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authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
committerNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
commite0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch)
tree60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /obsolete/info/latex-info
Initial commit
Diffstat (limited to 'obsolete/info/latex-info')
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-rw-r--r--obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-11818
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diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc0d963797
--- /dev/null
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+This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input
+file latex.texinfo.
+
+Indirect:
+latex.info-1: 91
+latex.info-2: 50016
+
+Tag Table:
+(Indirect)
+Node: Top93
+Node: Introduction8901
+Node: Styles and Options10130
+Node: Supported Styles10975
+Node: Supported Style Options11112
+Node: Commands11263
+Node: Counters12742
+Node: \addtocounter13768
+Node: \alph14047
+Node: \arabic14422
+Node: \fnsymbol14648
+Node: \newcounter14942
+Node: \roman15290
+Node: \setcounter15657
+Node: \usecounter15911
+Node: \value16210
+Node: Cross References16579
+Node: \label16969
+Node: \pageref17429
+Node: \ref17685
+Node: Definitions17913
+Node: \newcommand18225
+Node: \newenvironment18992
+Node: \newtheorem19981
+Node: \newfont20813
+Node: Page layout21097
+Node: \flushbottom21497
+Node: \raggedbottom21738
+Node: \onecolumn21867
+Node: \twocolumn22069
+Node: Environments22246
+Node: array23650
+Node: center24354
+Node: \centering24762
+Node: description25470
+Node: enumerate25832
+Node: eqnarray26390
+Node: equation26937
+Node: figure27227
+Node: flushleft28279
+Node: \raggedright28682
+Node: flushright29263
+Node: \raggedleft29679
+Node: itemize30256
+Node: list30796
+Node: minipage31436
+Node: picture32281
+Node: \circle (picture)36001
+Node: \dashbox (picture)36295
+Node: \frame (picture)36645
+Node: \framebox (picture)37009
+Node: \line (picture)37258
+Node: \linethickness (picture)37503
+Node: \makebox (picture)37958
+Node: \multiput (picture)38624
+Node: \oval (picture)38954
+Node: \put (picture)39401
+Node: \shortstack (picture)39663
+Node: \vector (picture)40112
+Node: quotation40409
+Node: quote40800
+Node: tabbing41135
+Node: \= (tabbing)41971
+Node: \> (tabbing)42090
+Node: \< (tabbing)42256
+Node: \+ (tabbing)42465
+Node: \- (tabbing)42677
+Node: \' (tabbing)42969
+Node: \` (tabbing)43313
+Node: \kill (tabbing)43856
+Node: table44197
+Node: tabular45234
+Node: \cline48021
+Node: \hline48226
+Node: \multicolumn48492
+Node: \vline49006
+Node: thebibliography49299
+Node: \bibitem50018
+Node: \cite50682
+Node: \nocite51035
+Node: theorem51280
+Node: titlepage51552
+Node: verbatim51984
+Node: \verb52436
+Node: verse52842
+Node: Footnotes53068
+Node: \footnote53612
+Node: \footnotemark53975
+Node: \footnotetext54286
+Node: Lengths54731
+Node: \newlength55105
+Node: \setlength55389
+Node: \addtolength55749
+Node: \settowidth56045
+Node: Letters56286
+Node: Declarations57624
+Node: \signature58361
+Node: \location58671
+Node: \telephone58933
+Node: \opening59157
+Node: \closing59453
+Node: Line and Page Breaking59649
+Node: \\60647
+Node: \-61110
+Node: \cleardoublepage61460
+Node: \clearpage61869
+Node: \hyphenation62140
+Node: \linebreak62610
+Node: \newline63160
+Node: \newpage63396
+Node: \nolinebreak63564
+Node: \nopagebreak64042
+Node: \pagebreak64522
+Node: Making Paragraphs64963
+Node: \indent65475
+Node: \noindent65742
+Node: \par65998
+Node: Math Formulas66184
+Node: Subscripts and Superscripts67305
+Node: Math Symbols67758
+Node: Spacing in Math Mode68141
+Node: Math Miscellany68675
+Node: \cdots69215
+Node: \ddots69406
+Node: \frac69557
+Node: \ldots69748
+Node: \overbrace69948
+Node: \overline70150
+Node: \sqrt70359
+Node: \underbrace70683
+Node: \underline70901
+Node: \vdots71176
+Node: Modes71317
+Node: Page Styles73123
+Node: \maketitle73562
+Node: \author74086
+Node: \date74423
+Node: \thanks74655
+Node: \title74838
+Node: \pagenumbering75064
+Node: \pagestyle75478
+Node: \mark76149
+Node: \thispagestyle76898
+Node: Sectioning77186
+Node: \appendix78362
+Node: Spaces and Boxes78616
+Node: \addvspace79581
+Node: \bigskip80032
+Node: \dotfill80266
+Node: \fbox80466
+Node: \framebox80734
