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+% -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+% This is part of the book TeX for the Impatient.
+% Copyright (C) 2003 Paul W. Abrahams, Kathryn A. Hargreaves, Karl Berry.
+% See file fdl.tex for copying conditions.
+
+\input macros
+%\chapter{Using this book}
+\chapter{使用本书}
+
+\chapterdef{usebook}
+
+%This book is a do-it-yourself guide and handbook for \TeX.
+%Here in this section we tell you how to use the book to maximum advantage.
+
+本书是一本介绍 \TeX{} 的自学手册。
+在本章中, 我们将指导你如何更好地使用本书。
+
+% We recommend that you first either read or skim in sequence Sections
+% \chapternum{usebook} through \chapternum{examples},
+% which tell you what you need to know in order to get started using \TeX.
+% If you've already had experience using \TeX, it will still be helpful
+% to know what kinds of information are in these sections of the book.
+% Sections~\chapternum{concepts}--\chapternum{tips}, which
+% occupy most of
+% the rest of the book, are designed to be accessed randomly.
+% Nevertheless, if you're the kind of person who likes to read reference manuals,
+% you'll find that it \emph{is} possible to proceed sequentially if you're
+% willing to take a lot of detours at first.
+
+我们建议你先阅读或浏览 \chapternum{usebook} 到 \chapternum{examples}章,
+这些地方会告诉你如何上手 \TeX。
+如果你已经使用过 \TeX, 这些地方仍会值得一看,
+至少你可以知道这些章节介绍了些什么内容。
+%本书的重头戏是\chapternum{concepts}--\chapternum{tips}章,
+%这些章节可以任意选择地进行阅读.
+其余部分,主要是\chapternum{concepts}--\chapternum{tips}章,
+可以有选择地翻阅。
+当然, 如果你是一个很喜爱阅读参考手册的人,
+你会发现从头到尾地把这本书阅读一遍\emph{是}完全可行的,
+当然你会为此在开头学习时绕些弯路。
+
+% In \chapterref{usingtex}, ``Using \TeX'',
+% we explain how to produce a \TeX\ document from a
+% \TeX{} input file.
+% We also describe the conventions for preparing that input file,
+% explain a little about how \TeX{} works, and tell you about additional
+% resources that are available.
+% Reading this section will help you understand
+% the examples in the next section.
+
+在\chapterref{usingtex},``使用 \TeX'',
+我们解释如何把一个 \TeX{} 输入文件转为一个 \TeX{} 文档。
+%我们还讲述了准备这个输入文件的惯例,
+我们还讲述了准备输入文件的一些习惯,
+简要地解释了 \TeX{} 是如何工作的, 告诉你可以获取的其它资源信息。
+阅读了这个章节, 会有助于你理解下一个章节的例子。
+
+% \chapterref{examples}, ``Examples'',
+% contains a sequence of
+% examples that illustrate the use of \TeX.
+% Each example consists of a page of output
+% together with the input that we used to create it.
+% These examples will orient you and help you
+% locate the more detailed material that you'll need as you go.
+% By seeing which commands are used in the input, you'll know
+% where to look for more detailed information on how to achieve
+% the effects shown in the output.
+% The
+% examples can also serve as models for simple documents, although we must
+% caution you that
+% because we've tried to pack a variety of \TeX\ commands into a small
+% number of pages,
+% the examples are not necessarily illustrations of good or complete
+% document~design.
+
+\chapterref{examples}, ``例子'',
+包括了一系列的例子来描述 \TeX{} 的功用.
+每个例子包括了一页的输出内容, 也包括了输出该页内容所输入的源代码.
+这些例子会指导你且帮助你找到你所需要的更详细的资料.
+通过观察输入使用了什么命令,
+你会知道在哪里能够找到输出效果所使用方法的更详细的信息.
+这些例子也可以作为简单的文档的模版, 当然我们必需提醒你,
+因为我们尝试把很多的 \TeX{} 命令放在这几页纸中,
+这些例子不可能描述好的或者完整的文档设计.
