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diff --git a/fonts/junicode/doc/Feature_Reference.tex b/fonts/junicode/doc/Feature_Reference.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..032e0af18a --- /dev/null +++ b/fonts/junicode/doc/Feature_Reference.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1904 @@ + +\chapter{Feature Reference}\hypertarget{FeatureReference}{} +%\fancyhead[CE]{\scshape\color{myRed} {\addfontfeatures{Numbers=OldStyle}\thepage}\hspace{10pt}feature reference} + +\section{Introduction} +The OpenType features of Junicode version 2 and its variable counterpart (hereafter referred to together as +``Junicode'') have two purposes. One is to provide convenient access to the rich character set of the Medieval Unicode +Font Initiative (MUFI) recommendation. The other is to enable best practices in the presentation of medieval text, +promoting accessibility in electronic texts from PDFs to e-books to web pages. +%\thispagestyle{plain} + +Each character in the MUFI recommendation has a code point associated with it: either the one +assigned by Unicode or, where the character is not recognized by Unicode, in the Private Use Area (PUA) of the Basic +Multilingual Plane, a block of codes, running from \unic{U+E000} to \unic{U+F8FF}, that are assigned no value by Unicode but instead +are available for font designers to use in any way they please. + +The problem with PUA code points is precisely their lack of any value. Consider, as a point of comparison, the letter +\textex{a} (\unic{U+0061}). Your computer, your phone, and probably a good many other devices around the house +store a good bit of information about this \textex{a}: that it’s a letter in the Latin script, that +it’s lowercase, and that the uppercase equivalent is \textex{A} (\unic{U+0041}). All this information is +available to word processors, browsers, and other applications running on your computer. + +Now suppose you're preparing an electronic text containing what MUFI calls \textUName{latin small letter neckless +a} (\textex{}). It is assigned to code point \unic{U+F215}, which belongs to the PUA. Beyond that, your +computer knows nothing about it: not that it is a variant of \textex{a}, or that it is lowercase, or a letter in the Latin +alphabet, or even a character in a language system. A screen reader cannot read, or even spell out, a word with \unic{U+F215} +in it; a search engine will not recognize the word as containing the letter \textex{a}. + +Junicode offers the full range of MUFI characters---you can enter the PUA code points---but also a solution to the +problems posed by those code points. Think of an electronic text (a web page, perhaps, or a PDF) as having two layers: +an underlying text, stable and unchanging, and the displayed text, generated by software at the instant it is needed +and discarded when it is no longer on the screen. For greatest accessibility the underlying text should contain the +plain letter \textex{a} (\unic{U+0061}) along with markup indicating how it should be displayed. To generate +the displayed text, a program called a ``layout engine'' will (simplifying a bit here) read the markup and apply the +OpenType feature \textSourceText{cv02[5]}\footnote{\ Many OpenType features produce different outcomes depending on +an index passed to an application’s layout engine along with the feature tag. Different applications have different +ways of entering this index: consult your application’s documentation. Here, the index is recorded in brackets after +the feature tag. Users of fontspec (with {\XeLaTeX} or {\LuaTeX}) should also be aware that fontspec indexes start at zero +while OpenType indexes start at one. Therefore all index numbers listed in this document must be reduced by one for +use with fontspec.\par } to the underlying \textex{a}, bypassing the PUA code point, with the result that +readers see \textex{\cvd[4]{2}{a}}{}---the ``neckless a.'' And yet the letter will still register as +\textex{a} with search engines, screen readers, and so on. + +This is the Junicode model for text display, but it is not peculiar to Junicode: it is widely considered to be the best +practice for displaying text using current font technology. + +The full range of OpenType features listed in this document is supported by all major web browsers, LibreOffice, {\XeTeX}, +{\LuaTeX}, and (presumably) other document processing applications. All characters listed here are available in Adobe +InDesign, though that program supports only a selection of OpenType features. Microsoft Word, unfortunately, supports +only Stylistic Sets, ligatures (all but the standard ones in peculiar and probably useless combinations), number +variants, and the \hyperlink{req}{Required Features}. In terms of +OpenType support, Word is the most primitive of the major text processing applications. + +Many MUFI characters cannot be produced by using the OpenType variants of Junicode. These characters fall into three +categories: + +\liststyleLi +\begin{itemize} +\item Those with Unicode (non-PUA) code points. MUFI has done valuable work obtaining Unicode code points for medieval characters. +All such characters (those with hexadecimal codes that \textstyleEmphasis{do not} begin with \textex{E} +or \textex{F}) are presumed safe to use in accessible and searchable text. However, some of these are +covered by Junicode OpenType features for particular reasons. +\item Precomposed characters---those consisting of base character + one or more diacritics. For greatest accessibility, +these should be entered not as PUA code points, but rather as sequences consisting of base character + +diacritics. For example, instead of MUFI \unic{U+E498} \textUName{latin small letter e with dot below and acute}, use +\textex{e} + \unic{U+0323} \textUName{combining dot below} + \unic{U+0301} \textUName{combining acute accent}: +\textex{ẹ́} (when applying combining marks, start with any marks below the character and work +downwards, then continue with any marks above the character and work upwards. For example, to make +\textex{ǭ̣́}, place characters in this order: \textex{o}, +\textUName{combining ogonek} \unic{U+0328}, \textUName{combining dot below} \unic{U+0323}, \textUName{combining +macron} \unic{U+0304}, \textUName{combining acute} \unic{U+0301}). Some MUFI characters have marks in unconventional positions, +e.g. \textex{ȯ́} \textUName{latin small letter o with dot above and acute}, where the +acute appears beside the dot instead of above. This and other characters like it should still be entered as a sequence +of base character + marks (here \textex{o}, \textUName{combining dot above} \unic{U+0307}, +\textUName{combining acute} \unic{U+0301}). Junicode will position the marks in the manner prescribed by MUFI. +\item Characters for which a base character (a Unicode character to which it can be linked) cannot be identified, or for +which there may be an inconsistency in the MUFI recommendation. These include: + +\begin{itemize} +\item \textex{} \unic{U+E8AF}. This is a ligature of long \textex{s} and \textex{l} with stroke, +but there are no base characters with this style of stroke. +\item \textex{} \unic{U+EFD8} and \unic{U+EFD9}. MUFI lists these as ligatures (corresponding to the +historic ligatures \textex{\hlig{uuUU}}, but they cannot be treated as ligatures in the +font because a single diacritic is positioned over the glyphs as if they were digraphs like +\textex{ꜳꜲ}. +\item \textex{} \unic{U+EBE7} and \unic{U+EBE6}, for the same reason. +\item \textex{} \unic{U+F159} \textUName{latin abbreviation sign small de}. Neither a variant of +\textex{d} nor an eth (\textex{ð}), this character may be a candidate for Unicode +encoding. +\end{itemize} +\item Characters for which OpenType programming is not yet available. These will be added as they are located and +studied.% [Check: \unic{U+EBF1}, and smcp version.] +\end{itemize} +These characters should be avoided, even if you are otherwise using MUFI’s PUA characters: + +\liststyleLii +\begin{itemize} +\item \unic{U+F1C5} \textUName{combining curl high position}. Use \unic{U+1DCE} \textUName{combining ogonek above}. The +positioning problem mentioned in the MUFI recommendation is solved in Junicode (and, to be fair, many other fonts with +OpenType programming). +\item \unic{U+F1CA} \textUName{combining dot above high position}. Use \unic{U+0307} \textUName{combining dot above}. It +will be positioned correctly on any character. +\end{itemize} + +\section{Case-Related Features} +\subsection{\textSourceText{smcp} -- Small Capitals} +Converts lowercase letters to small caps; also several symbols and combining marks. All lower- and uppercase pairs (with +exceptions noted below) have a small cap equivalent. Lowercase letters without matching caps may lack matching small +caps. fghij $\rightarrow $ \textsc{fghij}. + +Note: Precomposed characters defined by MUFI in the Private Use Area have no small cap equivalents. Instead, compose +characters using combining diacritics, as outlined in the introduction. For example, \textSourceText{smcp} applied +to the sequence \textex{t} + \textUName{combining ogonek} (\unic{U+0328}) + \textUName{combining +acute} (\unic{U+0301}) will change \textex{t̨́} to \textex{\textsc{t̨́}}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{c2sc} -- Small Capitals from Capitals} +Use with \textSourceText{smcp} for all-small-cap text. ABCDE $\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{Letters = UppercaseSmallCaps}ABCDE}. + +Note: The variants of Ŋ (\unic{U+014A}—see \hyperlink{OtherLatin}{Other Latin Letters} below) have no lowercase equivalents. Their small capital forms can be +accessed only through this feature. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{pcap} -- Petite Capitals} +Produces small caps in a smaller size than \textSourceText{smcp}. Use these when small caps have to be mixed with +lowercase letters. The whole of the basic Latin alphabet is covered, plus a number of other letters, but fewer than +half of Junicode’s small caps have petite cap equivalents. klmno{\th} +$\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{Letters = PetiteCaps}klmno\th}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{c2pc} -- Petite Capitals from Capitals}} +Produces petite capitals from capitals. Use with \textSourceText{pcap} to convert mixed-case texts to petite capitals. +PQRST $\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{Letters=UppercasePetiteCaps}PQRST}. + +Note: The variants of Ŋ (\unic{U+014A}—see \hyperlink{OtherLatin}{Other Latin Letters} below) have no lowercase equivalents. Their petite capital forms can be +accessed only through this feature. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{case} -- Case-Sensitive Forms} +Produces combining marks that harmonize with capital letters: {\addfontfeature{Letters=Uppercase}\v{R}, X̉}, etc. Use of this feature reduces the +likelihood that a combining mark will collide with a glyph in the line above. Some applications turn this +feature on automatically for runs of capitals, and precomposed characters +(e.g. \textex{É} \unic{U+00C9}, \textex{Ū} \unic{U+016A}) +already use case-appropriate combining marks. This feature also changes oldstyle to +lining figures, since these harmonize better with uppercase letters. + +\section{Numbers and Sequencing} +\subsection{\textSourceText{frac} -- Fractions} +Applied to a slash and surrounding numbers, produces fractions with diagonal +slashes. 6/9 becomes {\addfontfeature{Fractions=On}6/9}, 16/91 becomes {\addfontfeature{Fractions=On}16/91}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{numr} -- Numerators} +Changes numbers to those suitable for use on the left/upper side of fractions +with diagonal stroke (\unic{U+2044}). This can be used, with \textSourceText{dnom}, to manually construct +fractions, but for most users \textSourceText{frac} will be a better solution. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{dnom} -- Denominators} +Changes numbers to those suitable for use on the right/lower side of fractions +with diagonal stroke (\unic{U+2044}). This can be used, with \textSourceText{numr}, to manually construct +fractions, but for most users \textSourceText{frac} will be a better solution. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{nalt} -- Alternate Annotation Forms} +Produces letters and numbers circled, in parenthesis, or followed by periods, as follows: + +\textSourceText{nalt[1]}, circled letters or numbers: {\addfontfeature{Annotation=0}a b .~.~. z; 0 1 2 .~.~. 20}. + +\textSourceText{nalt[2]}, letter or numbers in parentheses: {\addfontfeature{Annotation=1}a .~.~. z; 0 1 .~.~. 20}. + +\textSourceText{nalt[3]}, double-circled numbers: {\addfontfeature{Annotation=2}0 1 .~.~. 10}. + +\textSourceText{nalt[4]}, white numbers in black circles: {\addfontfeature{Annotation=3}0 1 2 3 . . . 20}. + +\textSourceText{nalt[5]}, numbers followed by period: {\addfontfeature{Numbers={Monospaced,Uppercase},Annotation=4}0 1 . . . 20} + +\noindent For enclosed figures 10 and higher, \textSourceText{rlig} (Required Ligatures) must also be enabled (as it should +be by default: see \hyperlink{req}{Required Features} below). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{tnum} -- Tabular +Figures} +Fixed-width figures: \ltab{0123456789} (with \textSourceText{lnum}), \otab{0123456789} (default or with +\textSourceText{onum}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{onum} -- Oldstyle Figures} +Junicode's default figures are oldstyle and proportional, harmonizing with lowercase characters: +0123456789. Use this feature to switch temporarily to oldstyle figures in a context where +\textSourceText{lnum} is active. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{pnum} -- Proportional Figures} +Junicode's default figures are proportionally spaced: unlike tabular figures, they are not +all the same width: 0123456789. Use this feature to switch temporarily to proportional figures in a context where +\textSourceText{tnum} is active. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{lnum} -- Lining Figures} +Figures in a uniform height, harmonizing with uppercase letters: \ltab{0123456789} (with +\textSourceText{tnum}), \lprop{0123456789} (default or with \textSourceText{pnum}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{zero} -- Slashed Zero} +Produces slashed zero in all number styles, including superscripts, subscripts, and fractions made with +\textSourceText{frac}: {\addfontfeature{Numbers=SlashedZero}\ltab{0} \otab{0} \lprop{0} \oprop{0}, +\addfontfeature{Fractions=On} 10/30}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss09} -- Alternate Figures} +In the manner of old typefaces, Junicode's default number one is shaped like a small capital I and +its zero is a plain ring. This feature provides more modern-looking figures: +{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=9}01}. Only oldstyle figures +are affected by this feature. + +\section{Superscripts and Subscripts} +\subsection{\textSourceText{sups} -- Superscripts} +Produces superscript numbers and letters. Superscript numbers are in one of two styles: oldstyle proportional +(from oldstyle numbers) and lining tabular (from lining numbers). All lowercase +letters of the basic Latin alphabet are covered, and most uppercase letters: \sups{\ltab{0123} \oprop{4567} abcde ABDEG}. Wherever +superscripts are needed (e.g. for footnote numbers), use \textSourceText{sups} instead of the raised and scaled +characters generated by some programs. With sups: \sups{4567}. Scaled: \textsuperscript{4567}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{subs} -- Subscripts} +Produces subscript numbers. Only produces oldstyle proportional and lining tabular figures: +\subs{\oprop{2345} \ltab{8901}}. + +\section{Ornaments} +\subsection{\textSourceText{ornm} -- Ornaments} +Produces ornaments (fleurons) in either of two ways: as an indexed variant of the bullet character (\unic{U+2022}) or as +variants of a-z, A-C: + +\begin{multicols}{4} +a, 1{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{a} + +b, 2{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{b} + +c, 3{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{c} + +d, 4{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{d} + +e, 5{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{e} + +f, 6{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{f} + +g, 7{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{g} + +h, 8{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{h} + +i, 9{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{i} + +j, 10{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{j} + +k, 11{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{k} + +l, 12{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{l} + +m, 13{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{m} + +n, 14{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{n} + +o, 15{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{o} + +p, 16{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{p} + +q, 17{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{q} + +r, 18{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{r} + +s, 19{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{s} + +t, 20{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{t} + +u, 21{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{u} + +v, 22{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{v} + +w, 23{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{w} + +x, 24{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{x} + +y, 25{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{y} + +z, 26{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{z} + +A, 27{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{A} + +B, 28{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{B} + +C, 29{\tabto{4em}}\ornm{C} +\end{multicols} + +\noindent The method with letters of the alphabet is easier, but the method with bullets will produce a more satisfactory result +when text is displayed in an environment where Junicode is not available or \textSourceText{ornm} is not +implemented. + +\subsection{Lady Junicode} +Lady Junicode cannot be produced by an OpenType feature, believing that it would be vulgar to make herself so accessible. She has, indeed, +commanded that the author of this document not publish her code point, located in one of the more private corners of the +Private Use Area. She has, however, given permission to publish her miniature: +\begin{center} +{\huge\char"0F19F} +\end{center} +If you encounter her while adventuring in her domains, greet her respectfully, and she will welcome you graciously. + +\section{Alphabetic Variants} +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv01-cv52} -- Basic Latin Variants} +These features also affect small cap (\textSourceText{smcp}) and underdotted (\textSourceText{ss07}) forms, +where available. Variants in \cvc{magenta} are also available via \textSourceText{ss06} “Enlarged Minuscules.” +Use the \textSourceText{cvNN} features instead of \textSourceText{ss06} when you want to substitute an +enlarged minuscule for a capital (or, less likely, a lowercase) letter everywhere in a text. + +\begin{center} +\tablefirsthead{\hline +\bfseries Variant of &\ +\bfseries cvNN & +\arraybslash{\bfseries Variants}\\\hline} +\tablehead{\hline +\bfseries Variant of & +\bfseries cvNN & +\centering\arraybslash{\bfseries Variants}\\\hline} +\tabletail{\hline} +\tablelasttail{\hline} +\begin{supertabular}{| c | c | p{2.9212599in} |} +% +\bluerow\color{black}A & cv01 & +1=\cvd{1}{A}, 2=\cvd[1]{1}{A}, 3=\cvd[2]{1}{A}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{1}{A}}\\ +% +a & cv02 & +{1=\cvd{2}{a}, 2=\cvd[1]{2}{a}, 3=\cvd[2]{2}{a}, 4=\cvd[3]{2}{a}, + 5=\cvd[4]{2}{a}, 