+Node: \hfill81172
+Node: \hrulefill81405
+Node: \hspace81659
+Node: \makebox82266
+Node: \mbox82716
+Node: \medskip82939
+Node: \newsavebox83171
+Node: \parbox83427
+Node: \raisebox84314
+Node: \rule85171
+Node: \savebox85612
+Node: \smallskip85989
+Node: \usebox86258
+Node: \vfill86466
+Node: \vspace86661
+Node: Special Characters87200
+Node: Accents88104
+Node: German Special Characters89025
+Node: Splitting the Input89235
+Node: \include89694
+Node: \includeonly90494
+Node: \input90782
+Node: Starting and Ending91181
+Node: Table of Contents91722
+Node: \addcontentsline92544
+Node: \addtocontents93243
+Node: Terminal Input and Output93767
+Node: \typeout93933
+Node: \typein94422
+Node: Typefaces94940
+Node: Styles95140
+Node: Sizes95741
+
+End Tag Table
diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1 b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc8f18f2e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1
@@ -0,0 +1,1818 @@
+This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input
+file latex.texinfo.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
+
+Online LaTeX Help
+*****************
+
+This is Version 1.0 of the `Online LaTeX Help', dating 15.6.92
+
+`Online LaTeX Help' is heavily based on the LaTeX library for VMS-Help
+which is part of DECUS TeX Distribution of August 1990. Unfortunately,
+its author is nowhere mentioned, so I cannot pay tribute to him...
+
+The `Online LaTeX Help' is supposed to serve the TeX community as an
+online reference to all LaTeX commands and style files. Needless to say
+that it is far from complete yet (at least as far as the style files
+are concerned), so please send any bug reports, comments, additions,
+etc. to
+ Stefan Steffens (steffens@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de)
+
+ Zentrum fuer Datenverarbeitung
+ Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz
+ Bundesrepublik Deutschland
+
+The first part of the master menu lists the major nodes in this Info
+document. The Detailed Node Listing lists all the lower level nodes in
+the document.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Introduction:: Introduction
+* Styles and Options:: Document Styles and Style Options
+* Commands:: Commands
+
+ -- The Detailed Node Listing --
+
+Document Styles and Style Options
+
+* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles
+* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options
+
+Commands
+
+* Counters:: Counters
+* Cross References:: Cross References
+* Definitions:: Definitions
+* Page layout:: Page layout
+* Environments:: Environments
+* Footnotes:: Footnotes
+* Lengths:: Lengths
+* Letters:: Letters
+* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking
+* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs
+* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas
+* Modes:: Modes
+* Page Styles:: Page Styles
+* Sectioning:: Sectioning
+* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes
+* Special Characters:: Special Characters
+* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input
+* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending
+* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents
+* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output
+* Typefaces:: Typefaces
+
+Counters
+
+* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter
+* \alph:: \alph
+* \arabic:: \arabic
+* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol
+* \newcounter:: \newcounter
+* \roman:: \roman
+* \setcounter:: \setcounter
+* \usecounter:: \usecounter
+* \value:: \value
+
+Cross References
+
+* \label:: \label
+* \pageref:: \pageref
+* \ref:: \ref
+
+Definitions
+
+* \newcommand:: \newcommand
+* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment
+* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem
+* \newfont:: \newfont
+
+Page layout
+
+* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom
+* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom
+* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn
+* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn
+
+Environments
+
+* array:: array
+* center:: center
+* \centering:: \centering
+* description:: description
+* enumerate:: enumerate
+* eqnarray:: eqnarray
+* equation:: equation
+* figure:: figure
+* flushleft:: flushleft
+* \raggedright:: \raggedright
+* flushright:: flushright
+* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft
+* itemize:: itemize
+* list:: list
+* minipage:: minipage
+* picture:: picture
+* quotation:: quotation
+* quote:: quote
+* tabbing:: tabbing
+* table:: table
+* tabular:: tabular
+* thebibliography:: thebibliography
+* theorem:: theorem
+* titlepage:: titlepage
+* verbatim:: verbatim
+* verse:: verse
+
+picture
+
+* \circle (picture):: \circle
+* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox
+* \frame (picture):: \frame
+* \framebox (picture):: \framebox
+* \line (picture):: \line
+* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness
+* \makebox (picture):: \makebox
+* \multiput (picture):: \multiput
+* \oval (picture):: \oval
+* \put (picture):: \put
+* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack
+* \vector (picture):: \vector
+
+tabbing
+
+* \= (tabbing):: \=
+* \> (tabbing):: \>
+* \< (tabbing):: \<
+* \+ (tabbing):: \+
+* \- (tabbing):: \-
+* \' (tabbing):: \'
+* \` (tabbing):: \`
+* \kill (tabbing):: \kill
+
+tabular
+
+* \cline:: \cline
+* \hline:: \hline
+* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn
+* \vline:: \vline
+
+thebibliography
+
+* \bibitem:: \bibitem
+* \cite:: \cite
+* \nocite:: \nocite
+
+verbatim
+
+* \verb:: \verb
+
+Footnotes
+
+* \footnote:: \footnote
+* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark
+* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext
+
+Lengths
+
+* \newlength:: \newlength
+* \setlength:: \setlength
+* \addtolength:: \addtolength
+* \settowidth:: \settowidth
+
+Letters
+
+* Declarations:: Declarations
+* \opening:: \opening
+* \closing:: \closing
+
+\address
+
+* \signature:: \signature
+* \location:: \location
+* \telephone:: \telephone
+
+Line and Page Breaking
+
+* \\:: \\
+* \-:: Hypenation Aid \-
+* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage
+* \clearpage:: \clearpage
+* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation
+* \linebreak:: \linebreak
+* \newline:: \newline
+* \newpage:: \newpage
+* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak
+* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak
+* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak
+
+Making Paragraphs
+
+* \indent:: \indent
+* \noindent:: \noindent
+* \par:: \par
+
+Math Formulas
+
+* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts
+* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols
+* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode
+* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany
+
+Math Miscellany
+
+* \cdots:: \cdots
+* \ddots:: \ddots
+* \frac:: \frac
+* \ldots:: \ldots
+* \overbrace:: \overbrace
+* \overline:: \overline
+* \sqrt:: \sqrt
+* \underbrace:: \underbrace
+* \underline:: \underline
+* \vdots:: \vdots
+
+Page Styles
+
+* \maketitle:: \maketitle
+* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering
+* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle
+* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle
+
+\maketitle
+
+* \author:: \author
+* \date:: \date
+* \thanks:: \thanks
+* \title:: \title
+
+\pagestyle
+
+* \mark:: \mark
+
+Sectioning
+
+* \appendix:: \appendix
+
+Spaces and Boxes
+
+* \addvspace:: \addvspace
+* \bigskip:: \bigskip
+* \dotfill:: \dotfill
+* \fbox:: \fbox
+* \framebox:: \framebox
+* \hfill:: \hfill
+* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill
+* \hspace:: \hspace
+* \makebox:: \makebox
+* \mbox:: \mbox
+* \medskip:: \medskip
+* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox
+* \parbox:: \parbox
+* \raisebox:: \raisebox
+* \rule:: \rule
+* \savebox:: \savebox
+* \smallskip:: \smallskip
+* \usebox:: \usebox
+* \vfill:: \vfill
+* \vspace:: \vspace
+
+Special Characters
+
+* Accents:: Accents
+* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Styles and Options, Prev: Top, Up: Top
+
+Introduction
+************
+
+The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
+LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input
+file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
+describe how the text should be formatted. It produces two files as
+output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains commands that can
+be translated into commands for a variety of output devices, and a
+`transcript' or `log file' that contains summary information and
+diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file.
