "TeX">
<!ENTITY latex "LaTeX">
]>
<book id="latex2e.dbk" lang="en">
-<!-- $Id: common.texi 1031 2021-09-01 17:02:05Z vincentb1 $ -->
-<!-- Public domain. -->
-
-<title>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2022)</title>
-<!-- %**end of header (This is for running Texinfo on a region.) -->
-
-<!-- latex 2.09 commands should all be present now, -->
-<!-- xx but latex2e stuff is missing. -->
-<!-- xx random list of a few of the missing items is at the end of this file -->
-<!-- xx read through latex2e news for things to update. -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx ctan, distributions, components of TeX -->
-<!-- xx classes and packages: required, additional, useful; oberdiek; fonts -->
-<!-- xx merge permuted-index -->
-<!-- xx merge latex-manual from savannah -->
-<!-- xx merge display style math -->
-<!-- xx check recent ltnews for (lots of) changes -->
-<!-- xx \write of non-ASCII chars (vincent mail of 14 Mar 2020 21:39:41) -->
-<!-- xx \nonstopmode etc., if they are officially supported by LaTeX? -->
-<!-- xx JH explain nfss somewhere -->
-<!-- xx JH expand BiBTeX -->
-<!-- xx JH expand theorem, AMS math -->
-<!-- xx JH something on code listings -->
-<!-- xx JH ligatures -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx \NewCommandCopy et al. (Brian Dunn, 21 Dec 2021 06:50:17). -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx The typeset source2e has an index with all kernel -->
-<!-- xx commands, though some are internal and shouldn't be included. -->
-<!-- xx classes.dtx et al. define additional commands. -->
-<!-- xx See also http://ctan.org/pkg/macros2e. -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- xx All the special characters should be definitively described. -->
-
-<bookinfo><legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of January 2022.
+<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
+<subtitle>January 2023</subtitle>
+<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</titleabbrev>
+<bookinfo><title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
+<subtitle>January 2023</subtitle>
+<titleabbrev>&latex;2e unofficial reference manual (January 2023)</titleabbrev>
+<authorgroup>
+<collab><collabname><ulink url="https://latexref.xyz">https://latexref.xyz</ulink></collabname></collab>
+</authorgroup>
+<legalnotice><para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
+document preparation system, version of January 2023.
</para>
<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the
VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
@@ -77,62 +52,6 @@ notice identical to this one.
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
<!-- end of License -->
</para></legalnotice></bookinfo>
-<!-- Merge into one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index). -->
-
-
-
-
-<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual for &latex;, a
-document preparation system, version of January 2022.
-</para>
-<para>This manual was originally translated from <filename>LATEX.HLP</filename> v1.0a in the
-VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by
-George&#160;D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The
-&latex;&#160;2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore. The
-&latex;2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen. Karl
-Berry made further updates and additions, and gratefully acknowledges
-using <citetitle>Hypertext Help with &latex;</citetitle>, by Sheldon Green, and
-<citetitle>&latex; Command Summary</citetitle> (for &latex;&#160;2.09) by
-L.&#160;Botway and C.&#160;Biemesderfer (published by the &tex; Users
-Group as <citetitle>&tex;niques</citetitle> number 10), as reference material. We also
-gratefully acknowledge additional material appearing in
-latex2e-reference by Martin Herbert Dietze. (From these references no
-text was directly copied.)
-</para>
-<para>Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013,
-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 Karl Berry.
-
-Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore.
-
-Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen.
-</para>
-<!-- start of License -->
-<para>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
-this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
-are preserved on all copies.
-</para>
-
-<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
-manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
-resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
-notice identical to this one.
-</para>
-<para>Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
-into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
-<!-- end of License -->
-</para>
-
-<!-- Best Effort Symbol -->
-
-
-<chapter label="" id="Top">
-<title>&latex;2e: An unofficial reference manual</title>
-
-<para>This document is an unofficial reference manual (version of
-January 2022) for &latex;2e, a document preparation system.
-</para>
-
-</chapter>
<chapter label="1" id="About-this-document">
<title>About this document</title>
@@ -461,8 +380,8 @@ before being released.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>command syntax</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ character starting commands</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] for optional arguments</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} for required arguments</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>[...] (for optional arguments)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>{...} (for required arguments)</primary></indexterm>
<para>In the &latex; input file, a command name starts with a backslash
character, <literal>\</literal>. The name itself then consists of either
(a)&#160;a string of letters or (b)&#160;a single non-letter.
@@ -910,7 +829,7 @@ of the descriptions here derive from this document), or the tutorial
at the beginning of the shipout of the first page of the document.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\AtEndOfClass{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\AtEndOfPackage{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\AtEndOfPackage{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfClass</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\AtEndOfPackage</primary></indexterm>
<para>Hook to insert <replaceable>code</replaceable> to be executed when &latex; finishes
@@ -919,10 +838,10 @@ multiple times; the <literal>code</literal> will be executed in the order that y
called it. See also <link linkend="_005cAtBeginDocument">\AtBeginDocument</link>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\CheckCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\CheckCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\CheckCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\CheckCommand*</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, check</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, checking</primary></indexterm>
<para>Like <literal>\newcommand</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</link>) but does
not define <replaceable>cmd</replaceable>; instead it checks that the current definition of
<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> is exactly as given by <replaceable>definition</replaceable> and is or is not
@@ -935,15 +854,15 @@ redefining <literal>cmd</literal> yourself that no other package has already
redefined this command.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassError{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageError{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassWarning{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageWarning{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassWarningNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageWarningNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassInfo{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageInfo{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ClassInfoNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PackageInfoNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassWarning{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassWarningNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassInfo{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ClassInfoNoLine{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageError{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>error text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>help text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageWarning{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageWarningNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>warning text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageInfo{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PackageInfoNoLine{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}{<replaceable>info text</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassError</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PackageError</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ClassWarning</primary></indexterm>
@@ -980,7 +899,7 @@ be used within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\
or <literal>\DeclareOption*</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareOption{<replaceable>option</replaceable>}{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\DeclareOption*{<replaceable>code</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareOption*</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>class options</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1016,7 +935,7 @@ passes the option to the <literal>article</literal> class.
\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{article}}}
</screen>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\DeclareRobustCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>* \DeclareRobustCommand*{<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>num</replaceable>][<replaceable>default</replaceable>]{<replaceable>definition</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareRobustCommand*</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new command, definition</primary></indexterm>
@@ -1052,9 +971,8 @@ commands, so they do not just make a log message when you redefine
<replaceable>cmd</replaceable> that already exists, in that case you need to use either
<literal>\renew&#8230;</literal> or <literal>\provide&#8230;</literal> or you get an error.
</para></listitem></orderedlist>
-
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\IfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\InputIfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\InputIfFileExists{<replaceable>filename</replaceable>}{<replaceable>true code</replaceable>}{<replaceable>false code</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\IfFileExists</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\InputIfFileExists</primary></indexterm>
<para>Execute <replaceable>true code</replaceable> if &latex; finds the file <filename><replaceable>file
@@ -1076,7 +994,7 @@ appending the <literal>.tex</literal>; for more on how &latex; handles file
extensions see <link linkend="_005cinput">\input</link>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LoadClass[<replaceable>options list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\LoadClassWithOptions{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\LoadClassWithOptions{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClass</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\LoadClassWithOptions</primary></indexterm>
<para>Load a class, as with <literal>\documentclass[<replaceable>options
@@ -1147,7 +1065,7 @@ within the <replaceable>code</replaceable> argument of either <literal>\DeclareO
<!-- reaches @code{\begin@{document@}}. -->
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PassOptionsToClass{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{<replaceable>option list</replaceable>}{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToClass</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\PassOptionsToPackage</primary></indexterm>
<para>Adds the options in the comma-separated list <replaceable>option list</replaceable> to the
@@ -1186,7 +1104,7 @@ option. The user could start their &latex; file with
<literal>\PassOptionsToPackage{draft}{graphicx}\documentclass{foo}</literal>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProcessOptions</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProcessOptions*<replaceable>\@options</replaceable></literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ProcessOptions*<replaceable>\@options</replaceable></literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProcessOptions*</primary></indexterm>
<para>Execute the code for each option that the user has invoked. Include it
@@ -1225,9 +1143,9 @@ the order of declaration in the class or package. For a package this
means that the global options are processed first.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ProvidesClass{<replaceable>class name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable> <replaceable>brief additional information</replaceable>]</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\ProvidesPackage{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesClass</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvidesPackage</primary></indexterm>
<para>Identifies the class or package, printing a message to the screen and
@@ -1271,7 +1189,7 @@ file and you get in the log a string like <literal>File: test.config
&#8216;<literal>2017/10/12 config file for test.cls</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\RequirePackage[<replaceable>option list</replaceable>]{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
-</term></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
+</term><term><literal>\RequirePackageWithOptions{<replaceable>package name</replaceable>}[<replaceable>release date</replaceable>]</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\RequirePackageWithOptions</primary></indexterm>
<para>Load a package, like the command <literal>\usepackage</literal> (see <link linkend="Additional-packages">Additional
@@ -1562,9 +1480,8 @@ definition for that accent then &latex; will use the definition from
<sect2 label="4.1.4" id="_005cDeclareTextCommand-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommand">
<title><literal>\DeclareTextCommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\ProvideTextCommand</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommand</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cDeclareTextCommand"/><anchor id="_005cProvideTextCommand"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommand</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvideTextCommand</primary></indexterm>
-
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<screen>\DeclareTextCommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>encoding</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
@@ -1620,9 +1537,7 @@ take an optional argument.
<sect2 label="4.1.5" id="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault-_0026-_005cProvideTextCommandDefault">
<title><literal>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</literal> &amp; <literal>\ProvideTextCommandDefault </literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommand</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvideTextCommand</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cDeclareTextCommandDefault"/><anchor id="_005cProvideTextCommandDefault"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\DeclareTextCommandDefault</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ProvideTextCommandDefault</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -1800,7 +1715,7 @@ name of the encoding explicitly.