+
+% As you read the explanation of a command, you may encounter
+% some unfamiliar technical terms.
+% In \chapterref{concepts}, ``Concepts'',
+% we define and explain these terms.
+% We also discuss other topics that aren't covered
+% elsewhere in the book.
+% The inside back cover of the book contains a list of all the
+% concepts and the pages where they are described.
+% We suggest that you make a copy of this list and keep it nearby
+% so that you'll be able to identify and look up an unfamiliar
+% concept immediately.
+
+当你看这些命令的解释时, 你会遇到很多不熟悉的技术术语.
+在 \chapterref{concepts}, ``概念''中, 我们定义并解释了这些术语.
+我们同时还讨论了本书其它地方没有涉及到的话题.
+本书书背内页列出了所有的概念名称以及它们所出现的位置.
+我们建议你把书背内页复印下来, 放在旁边,
+这样你就能在遇到不熟悉的概念时马上查找到它们.
+
+% \TeX's commands are its primary vocabulary,
+% and the largest part of this book is
+% devoted to explaining them. In Sections~\chapternum{paras}
+% through~\chapternum{general} we describe the commands.
+% You'll find general information about the command descriptions
+% on \xrefpg{cmddesc}.
+% The command descriptions are arranged
+% functionally, rather like a thesaurus, so if you know what you want to
+% do but you don't know which command does it for you, you can use the
+% table of contents to guide you to the right group of commands.
+% Commands that we think are both particularly useful and easy to understand
+% are indicated with a pointing~hand~(\hand).
+
+\TeX{} 的命令是它的主要词汇, 本书最主要的部分就是用来解释这些命令.
+从第~\chapternum{paras}~章到第~\chapternum{general}~章, 我们解释了这些命令.
+你可以在\xrefpg{cmddesc}找到命令描述的描述惯例.
+这些命令根据功能分门别类, 而不是按字典顺序,
+所以如果你知道你想做什么, 但不知那该用什么命令,
+你可以使用目录来引导你找到正确的命令组.
+我们给我们认为常用且容易理解的命令标上了一个手形符号~(\hand).
+
+%\chapterref{capsule}, ``Capsule summary of commands'', is a
+%specialized index that complements the more complete descriptions
+%in Sections~\chapternum{paras}--\chapternum{general}.
+%It lists \TeX's commands
+%alphabetically, with a brief explanation of each command
+%and a reference to the page
+%where it is described more completely. The capsule summary
+%will help you when you just want a quick reminder of what a command
+%does.
+\chapterref{capsule}为``命令速查表'',这个专门的索引与%
+第~\chapternum{paras}--\chapternum{general}~章的更完整描述相辅相成。
+在这一章中按字母顺序列出了各个 \TeX\ 命令及其简要解释,
+并给出该命令的详细描述所在的页码。
+此速查表可以让你快速知道某个命令的作用。
+
+%\TeX{} is a complex program that occasionally works its will in
+%mysterious ways.
+%In \chapterref{tips}, ``Tips and techniques'',
+%we provide advice on solving a variety of specific
+%problems that you may encounter from time to time.
+%And if you're stumped by
+%\TeX's error messages, you'll find succor in \chapterref{errors},
+%``Making sense of error messages''.
+\TeX{} 是个复杂的程序,偶尔地会以诡异的方式工作。
+在\chapterref{tips},``建议和技巧''中,
+对一系列你时不时会遇到的特定的问题,我们提供了一些建议。
+而若你被 \TeX\ 的错误信息难住了,
+\chapterref{errors},``理解错误信息''将给你提供帮助。
+
+%The gray tabs on the side of the book will help you locate parts of the
+%book quickly. They divide the book into the following major parts:
+%\olist
+%\li general explanations and examples
+%\li concepts
+%\li descriptions of commands (five shorter tabs)
+%\li advice, error messages, and the |eplain.tex| macros
+%\li capsule summary of commands
+%\li index
+%\endolist
+页边的灰色标签可以帮你快速定位到本书各个部分。
+它们将本书划分为下面几个主要部分:
+\olist
+\li 总体的说明和例子
+\li 概念
+\li 命令描述(五个短标签)
+\li 建议,错误信息和 |eplain.tex| 宏集
+\li 命令速查表
+\li 索引
+\endolist
+
+%In many places we have provided page references to
+%^{\texbook} (see \xrefpg{resources} for a citation).