+
+For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The
+TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the
+American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
+
+For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation
+System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published jointly
+by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing
+Company.
+
+A german language introduction to LaTeX is available as "LaTeX -- eine
+Einfuehrung" by H. Kopka, published by Addison-Wesley.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Styles and Options, Next: Commands, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top
+
+Document Styles and Style Options
+*********************************
+
+Valid LaTeX document styles include:
+
+ * article
+
+ * report
+
+ * letter
+
+ * book
+
+They are selected with the following command:
+
+ \documentstyle[options]{style}
+
+The standard options for the different styles are:
+
+article:
+ 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+report:
+ 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+book:
+ 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+letter:
+ 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno
+
+If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma
+-- BUT DO NOT INSERT ANY SPACES!
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles
+* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Supported Styles, Next: Supported Style Options, Up: Styles and Options
+
+Supported Styles
+================
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Supported Style Options, Prev: Supported Styles, Up: Styles and Options
+
+Supported Style Options
+=======================
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Commands, Prev: Styles and Options, Up: Top
+
+Commands
+********
+
+A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \
+followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
+Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments
+contained in braces {} are required.
+
+Several commands have an optional * form.
+
+NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+explicitly directed to do otherwise.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Counters:: Counters
+* Cross References:: Cross References
+* Definitions:: Definitions
+* Page layout:: Page layout
+* Environments:: Environments
+* Footnotes:: Footnotes
+* Lengths:: Lengths
+* Letters:: Letters
+* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking
+* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs
+* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas
+* Modes:: Modes
+* Page Styles:: Page Styles
+* Sectioning:: Sectioning
+* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes
+* Special Characters:: Special Characters
+* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input
+* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending
+* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents
+* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output
+* Typefaces:: Typefaces
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Counters, Next: Cross References, Up: Commands
+
+Counters
+========
+
+Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
+name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
+command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list of
+the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering.
+
+ part part figure enumi
+ chapter subparagraph table enumii
+ section page footnote enumiii
+ subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
+ subsubsection
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter
+* \alph:: \alph
+* \arabic:: \arabic
+* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol
+* \newcounter:: \newcounter
+* \roman:: \roman
+* \setcounter:: \setcounter
+* \usecounter:: \usecounter
+* \value:: \value
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \alph, Up: Counters
+
+\addtocounter
+-------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \addtocounter{counter}{value}
+
+The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified
+by the value argument. The value argument can be negative.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \alph, Next: \arabic, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters
+
+\alph
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \alph{counter}
+
+This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic
+characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters,
+e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic
+characters, e.g. A, B, C...
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \arabic, Next: \fnsymbol, Prev: \alph, Up: Counters
+
+\arabic
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \arabic{counter}
+
+The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+arabic numbers, e.g. 3.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \fnsymbol, Next: \newcounter, Prev: \arabic, Up: Counters
+
+\fnsymbol
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \fnsymbol{counter}
+
+The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a
+specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
+footnotes.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \roman, Prev: \fnsymbol, Up: Counters
+
+\newcounter
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newcounter{foo}[counter]
+
+The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional
+argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the
+counter named in the optional argument is incremented.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \roman, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Counters
+
+\roman
+------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \roman{counter}
+
+This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman
+numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. i,
+ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals,
+e.g. I, II, III...
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \usecounter, Prev: \roman, Up: Counters
+
+\setcounter
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \setcounter{counter}{value}
+
+The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified
+by the value argument.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters
+
+\usecounter
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \usecounter{counter}
+
+The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list
+environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list
+items.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \value, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters
+
+\value
+------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \value{counter}
+
+The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the
+mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
+number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter
+command, or in \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Cross References, Next: Definitions, Prev: Counters, Up: Commands
+
+Cross References
+================
+
+One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \label:: \label
+* \pageref:: \pageref
+* \ref:: \ref
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross References
+
+\label
+------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \label{key}
+
+A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the
+number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
+environment (i.e. table, figure and equation) assigns that number to the
+key.