<sect2 label="4.1.11" id="_005cUseTextSymbol-_0026-_005cUseTextAccent">
<title><literal>\UseTextSymbol</literal> &amp; <literal>\UseTextAccent</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\UseTextSymbol</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cUseTextSymbol"/><anchor id="_005cUseTextAccent"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\UseTextSymbol</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\UseTextAccent</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -1864,7 +1779,7 @@ describe further at the end of the section.
you can get bold sans serif by saying either of
<literal>\sffamily\bfseries</literal> or <literal>\bfseries\sffamily</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cnocorrlist"/><anchor id="_005cnocorr"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorrlist</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nocorr</primary></indexterm>
<para>One advantage of these commands is that they automatically insert italic
corrections if needed (see <link linkend="_005c_002f">\/</link>). Specifically, they insert the
@@ -1928,7 +1843,7 @@ To suppress the automatic insertion of italic correction, use
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>emphasis</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\emph</primary></indexterm>
<para>Although it also changes fonts, the <literal>\emph{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> command
-is semantic, for text to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
+is semantic, for <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be emphasized, and should not be used as a
substitute for <literal>\textit</literal>. For example, <literal>\emph{<replaceable>start
text</replaceable> \emph{<replaceable>middle text</replaceable>} <replaceable>end text</replaceable>}</literal> will result in the
<replaceable>start text</replaceable> and <replaceable>end text</replaceable> in italics, but <replaceable>middle text</replaceable>
@@ -2018,14 +1933,14 @@ typographic treatment, regardless of the surrounding environment.
<para>Calligraphic letters, for use in math mode.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cmathversion"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathversion</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>math, bold</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bold math</primary></indexterm>
<para>In addition, the command <literal>\mathversion{bold}</literal> can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in
formulas. <literal>\mathversion{normal}</literal> restores the default.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oldstylenums</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005coldstylenums"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\oldstylenums</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>numerals, old-style</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>old-style numerals</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>lining numerals</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2481,7 +2396,7 @@ Two column text here.
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\flushbottom</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Make all pages in the documents after this declaration have the same
+<para>Make all pages in the document after this declaration have the same
height, by stretching the vertical space where necessary to fill out the
page. This is most often used when making two-sided documents since the
differences in facing pages can be glaring.
@@ -2497,7 +2412,8 @@ is to, in a final editing stage, adjust the height of individual pages
(see <link linkend="_005cenlargethispage">\enlargethispage</link>).
</para>
<para>The <literal>\flushbottom</literal> state is the default only if you select the
-<literal>twoside</literal> document class option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>).
+<literal>twocolumn</literal> document class option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>),
+and for indexes made using <literal>makeidx</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -2512,7 +2428,7 @@ rubber vertical lengths will be stretched. Thus, in a two-sided
document the facing pages may be different heights. This command can go
at any point in the document body. See <link linkend="_005cflushbottom">\flushbottom</link>.
</para>
-<para>This is the default unless you select the <literal>twoside</literal> document class
+<para>This is the default unless you select the <literal>twocolumn</literal> document class
option (see <link linkend="Document-class-options">Document class options</link>).
</para>
@@ -2688,7 +2604,7 @@ same as the font size, e.g., &#8216;<literal>10pt</literal>&#8217; at a type siz
<sect1 label="5.6" id="_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch">
<title><literal>\baselineskip</literal> &amp; <literal>\baselinestretch</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cbaselineskip"/><anchor id="_005cbaselinestretch"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselineskip</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\baselinestretch</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linespread</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>space between lines</primary></indexterm>
@@ -2758,24 +2674,25 @@ paragraph start.
between lines can approach zero but if it becomes zero (or less than
zero) then the lines jump to 1pt apart.
</para>
-<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in double
-space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the interline
-distance is via <literal>\baselinestretch</literal>. It scales
-<literal>\baselineskip</literal>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a command,
-not a length, so change the scale factor as in
+<para>Sometimes authors must, for editing purposes, put the document in
+double space or one-and-a-half space. The right way to influence the
+interline distance is via <literal>\baselinestretch</literal>. It scales
+<literal>\baselineskip</literal>, and has a default value of 1.0. It is a
+command, not a length, and does not take effect until a font change
+happens, so set the scale factor like this:
<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.5}\selectfont</literal>.
</para>
<para>The most straightforward way to change the line spacing for an entire
document is to put <literal>\linespread{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal> in the preamble.
For double spacing, take <replaceable>factor</replaceable> to be 1.6 and for one-and-a-half
-spacing use 1.3. These number are rough: for instance, since the
+spacing use 1.3. These numbers are rough: for instance, since the
<literal>\baselineskip</literal> is about 1.2 times the font size, multiplying by
1.6 gives a baseline skip to font size ratio of about 2. (The
<literal>\linespread</literal> command is defined as
-<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal> so it won&#8217;t
-take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes place at
-the start of a document, so there you don&#8217;t need to follow it with
-<literal>\selectfont</literal>.)
+<literal>\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{<replaceable>factor</replaceable>}</literal> so it also
+won&#8217;t take effect until a font setting happens. But that always takes
+place at the start of a document, so there you don&#8217;t need to follow it
+with <literal>\selectfont</literal>.)
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>setspace</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>setspace</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3150,9 +3067,11 @@ something like a subsection numbered &#8216;<literal>3.0.1</literal>&#8217;.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>titlesec</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
<para>&latex; lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a
-simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case
-letters with <literal>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</literal> in the
-preamble (see <link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>). CTAN
+simple example, you can change the section numbering to uppercase
+letters with this (in the preamble):
+
+<literal>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</literal> .
+(See <link linkend="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</link>.) CTAN
has many packages that make this adjustment easier, notably
<literal>titlesec</literal>.
</para>
@@ -3533,15 +3452,16 @@ text.
</para>
</sect1>
-
<sect1 label="6.5" id="_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph">
<title><literal>\subsubsection</literal>, <literal>\paragraph</literal>, <literal>\subparagraph</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005csubsubsection"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subsubsection</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>subsubsection</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\paragraph</primary></indexterm>
+<!-- -->
+<anchor id="_005cparagraph"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\paragraph</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subparagraph</primary></indexterm>
+<!-- -->
+<anchor id="_005csubparagraph"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\subparagraph</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>subparagraph</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
@@ -3615,10 +3535,10 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
</para>
</sect1>
-
<sect1 label="6.6" id="_005cappendix">
<title><literal>\appendix</literal></title>
+
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\appendix</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendix</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>appendices</primary></indexterm>
@@ -3627,12 +3547,12 @@ There are also many packages on CTAN that address this, including
</para>
<screen>\appendix
</screen>
-<para>This does not directly produce any output. But in a book or report it
-declares that subsequent <literal>\chapter</literal> commands start an appendix. In
-an article it does the same, for <literal>\section</literal> commands. It also
-resets the <literal>chapter</literal> and <literal>section</literal> counters to&#160;0 in a
-book or report, and in an article resets the <literal>section</literal> and
-<literal>subsection</literal> counters.
+<para>This does not directly produce any output. But in a <literal>book</literal> or
+<literal>report</literal> document it declares that subsequent <literal>\chapter</literal>
+commands start an appendix. In an article it does the same, for
+<literal>\section</literal> commands. It also resets the <literal>chapter</literal> and
+<literal>section</literal> counters to&#160;0 in a book or report, and in an article
+resets the <literal>section</literal> and <literal>subsection</literal> counters.
</para>
<para>In this book
</para>
@@ -3664,13 +3584,15 @@ number of other features. See the documentation on CTAN.
<sect1 label="6.7" id="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">
<title><literal>\frontmatter</literal>, <literal>\mainmatter</literal>, <literal>\backmatter</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frontmatter</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cfrontmatter"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frontmatter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, front matter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>front matter of a book</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mainmatter</primary></indexterm>
+<!-- -->
+<anchor id="_005cmainmatter"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mainmatter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, main matter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>main matter of a book</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backmatter</primary></indexterm>
+<!-- -->
+<anchor id="_005cbackmatter"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\backmatter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, back matter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>book, end matter</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>back matter of a book</primary></indexterm>
@@ -4241,7 +4163,7 @@ default only in the <literal>report</literal> class.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>abstract</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
<para>The next example produces a one column abstract in a two column document (for
-a more flexible solution, use the package <filename>abstract</filename>).
+a more flexible solution, use the package <literal>abstract</literal>).
</para>
<!-- Adopted from http://www.tex.ac.uk/FAQ-onecolabs.html -->
<screen>\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
@@ -5006,7 +4928,7 @@ Article by \myname.
...
\end{flushleft}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>flushleft</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>flushleft</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
<para>An environment that creates a paragraph whose lines are flush to the
left-hand margin, and ragged right. If you have lines that are too long
then &latex; will linebreak them in a way that avoids hyphenation and
@@ -5057,10 +4979,10 @@ formats paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit&#8217;s format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or <literal>\end</literal>
command that ends the paragraph unit.
</para>
-<para>Here <literal>\raggedright</literal> in each second column keeps &latex; from doing
-very awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column. Note
-that <literal>\raggedright</literal> is inside the curly braces <literal>{...}</literal> to
-delimit its effect.
+<para>Here <literal>\raggedright</literal> in each second column keeps &latex; from
+doing awkward typesetting to fit the text into the narrow column.
+Note that <literal>\raggedright</literal> is inside the curly braces
+<literal>{...}</literal> to delimit its effect.
</para>
<screen>\begin{tabular}{rp{2in}}
Team alpha &amp;{\raggedright This team does all the real work.} \\
@@ -6480,10 +6402,11 @@ determined in some other way then either use <literal>\fbox</literal> (see <link
</para>
<screen>\frame{<replaceable>contents</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>Puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>contents</replaceable>. The reference point is
-the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to <literal>\framebox</literal>
-(see <link linkend="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</link>), this command puts no extra space is put
-between the frame and the object. It is fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
+<para>Puts a rectangular frame around <replaceable>contents</replaceable>. The reference point
+is the bottom left corner of the frame. In contrast to
+<literal>\framebox</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cframebox-_0028picture_0029">\framebox (picture)</link>), this command puts no
+extra space between the frame and the object. It is fragile
+(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
</para>
</sect2>
@@ -6526,13 +6449,13 @@ take.
<sect1 label="8.20" id="quotation-_0026-quote">
<title><literal>quotation</literal> &amp; <literal>quote</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quotation</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="quotation"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quotation</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary><literal>quotation</literal> environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentations in quoted text</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quote</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="quote"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>environment, <literal>quote</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary><literal>quote</literal> environment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying</primary></indexterm>
@@ -6857,12 +6780,12 @@ illustrates many of the features.
<para>The output will have two left-aligned columns with a vertical bar
between them. This is specified in <literal>tabular</literal>&#8217;s argument
<literal>{l|l}</literal>.