6=\cvc{\cvd[5]{2}{a}}, 7=\cvd[6]{2}{a}, 8=\cvd[7]{2}{a}, 9=\cvd[8]{2}{a}, + 10=\cvd[9]{2}{a}}\\ +% +\bluerow B & cv03 & +1=\cvc{\cvd{3}{B}}, 2=\cvd[1]{3}{B}\\ +% +b & cv04 & +1=\cvc{\cvd{4}{b}}\\ +% +\bluerow C & cv05 & +{1=\cvd{5}{C}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{5}{C}}}\\ +% +c & cv06 & +{1=\cvd{6}{c}, 2=\cvd[1]{6}{c}}\\ +% +\bluerow D & cv07 & +{1=\cvd{7}{D}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{7}{D}}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{7}{D}}}\\ +% +d & cv08 & +{1=\cvd{8}{d}, 2=\cvd[1]{8}{d}, 3=\cvd[2]{8}{d}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{8}{d}}, + 5=\cvc{\cvd[4]{8}{d}} (also affects ḋ)}\\ +% +\bluerow E & cv09 & +{1=\cvd{9}{E}, 2=\cvd[1]{9}{E}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{9}{E}}, 4=\cvd[3]{9}{E}}\\ +% +e & cv10 & +{1=\cvd{10}{e}, 2=\cvd[1]{10}{e}, 3=\cvd[2]{10}{e}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{10}{e}}, 5=\cvd[4]{10}{e}}\\ +% +\bluerow F & cv11 & +{1=\cvd{11}{F}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{11}{F}, 3=\cvd[2]{11}{F}}}\\ +% +f & cv12 & +{1=\cvd{12}{f}, 2=\cvd[1]{12}{f}, 3=\cvd[2]{12}{f}, 4=\cvd[3]{12}{f}, 5=\cvd[4]{12}{f}, + 6=\cvd[5]{12}{f}, 7=\cvc{\cvd[6]{12}{f}}, 8=\cvc{\cvd[7]{12}{f}}, 9=\cvd[8]{12}{f}}\\ +% +\bluerow G & cv13 & +{1=\cvd{13}{G}, 2=\cvd[1]{13}{G}, 3=\cvd[2]{13}{G}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{13}{G}}}\\ +% +g & cv14 & +{1=\cvd{14}{g}, 2=\cvd[1]{14}{g}, 3=\cvd[2]{14}{g}, 4=\cvd[3]{14}{g}, 5=\cvd[4]{14}{g}, + 6=\cvd[5]{14}{g}, 7=\cvd[6]{14}{g}, 8=\cvc{\cvd[7]{14}{g}}, 9=\cvc{\cvd[8]{14}{g}}}\\ +% +\bluerow H & cv15 & +{1=\cvd{15}{H}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{15}{H}}, 3=\cvd[2]{15}{H}}\\ +% +h & cv16 & +{1=\cvd{16}{h}, 2=\cvd[1]{16}{h}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{16}{h}}, 4=\cvd[3]{16}{h}, 5=\cvd[4]{16}{h}}\\ +% +\bluerow I & cv17 & +{1=\cvd{17}{I}, 2=\cvd[1]{17}{I}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{17}{I}}, 4=\cvd[3]{17}{I}}\\ +% +i & cv18 & +{1=\cvd{18}{i}, 2=\cvd[1]{18}{i}, 3=\cvd[2]{18}{i}, 4=\cvd[3]{18}{ii}, 5=\cvd[4]{18}{i}, + 6=\cvc{\cvd[5]{18}{i}}*}\\ +% +\bluerow J & cv19 & +{1=\cvd{19}{J}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{19}{J}}}\\ +% +j & cv20 & +{1=\cvd{20}{j}, 2=\cvd[1]{20}{j}, 3=\cvd[2]{20}{j}, \cvc{4=\cvd[3]{20}{j}}}\\ +% +\bluerow K & cv21 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{21}{K}}}\\ +% +k & cv22 & +{1=\cvd{22}{k}, 2=\cvd[1]{22}{k}, 3=\cvd[2]{22}{k}, 4=\cvd[3]{22}{k}, \cvc{5=\cvd[4]{22}{k}}, 6=\cvd[5]{22}{k}}\\ +% +\bluerow L & cv23 & +{\cvc{1=\cvd{23}{L}}}\\ +% +l & cv24 & +{1=\cvd{24}{l}, \cvc{2=\cvd[1]{24}{l}}, 3=\cvd[2]{24}{l}, 4=\cvd[3]{24}{l}, 5=\cvd[4]{24}{l}, 6=\cvd[5]{24}{l}}\\ +% +\bluerow M & cv25 & +{1=\cvd{25}{M}, 2=\cvd[1]{25}{M}, 3=\cvd[2]{25}{M}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{25}{M}}}\\ +% +m & cv26 & +{1=\cvd{26}{m}, 2=\cvd[1]{26}{m}, 3=\cvd[2]{26}{m}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{26}{m}}}\\ +% +\bluerow N & cv27 & +{1=\cvd{27}{N}, \cvc{2=\cvd[1]{27}{N}}, 3=\cvd[2]{27}{N}}\\ +% +n & cv28 & +{1=\cvd{28}{n}, 2=\cvd[1]{28}{n}, 3=\cvd[2]{28}{n}, 4=\cvd[3]{28}{n}, \cvc{5=\cvd[4]{28}{n}}, + 6=\cvd[5]{28}{n}, 7=\cvd[6]{28}{n}}\\ +% +\bluerow O & cv29 & +{1=\cvd{29}{O}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{29}{O}}}\\ +% +o & cv30 & +{1=\cvd{30}{o}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{30}{o}}}\\ +% +\bluerow P & cv31 & +{1=\cvd{31}{P}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{31}{P}}}\\ +% +p & cv32 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{32}{p}}}, 2=\cvd[1]{32}{p}**\\ +% +\bluerow Q & cv33 & +{1=\cvd{33}{Q}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{33}{Q}}, 3=\cvd[2]{33}{Q}◌, + 4=\cvd[3]{33}{Q}◌◌}\\ +% +q & cv34 & +{1=\cvd{34}{q}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{34}{q}}}\\ +% +\bluerow R & cv35 & +{1=\cvd{35}{R}, 2=\cvd[1]{35}{R}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{35}{R}}}\\ +% +r & cv36 & +{1=\cvd{36}{r}, 2=\cvd[1]{36}{r}, 3=\cvd[2]{36}{r}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{36}{r}}}\\ +% +\bluerow S & cv37 & +{1=\cvd{37}{S}, 2=\cvd[1]{37}{S}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{37}{S}}, 4=\cvd[3]{37}{S}, 5=\cvd[4]{37}{S}, + 6=\cvd[5]{37}{S}, 7=\cvd[6]{37}{S}}\\ +% +s & cv38 & +{1=\cvd{38}{s}, 2=\cvd[1]{38}{s}, 3=\cvd[2]{38}{s}, 4=\cvd[3]{38}{s}, + 5=\cvd[4]{38}{s}, 6=\cvd[5]{38}{s}, 7=\cvc{\cvd[6]{38}{s}}, 8=\cvd[7]{38}{s}, + 9=\cvd[8]{38}{s}, 10=\cvd[9]{38}{s}, 11=\cvd[10]{38}{s}, 12=\cvd[11]{38}{s}}\\ +% +\bluerow T & cv39 & +{1=\cvd{39}{T}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{39}{T}}}\\ +% +t & cv40 & +{1=\cvd{40}{t}, 2=\cvd[1]{40}{t}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{40}{t}}, 4=\cvd[3]{40}{t}}\\ +% +\bluerow U & cv41 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{41}{U}}, 2=\cvd[1]{41}{U}, 3=\cvd[2]{41}{U}}\\ +% +u & cv42 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{42}{u}}}\\ +% +\bluerow V & cv43 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{43}{V}}}\\ +% +v & cv44 & +{1=\cvd{44}{v}, 2=\cvd[1]{44}{v}, 3=\cvd[2]{44}{v}, 4=\cvd[3]{44}{v}, 5=\cvc{\cvd[4]{44}{v}}, + 6=\cvd[5]{44}{v}}\\ +% +\bluerow W & cv45 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{45}{W}}, 2=\cvd[1]{45}{W}}\\ +% +w & cv46 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{46}{w}}, 2=\cvd[1]{46}{w}}\\ +% +\bluerow X & cv47 & +{1=\cvc{\cvd{47}{X}}}\\ +% +x & cv48 & +{1=\cvd{48}{x}, 2=\cvd[1]{48}{x}, 3=\cvd[2]{48}{x}, 4=\cvd[3]{48}{x}, 5=\cvc{\cvd[4]{48}{x}}}\\ +% +\bluerow Y & cv49 & +{1=\cvd{49}{Y}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{49}{Y}}}\\ +% +y & cv50 & +{1=\cvd{50}{y}, 2=\cvd[1]{50}{y}, 3=\cvd[2]{50}{y}, 4=\cvc{\cvd[3]{50}{y}}, 5=\cvd[4]{50}{y}, + 6=\cvd[5]{50}{y}}\\ +% +\bluerow Z & cv51 & +{1=\cvd{51}{Z}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{51}{Z}}}\\ +% +z & cv52 & +{1=\cvd{52}{z}, 2=\cvd[1]{52}{z}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{52}{z}}}\\ +\end{supertabular} +\end{center} + +\noindent * \textSourceText{cv18[4]} changes ii to ij at the end of a word; +\textSourceText{cv18[5]} changes i to j at the end of a word whether another +i precedes or not. These variants are chiefly useful for roman numbers, but +also for Latin words ending in -ii. The j produced by this feature is +searchable as i. + +\noindent ** \textSourceText{cv32[2]} should be on in any edition or extensive +quotation of the \textit{Ormulum}. The feature produces a p that differs from +the default only in the way it forms a double-p ligature with \textSourceText{hlig}: +\cvd[1]{32}{\hlig{pp}}, not \hlig{pp}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv53-cv66}, \textSourceText{cv91} -- Other Latin Letters}\hypertarget{OtherLatin}{} +Some features affect both upper- and lowercase forms. \textSourceText{cv62} also affects +combining \textex{e} with ogonek, accessible via \textSourceText{\hyperlink{ss10}{ss10}} with the +entity reference \textSourceText{\&\_eogo;}. + +\begin{center} +\tablefirsthead{\hline +\bfseries Variant of & +\bfseries cvNN & +\centering\arraybslash{\bfseries Variants}\\\hline} +\tablehead{\hline +\bfseries Variant of & +\bfseries cvNN & +\arraybslash{\bfseries Variants}\\\hline} +\tabletail{\hline} +\tablelasttail{\hline} +\begin{supertabular}{| c | c |p{2.3212599in}|} +% +\bluerow\k{A} (\unic{U+0104}) & +cv53 & +{1=\cvd{53}{Ą}, 2=\cvd[1]{53}{Ą}, 3=\cvd[2]{53}{Ą}}\\ +% +\k{a} (\unic{U+0105}) & +cv54 & +{1=\cvd{54}{ą}, 2=\cvd[1]{54}{ą}}\\ +% +\bluerow ꜳ (\unic{U+A733}) & +cv55 & +{1=\cvd{55}{ꜳ}, 2=\cvd[1]{55}{ꜳ}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{55}{ꜳ}}, 4=\cvd[3]{55}{æ}}\\ +% +{\AE} (\unic{U+00C6}) & +cv56 & +{1=\cvd{56}{\AE}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{56}{\AE}}}\\ +% +\bluerow{\ae} (\unic{U+00E6}) & +cv57 & +{1=\cvd{57}{\ae}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{57}{\ae}}, 3=\cvd[2]{57}{\ae}, 4=\cvd[3]{57}{\ae}, +5=\cvd[4]{57}{\ae}, 6=\cvd[5]{57}{\ae}}\\ +% +Ꜵ (\unic{U+A734}) & +cv58 & +{1=\cvd{58}{Ꜵ}, 2=\cvc{\cvd[1]{58}{Ꜵ}}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{58}{Ꜵ}}}\\ +% +\bluerow ꜵ (\unic{U+A735}) & +cv59 & +{1=\cvd{59}{ꜵ}, 2=\cvd[1]{59}{ꜵ}, 3=\cvc{\cvd[2]{59}{ꜵ}}}\\ +% +ꜹ (\unic{U+A739}) & +cv60 & +{1=\cvd{60}{ꜹ}}\\ +% +\bluerow{\dj} (\unic{U+0111}) & +cv61 & +{1=\cvd{61}{\dj}}\\ +% +{\narrow Ę, ę ... (U+0118, U+0119)} & +cv62 & +{1=\cvd{62}{Ę, ę ...}; 2=\cvd[1]{62}{Ę, ę ...}}*\\ +% +\bluerow{\narrow Ȝ, ȝ (U+021C, U+021D)} & +cv63 & +{1=\cvd{63}{Ȝȝ}, 2=\cvd[1]{63}{Ȝȝ}}\\ +% +Ŋ (U+014A) & +cv91 & +{1=\cvd{91}{Ŋ}, 2=\cvd[1]{91}{Ŋ}}\\ +% +\bluerow{\char"0A7C1} (\unic{U+A7C1}) & +cv65 & +{1=\cvd{65}{\char"0A7C1}, 2=\cvd[1]{65}{\char"0A7C1}, 3=\cvd[2]{65}{\char"0A7C1}, 4=\cvd[3]{65}{\char"0A7C1}}\\ +% +ꝥ, \revthorn{ꝥ} (\unic{U+A765}) & +cv66 & +{1=\cvd{66}{ꝥ, \revthorn{ꝥ}}}\\ +\end{supertabular} +\end{center} + +\noindent * \textSourceText{cv62} affects upper- and lowercase ę, and also dotted forms, enlarged forms, +and the combining mark ◌\&\_eogo;, accessible via \textSourceText{cv84} and as entity +\textSourceText{\&\_\char"200C{}eogo;}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss01} -- Alternate thorn and eth} +Produces Nordic thorn and eth (\textex{\eng\revthorn{{\th}{\dh}{\TH}}}) when the language is English, and English thorn and eth +(\textex{\icel\revthorn{{\th}{\dh}{\TH}}}) with any other language, reversing the font’s ordinary usage. +This also affects small caps, crossed +thorn (\textex{ꝥ \revthorn{ꝥ}}---see also +\hyperlink{OtherLatin}{\textSourceText{cv66}}), combining mark eth +(\unic{U+1DD9}, \textex{◌ᷙ \revthorn{◌ᷙ}}), and enlarged thorn and eth (see \textSourceText{\hyperlink{ss06}{ss06}}). +This feature depends on \textSourceText{\hyperlink{req}{loca}} (Localized Forms), which in most applications will +always be enabled. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss02} -- Insular Letter-Forms} +Produces insular letter-forms, e.g. \textex{\addfontfeatures{Language=English,StylisticSet=2}dfgrsw}. +The result is different, +depending on whether the language is English or Irish (make sure the language for your document is set +properly). In English text, capitals are not affected (except W), as these do not not commonly have +insular shapes in early manuscripts; instead, enter the Unicode code points or use the Character Variant +(\textSourceText{cvNN}) features. In English text, ss02 imitates the typography of the Old English +passages of Hickes’s \textit{Thesaurus}, not the usage of Old English or Anglo-Latin manuscripts. In +Irish texts, it imitates the distribution of insular characters but cannot imitate the style of +particular scribal hands or typefaces. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss04} -- High +Overline} +Produces a high overline over letters used as roman numbers: \textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=4}cdijlmvx CDI JLMVXↃ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss05} -- +Medium-High Overline} +Produces a medium-high overline over (or through the ascenders of) letters used as roman numbers, and some others as +well: \textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=5,Style=Historic}bcdhijklmſvx{\th}}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss06} -- +Enlarged Minuscules}\hypertarget{ss06}{} +Letters that are lowercase in form but uppercase in function, and between upper- and +lowercase in size, often used in medieval manuscripts as \textit{litterae notabiliores} to begin sentences, +paragraphs, and other textual units. +This feature +covers the whole of the basic Latin alphabet and a number of other letters that +occur at the beginnings of sentences. +Uppercase letters are also covered by this feature so that enlarged minuscules +can, if you like, be searched as capitals. This is Junicode's collection of +enlarged minuscules: + +\begin{multicols}{6} +\color{BrickRed}a\hfill→\hfill\enla{a} + +á\hfill→\hfill\enla{á} + +\cvd[6]{2}{a}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd[6]{2}{a}} + +ꜳ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ꜳ} + +æ\hfill→\hfill\enla{æ} + +ꜵ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ꜵ} + +b\hfill→\hfill\enla{b} + +c\hfill→\hfill\enla{c} + +d\hfill→\hfill\enla{d} + +ḋ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ḋ} + +d́\hfill→\hfill\enla{d́} + +\cvd{8}{ḋ}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd{8}{ḋ}} + +ꝺ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ꝺ} + +ꝺ́\hfill→\hfill\enla{ꝺ́} + +{\addfontfeature{Language=Icelandic}ð\hfill→\hfill\enla{ð}} + +ð\hfill→\hfill\enla{ð} + +e\hfill→\hfill\enla{e} + +\cvd[1]{10}{e}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd[1]{10}{e}} + +é\hfill→\hfill\enla{é} + +ę\hfill→\hfill\enla{ę} + +\cvd{62}{ę}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd{62}{ę}} + +f\hfill→\hfill\enla{f} + +ꝼ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ꝼ} + +g\hfill→\hfill\enla{g} + +ᵹ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ᵹ} + +ꟑ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ꟑ} + +h\hfill→\hfill\enla{h} + +\cvd{16}{h}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd{16}{h}} + +\cvd[3]{16}{h}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd[3]{16}{h}} + +ħ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ħ} + +i\hfill→\hfill\enla{i} + +ı\hfill→\hfill\enla{ı} + +j\hfill→\hfill\enla{j} + +ȷ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ȷ} + +k\hfill→\hfill\enla{k} + +l\hfill→\hfill\enla{l} + +m\hfill→\hfill\enla{m} + +\cvd{26}{m}\hfill→\hfill\enla{\cvd{26}{m}} + +n\hfill→\hfill\enla{n} + +o\hfill→\hfill\enla{o} + +œ\hfill→\hfill\enla{œ} + +p\hfill→\hfill\enla{p} + +q\hfill→\hfill\enla{q} + +r\hfill→\hfill\enla{r} + +s\hfill→\hfill\enla{s} + +ſ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ſ} + +t\hfill→\hfill\enla{t} + +u\hfill→\hfill\enla{u} + +v\hfill→\hfill\enla{v} + +w\hfill→\hfill\enla{w} + +ƿ\hfill→\hfill\enla{ƿ} + +x\hfill→\hfill\enla{x} + +y\hfill→\hfill\enla{y} + +z\hfill→\hfill\enla{z} + +{\addfontfeature{Language=Icelandic}þ\hfill→\hfill\enla{þ}} + +þ\hfill→\hfill\enla{þ} +\end{multicols} + +\noindent If you are using the variable version of the font (Junicode VF), consider using the +\hyperlink{enlarge}{Enlarge axis} +%\href{https://psb1558.github.io/Junicode-New/EnlargedAxis.html}{Enlarge axis} +instead, for reasons of flexibility and accessibility. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss07} -- Underdotted Text} +Produces underdotted text (indicating deletion in medieval manuscripts) for many +letters (including +the whole of the basic Latin alphabet and a number of other letters), e.g. +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=7}abcdefg HIJKLM}. This also affects small +caps, e.g. \textex{\textsc{abcdef} $\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=7}\textsc{abcdef}}}. +For letters without corresponding underdotted forms (e.g. \unic{U+A751}, ꝑ), +use \unic{U+0323}, combining dot below (\textex{\hspace{0.05em}ꝑ̣}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss08} -- Contextual Long s} +In English, French, and Latin text only, varies \textex{s} and \textex{ſ} according to rules +followed by many early printers: \textex{\colongs sports, essence, stormy, disheveled, transfusions, slyness, cliffside}. For this +feature to work properly, \textSourceText{calt} ``Contextual Alternates'' must also be enabled (as it should be by +default: see \hyperlink{req}{Required Features} below). This feature does not work in {\ltech}, except in harf mode. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss16} -- +Contextual r Rotunda}\hypertarget{ss16}{} +Converts \textex{r} to \textex{ꝛ} (lowercase only) following the +most common rules of medieval manuscripts: +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=16,Contextuals=Alternate}priest, firmer, frost, ornament}. +For this feature to work properly, +\textSourceText{calt} ``Contextual Alternates'' must also be enabled (as it should be by default: see +\hyperlink{req}{Required Features} below). This feature does not work in {\ltech}, except in harf mode. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{salt} -- +Stylistic Alternates (medieval capitals, etc.)}\hypertarget{salt}{} +Junicode has two series of decorative capitals in medieval scripts. These affect only the letters +A-Z and a-z. \textSourceText{salt[1]} provides rustic capitals, a script used for text in the late +ancient and early medieval periods and for display until around the eleventh century: +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticAlternates=0}Gazifrequens Libycos duxit Karthago triumphos}. \textSourceText{salt[2]} +provides Lombardic capitals, a style used mainly for what are now called drop caps. Junicode’s Lombardic capitals +are not suitable for running text, titles, or headers: +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticAlternates=1}A\,B\,C\,D\,E\,F}. +Rustic capital Æ is available (\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticAlternates=0}Æ}), but not Lombardic. +\textSourceText{salt[3]} provides variants of rustic G and Lombardic F and T: +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticAlternates=2}G\,F\,T}. +Miscellaneous alternates (for which Character Variants are +unavailable) are also gathered here on \textSourceText{salt[1]}: +ð \rightarrow{ }\textex{\addfontfeature{Language=English,StylisticAlternates=0}ð}, +ẏ \rightarrow{ }\textex{\addfontfeature{Language=English,StylisticAlternates=0}ẏ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv68} -- Variant of ʔ (\unic{U+0294}, glottal stop)} +1=\cvd{68}{ʔ}. + +\section{Greek} +Junicode has two distinct styles of Greek. In the roman face, it is upright and +modern, especially designed to harmonize with Junicode's Latin letters. In the +italic, it is slanted and old-style, being based on the eighteenth-century +Greek type designed by Alexander Wilson and used by the Foulis Press in +Glasgow. Both Greek styles include the full polytonic and monotonic character +sets: \textex{αβγδεζ \textit{αβγδεζ}}. + +To set Greek properly (especially polytonic text) requires that both \textSourceText{locl} +and \textSourceText{ccmp} be active, as they should be by default in most +text processing applications (but in MS Word they must be explicitly enabled +by checking the ``kerning'' box on the ``Advanced'' tab of the Font Dialog). + +Modern monotonic Greek should be set using only characters from the Unicode “Greek +and Coptic” range (\unic{U+0370–U+03FF}). When monotonic text is set in all caps, Junicode +suppresses accents automatically (except in single-letter words, for which +you must substitute unaccented forms manually). This substitution is not +performed on text containing visually identical letters from the ``Greek Extended'' +range (\unic{U+0F00–U+1FFF}). +Thus when setting polytonic Greek, one should use (for example) \textex{Ά} +(\unic{U+1FBB}), not \textex{Ά} (\unic{U+0386}), +though they look the same. + +You can set polytonic Greek either by entering code points from the Greek +Extended range or by entering sequences of base characters and diacritics. +When using the latter method, you must first make sure the language for the +text in question (whether a single word, a short passage, or a complete +document) is set to Greek, and then enter characters in canonical order +(that is, the sequence defined by Unicode as equivalent to the composite +character). The order is as follows: 1. base character; 2. diacritics +positioned either above or in front of the base character, working from left +to right or bottom to top; 3. the \textit{ypogegrammeni} (\unic{U+0345}), or for +capitals, if you prefer, the \textit{prosgegrammeni} (\unic{U+1FBE}).