+
+A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation
+characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross References
+
+\pageref
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \pageref{key}
+
+The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text
+where the corresponding \label command appears.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross References
+
+\ref
+----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \ref{key}
+
+The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation
+number,... of the corresponding \label command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Page layout, Prev: Cross References, Up: Commands
+
+Definitions
+===========
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \newcommand:: \newcommand
+* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment
+* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem
+* \newfont:: \newfont
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newcommand, Next: \newenvironment, Up: Definitions
+
+\newcommand
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
+ \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}
+
+These commands define (or redefine) a command.
+
+`cmd'
+ A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not be
+ already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it
+ must already be defined.
+
+`args'
+ An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
+ command being defined. The default is for the command to have no
+ arguments.
+
+`def'
+ The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a
+ parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth
+ argument when this substitution takes place.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newcommand, Up: Definitions
+
+\newenvironment
+---------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
+ \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
+
+These commands define or redefine an environment.
+
+`nam'
+ The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be no
+ currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam
+ must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must
+ already be defined.
+
+`args'
+ An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
+ newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
+
+`begdef'
+ The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{name}; a
+ parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth
+ argument when this substitution takes place.
+
+`enddef'
+ The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It may not
+ contain any argument parameters.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment, Up: Definitions
+
+\newtheorem
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]
+ \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}
+
+This command defines a theorem-like environment.
+
+`env_name'
+ The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be
+ the name of an existing environment or counter.
+
+`caption'
+ The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before
+ the number.
+
+`within'
+ The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional
+ unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within
+ the sectional unit.
+
+`numbered_like'
+ The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
+
+The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newfont, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions
+
+\newfont
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newfont{cmd}{font_name}
+
+Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be
+a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current
+font.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Page layout, Next: Environments, Prev: Definitions, Up: Commands
+
+Page layout
+===========
+
+For further information *Note Page Styles:: and *Note Document Styles
+and Style Options::.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom
+* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom
+* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn
+* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Up: Page layout
+
+\flushbottom
+------------
+
+The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height,
+adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: \onecolumn, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Page layout
+
+\raggedbottom
+-------------
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Page layout
+
+\onecolumn
+----------
+
+The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column
+output.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \twocolumn, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Page layout
+
+\twocolumn
+----------
+
+The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column
+output.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Environments, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Page layout, Up: Commands
+
+Environments
+============
+
+LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.
+Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
+
+ \begin{environment-name}
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{environment-name}
+
+* Menu:
+
+* array:: array
+* center:: center
+* \centering:: \centering
+* description:: description
+* enumerate:: enumerate
+* eqnarray:: eqnarray
+* equation:: equation
+* figure:: figure
+* flushleft:: flushleft
+* \raggedright:: \raggedright
+* flushright:: flushright
+* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft
+* itemize:: itemize
+* list:: list
+* minipage:: minipage
+* picture:: picture
+* quotation:: quotation
+* quote:: quote
+* tabbing:: tabbing
+* table:: table
+* tabular:: tabular
+* thebibliography:: thebibliography
+* theorem:: theorem
+* titlepage:: titlepage
+* verbatim:: verbatim
+* verse:: verse
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: array, Next: center, Up: Environments
+
+array
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{array}
+
+Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
+mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
+within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that
+tells how items in that row should be formatted.
+
+`c'
+ for centered
+
+`l'
+ for flushleft
+
+`r'
+ for flushright
+
+Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include
+other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a
+\\.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: center, Next: \centering, Prev: array, Up: Environments
+
+center
+------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{center}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{center}
+
+The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
+lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current
+page. Each line must be terminated with a \\.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \centering, Next: description, Prev: center, Up: Environments
+
+\centering
+----------
+
+This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration
+can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text
+of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering
+command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.
+
+Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a
+new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
+affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must
+contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote)
+that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: description, Next: enumerate, Prev: \centering, Up: Environments
+
+description
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{description}
+ \item[label] First item
+ \item[label] Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{description}
+
+The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is
+bold face and flushed right.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: description, Up: Environments
+
+enumerate
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{enumerate}
+
+The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be
+nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
+nested within other paragraph-making environments.