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>&amp; for table cells</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>&amp; (for table cells)</primary></indexterm>
Put the entries into different columns by separating them with an
ampersand, <literal>&amp;</literal>. The end of each row is marked with a double
backslash, <literal>\\</literal>. Put a horizontal rule below a row, after a double
backslash, with <literal>\hline</literal>.
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>tabular</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>tabular</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
After the last row the <literal>\\</literal> is optional, unless an <literal>\hline</literal>
command follows to put a rule below the table.
</para>
@@ -6901,14 +6824,14 @@ column and intercolumn material.
or space</replaceable> material is typeset in LR mode. This text is fragile
(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
</para>
-<para>If between two columns there is no @-expression then &latex;&#8217;s
-<literal>book</literal>, <literal>article</literal>, and <literal>report</literal> classes will put on
-either side of each column a space of length <literal>\tabcolsep</literal>, which by
-default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
+<para>If between two column specifiers there is no @-expression then
+&latex;&#8217;s <literal>book</literal>, <literal>article</literal>, and <literal>report</literal> classes will
+put on either side of each column a space of width <literal>\tabcolsep</literal>,
+which by default is 6pt. That is, by default adjacent columns are
separated by 12pt (so <literal>\tabcolsep</literal> is misleadingly named
since it is only half of the separation between tabular columns). In
-addition, a space of 6pt also comes before the first column and
-after the final column, unless you put a <literal>@{...}</literal> or <literal>|</literal>
+addition, a space of <literal>\tabcolsep</literal> also comes before the first
+column and after the final column, unless you put a <literal>@{...}</literal>
there.
</para>
<para>If you override the default and use an @-expression then &latex; does
@@ -6934,7 +6857,7 @@ arranged so the numbers in the table are aligned on it.
$9$ &amp;$80665$
\end{tabular}
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\extracolsep</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cextracolsep"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\extracolsep</primary></indexterm>
<para>An <literal>\extracolsep{<replaceable>wd</replaceable>}</literal> command in an @-expression causes an
extra space of width <replaceable>wd</replaceable> to appear to the left of all subsequent
columns, until countermanded by another <literal>\extracolsep</literal>. Unlike
@@ -7760,7 +7683,7 @@ However, the <literal>cprotect</literal> package can help with this.
<screen>Then plainly know my heart's dear love is set \\
On the fair daughter of rich Capulet.
</screen>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>verse</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>verse</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
<para>Separate the lines of each stanza with <literal>\\</literal>, and use one or more
blank lines to separate the stanzas.
</para>
@@ -7809,7 +7732,7 @@ fiddling with breaks that will change anyway.
<sect1 label="9.1" id="_005c_005c">
<title><literal>\\</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ force line break</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (force line break)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, starting</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -7883,7 +7806,7 @@ something like this.
<sect1 label="9.2" id="_005cobeycr-_0026-_005crestorecr">
<title><literal>\obeycr</literal> &amp; <literal>\restorecr</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cobeycr"/><anchor id="_005crestorecr"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\obeycr</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\restorecr</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new line, output as input</primary></indexterm>
@@ -7990,10 +7913,10 @@ in unacceptably large spaces to set the narrow column.
better fit.
</para>
<para>The <literal>\-</literal> command only allows &latex; to break there, it does not
-require that it break there. You can force a split with something like
-<literal>Hef-\linebreak feron</literal>. Of course, if you later change the text
-then this forced break may look very odd, so this approach requires
-care.
+require that it break there. You can force a split with something
+like <literal>Hef-\linebreak feron</literal>. Of course, if you later change the
+text then this forced break may look out of place, so this approach
+requires care.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -8030,7 +7953,7 @@ automatically by &tex;&#8217;s hyphenation algorithm.
<sect1 label="9.6" id="_005cfussy-_0026-_005csloppy">
<title><literal>\fussy</literal> &amp; <literal>\sloppy</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cfussy"/><anchor id="_005csloppy"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fussy</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sloppy</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, changing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -8115,7 +8038,7 @@ commands accumulate.
<sect1 label="9.8" id="_005clinebreak-_0026-_005cnolinebreak">
<title><literal>\linebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nolinebreak</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005clinebreak"/><anchor id="_005cnolinebreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\linebreak</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nolinebreak</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, forcing</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>line breaks, preventing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -8164,12 +8087,13 @@ tweaking the final version of a document, then you may need to
understand how to influence its actions.
</para>
<!-- credit: H Vogt https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/115563 -->
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>badness</primary></indexterm>
<para>&latex;&#8217;s algorithm for splitting a document into pages is more complex
than just waiting until there is enough material to fill a page and
outputting the result. Instead, &latex; typesets more material than
would fit on the page and then chooses a break that is optimal in some
-way (it has the smallest badness). An example of the advantage of this
-approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be
+way (it has the smallest <firstterm>badness</firstterm>). An example of the advantage of
+this approach is that if the page has some vertical space that can be
stretched or shrunk, such as with rubber lengths between paragraphs,
then &latex; can use that to avoid widow lines (where a new page starts
with the last line of a paragraph; &latex; can squeeze the extra line
@@ -8193,10 +8117,10 @@ influence page breaks while preparing a final version of a document.
<sect1 label="10.1" id="_005cclearpage-_0026-_005ccleardoublepage">
<title><literal>\clearpage</literal> &amp; <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cclearpage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\clearpage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>flushing floats and starting a page</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting a new page and clearing floats</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005ccleardoublepage"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\cleardoublepage</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starting on a right-hand page</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -8231,7 +8155,9 @@ page, use this command.
}
</screen>
<para>If you want &latex;&#8217;s standard <literal>\chapter</literal> command to do this then
-add the line <literal>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</literal>.
+add the line <literal>\let\cleardoublepage\clearemptydoublepage</literal>. (Of
+course this affects all uses of <literal>\cleardoublepage</literal>, not just the
+one in <literal>\chapter</literal>.)
</para>
<para>The command <literal>\newpage</literal> (see <link linkend="_005cnewpage">\newpage</link>) also ends the current
page, but without clearing pending floats. And, if &latex; is in
@@ -8289,8 +8215,8 @@ stretch out the page, as <literal>\pagebreak</literal> does.
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
-<screen>\enlargethispage{size}
-\enlargethispage*{size}
+<screen>\enlargethispage{<replaceable>size</replaceable>}
+\enlargethispage*{<replaceable>size</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>Enlarge the <literal>\textheight</literal> for the current page. The required
argument <replaceable>size</replaceable> must be a rigid length (see <link linkend="Lengths">Lengths</link>). It may be
@@ -8314,7 +8240,7 @@ explicit <literal>\pagebreak</literal>.
<sect1 label="10.4" id="_005cpagebreak-_0026-_005cnopagebreak">
<title><literal>\pagebreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\nopagebreak</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cpagebreak"/><anchor id="_005cnopagebreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\pagebreak</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nopagebreak</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, forcing</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>page break, preventing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -8337,8 +8263,8 @@ prevent the break. But for instance <literal>\nopagebreak[1]</literal> suggests
the more insistent the request. Both commands are fragile
(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
</para>
-<para>&latex;&#8217;s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use this
-command in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
+<para>&latex;&#8217;s page endings are optimized so ordinarily you only use these
+commands in a document body to polish the final version, or inside
commands.
</para>
<para>If you use these inside a paragraph, they apply to the point following
@@ -8704,13 +8630,15 @@ second.\footnotefrom{%
<sect1 label="12.1" id="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">
<title><literal>\newcommand</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewcommand</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cnewcommand"/><anchor id="_005crenewcommand"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newcommand</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewcommand</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, defining new ones</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, redefining</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining a new command</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>redefining a command</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>new commands, defining</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Synopses, one of:
+<para>Synopses, one of (three regular forms, three starred forms):
</para>
<screen>\newcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\newcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
@@ -8719,34 +8647,35 @@ second.\footnotefrom{%
\newcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\newcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>or one of these.
+<para>or all the same possibilities with <literal>\renewcommand</literal> instead of
+<literal>\newcommand</literal>:
</para>
-<screen>\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
+<screen>\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
\renewcommand*{\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>}[<replaceable>nargs</replaceable>][<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]{<replaceable>defn</replaceable>}
</screen>
-<para>Define or redefine a command (see also the discussion of
-<literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> in <link linkend="Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</link>).
+
+<para>Define or redefine a command (see also <literal>\DeclareRobustCommand</literal> in
+<link linkend="Class-and-package-commands">Class and package commands</link>).
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>starred form, defining new commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>*-form, defining new commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\long</primary></indexterm>
<para>The starred form of these two forbids the arguments from containing
-multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms, the commands
+multiple paragraphs of text (in plain &tex; terms: the commands
are not <literal>\long</literal>). With the default form, arguments can be
multiple paragraphs.
</para>
-<para>These are the parameters:
+<para>These are the parameters (examples follow):
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>cmd</replaceable>
-</term><listitem>
-<para>Required; <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is the command name. It must begin with a backslash, <literal>\</literal>,
-and must not begin with the four character string <literal>\end</literal>. For
-<literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined. For
-<literal>\renewcommand</literal>, this name must already be defined.
+</term><listitem><para>Required; <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is the command name. It must begin with a
+backslash, <literal>\</literal>, and must not begin with the four character string
+<literal>\end</literal>. For <literal>\newcommand</literal>, it must not be already defined.
+For <literal>\renewcommand</literal>, this name must already be defined.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>nargs</replaceable>
</term><listitem><para>Optional; an integer from 0 to 9, specifying the number of arguments
@@ -8756,37 +8685,53 @@ arguments. If you redefine a command, the new version can have a
different number of arguments than the old version.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>optional arguments, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>arguments, optional, defining and using</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Optional; if this argument is present then the first argument of
<literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is optional, with default value <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>
-(which may be the empty string). If <replaceable>optargsdefault</replaceable> is not present
+(which may be the empty string). If <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable> is not present
then <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> does not take an optional argument.
</para>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>positional parameter</primary></indexterm>
-<para>That is, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is used with square brackets, as in
-<literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>[<replaceable>optval</replaceable>]{...}...</literal>, then within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the
-parameter&#160;<literal>#1</literal> is set to the value of <replaceable>optval</replaceable>. On the
-other hand, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is called without the square brackets
-then within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the parameter <literal>#1</literal> is set to the value of
-<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>. In either case, the required arguments start with
-<literal>#2</literal>.