\footnote{\ Some +applications will automatically reorder sequences of letters and accents, +sparing you the trouble of remembering the canonical order.} + +For example, the sequence ω (\unic{U+03C9}) ◌̓ (\unic{U+0313}) ◌́ (\unic{U+0301}) ◌ͅ (\unic{U+0345}) +produces \textex{\grk ᾤ}. +Substitute capital Ω (\unic{U+03A9}) and the result is +\textex{\grk ᾬ}. Note that in a number of applications the layout +engine will perform these substitutions before Junicode’s own programming is +invoked. If either the layout engine or Junicode fails to produce your +preferred result, try placing \unic{U+034F} \textUName{combining grapheme joiner} +(don't waste time puzzling over the name) somewhere +in the sequence of combining marks---for example, before the \textit{ypogegrammeni} +to make \textex{\grk Ὤ͏ͅ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss03} -- Alternate Greek} +Provides alternate shapes of {\addfontfeature{Language=Greek}β γ θ π φ χ ω}: +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=3}β γ θ π φ χ ω}. +These are chiefly useful in linguistics, as they harmonize with IPA characters. + +\section{Punctuation} +MUFI encodes nearly twenty marks of punctuation in the PUA. In Junicode these can be accessed in +either of two ways: all are indexed variants of \textex{.} (period), and all are associated with the Unicode marks of +punctuation they most resemble (but it should not be inferred that the medieval marks are semantically identical with +the Unicode marks, or that there is an etymological relationship between them). The first method will be easier for +most to use, but the second is more likely to yield acceptable fallbacks in environments where Junicode is not +available. + +Marks with Unicode encoding are not included here, as they can safely be entered directly. In MUFI 4.0 several marks +have PUA encodings, but have since that release been assigned Unicode code points: \textit{paragraphus} (⹍ +\unic{U+2E4D}), medieval comma (⹌~\unic{U+2E4C}), \textit{punctus elevatus} (⹎ \unic{U+2E4E}), \textit{virgula suspensiva} +(⹊ \unic{U+2E4A}), triple dagger (⹋ \unic{U+2E4B}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss18} -- Old-Style Punctuation Spacing} +Colons, semicolons, parentheses, quotation marks and several other glyphs are spaced as in early printed books. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv69} -- Variants of ⁊⹒ +(\unic{U+204A / U+2E52}, Tironian nota)} +1=\cvd{69}{⁊⹒}, 2=\cvd[1]{69}{⁊⹒}, 3=\cvd[2]{69}{⁊⹒}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv70} -- + Variants of . (period)} +1=\cvd{70}{.}, 2=\cvd[1]{70}{.}, 3=\cvd[2]{70}{.}, 4=\cvd[3]{70}{.}, 5=\cvd[4]{70}{.}, 6=\cvd[5]{70}{.}, +7=\cvd[6]{70}{.}, 8=\cvd[7]{70}{.}, 9=\cvd[8]{70}{.}, 10=\cvd[9]{70}{.}, 11=\cvd[10]{70}{.}, 12=\cvd[11]{70}{.}, +13=\cvd[12]{70}{.}, 14=\cvd[13]{70}{.}, 15=\cvd[14]{70}{.}, 16=\cvd[15]{70}{.}, 17=\cvd[16]{70}{.}, +18=\cvd[17]{70}{.}, 19=\cvd[18]{70}{.}, 20=\cvd[19]{70}{.}. This +feature provides access to all non-Unicode MUFI punctuation marks. Some of them are available via other features (see +below). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv71} -- Variant of {\textperiodcentered} (\unic{U+00B7}, middle dot)} +1=\cvd{71}{\char"25CC\textperiodcentered} (\textit{distinctio}), 2=\cvd[1]{71}{\char"25CC\textperiodcentered}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv72} -- +Variants of , (comma)} +1=\cvd{72}{,}, 2=\cvd[1]{72}{,}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv73} -- +Variants of ; (semicolon)} +1=\cvd{73}{;} (\textit{punctus versus}), 2=\cvd[1]{73}{;}, 3=\cvd[2]{73}{;}, 4=\cvd[3]{73}{;}, +5=\cvd[4]{73}{;}, 6=\cvd[5]{73}{;}, 7=\cvd[6]{73}{;}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv74} -- Variants of ⹎ (\unic{U+2E4E}, \textit{punctus elevatus})} +1=\cvd{74}{⹎}, 2=\cvd[1]{74}{⹎}, 3=\cvd[2]{74}{⹎}, 4=\cvd[3]{74}{⹎} (\textit{punctus flexus}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv7}\textSourceText{5} -- Variant of ! (exclamation mark)} +1=\cvd{75}{!} (\textit{punctus exclamativus}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv76} +-- Variants of ? (question mark)} +1=\cvd{76}{?}, 2=\cvd[1]{76}{?}, 3=\cvd[2]{76}{?}. Shapes of the \textit{punctus interrogativus}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv77} +-- Variant of \~{} (ASCII tilde)} +1=\cvd{77}{\~{}} (same as MUFI \unic{U+F1F9}, ``wavy line''). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv78} -- +Variant of * (asterisk)} +1=\cvd{78}{*}. MUFI defines \unic{U+F1EC} as a \textit{signe de renvoi}. Manuscripts employ a number of shapes (of which this is one) for +this purpose. Junicode defines it as a variant of the asterisk---the most common modern \textit{signe de renvoi}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv7}\textSourceText{9} -- Variants of / (slash)} +1=\cvd{79}{/}, 2=\cvd[1]{79}{/}. The first of these is Unicode, \unic{U+2E4E}. + +\section{Abbreviations} +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv80} -- Variant of ꝝ (\unic{U+A75D}, rum +abbreviation)} +1=\cvd{80}{ꝝ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv81} -- Variants of ◌͛ (\unic{U+035B}, combining +zigzag above)} +1=\cvd{81}{◌͛}, 2=\cvd[1]{81}{◌͛}, 3=\cvd[2]{81}{◌͛}. Positioning of the zigzag can differ from that of other combining +marks, e.g. \textex{b͛ f͛ d͛}. If \textSourceText{calt} ``Contextual Alternates'' is enabled (as it is by +default in most apps), variant forms of \textSourceText{cv81[2]} will be used with several letters, e.g. +\textex{\cvd[1]{81}{d͛ \ f͛ \ k͛}}. Enable \textSourceText{case} for forms that harmonize with capitals +(\textex{\addfontfeature{Letters=Uppercase}\cvd[1]{81}{A͛ B͛ C͛ D͛}}), +\textSourceText{smcp} for forms that harmonize with small caps +(\textex{\textsc{\cvd[1]{81}{e͛ f͛ g͛ h͛}}}). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv82} -- Variants of spacing ꝰ (\unic{U+A770})} +1=\cvd{82}{ꝰ}, 2=\cvd[1]{82}{ꝰ}. \textSourceText{cv82[1]} produces the baseline \textit{{}-us} abbreviation (same as MUFI +\unic{U+F1A6}). MUFI also has an uppercase baseline \textit{{}-us} abbreviation (\unic{U+F1A5}), but as there is no uppercase version +of \unic{U+A770} to pair it with, it is indexed separately here. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv83} -- Variants of ꝫ (\unic{U+A76B}, ``et'' abbreviation)} +1=\cvd{83}{ꝫ}, 2=\cvd[1]{83}{ꝫ}, 3=\cvd[2]{83}{ꝫ}. \textSourceText{[1]} and \textSourceText{[3]} are +identical in shape to a semicolon and a colon, but as they are semantically the same as \unic{U+A76B}, +it is preferable to use those +characters with this feature. \textSourceText{[2]} produces a subscript version of +the character, a common variant in early printed books. + +\section{Combining Marks} +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv84} -- MUFI combining marks (variants of \unic{U+0304})} +MUFI encodes a number of combining marks in the PUA (with code points between \unic{E000} and \unic{F8FF}), but when these characters +are entered directly, they can interfere with searching and accessibility, and some important applications fail to +position them correctly over their base characters. To avoid these problems, enter \unic{U+0304} (◌̄, \textUName{combining +macron}) and apply \textSourceText{cv84}, with the appropriate index, to both mark and base character. This +collection of marks does not include any Unicode-encoded marks (from the ``Combining Diacritical Marks'' ranges), as +these can safely be entered directly. It does include three marks (\textSourceText{cv84[30]}, +\textSourceText{[31]} and \textSourceText{[32]}) that lack MUFI code points but are used to form MUFI +characters, and three more (\textSourceText{[2]}, \textSourceText{[33]}, +and \textSourceText{[34]}) that have no code points in Unicode or MUFI. + +This feature may often appear to have no effect. When this happens it is because +an application replaced a sequence like \textex{a \unic{U+0304}} with a precomposed character +like \textex{ā} (\unic{U+0101}) before Junicode's OpenType programming had a chance to work. +This process is called normalization, and it usually has the effect of simplifying +text processing tasks, but can sometimes prevent the proper functioning of OpenType +features. To disable it, place the character \unic{U+034F} \textUName{combining +grapheme joiner} between the base +character and the combining mark (or the first combining mark). For example, to produce +the combination \textex{\cvd[1]{84}{u͏̄}}, enter \textex{u \unic{U+034F U+0304}}. + +These marks can sometimes be produced by other \textSourceText{cvNN} features, which may be preferable to +\textSourceText{cv84} as providing more suitable fallbacks for applications that do not support Character Variant +(\textSourceText{cvNN}) features. + +For some marks with PUA code points, users may find it easier to use \hyperlink{ss10}{entities} than this feature. + +These marks are not affected by most other features. This is to preserve flexibility, given the rule that the feature +that produces them must be applied to both the mark and the base character. For example, if you had to +apply \textSourceText{smcp} ``Small Caps'' to \textSourceText{U+1DE8} ◌͏ᷨ to get +\textSourceText{cv84[11]} \cvd[10]{84}{◌͏̄}, it would be impossible to produce the sequence +\textex{\cvd[10]{84}{na͏{\char"34F\char"304}a}} +(or the reverse case \textex{\textsc{na{\char"1DE8}a}}) +with the diacritic properly positioned. + +\begin{multicols}{6} +\color{BrickRed}1\hfill=\hfill\cvd{84}{◌͏̄} + +2\hfill=\hfill\cvd[1]{84}{◌͏̄} + +3\hfill=\hfill\cvd[2]{84}{◌͏̄} + +4\hfill=\hfill\cvd[3]{84}{◌͏̄} + +5\hfill=\hfill\cvd[4]{84}{◌͏̄} + +6\hfill=\hfill\cvd[5]{84}{◌͏̄} + +7\hfill=\hfill\cvd[6]{84}{◌͏̄} + +8\hfill=\hfill\cvd[7]{84}{◌͏̄} + +9\hfill=\hfill\cvd[8]{84}{◌͏̄} + +10\hfill=\hfill\cvd[9]{84}{◌͏̄} + +11\hfill=\hfill\cvd[10]{84}{◌͏̄} + +12\hfill=\hfill\cvd[11]{84}{◌͏̄} + +13\hfill=\hfill\cvd[12]{84}{◌͏̄} + +14\hfill=\hfill\cvd[13]{84}{◌͏̄} + +15\hfill=\hfill\cvd[14]{84}{◌͏̄} + +16\hfill=\hfill\cvd[15]{84}{◌͏̄} + +17\hfill=\hfill\cvd[16]{84}{◌͏̄} + +18\hfill=\hfill\cvd[17]{84}{◌͏̄} + +19\hfill=\hfill\cvd[18]{84}{◌͏̄} + +20\hfill=\hfill\cvd[19]{84}{◌͏̄} + +21\hfill=\hfill\cvd[20]{84}{◌͏̄} + +22\hfill=\hfill\cvd[21]{84}{◌͏̄} + +23\hfill=\hfill\cvd[22]{84}{◌͏̄} + +24\hfill=\hfill\cvd[23]{84}{◌͏̄} + +25\hfill=\hfill\cvd[24]{84}{◌͏̄} + +26\hfill=\hfill\cvd[25]{84}{◌͏̄} + +27\hfill=\hfill\cvd[26]{84}{◌͏̄} + +28\hfill=\hfill\cvd[27]{84}{◌͏̄} + +29\hfill=\hfill\cvd[28]{84}{◌͏̄} + +30\hfill=\hfill\cvd[29]{84}{◌͏̄} + +31\hfill=\hfill\cvd[30]{84}{◌͏̄} + +32\hfill=\hfill\cvd[31]{84}{◌͏̄} + +33\hfill=\hfill\cvd[32]{84}{◌͏̄} + +34\hfill=\hfill\cvd[33]{84}{◌͏̄} + +35\hfill=\hfill\cvd[34]{84}{◌͏̄} + +36\hfill=\hfill\cvd[34]{84}{◌͏̄} + +37\hfill=\hfill\cvd[34]{84}{◌͏̄} +\end{multicols} + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv67} -- Spacing zigzag (variant of \unic{U+00AF}, spacing macron)} +A spacing version of ◌͛ (\unic{U+035B}, combining zigzag) appears in John Hutchins, +\textit{The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset} (London, 1774). It +is not in Unicode or MUFI. In the future this feature may be used, as necessary, +for other spacing marks of abbreviation. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss10} -- Character Entities for Combining Marks}\hypertarget{ss10}{} +Instead of \textSourceText{\hyperlink{cv84}{cv84}} for representing non-Unicode combining marks, some users may +wish to use XML/HTML-style entities. When \textSourceText{ss10} is turned on (preferably for the entire +text), these entities appear as combining marks and are correctly positioned over base characters. +For example, the letter \textex{e} followed by +\textex{\&{\textcompwordmark}\_eogo;} will yield \textex{e\&\_eogo;}. An advantage of entities is that +they are (unlike the PUA code points or the indexes of \textSourceText{cv84}) mnemonic and thus easy to use. +A disadvantage is that +searches cannot ignore combining marks entered by this method as they can using the \textSourceText{cv84} method. +(Every method of entering non-Unicode combining marks has disadvantages: users should weigh these, choose a method, +and stick with it.) + +If you use any of these entities in a work intended for print publication, you should call your publisher’s +attention to them, since they will likely have their own method of representing them. + +\begin{multicols}{4} +\color{RViolet}% +% Some of the marks in this table are made with cv84. It appears that the +% program may be calculating column width using the width of the unresolved +% entity, and that is causing some cells to wrap. We use cv84 for those +% cells. +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_ansc;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_ansc;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_an;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_an;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_ar;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_ar;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_arsc;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_arsc;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}as;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_as;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_bsc;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_bsc;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_dsc;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_dsc;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_eogo;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_eogo;} + +\&{\textcompwordmark}\_emac;\hfill→\hfill\cvd[12]{84}{◌\char"0304} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}idotl;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_idotl;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}j;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_j;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}jdotl;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_jdotl;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}ksc;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_ksc;} + +{\narrow\&\_{\textcompwordmark}munc;\hfill→\hfill\cvd[18]{84}{◌\char"0304}} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}oogo;\hfill→\hfill\cvd[20]{84}{◌\char"0304} + +{\narrow\&\_{\textcompwordmark}oslash;\hfill→\hfill\cvd[21]{84}{◌\char"0304}} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}omac;\hfill→\hfill\cvd{84}{◌\char"0304} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}orr;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_orr;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}oru;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_oru;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}q;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_q;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}ru;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_ru;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}sa;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_sa;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}tsc;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_tsc;} + +\&\_{\textcompwordmark}y;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_y;} + +{\narrow\&\_{\textcompwordmark}thorn;\hfill→\hfill\textstyleEntityRef{◌\&\_thorn;}} +\end{multicols} + +\noindent For another function of Stylistic Set 10, see \hyperlink{tagchapter}{Chapter 6, Entering Characters with Tags}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss20} -- Low Diacritics} +The MUFI recommendation includes a number of precomposed characters with base letters +{\addfontfeature{Language=Icelandic}b, h, k, {\th}, ꝺ and {\dh}} and a number of combining +marks. Instead of being positioned above ascender height as usual (e.g. +\textex{hͣ}), the MUFI glyphs have the marks positioned above the x-height +(e.g. \textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=20}hͣ}). +Using the MUFI code points for these precomposed glyphs can interfere with searching +and drastically reduce accessibility. Users of Junicode should instead use a sequence of base character + combining +mark, and apply \textSourceText{ss20} to the two glyphs. Variant shapes of \textex{ꝺ} and \textex{{\dh}} +that accommodate the combining mark will be substituted for the normal base characters (but this is not necessary for +the other base characters). Examples: +\textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=20}bͦ ꝺᷦ \cvd[14]{84}{h̄} kͤ {\th}ͭ ðᷢ}. These marks are affected by this +feature: + +\begin{multicols}{3} + \seminarrow\color{BrickRed}◌ͣ (\unic{U+0363}) + + ◌ᷓ (\unic{U+1DD3}) + + ◌ͤ (\unic{U+0364}) + + \cvd[14]{84}{◌͏̄} (\unic{U+0304}\slash\textSourceText{cv84[15]}) + + ◌ᷞ (\unic{U+1DDE}) + + \cvd[18]{84}{◌͏̄} (\unic{U+0304}\slash\textSourceText{cv84[19]}). + + ◌ͦ (\unic{U+0366}) + + ◌ͬ (\unic{U+036C}) + + ◌ᷢ (\unic{U+1DE2}) + + ◌ᷣ (\unic{U+1DE3}) + + \cvd{87}{◌ᷣ} (\unic{U+1DE3}\slash\textSourceText{cv87[1]}) + + ◌ͭ (\unic{U+036D}) + + ◌ᫎ (\unic{U+1ACE}) + + ◌ͧ (\unic{U+0367}) + + ◌ͮ (\unic{U+036E}) + + ◌ᷦ (\unic{U+1DE6}) + + ◌͛ (\unic{U+035B}) + \end{multicols} + +\noindent\textSourceText{ss20} is intended for use only with the diacritics and base characters listed here; other +base+diacritic combinations may be disrupted by the feature. You should therefore apply it only to +relevant base+diacritic pairs (e.g. via a style in InDesign or a word processor or a command in +{\LuaTeX}). + + + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv85} -- Variant of ◌ᷓ (U+1DD3, combining open a)} +1=\cvd{85}{◌ᷓ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv86} -- Variant of ◌ᷘ (\unic{U+1DD8}, combining insular +d)} +1=\cvd{86}{◌ᷘ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv87} -- Variant of ◌ᷣ (\unic{U+1DE3}, combining r rotunda)} +1=\cvd{87}{◌ᷣ}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv8}\textSourceText{8} -- Variant of combining dieresis (\unic{U+0308})} +1=\cvd{88}{◌̈}. This also affects precomposed characters on which this variant dieresis may occur, e.g. +\textex{\cvd{88}{\"a}}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv89} -- Variant of ◌̅ (\unic{U+0305}, +combining overline)} +1=\cvd{89}{◌̅}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv}\textSourceText{90} -- Variants of ◌͞◌ (\unic{U+035E}, combining double macron)} +1=\cvd{90}{◌͞◌}, 2=\cvd[1]{90}{◌͞◌}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv92} -- Variant of breve +below (\unic{U+032E})} +1=\cvd{92}{◌◌̮◌}. Position the mark after the middle of three glyphs, and apply \textSourceText{cv92} +to both the mark and (at least) the middle glyph. This mark is not available via \textSourceText{cv84}. + +\section{Currency and Weights} +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv93} -- Variants of {\textcurrency} (\unic{U+0044}, generic +currency sign)} + +\begin{multicols}{6} +\color{RViolet}1\hfill=\hfill\cvd{93}{\textcurrency} + +2\hfill=\hfill\cvd[1]{93}{\textcurrency} + +3\hfill=\hfill\cvd[2]{93}{\textcurrency} + +4\hfill=\hfill\cvd[3]{93}{\textcurrency} + +5\hfill=\hfill\cvd[4]{93}{\textcurrency} + +6\hfill=\hfill\cvd[5]{93}{\textcurrency} + +7\hfill=\hfill\cvd[6]{93}{\textcurrency} + +8\hfill=\hfill\cvd[7]{93}{\textcurrency} + +9\hfill=\hfill\cvd[8]{93}{\textcurrency} + +10\hfill=\hfill\cvd[9]{93}{\textcurrency} + +11\hfill=\hfill\cvd[10]{93}{\textcurrency} + +12\hfill=\hfill\cvd[11]{93}{\textcurrency} + +13\hfill=\hfill\cvd[12]{93}{\textcurrency} + +14\hfill=\hfill\cvd[13]{93}{\textcurrency} + +15\hfill=\hfill\cvd[14]{93}{\textcurrency} + +16\hfill=\hfill\cvd[15]{93}{\textcurrency} + +17\hfill=\hfill\cvd[16]{93}{\textcurrency} + +18\hfill=\hfill\cvd[17]{93}{\textcurrency} + +19\hfill=\hfill\cvd[18]{93}{\textcurrency} + +20\hfill=\hfill\cvd[19]{93}{\textcurrency} + +21\hfill=\hfill\cvd[20]{93}{\textcurrency} + +22\hfill=\hfill\cvd[21]{93}{\textcurrency} + +23\hfill=\hfill\cvd[22]{93}{\textcurrency} + +24\hfill=\hfill\cvd[23]{93}{\textcurrency} + +25\hfill=\hfill\cvd[24]{93}{\textcurrency} + +26\hfill=\hfill\cvd[25]{93}{\textcurrency} + +27\hfill=\hfill\cvd[26]{93}{\textcurrency} +\end{multicols} + +\noindent All of MUFI’s currency and weight symbols (those that do +not have Unicode code points) are gathered here, but some are also variants of other currency signs (see below). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv9}\textSourceText{4} -- Variant of ℔ (\unic{U+2114})} +1=\cvd{94}{℔}. Same as MUFI \unic{U+F2EB} (French Libra sign). + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv95} -- Variants of {\pounds} (\unic{U+00A3}, British pound sign)} +1=\cvd{95}{\pounds}, 2=\cvd[1]{95}{\pounds}, 3=\cvd[2]{95}{\pounds}, 4=\cvd[3]{95}{\pounds}, +5=\cvd[4]{95}{\pounds}, 6=\cvd[5]{95}{\pounds}. Same as MUFI \unic{U+F2EA, F2EB, F2EC, F2ED, +F2EE, F2EF}, pound signs from various locales. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv96} -- Variant of ₰ (\unic{U+20B0}, German penny sign)} +1=\cvd{96}{₰}. Same as MUFI \unic{U+F2F5}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv97} -- Variant of ƒ (\unic{U+0192}, florin)} +1=\cvd{97}{ƒ}. Same as MUFI \unic{U+F2E8}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{cv98} -- Variant of ℥ (\unic{U+2125}, Ounce sign)} +1=\cvd{98}{℥}. Same as MUFI \unic{U+F2FD}, Script ounce sign. + +\section{Gothic} +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss19} -- Latin to Gothic Transliteration} +Produces Gothic letters from Latin: \revthorn{Warþ þan in dagans jainans} $\rightarrow $ +{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=19}Warþ þan in dagans +jainans}. In web pages, the letters will be searchable as their Latin equivalents. + +\section{Runic} +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss12} -- Early English Futhorc} +Changes Latin letters to their equivalents in the early English futhorc. Because of the variability of the runic +alphabet, this method of transliteration may not produce the result you want. In that case, it may be necessary to +manually edit the result. fisc flodu ahof $\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=12}fisc flodu ahof}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss13} -- Elder +Futhark} +Changes Latin letters to their equivalents in the Elder Futhark. Because of the variability of the runic alphabet, this +method of transliteration may not produce the result you want. In that case, it may be necessary to manually edit the +result. ABCDEFG $\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=13}ABCDEFG}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss14} -- Younger +Futhark} +Changes Latin letters to their equivalents in the Younger Futhark. Because of the variability of the runic alphabet, +this method of transliteration may not produce the result you want. In that case, it may be necessary to manually edit +the result. ABCDEFG $\rightarrow $ {\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=14}ABCDEFG}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss15} -- +Long Branch to Short Twig} +In combination with \textSourceText{ss14}, converts long branch (the default for the Younger Futhark) to short twig runes: +{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=14}{ABCDEFG $\rightarrow $ +\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=15}ABCDEFG}}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{rtlm} +-- Right to Left Mirrored Forms} +Produces mirrored runes, e.g. {\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=12}ABCDEFG $\rightarrow $ \addfontfeature{MyStyle=mirrored}GFEDCBA}. +This feature cannot change the direction of text or reverse its order. + +\section{Ligatures and Digraphs} + +Old-style fonts typically contain a standard collection of ligatures (conjoined letters), including +\textex{fi}, \textex{fl}, \textex{ff}, \textex{ffi}, and \textex{ffl}. +Most software will display these ligatures automatically (except +Microsoft Word, for which they must be enabled explicitly). Junicode has a large number of ligatures, +including the standard f-ligatures, a similar set for long s, e.g. \textex{ſl}, \textex{ſſ}, \textex{ſſi}, but also more +specialized forms like \textex{ſꞇ}, +\textex{\addfontfeatures{StylisticSet=2,CharacterVariant=38:10}st}, +\textex{\addfontfeatures{Language=English,StylisticSet=2,CharacterVariant=38:10}sw} +(the last two with \textSourceText{ss02} and \textSourceText{cv38[11]}), and a few more. Most of Junicode’s +ligatures, however, are not automatic, but belong to the set of either Historic Ligatures +or Discretionary Ligatures, both of which must be invoked explicitly. These are listed in the following sections. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{hlig} -- Historic Ligatures} + +Produces ligatures for combinations that should not ordinarily be rendered as +ligatures in modern text.\footnote{\ Some +fonts define \textSourceText{hlig} differently, as including all ligatures in which at least one +element is an archaic character, e.g. +those involving long s (\textrm{ſ\hspace{0.2em}}). In Junicode, however, a +historic ligature is defined not by the characters it is composed of, but +rather by the join between them. If two characters (though modern) should not be joined except +in certain historic contexts, they form a historic ligature. If they should be +joined in all contexts (even if archaic), the ligature is not historic +and should be defined in \textSourceText{liga}.} Most of these are from the MUFI recommendation, +ranges B.1.1(b) and B.1.4. This feature does +not produce digraphs (which have a phonetic value), for which see +\textSourceText{\hyperlink{ss17}{ss17}}. The ligatures: +\addfontfeatures{Ligatures=Historic} + +\begin{multicols}{5} +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}f\hfill→\hfill{}af} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}ꝼ\hfill→\hfill{}aꝼ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}g\hfill→\hfill{}ag} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}l\hfill→\hfill{}al} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}n\hfill→\hfill{}an} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}N\hfill→\hfill{}aN} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}p\hfill→\hfill{}ap} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}ar} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}R\hfill→\hfill{}aR} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +{\addfontfeature{Language=Icelandic}a{\textcompwordmark}{\th}\hfill→\hfill{}a{\th}}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +a{\textcompwordmark}v\hfill→\hfill{}av} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +\cvd[1]{2}{a}{\textcompwordmark}{v}\hfill→\hfill{}\cvd[1]{2}{av}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +b{\textcompwordmark}b\hfill→\hfill{}bb} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +b{\textcompwordmark}g\hfill→\hfill{}bg} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +b{\textcompwordmark}o\hfill→\hfill{}bo} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +c{\textcompwordmark}h\hfill→\hfill{}ch} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +c{\textcompwordmark}k\hfill→\hfill{}ck} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ꝺ{\textcompwordmark}ꝺ\hfill→\hfill{}ꝺꝺ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +d{\textcompwordmark}e\hfill→\hfill{}de} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ꝺ{\textcompwordmark}e\hfill→\hfill{}ꝺe} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}a\hfill→\hfill{}ea} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}c\hfill→\hfill{}ec} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}ꝼ\hfill→\hfill{}eꝼ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}ᵹ\hfill→\hfill{}eᵹ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}m\hfill→\hfill{}em} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}n\hfill→\hfill{}en} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}o\hfill→\hfill{}eo} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}ꞃ\hfill→\hfill{}eꞃ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}ꞅ\hfill→\hfill{}eꞅ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}ꞇ\hfill→\hfill{}eꞇ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}x\hfill→\hfill{}ex} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +e{\textcompwordmark}y\hfill→\hfill{}ey} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +f{\textcompwordmark}ä\hfill→\hfill{}fä} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}d\hfill→\hfill{}gd} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}\revthorn{ð}\hfill→\hfill{}\revthorn{gð}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}ꝺ\hfill→\hfill{}gꝺ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}g\hfill→\hfill{}gg} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +\cvd[2]{14}{ɡ{\textcompwordmark}ɡ}\hfill→\hfill{}ɡɡ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}o\hfill→\hfill{}go} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}p\hfill→\hfill{}gp} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +g{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}gr} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +H{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}Hr} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +h{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}hr} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +h{\textcompwordmark}ſ\hfill→\hfill{}hſ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +h{\textcompwordmark}ẝ\hfill→\hfill{}hẝ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +k{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}kr} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +k{\textcompwordmark}ſ\hfill→\hfill{}kſ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +k{\textcompwordmark}ẝ\hfill→\hfill{}kẝ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +l{\textcompwordmark}l\hfill→\hfill{}ll} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +n{\textcompwordmark}a\hfill→\hfill{}na} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +n{\textcompwordmark}i\hfill→\hfill{}ni} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +\textsc{n}{\textcompwordmark}ſ\hfill→\hfill{}\textsc{nſ}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +n{\textcompwordmark}v\hfill→\hfill{}nv} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +o{\textcompwordmark}c\hfill→\hfill{}oc} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +O{\textcompwordmark}Ꝛ\hfill→\hfill{}OꝚ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +o{\textcompwordmark}ꝛ\hfill→\hfill{}oꝛ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +O{\textcompwordmark}Ꝝ\hfill→\hfill{}OꝜ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +o{\textcompwordmark}ꝝ\hfill→\hfill{}oꝝ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +P{\textcompwordmark}P\hfill→\hfill{}PP} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +p{\textcompwordmark}p\hfill→\hfill{}pp} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ꝓ{\textcompwordmark}p\hfill→\hfill{}ꝓp} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +P{\textcompwordmark}s\hfill→\hfill{}Ps} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +p{\textcompwordmark}e\hfill→\hfill{}pe} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +p{\textcompwordmark}s\hfill→\hfill{}ps} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +P{\textcompwordmark}si\hfill→\hfill{}Psi} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +p{\textcompwordmark}si\hfill→\hfill{}psi} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +q{\textcompwordmark}ꝩ\hfill→\hfill{}qꝩ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +{\narrow q{\textcompwordmark}ꝫ/q\cvd[1]{83}{ꝫ}\hfill→\hfill\hlig{{}qꝫ/\cvd[1]{83}{qꝫ}}}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ꝗ{\textcompwordmark}ꝗ\hfill→\hfill{}ꝗꝗ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +Q{\textcompwordmark}Ꝛ\hfill→\hfill{}QꝚ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +q{\textcompwordmark}ꝛ\hfill→\hfill{}qꝛ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ſ{\textcompwordmark}\"a\hfill→\hfill{}ſ\"a} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ſ{\textcompwordmark}c{\textcompwordmark}h\hfill→\hfill{}ſch} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ſ{\textcompwordmark}t{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}ſtr} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ſ{\textcompwordmark}ꝩ\hfill→\hfill{}ſꝩ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ſ{\textcompwordmark}ƿ\hfill→\hfill{}ſƿ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ꞇ{\textcompwordmark}ꞇ\hfill→\hfill{}ꞇꞇ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +U{\textcompwordmark}E\hfill→\hfill{}UE} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +u{\textcompwordmark}e\hfill→\hfill{}ue} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +U{\textcompwordmark}U\hfill→\hfill{}UU} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +u{\textcompwordmark}u\hfill→\hfill{}uu} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ƿ{\textcompwordmark}ƿ\hfill→\hfill{}ƿƿ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +\revthorn{{\th}{\textcompwordmark}r\hfill→\hfill{}{\th}r}} + +%{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +%\revthorn{{\th}{\textcompwordmark}s\hfill→\hfill{}{\th}s}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +\revthorn{{\th}{\textcompwordmark}ẝ\hfill→\hfill{}{\th}ẝ}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ð{\textcompwordmark}ð\hfill→\hfill{}ðð} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +{\th}\textcompwordmark{\th}\hfill→\hfill{}{\th}{\th}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432} +ƿ{\textcompwordmark}ƿ\hfill→\hfill{}ƿƿ} + +{\color[rgb]{0.38039216,0.09019608,0.16078432}\addfontfeature{Language=English} +ꝥ{\textcompwordmark}ꝥ\hfill→\hfill{}ꝥꝥ} + +\end{multicols} + +\noindent\addfontfeatures{Ligatures=histoff} +Note: For the ligature \textex{\textsc{\hlig{nſ}}} to +work properly, \unic{U+017F} \textex{ſ} must be entered directly, not by applying an OpenType feature to +\textex{s}. + +\subsection{\textSourceText{dlig} -- +Discretionary Ligatures} +Produces lesser-used ligatures: +\textex{\textcolor[rgb]{0.5529412,0.15686275,0.11764706}{\addfontfeature{Ligatures=Rare}ct, ſp, str, st, tr, tt, ty}}. +The collection of discretionary ligatures in the italic face also includes +{\textit{\addfontfeature{Ligatures=Rare}as, is, us}}. + + +\subsection{\textSourceText{ss17} -- Rare +Digraphs}\hypertarget{ss17}{} +By ``digraph'' we mean conjoined letters that represent a phonetic value: the most common examples +for western languages are \textex{{\ae}} and \textex{{\oe}} (though these, because they +are so common, are not included in this feature). Use of this feature in web pages enables easier searches: for +example, producing \textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=17}{\th}au} from +\textex{{\th}au} allows the word to be +searched as ``{\th}au.'' The digraphs covered by this feature are \textcolor[rgb]{0.5529412,0.15686275,0.11764706}{% +\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=17,Language=Icelandic}aa, ao, au, av, ay, ꝺv, ðv, gv, oo, vy,} plus capital and small cap +equivalents and digraph + +diacritic combinations anticipated in the +MUFI recommendation. To produce such a digraph + diacritic combination, either type a letter + diacritic combination as +the second element of the digraph or type the diacritic after the second element. For example, +\textex{a} + \textex{\'u} yields \textex{\addfontfeature{StylisticSet=17}a\'u}, and so does +\textex{a} + \textex{u} + \unic{U+0301} (combining acute accent). To produce a digraph + +diacritic combination not covered by MUFI (e.g. \textex{ꜵ̀}), you may have to place \unic{U+034F} +\textUName{combining grapheme joiner} (see \hyperlink{cv84}{cv84} above) between the second element of the digraph and the combining mark. + +\section{Required Features} +Required features, which provide some of the font’s most basic functionality---ligatures, support for +other features, kerning, and more---include \textSourceText{ccmp} (Glyph Composition/Decomposition), +\textSourceText{calt} (Contextual Alternates), \textSourceText{liga} (Standard Ligatures), +\textSourceText{loca} (Localized Forms), \textSourceText{rlig} (Required Ligatures), +\textSourceText{kern} (Horizontal Kerning), and \textSourceText{mark}/\textSourceText{mkmk} (Mark +Positioning). In MS Word these features have to be explicitly enabled on the Advanced tab of the Font dialog (Ctrl-D or +Cmd-D: enable Kerning, Standard Ligatures, and Contextual Alternates, and the others will be enabled automatically), +but in most other applications they are enabled by default. + + +\chapter{Non-MUFI Code Points}\hypertarget{nonmufi}{} + +Characters in Junicode that do not have Unicode code points should be accessed via OpenType +features whenever possible. MUFI/PUA code points should be used only in applications that do not support OpenType, or +that support it only partially (for example, MS Word). For certain characters that lack either Unicode or MUFI code +points, code points in the Supplementary Private Use Area-A (plane 15) are available. + +\begin{multicols}{4} +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0000\hfill\cvd{53}{Ą}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0001\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0002\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0003\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0004\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0005\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0006\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0007\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0008\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0009\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F000A\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F000B\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F000C\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F000D\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F000E\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F000F\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0010\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0011\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0012\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0013\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0014\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0015\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0016\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0017\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0018\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0019\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F001A\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F001B\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F001C\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F001D\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F001E\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F001F\hfill{}} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0020\hfill\char"0F0020} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0021\hfill\char"0F0021} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0030\hfill\char"0F0030} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0031\hfill\char"0F0031} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0032\hfill\char"0F0032} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0033\hfill\char"0F0033} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0034\hfill\char"0F0034} + +{\color[rgb]{0.13333334,0.29411766,0.07058824} +U+F0035\hfill\char"0F0035} + 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