+%These references apply to the seventeenth edition of \texbook.
+%For other editions, some references may be off by a page or two.
+在很多地方我们都给出了到^{\texbook} 的页码索引
+(要引用该书可以见\xrefpg{resources})。
+这些索引适用于\texbook\ 第十七次印刷版。
+对于其它版本,有的索引可能相差一两页。
+
+
+%\section Syntactic conventions
+\section 语法约定
+
+%In any book about preparing input for a computer,
+%it's necessary to indicate clearly the literal characters that should be typed
+%and to distinguish those characters from the explanatory text.
+%We use the Computer Modern typewriter font for {\tt literal input
+%like this}, and also for the names of \TeX{} commands.
+%When there's any possibility of confusion, we enclose \TeX{}
+%input in single quotation marks, `{\tt like this}'.
+%However, we occasionally use parentheses when we're indicating single
+%characters such as (|`|) (you can see why).
+在任何涉及到为计算机准备输入的书籍中,
+都得明确区分哪些字符是需要逐字输入的,而哪些字符属于解释性文本。
+我们用计算机现代打字机字体显示文字输入,比如{\tt literal input},
+以及\TeX\ 命令名。在可能导致混淆的地方,
+我们将 \TeX\ 命令用单引号围起来,比如`{\tt like this}'。
+然而,在表示单个字符时,我们偶尔也会用括号将它围起来,
+比如(|`|)(其原因你容易明白)。
+
+%For the sake of your eyes we usually just put spaces
+%where you should put spaces. In some places where
+%we need to emphasize the space, however,
+%we use a `\visiblespace' character
+%{\catcode `\ =\other\pix^^| |}%
+%to indicate it.
+%Naturally enough, this character is called a \emph{visible space}.
+%\pix^^{spaces//visible}
+通常我们按照你输入空格的方式显示空格,以免让你看花眼。
+但为了强调某些空格,我们用`\visiblespace'字符表示它。
+\ifoldeplain{\catcode `\ =\other\pix^^| |}\fi%
+这个字符很自然地被称为\emph{可见空格}.
+\pix^^{空格//可见空格}
+
+
+%\section Descriptions of the commands
+\section 命令描述
+
+\xrdef{cmddesc}
+%Sections~\chapternum{paras}--\chapternum{general} contain
+%a description of what nearly every \TeX{} command does. ^^{commands}
+%Both the primitive commands ^^{primitive//command}
+%and those of ^{\plainTeX} are covered.
+%The primitive commands are those built into the \TeX{} computer program, while
+%the \plainTeX{} commands are defined in a standard file of
+%auxiliary definitions (see \xref\plainTeX).
+%The only commands we've omitted are those that are used purely locally
+%in the definition of \plainTeX\ (\knuth{Appendix~B}).
+%The commands are organized as follows:
+第~\chapternum{paras}--\chapternum{general}~章描述了几乎每个\TeX\ 命令,
+^^{命令}包括原始命令^^{原始的//原始命令}和 ^{\plainTeX} 命令。
+原始命令是那些内建于 \TeX\ 程序中的命令,
+而 \plainTeX{} 命令是那些在标准辅助定义文件中定义的命令(见\xref\plainTeX )。
+我们仅仅忽略那些只在\plainTeX\ (\knuth{附录~B})定义中用到的局部命令。
+这些命令分为如下几部分:
+%\ulist\compact
+%\li ``Commands for composing paragraphs'', \chapterref{paras},
+%deal with characters, words, lines, and entire paragraphs.