-</para>
-<para>Omitting <literal>[<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]</literal> is different from having the
-square brackets with no contents, as in <literal>[]</literal>. The former sets
-<literal>#1</literal> to the value of <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>; the latter sets <literal>#1</literal>
-to the empty string.
+<para>That is, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is called with a following argument in
+square brackets, as in <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable>[<replaceable>optval</replaceable>]{...}...</literal>, then
+within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the parameter&#160;<literal>#1</literal> is set to <replaceable>optval</replaceable>.
+On the other hand, if <literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal> is called without following
+square brackets then within <replaceable>defn</replaceable> the parameter <literal>#1</literal> is set
+to <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>. In either case, the required arguments start
+with <literal>#2</literal>.
+</para>
+<para>Omitting <literal>[<replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable>]</literal> from the definition is entirely
+different from giving the square brackets with empty contents, as in
+<literal>[]</literal>. The former says the command being defined takes no
+optional argument, so <literal>#1</literal> is the first required argument (if
+<inlineequation><mathphrase><replaceable>nargs</replaceable> &#8805; 1</mathphrase></inlineequation>); the latter sets the optional argument
+<literal>#1</literal> to the empty string as the default, if no optional argument
+was given in the call.
+</para>
+<para>Similarly, omitting <literal>[<replaceable>optval</replaceable>]</literal> from a call is also entirely
+different from giving the square brackets with empty contents. The
+former sets <literal>#1</literal> to the value of <replaceable>optval</replaceable> (assuming the
+command was defined to take an optional argument); the latter sets
+<literal>#1</literal> to the empty string, just as with any other value.
+</para>
+<para>If a command is not defined to take an optional argument, but is
+called with an optional argument, the results are unpredictable: there
+may be a &latex; error, there may be incorrect typeset output, or both.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>defn</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
+</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>parameters, substituting</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Required; the text to be substituted for every occurrence of
<literal>\<replaceable>cmd</replaceable></literal>. The parameters <literal>#1</literal>, <literal>#2</literal>,
-... <literal>#<replaceable>nargs</replaceable></literal> are replaced by the values that you supply when
-you call the command (or by the default value if there is an optional
-argument and you don&#8217;t exercise the option).
+&#8230;, <literal>#<replaceable>nargs</replaceable></literal> are replaced by the values supplied when
+the command is called (or by <replaceable>optargdefault</replaceable> in the case of an
+optional argument not specified in the call, as just explained).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>blanks, after control sequences</primary></indexterm>
<para>&tex; ignores blanks in the source following a control word
-(see <link linkend="Control-sequences">Control sequences</link>), as in &#8216;<literal>\cmd </literal>&#8217;. If you actually want a
-space there, one solution is to type <literal>{}</literal> after the command
-(&#8216;<literal>\cmd{} </literal>&#8217;, and another solution is to use an explicit control
+(see <link linkend="Control-sequences">Control sequences</link>), as in &#8216;<literal>\cmd </literal>&#8217;. If you want a space
+there, one solution is to type <literal>{}</literal> after the command
+(&#8216;<literal>\cmd{} </literal>&#8217;), and another solution is to use an explicit control
space (&#8216;<literal>\cmd\ </literal>&#8217;).
</para>
<para>A simple example of defining a new command:
@@ -8794,14 +8739,15 @@ space (&#8216;<literal>\cmd\ </literal>&#8217;).
replaced by the longer text. Redefining an existing command is similar:
<literal>\renewcommand{\qedsymbol}{{\small QED}}</literal>.
</para>
-<para>If you try to define a command and the name has already been used then
-you get something like &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: Command \fred already
-defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</literal>&#8217;. If you try
-to redefine a command and the name has not yet been used then you get
-something like &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: \hank undefined</literal>&#8217;.
+<para>If you use <literal>\newcommand</literal> and the command name has already been
+used then you get something like &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: Command \fred
+already defined. Or name \end... illegal, see p.192 of the manual</literal>&#8217;.
+Similarly, If you use <literal>\renewcommand</literal> and the command name has
+not been defined then you get something like &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: \hank
+undefined</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<para>Here the first definition creates a command with no arguments, and the
-second, one with one required argument.
+second, a command with one required argument:
</para>
<screen>\newcommand{\student}{Ms~O'Leary}
\newcommand{\defref}[1]{Definition~\ref{#1}}
@@ -8828,12 +8774,12 @@ something like &#8216;<literal>Definition~3.14</literal>&#8217;.
<screen>\newcommand{\lawyers}[3][company]{#2, #3, and~#1}
I employ \lawyers[Howe]{Dewey}{Cheatem}.
</screen>
-<para>The output is &#8216;<literal>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe</literal>&#8217;. The optional
-argument, the <literal>Howe</literal>, is associated with <literal>#1</literal>, while
+<para>The output is &#8216;<literal>I employ Dewey, Cheatem, and Howe.</literal>&#8217;. The optional
+argument, <literal>Howe</literal>, is associated with <literal>#1</literal>, while
<literal>Dewey</literal> and <literal>Cheatem</literal> are associated with <literal>#2</literal>
and&#160;<literal>#3</literal>. Because of the optional argument,
-<literal>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</literal> will give the output &#8216;<literal>I employ
-Dewey, Cheatem, and company</literal>&#8217;.
+<literal>\lawyers{Dewey}{Cheatem}</literal> will give the output &#8216;<literal>I
+employ Dewey, Cheatem, and company.</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<para>The braces around <replaceable>defn</replaceable> do not define a group, that is, they do not
delimit the scope of the result of expanding <replaceable>defn</replaceable>. For example,
@@ -8841,39 +8787,46 @@ with <literal>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{\it #1}</literal>, in this sentence,
</para>
<screen>The \shipname{Monitor} met the \shipname{Merrimac}.
</screen>
-<para>the words &#8216;<literal>met the</literal>&#8217; would incorrectly be in italics. The solution
-is to put another pair of braces inside the definition:
-<literal>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</literal>.
+<para>the words &#8216;<literal>met the</literal>&#8217;, and the period, would incorrectly be in
+italics. The solution is to put another pair of braces inside the
+definition: <literal>\newcommand{\shipname}[1]{{\it #1}}</literal>.
</para>
<sect2 label="12.1.1" id="Control-sequences">
<title>Control sequence, control word and control symbol</title>
-<para>When reading input &tex; converts the sequences of read characters into
-a sequence of <firstterm>tokens</firstterm>. When &tex; sees a backslash <literal>\</literal>, it
-will handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>control sequences</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>When reading input &tex; converts the stream of read characters into a
+sequence of <firstterm>tokens</firstterm>. When &tex; sees a backslash <literal>\</literal>, it will
+handle the following characters in a special way in order to make a
<firstterm>control sequence</firstterm> token.
</para>
<para>The control sequences fall into two categories:
</para>
-<itemizedlist><listitem><para><firstterm>control word</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
-<literal>\</literal> followed by at least one ASCII letter, followed by at least one
-blank. The sequence of at least one ASCII letter is called the
-<firstterm>control sequence name</firstterm>.
-</para></listitem><listitem><para><firstterm>control symbol</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<itemizedlist><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>control word, defined</primary></indexterm>
+<para><firstterm>control word</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
+<literal>\</literal> followed by at least one ASCII letter (<literal>A-Z</literal> and
+<literal>a-z</literal>), followed by at least one non-letter.
+</para>
+</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>control symbol, defined</primary></indexterm>
+<para><firstterm>control symbol</firstterm>, when the control sequence is gathered from a
<literal>\</literal> followed by one non-letter character.
</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
+<para>The sequence of characters so found after the <literal>\</literal> is also called
+the <firstterm>control sequence name</firstterm>.
+</para>
<para>Blanks after a control word are ignored and do not produce any
whitespace in the output (see <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \renewcommand</link> and
<link linkend="_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</link>).
</para>
-<para>Just as the <literal>\relax</literal> command does nothing, the following will print
-&#8216;<literal>Hello!</literal>&#8217;:
+<para>Just as the <literal>\relax</literal> command does nothing, the following input
+will simply print &#8216;<literal>Hello!</literal>&#8217; :
</para>
<screen>Hel\relax <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->
<!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w --> <!-- /@w -->lo!
</screen>
-<para>This is because blanks after <literal>\relax</literal>, including the newline are
+<para>This is because blanks after <literal>\relax</literal>, including the newline, are
ignored, and blanks at the beginning of a line are also ignored
(see <link linkend="Leading-blanks">Leading blanks</link>).
</para>
@@ -8909,14 +8862,17 @@ See <link linkend="_005cnewcommand-_0026-_005crenewcommand">\newcommand &amp; \r
\providecommand{\myaffiliation}{Lyc\'ee Henri IV}
From \myaffiliation.
</screen>
-<para>outputs &#8216;<literal>From Saint Michael's College</literal>&#8217;. Unlike <literal>\newcommand</literal>,
-the repeated use of <literal>\providecommand</literal> does not give an error.
+<para>outputs &#8216;<literal>From Saint Michael's College.</literal>&#8217;. Unlike
+<literal>\newcommand</literal>, the repeated use of <literal>\providecommand</literal> to (try
+to) define <literal>\myaffiliation</literal> does not give an error.
</para>
-
</sect1>
<sect1 label="12.3" id="_005cmakeatletter-_0026-_005cmakeatother">
<title><literal>\makeatletter</literal> &amp; <literal>\makeatother</literal></title>
+<anchor id="_005cmakeatletter"/><anchor id="_005cmakeatother"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeatother</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makeatother</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\makeatletter
@@ -9177,7 +9133,7 @@ Our logo is \usebox{\logobox}.
<sect1 label="12.8" id="_005cnewenvironment-_0026-_005crenewenvironment">
<title><literal>\newenvironment</literal> &amp; <literal>\renewenvironment</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cnewenvironment"/><anchor id="_005crenewenvironment"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\newenvironment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\renewenvironment</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>environments, defining</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>defining new environments</primary></indexterm>
@@ -9554,7 +9510,7 @@ to <literal>\protect\(..\protect\)</literal>.
<sect1 label="12.12" id="_005cignorespaces-_0026-_005cignorespacesafterend">
<title><literal>\ignorespaces &amp; \ignorespacesafterend</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ignorespaces</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cignorespaces"/><anchor id="_005cignorespacesafterend"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ignorespaces</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ignorespacesafterend</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spaces, ignore around commands</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>commands, ignore spaces</primary></indexterm>
@@ -9570,7 +9526,7 @@ to <literal>\protect\(..\protect\)</literal>.