+
+Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There
+must be at least one \item command within the environment.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments
+
+eqnarray
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{eqnarray}
+ math formula 1 \\
+ math formula 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{eqnarray}
+
+The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
+inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment,
+with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row
+separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line unless
+that line has a \nonumber command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments
+
+equation
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{equation}
+ math formula
+ \end{equation}
+
+The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places
+the equation number in the right margin.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments
+
+figure
+------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{figure}[placement]
+
+ body of the figure
+
+ \caption{figure title}
+ \end{figure}
+
+Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+Figures will not be split between two pages.
+
+The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a
+float:
+
+`h'
+ Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment
+ appears.
+
+`t'
+ Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+`b'
+ Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+`p'
+ Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.
+
+The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: flushleft, Next: \raggedright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments
+
+flushleft
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{flushleft}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{flushleft}
+
+The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
+lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be
+terminated with a \\.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \raggedright, Next: flushright, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments
+
+\raggedright
+------------
+
+This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This
+declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+parbox.
+
+Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not
+start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
+must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
+quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: flushright, Next: \raggedleft, Prev: \raggedright, Up: Environments
+
+flushright
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{flushright}
+ Text on line 1 \\
+ Text on line 2 \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{flushright}
+
+The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line
+must be terminated with a \\.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \raggedleft, Next: itemize, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments
+
+\raggedleft
+-----------
+
+This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This
+declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+parbox.
+
+Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not
+start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
+must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
+quote) that ends the paragraph unit.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: itemize, Next: list, Prev: \raggedleft, Up: Environments
+
+itemize
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{itemize}
+
+The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be
+nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
+nested within other paragraph-making environments.
+
+Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must
+be at least one \item command within the environment.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: list, Next: minipage, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments
+
+list
+----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{list}{label}{spacing}
+ \item First item
+ \item Second item
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{list}
+
+The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This
+argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
+This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.
+
+The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing
+parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.
+{}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most
+cases.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: list, Up: Environments
+
+minipage
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{minipage}[position]{width}
+ text
+ \end{minipage}
+
+The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the
+same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may
+use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.
+
+Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
+particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of
+the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
+mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.
+
+NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes;
+they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments
+
+picture
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+ .
+ picture commands
+ .
+ \end{picture}
+
+The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of
+picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell
+LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
+coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
+a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies
+a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength
+has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
+centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want,
+using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try
+changing it inside the picture environment.
+
+A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies
+the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
+specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally
+at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position
+appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses
+serve to delimit the argument.
+
+The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position.
+It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a
+rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x-
+and y-coordinates.
+
+The picture environment also has an optional position argument,
+following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
+ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
+brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
+the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
+For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command
+
+ \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
+
+produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
+whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
+corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture,
+you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
+lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
+everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.
+
+The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
+picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
+LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
+off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in
+determining how much room to leave for it.
+
+Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The
+command
+
+ \put (11.3,-.3){ ... }
+
+puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference
+point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
+objects will be described below.
+
+The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text
+argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an
+\mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will
+be the lower left corner of the box.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \circle (picture):: \circle
+* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox
+* \frame (picture):: \frame
+* \framebox (picture):: \framebox
+* \line (picture):: \line
+* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness
+* \makebox (picture):: \makebox
+* \multiput (picture):: \multiput
+* \oval (picture):: \oval
+* \put (picture):: \put
+* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack
+* \vector (picture):: \vector
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \circle (picture), Next: \dashbox (picture), Up: picture
+
+\circle
+.......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \circle{diameter}
+ \circle*{diameter}
+
+The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the
+*-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \dashbox (picture), Next: \frame (picture), Prev: \circle (picture), Up: picture
+
+\dashbox
+........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... }
+
+The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each
+dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples
+of the dash length.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \frame (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \dashbox (picture), Up: picture
+
+\frame
+......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \frame{ ... }
+
+The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified
+in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the
+frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \line (picture), Prev: \frame (picture), Up: picture
+
+\framebox
+.........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \framebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }
+
+The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \line (picture), Next: \linethickness (picture), Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture
+
+\line
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \line(x slope,y slope){length}
+
+The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \linethickness (picture), Next: \makebox (picture), Prev: \line (picture), Up: picture
+
+\linethickness
+..............
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \linethickness{dimension}
+
+Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
+environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does
+not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
+circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \multiput (picture), Prev: \linethickness (picture), Up: picture
+
+\makebox
+........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }
+
+The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the
+normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height
+in multiples of \unitlength.