+%\li ``Commands for composing pages'', \chapterref{pages},
+%deal with pages, their components, and the output routine.
+%\li ``Commands for horizontal and vertical modes'', \chapterref{hvmodes},
+%have corresponding or identical
+%forms for both horizontal modes (paragraphs and hboxes) and vertical
+%modes (pages and vboxes).
+%These commands provide boxes, spaces, rules, leaders,
+%and alignments.
+%\li ``Commands for composing math formulas'', \chapterref{math},
+%provide capabilities for constructing math formulas.
+%\li ``Commands for general operations'', \chapterref{general},
+%provide
+%\TeX's programming features and
+%everything else that doesn't fit into any of the other sections.
+%\endulist
+\ulist\compact
+\li \chapterref{paras},``组段命令'',介绍字符、单词、文本行和整个段落。
+\li \chapterref{pages},``组页命令'',介绍页面及其组成部分,以及输出例行程序。
+\li \chapterref{hvmodes},``水平和竖直模式命令'',
+介绍水平模式(段落和水平盒子)和竖直模式(页面和竖直盒子)中对应或等同的命令。
+这些命令提供了盒子、间隔、标线、指引线和对齐。
+\li \chapterref{math},``数学公式命令'',介绍构造数学公式的命令。
+\li \chapterref{general},``一般操作命令'',
+介绍 \TeX\ 的编程功能以及不适合放在其他部分的命令。
+\endulist
+%You should think of these categories as being suggestive rather than
+%rigorous, because the commands don't really fit neatly into these
+%(or any other) categories.
+你应该将这些分类视为提示性的而不是严格的,
+因为把命令都归入这些(或者其他)类别并不完全合适。
+
+%Within each section, the descriptions of the commands are organized
+%by function. When several commands are closely related, they are described as
+%a group; otherwise, each command has its own explanation.
+%The description of each command
+%includes one or more examples and the output
+%produced by each example when examples are appropriate (for
+%some commands they aren't).
+%When you are looking at a subsection containing functionally related
+%commands, be sure to check the end of a subsection for a ``see also''
+%item that refers you to related commands that are described elsewhere.
+各章的命令描述按照其功能组织。
+当几个命令密切相关时,它们合起来介绍;否则,每个命令分别解释。
+命令的描述中包含一个或多个例子,可能还有例子的输出%
+(对有些例子这并不可行)。
+若某节内容涉及到功能上相关的其他命令时,
+务必看看该节末尾的``参见''项,
+那里给出了其它地方介绍到的相关命令所在的页码。
+
+%Some commands are closely related to certain concepts.
+%For instance, the |\halign| and |\valign| commands are related to
+%``alignment'', the |\def|
+%command is related to ``macro'',
+%and the |\hbox| and |\vbox| commands are related to ``box''.
+%In these cases we've usually given a bare-bones des\-crip\-tion of the
+%commands themselves and explained the underlying ideas
+%in the concept.
+有些命令与特定的概念密切相关。
+例如,|\halign| 和 |\valign| 命令与``对齐''的概念相关,
+|\def| 命令与``宏''相关,
+而 |\hbox| 和 |\vbox| 命令与``盒子''相关。
+对此种情形,在命令这里我们通常只给出粗略介绍,
+而将对基本原理的解释放在相关概念中。
+
+%The examples associated with the commands have been typeset with
+%^|\parindent|, the paragraph indentation, set to zero so that
+%paragraphs are normally unindented.
+%This convention makes the examples easier to read.
+%In those examples where the paragraph indentation is essential,
+%we've set it explicitly to a nonzero value.
+命令相关的例子在排版时设定了段落缩进 ^|\parindent| 为零,
+因而其中段落一般是不缩进的;这使得例子更加容易阅读。
+对有些例子段落缩进是必不可少的,我们显式设置缩进为非零值。
+
+%The pointing hand in front of a command or a group of commands indicates
+%that we judged this command or group of commands to be particularly useful
+%and easy to understand.