<para>Both commands cause &latex; to ignore blanks (that is, characters of
catcode&#160;10 such as space or tabulation) after the end of the
command up to the first box or non-blank character. The first is a
-command from plain &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
+primitive command of &tex;, and the second is &latex;-specific.
</para>
<para>The <literal>\ignorespaces</literal> is often used when defining commands via
<literal>\newcommand</literal>, or <literal>\newenvironment</literal>, or <literal>\def</literal>. The
@@ -9670,7 +9626,7 @@ braces or else there would be no space separating &#8216;<literal>Vermont</liter
<literal>\ </literal> for this. See <link linkend="_005c_0028SPACE_0029">\(SPACE)</link>.)
</para>
<para>The <literal>xspace</literal> package provides <literal>\xspace</literal>. It is for writing
-commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be place
+commands which are designed to be used mainly in text. It must be placed
at the very end of the definition of these commands. It inserts a space
after that command unless what immediately follows is in a list of
exceptions. In this example, the empty braces are not needed.
@@ -9969,7 +9925,7 @@ not influence references; that is, it does not define the current
<sect1 label="13.8" id="_005cday-_0026-_005cmonth-_0026-_005cyear">
<title><literal>\day</literal> &amp; <literal>\month</literal> &amp; <literal>\year</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cday"/><anchor id="_005cmonth"/><anchor id="_005cyear"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\day</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\month</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\year</primary></indexterm>
@@ -10134,11 +10090,11 @@ PostScript and many desktop publishing systems.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>mm</primary></indexterm><literal>mm</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>millimeter</primary></indexterm>
-<anchor id="units-of-length-mm"/><para>Millimeter, 2.845 pt
+<anchor id="units-of-length-mm"/><para>Millimeter, 2.845pt
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>cm</primary></indexterm><literal>cm</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>centimeter</primary></indexterm>
-<anchor id="units-of-length-cm"/><para>Centimeter, 10 mm
+<anchor id="units-of-length-cm"/><para>Centimeter, 10mm
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>dd</primary></indexterm><literal>dd</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>didot point</primary></indexterm>
@@ -10518,12 +10474,12 @@ of some one or other of their daughters.
``My dear Mr. Bennet,'' said his lady to him one day,
``have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?''
</screen>
-<para>A paragraph separator is made of a sequence of at least one blank
-line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank
-line is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as
-space or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <literal>%</literal> and
-span up to the end of line. In the following example the two columns
-are identical:
+<para>A paragraph separator can be made of a sequence of at least one blank
+line, at least one of which is not terminated by a comment. A blank line
+is a line that is empty or made only of blank characters such as space
+or tab. Comments in source code are started with a <literal>%</literal> and span up
+to the end of line. In the following example the two columns are
+identical:
</para>
<screen>\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\begin{document}
@@ -10626,9 +10582,8 @@ there is an empty horizontal space of 3&#160;inches and then
<sect1 label="15.2" id="_005cindent-_0026-_005cnoindent">
<title><literal>\indent</literal> &amp; <literal>\noindent</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cindent"/><anchor id="_005cnoindent"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\indent</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\noindent</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>indent, forcing</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -10668,6 +10623,7 @@ because &latex; is already in horizontal mode there. The
\noindent shows this clearly.
</screen>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
<para>To omit indentation in the entire document put
<literal>\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}</literal> in the preamble. If you do that,
you may want to also set the length of spaces between paragraphs,
@@ -10685,7 +10641,7 @@ look on CTAN for the package <literal>indentfirst</literal>.
<sect1 label="15.3" id="_005cparindent-_0026-_005cparskip">
<title><literal>\parindent</literal> &amp; <literal>\parskip</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cparindent"/><anchor id="_005cparskip"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parindent</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\parskip</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>horizontal paragraph indentation</primary></indexterm>
@@ -10886,7 +10842,7 @@ see their documentation on CTAN.
<sect1 label="16.1" id="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts">
<title>Subscripts &amp; superscripts</title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="superscript"/><anchor id="subscript"/><indexterm role="cp"><primary>superscript</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>subscript</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>^ superscript</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>_ subscript</primary></indexterm>
@@ -10926,8 +10882,9 @@ for the exponent.
subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So,
expressions such as <literal>e^{x^2}</literal> and <literal>x_{i_0}</literal> give correct
output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the
-<replaceable>base</replaceable> a determined <replaceable>exp</replaceable>. If you enter <literal>\(3^3^3\)</literal> then
-you get &#8216;<literal>Double superscript</literal>&#8217;.
+<replaceable>base</replaceable> a determined <replaceable>exp</replaceable>. If you enter <literal>\(3^3^3\)</literal>, this
+interpreted as <literal>\(3^{3}^{3}\)</literal> and then you get &tex; error
+&#8216;<literal>Double superscript</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<para>&latex; does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a
superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in
@@ -10937,7 +10894,7 @@ the correct place without any author intervention.
\int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a)
\end{displaymath}
</screen>
-<para>Note the parentheses around <literal>x=a</literal> to make the entire expression a
+<para>Note the curly braces around <literal>x=a</literal> to make the entire expression a
subscript.
</para>
<para>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like
@@ -10947,7 +10904,7 @@ attaching to a prior symbols.
</para>
<para>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or
display math mode, as in <literal>the expression x^2</literal>, will get you
-the error &#8216;<literal>Missing $ inserted</literal>&#8217;.
+the &tex; error &#8216;<literal>Missing $ inserted</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>mhchem</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>mhchem</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -11044,11 +11001,12 @@ union&#160;<literal>\cup</literal>.
</term><listitem><para>&#x2A02; Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigtriangledown</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigtriangledown</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>&#x25BD; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down
-(operator).
+</term><listitem><para>&#x25BD; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
+pointing down (binary). Synonym: <replaceable>\varbigtriangledown</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigtriangleup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigtriangleup</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>&#x25B3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
+</term><listitem><para>&#x25B3; Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle
+pointing up (binary). Synonym: <replaceable>\varbigtriangleup</replaceable>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigsqcup</primary></indexterm><literal>\bigsqcup</literal>
</term><listitem><para>&#x2A06; Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
@@ -11851,7 +11809,7 @@ provides versions to use in mathematical text.
</term><listitem><para>Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, &#x00B6;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsection</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathsection</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Section sign in math mode &#x00A7;.
+</term><listitem><para>Section sign in math mode: &#x00A7;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathsterling</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathsterling</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Sterling sign in math mode: &#163;.
@@ -11896,10 +11854,10 @@ is: <literal>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</literal>.
<sect2 label="16.2.2" id="_005cboldmath-_0026-_005cunboldmath">
<title><literal>\boldmath</literal> &amp; <literal>\unboldmath</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boldface mathematics</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, boldface</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cboldmath"/><anchor id="_005cunboldmath"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\boldmath</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>boldface mathematics</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>mathematics, boldface</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis (used in paragraph mode or LR mode):
</para>
@@ -11913,9 +11871,9 @@ is: <literal>\( f\colon D\to C \) given by \( n\mapsto n^2 \)</literal>.
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\unboldmath</primary></indexterm>
<para>Declarations to change the letters and symbols in <replaceable>math</replaceable> to be in
a bold font, or to countermand that and bring back the regular
-(non-bold) default. They must be used when not in math mode or display
-math mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). Both commands are fragile
-(see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
+(non-bold) default, respectively. They must be used when <emphasis>not</emphasis> in
+math mode or display math mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). Both commands are
+fragile (see <link linkend="_005cprotect">\protect</link>).
</para>
<para>In this example each <literal>\boldmath</literal> command takes place inside an
<literal>\mbox</literal>,
@@ -11923,30 +11881,76 @@ math mode (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). Both commands are fragile
<screen>we have $\mbox{\boldmath \( v \)} = 5\cdot\mbox{\boldmath \( u \)$}$
</screen>
<para>which means <literal>\boldmath</literal> is only called in a text mode, here LR
-mode, and explains why &latex; must switch to math mode to set <literal>v</literal>
-and <literal>u</literal>.
+mode, and explains why we must switch &latex; into math mode to set
+<literal>v</literal> and <literal>u</literal>.
</para>
<para>If you use either command inside math mode, as with <literal>Trouble: \(
\boldmath x \)</literal>, then you get something like &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Font Warning:
-Command \boldmath invalid in math mode on input line 11</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>LaTeX
-Font Warning: Command \mathversion invalid in math mode on input line
-11</literal>&#8217;.
+Command \boldmath invalid in math mode</literal>&#8217; and &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Font Warning:
+Command \mathversion invalid in math mode</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
+
+<sect3 label="16.2.2.1" id="bm">
+<title><literal>bm</literal>: Individual bold math symbols</title>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>bm</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>bm</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, boldface</primary></indexterm>
-<para>There are many issues with <literal>\boldmath</literal>. New documents should use
-the <literal>bm</literal> package provided by the &latex; Project team. A complete
-description is outside the scope of this document (see the full
-documentation on CTAN) but even this small example
+<!-- https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/974 -->
+<para>Specifying <literal>\boldmath</literal> is the best method for typesetting a whole
+math expression in bold. But to typeset individual symbols within an
+expression in bold, the <literal>bm</literal> package provided by the &latex;
+Project team is better. Its usage is outside the scope of this
+document (see its documentation at <ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/bm">https://ctan.org/pkg/bm</ulink> or in
+your installation) but the spacing in the output of this small example
+will show that it is an improvement over <literal>\boldmath</literal> within an
+expression:
</para>
<screen>\usepackage{bm} % in preamble
...
we have $\bm{v} = 5\cdot\bm{u}$
</screen>
-<para>shows that it is an improvement over <literal>\boldmath</literal>.
+</sect3>
+<sect3 label="16.2.2.2" id="OpenType-bold-math">
+<title>OpenType bold math</title>
+
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fontspec</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fontspec</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+
+<para>Unfortunately, when using the Unicode engines (Xe&latex;,
+Lua&latex;), neither <literal>\boldmath</literal> nor <literal>bm</literal> usually work
+well, because the OpenType math fonts normally used with those engines
+rarely come with a bold companion, and both <literal>\boldmath</literal> and
+<literal>bm</literal> require this. (The implementation of <literal>bm</literal> relies
+on <literal>\boldmath</literal>, so the requirements are the same.) If you do have
+a bold math font, though, then <literal>\boldmath</literal> and <literal>bm</literal> work
+fine.