+
+The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text
+appears in. You may select up to two of the following:
+
+`t:'
+ Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
+
+`b:'
+ Moves the item to the bottom
+
+`l:'
+ Moves the item to the left
+
+`r:'
+ Moves the item to the right
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \multiput (picture), Next: \oval (picture), Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture
+
+\multiput
+.........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}
+
+The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object
+in a regular pattern across a picture.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \oval (picture), Next: \put (picture), Prev: \multiput (picture), Up: picture
+
+\oval
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \oval(width,height)[portion]
+
+The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.
+
+`t:'
+ Selects the top portion
+
+`b:'
+ Selects the bottom portion
+
+`r:'
+ Selects the right portion
+
+`l:'
+ Selects the left portion
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \put (picture), Next: \shortstack (picture), Prev: \oval (picture), Up: picture
+
+\put
+....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }
+
+The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at
+the given coordinates.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \shortstack (picture), Next: \vector (picture), Prev: \put (picture), Up: picture
+
+\shortstack
+...........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}
+
+The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+positions are:
+
+`r:'
+ Moves the objects to the right of the stack
+
+`l:'
+ Moves the objects to the left of the stack
+
+`c:'
+ Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \vector (picture), Prev: \shortstack (picture), Up: picture
+
+\vector
+.......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \vector(x slope,y slope){length}
+
+The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length
+and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments
+
+quotation
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{quotation}
+ text
+ \end{quotation}
+
+The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and
+the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph
+indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new
+paragraph.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments
+
+quote
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{quote}
+ text
+ \end{quote}
+
+The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the
+right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
+between text produces a new paragraph.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments
+
+tabbing
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{tabbing}
+ text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
+ second row \> \> more \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabbing}
+
+The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It
+works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with
+an ordinary typewriter.
+
+Please note: To access accute, grave and bar accents use \a^, \a`, and
+\a= instead of the usual accenting commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \= (tabbing):: \=
+* \> (tabbing):: \>
+* \< (tabbing):: \<
+* \+ (tabbing):: \+
+* \- (tabbing):: \-
+* \' (tabbing):: \'
+* \` (tabbing):: \`
+* \kill (tabbing):: \kill
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \= (tabbing), Next: \> (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\=
+..
+
+The \= command sets the tab stops.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \> (tabbing), Next: \< (tabbing), Prev: \= (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\>
+..
+
+The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \< (tabbing), Next: \+ (tabbing), Prev: \> (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\<
+..
+
+The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local
+margin without changing the margin.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \+ (tabbing), Next: \- (tabbing), Prev: \< (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\+
+..
+
+The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
+commands one tab stop to the right.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \- (tabbing), Next: \' (tabbing), Prev: \+ (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\-
+..
+
+The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
+commands one tab stop to the left.
+
+Outside the tabbing environment \- works as a hyphenation aid (see
+*Note \-::).
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \' (tabbing), Next: \` (tabbing), Prev: \- (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\'
+..
+
+The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the current
+column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or
+\kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the
+current column's tab stop.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \` (tabbing), Next: \kill (tabbing), Prev: \' (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\`
+..
+
+The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab
+stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of
+the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves
+all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command
+that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment.
+There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that
+ends the line.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \kill (tabbing), Prev: \` (tabbing), Up: tabbing
+
+\kill
+.....
+
+The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text.
+It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line
+instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
+commands in that line remain in effect.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments
+
+table
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{table}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+ \caption{table title}
+ \end{table}
+
+Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually
+"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will
+not be split between two pages.
+
+The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a
+float:
+
+`h'
+ Here - at the position in the text where the table environment
+ appears.
+
+`t'
+ Top - at the top of a text page.
+
+`b'
+ Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.
+
+`p'
+ Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page
+ containing no text, only floats.
+
+The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.
+
+The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments
+
+tabular
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabular}
+
+ or
+
+ \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
+ column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{tabular*}
+
+These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional
+arguments consist of:
+
+`width'
+ Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be
+ rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
+ specified width.
+
+`pos'
+ Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on the
+ center of the environment.
+
+`t'
+ align on top row
+
+`b'
+ align on bottom row
+
+`cols'
+ Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+ following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
+ intercolumn material.