+在一个或一组命令前面的手形符号,
+表示我们认为这个或这组命令是常用且容易理解的。
+
+%Many commands expect ^{arguments} of one kind or another
+%(\xref{arg1}). The arguments of
+%a command give \TeX{} additional information that it needs in order to
+%carry out the command. Each argument is indicated by an italicized
+%term in angle brackets that indicates what kind of argument it~is:
+某些命令需要特定类型的参量(\xref{arg1})。
+命令的参量提供 \TeX{} 执行该命令时所需的额外信息。
+每个参量都放在尖括号中,并用意大利体标明它的类型:
+
+%\display{%
+%\halign{\<#>\quad&#\hfil\cr
+%argument&a single token or some text enclosed in braces\cr
+%charcode&a character code, i.e., an integer between $0$ and $255$\cr
+%dimen&a dimension, i.e., a length\cr
+%glue&glue (with optional stretch and shrink)\cr
+%number&an optionally signed integer (whole number)\cr
+%register&a register number between $0$ and $255$\cr
+%}}
+%^^{\<dimen>}
+%^^{\<argument>}
+%^^{\<charcode>}
+%^^{\<glue>}
+%^^{\<number>}
+%^^{\<register>}
+\display{%
+\halign{\<#>\quad&#\hfil\cr
+argument&单个记号或者放在花括号中的一些文本\cr
+charcode&字符码,即在$0$到$255$之间的整数\cr
+dimen&尺寸,即长度\cr
+glue&粘连(有可选的伸展值和收缩值)\cr
+number&可带符号的整型值(整数)\cr
+register&寄存器编号,在$0$到$255$之间\cr
+}}
+^^{\<dimen>}
+^^{\<argument>}
+^^{\<charcode>}
+^^{\<glue>}
+^^{\<number>}
+^^{\<register>}
+
+% \noindent
+% All of these terms are explained in more detail in \chapterref{concepts}.
+% In addition, we sometimes use terms such as \<token list> that are either
+% self-explanatory or explained in the description of the command.
+% Some commands have special formats that require either braces or
+% particular words.
+% These are set in the same bold font that we use
+% for the command headings.
+
+\noindent
+所有这些术语会在\chapterref{concepts}中进行详述.
+除了这些以外, 我们会使用一些不言自明的或者在后文进行讲述的术语, 比如 \<token list>.
+有些命令有自己独特的格式, 比如需要括孤或者特定的字词.
+它们会使用和命令标题相同的黑体标出.
+
+% Some commands are parameters (\xref{introparms}) or table entries.
+% ^^{parameters//as commands}
+% This is indicated in the command's listing.
+% You can either use a parameter as an argument or assign a value to it.
+% The same holds for table entries.
+% We use the term ``parameter'' to refer to entities such as |\pageno|
+% that are actually registers but behave just like parameters.
+% ^^{registers//parameters as}
+
+有些命令是参数 (\xref{introparms}) 或表格项.
+^^{参数//作为命令}
+这会在命令的列表中指示出来.
+你可以将这个参数作为一个命令的参量,也可以给它赋值。
+表格项也是如此。
+我们使用``参数''这个术语来指代这些条目, 比如本是寄存器但可当参数使用的 |\pageno|.
+^^{寄存器//作为参数}
+
+
+\section 翻译说明
+
+本书由 CTeX 论坛上多人翻译而成,包括 luoyi,yulewang,zoho 和 zpxing。
+中文翻译的最新源码可以在这里看到:
+\csdisplay
+https://bitbucket.org/zohooo/impatient
+|
+考虑到此书需要和 \texbook\ 一起阅读,
+书中概念的翻译尽量保持和 \texbook\ 的翻译一致或接近。
+
+\ifoldeplain\else\ifcompletebook\else
+\vskip4em{\sectionfonts\leftline{本章索引}}
+\readindexfile{i}
+\fi\fi
+
+\endchapter
+\byebye