</para>
+<para>If no such font is available, one alternative is to construct fake
+bold fonts with the <literal>fontspec</literal> package&#8217;s <literal>FakeBold=1</literal>
+parameter (see its documentation,
+<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec">https://ctan.org/pkg/fontspec</ulink>). This may be acceptable for
+drafting or informal distribution, but the results are far from a true
+bold font.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>unicode-math</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>unicode-math</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbf</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\symbfit</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Another alternative to handling bold for OpenType math fonts is to use
+the <literal>\symbf</literal> (bold), <literal>\symbfit</literal> (bold italic), and related
+commands from the <literal>unicode-math</literal> package. These do not change
+the current font, but rather change the (Unicode) &#8220;alphabet&#8221; used,
+which in practice is more widely supported than a separate bold font.
+Many variations are possible, and so there are subtleties to getting the
+desired output. As usual, see the package documentation
+(<ulink url="https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math">https://ctan.org/pkg/unicode-math</ulink>).
+</para>
+</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 label="16.2.3" id="Blackboard-bold">
<title>Blackboard bold</title>
@@ -11971,8 +11975,9 @@ integers, etc.
<para>the <literal>\mathbb{N}</literal> gives blackboard bold symbol &#x2115;,
representing the natural numbers.
</para>
-<para>If you use other than an uppercase letter then you do not get an error
-but you get strange results, including unexpected characters.
+<para>If the argument contains something other than an uppercase letter, you
+do not get an error but you do get strange results, including
+unexpected characters.
</para>
<para>There are packages that give access to symbols other than just the
capital letters; look on CTAN.
@@ -12061,13 +12066,13 @@ same behavior.
<sect3 label="16.2.5.1" id="_005cleft-_0026-_005cright">
<title><literal>\left</literal> &amp; <literal>\right</literal></title>
+<anchor id="_005cleft"/><anchor id="_005cright"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\left</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>delimiters, paired</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>paired delimiters</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>matching parentheses</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>matching brackets</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>null delimiter</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\left</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\right</primary></indexterm>
<!-- Credit: SE userPhilipp https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/12793 -->
@@ -12104,7 +12109,7 @@ can't use `\eqno' in math mode</literal>&#8217;.
<para>However, <replaceable>delimiter1</replaceable> and <replaceable>delimiter2</replaceable> need not match. A common
case is that you want an unmatched brace, as below. Use a period,
-&#8216;<literal>.</literal>&#8217;, as a null delimiter.
+&#8216;<literal>.</literal>&#8217;, as a <firstterm>null delimiter</firstterm>.
</para>
<screen>\begin{equation}
f(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
@@ -12190,6 +12195,9 @@ delimiter; you can&#8217;t use <literal>\left</literal> on the first line and
<sect3 label="16.2.5.2" id="_005cbigl-_0026-_005cbigr-etc_002e">
<title><literal>\bigl</literal>, <literal>\bigr</literal>, etc.</title>
+<anchor id="_005cbigl"/><anchor id="_005cbigr"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigl</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigr</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<screen>\bigl<replaceable>delimiter1</replaceable> ... \bigr<replaceable>delimiter2</replaceable>
@@ -12312,14 +12320,15 @@ in &#x22EF;. Used as: <literal>\( a_0\cdot a_1\cdots a_{n-1}
usage.
</para>
<anchor id="ellipses-ldots"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ldots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ldots</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mathellipsis</primary></indexterm><literal>\mathellipsis</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Ellipsis on the baseline, &#x2026;. Used as: <literal>\(
-x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</literal>. Another example is the above array example. A
-synonym is <literal>\mathellipsis</literal>. A synonym from the <literal>amsmath</literal>
-package is <literal>\hdots</literal>.
+x_0,\ldots x_{n-1} \)</literal>. Another example is the above array example.
+Synonyms are <literal>\mathellipsis</literal> and <literal>\dots</literal>. A synonym from
+the <literal>amsmath</literal> package is <literal>\hdots</literal>.
</para>
<para>You can also use this command outside of mathematical text, as in
-<literal>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</literal>. (In a paragraph
-mode or LR mode a synonym for <literal>\ldots</literal> is <literal>\dots</literal>.)
+<literal>The gears, brakes, \ldots{} are all broken</literal>.
</para>
<anchor id="ellipses-vdots"/></listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vdots</primary></indexterm><literal>\vdots</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Vertical ellipsis, &#x22EE;. See the above array example for a
@@ -12340,6 +12349,10 @@ Observe that \( p_0\cdot p_1 \dots \cdot p_{n-1} +1 \) is not a
multiple of any \( p_i \).
Conclusion: there are infinitely many primes \( p_0, p_1, \dotsc \).
</screen>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotsc</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotsb</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotsi</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm>
<para>In the first line &latex; looks to the comma following <literal>\dots</literal> to
determine that it should output an ellipsis on the baseline. The second
line has a <literal>\cdot</literal> following <literal>\dots</literal> so &latex; outputs an
@@ -12351,6 +12364,28 @@ the ellipses that fits when the dots are followed by a binary operator
or relation symbol, <literal>\dotsi</literal> for dots with integrals, or
<literal>\dotso</literal> for others.
</para>
+<!-- https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/976 -->
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>unicode-math</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>unicode-math</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
+<para>The <literal>\dots</literal> command from <literal>amsmath</literal> differs from the
+&latex; kernel&#8217;s <literal>\dots</literal> command in another way: it outputs a
+thin space after the ellipsis. Furthermore, the <literal>unicode-math</literal>
+package automatically loads <literal>amsmath</literal>, so <literal>amsmath</literal>&#8217;s
+<literal>\dots</literal> may be active even when you did not explicitly load it,
+thus changing the output from <literal>\dots</literal> in both text and math mode.
+</para>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis, in Unicode (U+2026)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis, traditional (three periods)</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Yet more about the ellipsis commands: when running under Unicode
+engines (<literal>lualatex</literal>, <literal>xelatex</literal>), &latex; will use the
+Unicode ellipsis character (U+2026) in the font if it&#8217;s available;
+under traditional &tex; engines (<literal>pdflatex</literal>, <literal>latex</literal>), it
+will typeset three spaced periods. Generally, the Unicode
+single-character ellipsis has almost no space between the three
+periods, while the spacing of the non-Unicode ellipsis is looser, more
+in accordance with traditional typography.
+</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 label="16.2.7" id="Greek-letters">
@@ -12458,7 +12493,7 @@ spacing.
</term><listitem><para>Homomorphism
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\inf</primary></indexterm><literal>\inf</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>Infinum
+</term><listitem><para>Infimum
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ker</primary></indexterm><literal>\ker</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Kernel
@@ -12503,7 +12538,8 @@ spacing.
</term><listitem><para>Hyperbolic sine
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sup</primary></indexterm><literal>\sup</literal>
-</term><listitem><para>sup
+</term><listitem><para>Supremum
+sup
<!-- don't try to use \sup with dvi/pdf output since that turned into a -->
<!-- Texinfo command and it's not worth hassling with different versions -->
<!-- when it's just three roman letters anyway. -->
@@ -12518,13 +12554,14 @@ spacing.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>amsmath</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>amsmath</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The <literal>amsmath</literal> package adds improvements on some of these, and also
-allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN, but
-briefly, you can define an identity operator with
+<para>The <literal>amsmath</literal> package adds improvements on some of these, and
+also allows you to define your own. The full documentation is on CTAN,
+but briefly, you can define an identity operator with
<literal>\DeclareMathOperator{\identity}{id}</literal> that is like the ones
above but prints as &#8216;<literal>id</literal>&#8217;. The starred form
-<literal>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</literal> sets any limits above and
-below, as is traditional with <literal>\lim</literal>, <literal>\sup</literal>, or <literal>\max</literal>.
+<literal>\DeclareMathOperator*{\op}{op}</literal> sets any superscript or
+subscript to be above and below, as is traditional with <literal>\lim</literal>,
+<literal>\sup</literal>, or <literal>\max</literal>.
</para>
</sect1>
@@ -12633,8 +12670,8 @@ accents</link>).
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\underbrace{<replaceable>math</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Put a brace under <replaceable>math</replaceable>. For example, this
<literal>(1-\underbrace{1/2)+(1/2}-1/3)</literal> emphasizes the telescoping part.
-Attach text to the brace by using subscript, <literal>_</literal>, or superscript,
-<literal>^</literal>, as here.
+Attach text to the brace by using the subscript command, <literal>_</literal>, or
+superscript, <literal>^</literal>, as here.
</para>
<screen>\begin{displaymath}
1+1/2+\underbrace{1/3+1/4}_{&gt;1/2}+
@@ -12830,6 +12867,10 @@ control over smashing a subformula box.
<sect2 label="16.6.2" id="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom">
<title><literal>\phantom</literal> &amp; <literal>\vphantom</literal> &amp; <literal>\hphantom</literal></title>
+<anchor id="_005cphantom"/><anchor id="_005cvphantom"/><anchor id="_005chphantom"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\phantom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\vphantom</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hphantom</primary></indexterm>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing, math mode</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>horizontal spacing</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical spacing</primary></indexterm>
@@ -13032,8 +13073,8 @@ some that don&#8217;t fit into other categories.
<sect2 label="16.8.1" id="Colon-character-_0026-_005ccolon">
<title>Colon character <literal>:</literal> &amp; <literal>\colon</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="cp"><primary>colon character</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>: for math</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="colon"/><indexterm role="cp"><primary>colon character</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>: (for math)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\colon</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
@@ -13119,11 +13160,12 @@ mode it comes out small; see the discussion of <literal>\displaystyle</literal>
<para>The square root, or optionally other roots, of <replaceable>arg</replaceable>. The optional
argument <replaceable>root-number</replaceable> gives the root, i.e., enter the cube root of
<literal>x+y</literal> as <literal>\sqrt[3]{x+y}</literal>.
-The radical grows with the size of <replaceable>arg</replaceable> (as the height of the
-radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until for
-a large enough <literal>arg</literal>, it is vertical).
+The size of the radical grows with that of <replaceable>arg</replaceable> (as the height of
+the radical grows, the angle on the leftmost part gets steeper, until
+for a tall enough <literal>arg</literal>, it is vertical).
</para>
-<para>&latex; has a separate <literal>\surd</literal> character (see <link linkend="Math-symbols">Math symbols</link>).
+<para>&latex; has a separate <literal>\surd</literal> symbol for making a square root
+without <replaceable>arg</replaceable> (see <link linkend="Math-symbols">Math symbols</link>).
</para>
</sect2>
@@ -13134,7 +13176,7 @@ a large enough <literal>arg</literal>, it is vertical).
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>relation, text above</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\stackrel</primary></indexterm>
-<para>Synopsis, one of:
+<para>Synopsis:
</para>
<screen>\stackrel{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}{<replaceable>relation</replaceable>}
</screen>
@@ -13172,7 +13214,7 @@ making a box with an <literal>\mbox</literal> command. As in paragraph mode,
in paragraph mode, in LR mode &latex; never starts a new line, it just
keeps going from left to right. (Although &latex; will not complain
that the LR box is too long, when it is finished and next tries to put
-that box into a line, it could very well complain that the finished LR
+that box into a line, it might well complain that the finished LR
box won&#8217;t fit there.)
</para>
</listitem><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>math mode</primary></indexterm>
@@ -13255,8 +13297,8 @@ the first page of an article.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>fancyhdr</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>fancyhdr</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-<para>The package <literal>fancyhdr</literal> is very helpful for constructing page
-styles. See its documentation on CTAN.
+<para>The package <literal>fancyhdr</literal> is commonly used for constructing page
+styles. See its documentation.
</para>
@@ -13304,8 +13346,8 @@ the following declarations. These must come before the
</para>
<variablelist><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\author{<replaceable>name1</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable> \and ...}</primary></indexterm><literal>\author{<replaceable>name1</replaceable> \and <replaceable>name2</replaceable> \and ...}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>author, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and for <literal>\author</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\author</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\and (for <literal>\author</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
<para>Required. Declare the document author or authors. The argument is a
list of authors separated by <literal>\and</literal> commands. To separate lines
within a single author&#8217;s entry, for instance to give the author&#8217;s
@@ -13325,17 +13367,17 @@ To have no date, instead use <literal>\date{}</literal>.
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>credit footnote</primary></indexterm>
<para>Optional. Produce a footnote. You can use it in the author information
for acknowledgements as illustrated above, but you can also use it in
-the title, or any place a footnote makes sense. It can be any text at
-all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
+the title, or any place a footnote mark makes sense. It can be any text
+at all so you can use it for any purpose, such as to print an email
address.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\title{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>title, for titlepage</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for <literal>\title</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for <literal>\title</literal>)</primary></indexterm>
<para>Required. Declare <replaceable>text</replaceable> to be the title of the document. Get line
breaks inside <replaceable>text</replaceable> with a double backslash, <literal>\\</literal>. If you
-omit the <literal>\title</literal> declaration then you get &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: No
-\title given</literal>&#8217;.
+omit the <literal>\title</literal> declaration then the <literal>\maketitle</literal> command
+yields error &#8216;<literal>LaTeX Error: No \title given</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
<para>To make your own title page, see&#160;<link linkend="titlepage">titlepage</link>. You can either
@@ -13359,11 +13401,13 @@ house requirements.)
<para>Specifies the style of page numbers, and resets the page number. The
numbering style is reflected on the page, and also in the table of
contents and other page references. This declaration has global scope
-so its effect is not delimited by braces or environments.
+so its effect is not stopped by an end of group such as a closing brace
+or an end of environment.
</para>
-<para>In this example, before the Main section the pages are numbered
-&#8216;<literal>a</literal>&#8217;, etc. Starting on the page containing that section, the pages
-are numbered &#8216;<literal>1</literal>&#8217;, etc.
+<para>In this example, before the &#8216;<literal>Main</literal>&#8217; section the pages are numbered
+&#8216;<literal>a</literal>&#8217;, etc. Starting on the page containing the
+<literal>\pagenumbering</literal> call in that section, the pages are numbered
+&#8216;<literal>1</literal>&#8217;, etc.
</para>
<screen>\begin{document}\pagenumbering{alph}
...
@@ -13487,8 +13531,8 @@ title of the last subsection to start, that is, the one in effect during
the right hand page.
</para>
<para>To accomplish this, in a two-sided article, &latex; has <literal>\section</literal>
-issue a command <literal>\markboth</literal>, setting <literal>\leftmark</literal>
-to &#8216;<literal>Section&#160;2</literal>&#8217; and setting <literal>\rightmark</literal> to blank.
+issue a command <literal>\markboth</literal>, setting <literal>\leftmark</literal> to
+&#8216;<literal>Section&#160;2</literal>&#8217; and setting <literal>\rightmark</literal> to an empty content.
And, &latex; has <literal>\subsection</literal> issue a command <literal>\markright</literal>,
setting <literal>\rightmark</literal> to &#8216;<literal>Subsection&#160;2.1</literal>&#8217;, etc.
</para>
@@ -13503,7 +13547,7 @@ command before the end of the page. A right hand page heading
<literal>\markright</literal> that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by
the last one that came before that page.
</para>
-</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right</replaceable>}</literal>
+</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\markright{<replaceable>right-head</replaceable>}</primary></indexterm><literal>\markright{<replaceable>right-head</replaceable>}</literal>
</term><listitem><para>Sets the right hand page heading, leaving the left unchanged.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry></variablelist>
@@ -13560,7 +13604,7 @@ see&#160;<link linkend="Spacing-in-math-mode">Spacing in math mode</link>.
<sect1 label="19.1" id="_005censpace-_0026-_005cquad-_0026-_005cqquad">
<title><literal>\enspace</literal> &amp; <literal>\quad</literal> &amp; <literal>\qquad</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enspace</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005censpace"/><anchor id="_005cquad"/><anchor id="_005cqquad"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\enspace</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\quad</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\qquad</primary></indexterm>
@@ -13835,11 +13879,11 @@ Examples are <literal>Nat.\ Acad.\ Science</literal>, and <literal>Mr.~Bean</lit
</para>
</sect2>
-<anchor id="_005cfrenchspacing"/><!-- old node name -->
<sect2 label="19.5.2" id="_005cfrenchspacing-_0026-_005cnonfrenchspacing">
<title><literal>\frenchspacing</literal> &amp; <literal>\nonfrenchspacing</literal></title>
+<anchor id="_005cfrenchspacing"/><!-- old node name -->
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frenchspacing</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cnonfrenchspacing"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\frenchspacing</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\nonfrenchspacing</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>spacing, inter-sentence</primary></indexterm>
@@ -14032,7 +14076,7 @@ Vall\'ee~Poussin</literal>.
<sect1 label="19.8" id="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">
<title><literal>\thinspace</literal> &amp; <literal>\negthinspace</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cthinspace"/><anchor id="_005cnegthinspace"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\thinspace</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\negthinspace</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>thin space</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>space, thin</primary></indexterm>
@@ -14127,7 +14171,7 @@ done in a different way.
<sect1 label="19.10" id="_005chrulefill-_0026-_005cdotfill">
<title><literal>\hrulefill</literal> &amp; <literal>\dotfill</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005chrulefill"/><anchor id="_005cdotfill"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\hrulefill</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dotfill</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis, one of:
@@ -14181,6 +14225,10 @@ Similarly, adjust the dot spacing as with
<sect1 label="19.11" id="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">
<title><literal>\bigskip</literal> &amp; <literal>\medskip</literal> &amp; <literal>\smallskip</literal></title>
+<anchor id="_005cbigskip"/><anchor id="_005cmedskip"/><anchor id="_005csmallskip"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigskip</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medskip</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallskip</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<screen>\bigskip
@@ -14236,6 +14284,10 @@ put a page break (see <link linkend="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_00
<sect1 label="19.12" id="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_005csmallbreak">
<title><literal>\bigbreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\medbreak</literal> &amp; <literal>\smallbreak</literal></title>
+<anchor id="_005cbigbreak"/><anchor id="_005cmedbreak"/><anchor id="_005csmallbreak"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\bigbreak</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\medbreak</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\smallbreak</primary></indexterm>
+
<para>Synopsis, one of:
</para>
<screen>\bigbreak
@@ -14244,7 +14296,8 @@ put a page break (see <link linkend="_005cbigbreak-_0026-_005cmedbreak-_0026-_00
</screen>
<para>Produce a vertical space that is big or medium-sized or small, and
suggest to &latex; that this is a good place to break the page. (The
-associated penalties are -200, -100, and -50.)
+associated penalties are respectively &#8722;200, &#8722;100, and
+&#8722;50.)
</para>
<para>See <link linkend="_005cbigskip-_0026-_005cmedskip-_0026-_005csmallskip">\bigskip &amp; \medskip &amp; \smallskip</link>, for more. These commands
produce the same vertical space but differ in that they also remove a
@@ -14528,7 +14581,7 @@ One useful adjunct to the commands here is <literal>adjustbox</literal>.
<sect1 label="20.1" id="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">
<title><literal>\mbox</literal> &amp; <literal>\makebox</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cmbox"/><anchor id="_005cmakebox"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\mbox</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\makebox</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>box</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>make a box</primary></indexterm>
@@ -14552,9 +14605,10 @@ the tank name, &#8216;<literal>T-34</literal>&#8217;.
</para>
<screen>The soviet tank \mbox{T-34} is a symbol of victory against nazism.
</screen>
-<para>The first two command synopsis versions, <literal>\mbox</literal> and <literal>\makebox</literal>, are
-roughly equivalent. They create a box just wide enough to contain the
-<replaceable>text</replaceable>. (They are like plain &tex;&#8217;s <literal>\hbox</literal>.)
+<para>The first two command invocations shown, <literal>\mbox</literal> and
+<literal>\makebox</literal>, are roughly the same. They create a box just wide
+enough to contain the <replaceable>text</replaceable>. (They are like plain &tex;&#8217;s
+<literal>\hbox</literal>.)
</para>
<para>In the third version the optional argument <replaceable>width</replaceable> specifies the
width of the box. Note that the space occupied by the text need not
@@ -14607,9 +14661,9 @@ puts the value of the quiz questions to the left of those questions.
\pts{90}An African or European swallow?
</screen>
-<para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>TikZ</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>TikZ</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>TikZ</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-</para>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>Asymptote</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>Asymptote</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -14638,7 +14692,7 @@ and&#160;<link linkend="minipage">minipage</link>.
<sect1 label="20.2" id="_005cfbox-_0026-_005cframebox">
<title><literal>\fbox</literal> &amp; <literal>\framebox</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cfbox"/><anchor id="_005cframebox"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\fbox</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\framebox</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopses, one of:
@@ -14831,7 +14885,7 @@ second is the height of <filename>meta.png</filename>.
<sect1 label="20.5" id="_005csbox-_0026-_005csavebox">
<title><literal>\sbox</literal> &amp; <literal>\savebox</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005csbox"/><anchor id="_005csavebox"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\sbox</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\savebox</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>box, save</primary></indexterm>
@@ -14863,13 +14917,13 @@ There goes \usebox{\fullname}! Ya da da da da da da.
<literal>\newcommand</literal> macro variable is efficiency, that &latex; need not
repeatedly retypeset the contents. See the example below.
</para>
-<para>The first two command invocations,
+<para>The first two command invocations shown above,
<literal>\sbox{<replaceable>box-cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal> and
-<literal>\savebox{<replaceable>box-cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>, are roughly equivalent.
-As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to specify
-the box width as <replaceable>width</replaceable>, and the position of the text inside that
-box as <replaceable>position</replaceable>. See <link linkend="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</link>, for the full
-description.
+<literal>\savebox{<replaceable>box-cmd</replaceable>}{<replaceable>text</replaceable>}</literal>, are roughly the same.
+As to the third and fourth, the optional arguments allow you to
+specify the box width as <replaceable>width</replaceable>, and the position of the text
+inside that box as <replaceable>position</replaceable>. See <link linkend="_005cmbox-_0026-_005cmakebox">\mbox &amp; \makebox</link>, for the
+full description.
</para>
<para>In the <literal>\sbox</literal> and <literal>\savebox</literal> commands the <replaceable>text</replaceable> is
typeset in LR mode so it does not have line breaks (see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). If
@@ -15143,11 +15197,11 @@ or style, rather than in the document body.
<para>or
</para>
<screen>\color{<replaceable>name</replaceable>}
-\color[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>specification</replaceable>}
+\color[<replaceable>color model</replaceable>]{<replaceable>color specification</replaceable>}
</screen>
<para>The affected text gets the color. This line
</para>
-<screen>\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:}
+<screen>\textcolor{magenta}{My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;}
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
</screen>
<para>causes the first half to be in magenta while the rest is in black. You
@@ -15597,9 +15651,8 @@ files in a file with a PostScript style <literal>%%BoundingBox</literal> line if
other format is available.)
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><replaceable>command</replaceable>
-</term><listitem><para>A command that will be applied to the
-file. This is very often left empty. This command must start with a
-single backward quote. Thus,
+</term><listitem><para>A command that will be applied to the file. This is often left
+empty. This command must start with a single backward quote. Thus,
<literal>\DeclareGraphicsRule{.eps.gz}{eps}{.eps.bb}{`gunzip -c
#1}</literal> specifies that any file with the extension <filename>.eps.gz</filename> should
be treated as an <literal>eps</literal> file, with the BoundingBox information
@@ -16170,8 +16223,8 @@ font circumflex use <literal>\^{}</literal>. To get a backslash in the font of
the text body, enter <literal>\textbackslash{}</literal>.
</para>
<para>To produce the reserved characters in a typewriter font use
-<literal>\verb!!</literal> as below (the double backslash&#160;<literal>\\</literal> is only
-there to split the lines in the output).
+<literal>\verb!!</literal> as below (the double backslash&#160;<literal>\\</literal> in the
+example is only there to split the lines in the output).
</para>
<screen>\begin{center}
\# \$ \% \&amp; \{ \} \_ \~{} \^{} \textbackslash \\
@@ -16279,7 +16332,9 @@ visible space at 32 decimal could also be written as
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>text symbols</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>symbols, text</primary></indexterm>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>textcomp package</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>textcomp</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>textcomp</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>TS1 encoding</primary></indexterm>
<para>&latex; provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols
in running text. Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are
@@ -16327,11 +16382,12 @@ the <literal>textcomp</literal> package for some (technically, those in the
Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\ldots</primary></indexterm><literal>\ldots</literal>
-</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal>
</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textellipsis</primary></indexterm><literal>\textellipsis</literal>
+</term><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\dots</primary></indexterm><literal>\dots</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>ellipsis</primary></indexterm>
-<para>&#8230; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <literal>\ldots</literal>
-and <literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode.
+<para>&#8230; An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): <literal>\ldots</literal> and
+<literal>\dots</literal> also work in math mode (see <link linkend="Dots">Dots</link>). See that math
+mode ellipsis description for additional general information.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\lq</primary></indexterm><literal>\lq</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left quote</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16390,8 +16446,14 @@ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbackslash</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbackslash</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>backslash, in text</primary></indexterm>
-<para>\ Backslash.
+<para>\ Backslash. However, <literal>\texttt{\textbackslash}</literal> produces a roman
+(not typewriter) backslash by default; for a typewriter backslash, it
+is necessary to use the T1 (or other non-default) font encoding, as
+in:
</para>
+<screen>\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+</screen><!-- https://github.com/latex3/latex2e/issues/824 -->
+
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbar</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbar</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>vertical bar, in text</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar, vertical, in text</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16411,12 +16473,14 @@ Double and single quotation marks on the baseline.
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbraceleft</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbraceleft</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>left brace, in text</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, left, in text</primary></indexterm>
-<para>{ Left brace.
+<para>{ Left brace. See remarks at <literal>\textbackslash</literal> above about
+making <literal>\texttt{\textbraceleft}</literal> produce a typewriter brace.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbraceright</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbraceright</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>right brace, in text</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>brace, right, in text</primary></indexterm>
-<para>} Right brace.
+<para>} Right brace. See remarks at <literal>\textbackslash</literal> above about
+making <literal>\texttt{\textbraceright}</literal> produce a typewriter brace.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\textbullet</primary></indexterm><literal>\textbullet</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="cp"><primary>bullet, in text</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16697,7 +16761,7 @@ accented.
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\b</literal>
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\b (bar-under accent)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>bar-under accent</primary></indexterm>
-<para>o_ Bar accent underneath.
+<para>o&#818; Bar accent underneath.
</para>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\underbar</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>underbar</primary></indexterm>
@@ -16705,7 +16769,7 @@ accented.
<replaceable>text</replaceable>. The argument is always processed in LR mode
(see <link linkend="Modes">Modes</link>). The bar is always a fixed position under the baseline,
thus crossing through descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in
-<link linkend="Math-miscellany">Math miscellany</link>.
+<link linkend="Over_002d-and-Underlining">Over- and Underlining</link>.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\c</literal>
</term><term><literal>\capitalcedilla</literal>
@@ -16740,7 +16804,7 @@ thus crossing through descenders. See also <literal>\underline</literal> in
</term><listitem><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\r (ring accent)</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\capitalring</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>ring accent</primary></indexterm>
-<para>o* Ring accent.
+<para>o&#778; Ring accent.
</para>
</listitem></varlistentry><varlistentry><term><literal>\t</literal>
</term><term><literal>\capitaltie</literal>
@@ -17172,7 +17236,7 @@ This allows you, for instance, to close an <literal>\if...</literal> with a
<sect1 label="24.2" id="_005cinclude-_0026-_005cincludeonly">
<title><literal>\include</literal> &amp; <literal>\includeonly</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005cinclude"/><anchor id="_005cincludeonly"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\include</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\includeonly</primary></indexterm>
<para>Synopsis:
@@ -17490,9 +17554,9 @@ these commands before you call <literal>\tableofcontents</literal>, etc.
\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{Plots}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{Specifications}
</screen>
-<para><indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>babel</literal></primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>babel</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>babel</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
-</para>
+
<indexterm role="cp"><primary>package, <literal>polyglossia</literal></primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="cp"><primary><literal>polyglossia</literal> package</primary></indexterm>
@@ -18500,7 +18564,7 @@ such as <literal>\chapter</literal> that make no sense in a letter are turned of
Each <literal>letter</literal> environment body typically ends with a
<literal>\closing</literal> command such as <literal>\closing{Yours,}</literal>.
</para>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ for letters</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\\ (for letters)</primary></indexterm>
<para>Additional material may come after the <literal>\closing</literal>. You can say who
is receiving a copy of the letter with a command like <literal>\cc{the
Boss \\ the Boss's Boss}</literal>. There&#8217;s a similar <literal>\encl</literal> command for
@@ -18826,7 +18890,7 @@ And, you can issue instructions for the operating system.
<sect1 label="27.1" id="_005copenin-_0026-_005copenout">
<title><literal>\openin</literal> &amp; <literal>\openout</literal></title>
-<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\openin</primary></indexterm>
+<anchor id="_005copenin"/><anchor id="_005copenout"/><anchor id="_005cclosein"/><anchor id="_005ccloseout"/><indexterm role="fn"><primary>\openin</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\openout</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closein</primary></indexterm>
<indexterm role="fn"><primary>\closeout</primary></indexterm>
@@ -19297,7 +19361,7 @@ finishes.
...
\newcommand{\fignum}{1}
\immediate\write18{cd pix &amp;&amp; asy figure\fignum}
-\includegraphics{pix\figure\fignum.pdf}
+\includegraphics{pix/figure\fignum.pdf}
</screen>
<para>will run Asymptote (the <literal>asy</literal> program) on <filename>pix/figure1.asy</filename>,
so that the document can later read in the resulting graphic
@@ -19404,8 +19468,8 @@ creating the output <filename>thesis.pdf</filename>.
</para>
<screen>pdflatex thesis
</screen>
-<para><indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm>
-Note that <filename>.tex</filename> is the default file name extension.
+<indexterm role="fn"><primary>.tex, default extension</primary></indexterm>
+<para>Note that <filename>.tex</filename> is the default file name extension.
</para>
<para>pdf&tex; is an extension of the original &tex; program, as are
Xe&tex; and Lua&tex; (see <link linkend="TeX-engines">&tex; engines</link>). The first two are
@@ -19417,8 +19481,8 @@ such as hyperlinks, support for modern image formats such as JPG and
PNG, and ubiquitous viewing programs. In short, if you run
<command>pdflatex</command> or <command>xelatex</command> or <command>lualatex</command> then you
will by default get PDF and have access to all its modern features.
-If you run <command>latex</command>, or <literal>dvilualatex</literal>, then you will get
-DVI. The description here assumes pdf&latex;.
+If you run <command>latex</command>, or <command>dvilualatex</command>, then you will get
+DVI. The description here assumes <command>pdflatex</command>.
</para>
<para>See <link linkend="Command-line-options">Command line options</link>, for a selection of the most useful
command line options. As to <replaceable>argument</replaceable>, the usual case is that it