+
+`l'
+ A column of left-aligned items.
+
+`r'
+ A column of right-aligned items.
+
+`c'
+ A column of centered items.
+
+`|'
+ A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.
+
+`{text}'
+ This inserts text in every row. An @-expression suppresses the
+ intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired
+ space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be
+ included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression
+ causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all
+ subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep
+ command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is
+ not suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can be
+ used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.
+
+`p{wd}'
+ Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd,
+ as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a
+ \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations:
+
+ 1. inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular,
+
+ 2. inside an explicit \parbox, or
+
+ 3. in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or \raggedleft
+ declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside
+ braces or an environment when used in a p-column element.
+
+`*{num}{cols}'
+ Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive
+ integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may
+ contain another *-expression.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \cline:: \cline
+* \hline:: \hline
+* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn
+* \vline:: \vline
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Up: tabular
+
+\cline
+......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \cline{i-j}
+
+The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified
+in the mandatory argument.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \hline, Next: \multicolumn, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular
+
+\hline
+......
+
+The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table.
+It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between
+the rows of the table.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular
+
+\multicolumn
+............
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}
+
+The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.
+The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to
+span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of
+the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third
+mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular
+
+\vline
+......
+
+The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
+and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to
+the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments
+
+thebibliography
+---------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
+ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end{thebibliography}
+
+The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference
+list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled "References";
+in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".
+
+`widest-label'
+ Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the widest
+ item label produces by the \bibitem commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \bibitem:: \bibitem
+* \cite:: \cite
+* \nocite:: \nocite
+
+ \ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2 b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4abb6e579d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2
@@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@
+This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input
+file latex.texinfo.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography
+
+\bibitem
+........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \bibitem[label]{cite_key}
+
+The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the label
+argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi
+counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
+punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry
+on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. When this aux
+file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's label is
+associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite
+command to produce the associated label.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography
+
+\cite
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \cite[text]{key_list}
+
+The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates
+an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in
+key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin{document}
+command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \nocite, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography
+
+\nocite
+.......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \nocite{key_list}
+
+The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a
+list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments
+
+theorem
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{theorem}
+ theorem text
+ \end{theorem}
+
+The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by
+your theorem text.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments
+
+titlepage
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{titlepage}
+ text
+ \end{titlepage}
+
+The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no
+printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be
+numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
+\today command comes in handy for title pages.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments
+
+verbatim
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{verbatim}
+ text
+ \end{verbatim}
+
+The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets
+LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a
+typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that
+they would on a typewriter.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \verb:: \verb
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim
+
+\verb
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \verb char literal_text char
+ \verb*char literal_text char
+
+Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and
+spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space
+between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity).
+The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments
+
+verse
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \begin{verse}
+ text
+ \end{verse}
+
+The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other
+uses for it.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Lengths, Prev: Environments, Up: Commands
+
+Footnotes
+=========
+
+Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with
+one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two
+commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. See the
+specific command for information on why you would use one over the
+other.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \footnote:: \footnote
+* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark
+* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
+
+\footnote
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \footnote[number]{text}
+
+The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of
+the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the
+default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer
+paragraph mode.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes
+
+\footnotemark
+-------------
+
+The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This
+command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote
+is supplied by the \footnotetext command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes
+
+\footnotetext
+-------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \footnotetext[number]{text}
+
+The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom
+of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark
+command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode.
+
+The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote
+number.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Letters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Commands
+
+Lengths
+=======
+
+A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as
+an argument.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \newlength:: \newlength
+* \setlength:: \setlength
+* \addtolength:: \addtolength
+* \settowidth:: \settowidth
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \setlength, Up: Lengths
+
+\newlength
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newlength{\gnat}
+
+The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a
+length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command
+already exists.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: \newlength, Up: Lengths
+
+\setlength
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \setlength{\gnat}{length}
+
+The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.
+The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX
+understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths
+
+\addtolength
+------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \addtolength{\gnat}{length}
+
+The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount
+specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \settowidth, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths
+
+\settowidth
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \settowidth{\gnat}{text}
+
+The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the
+width of the text argument.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Letters, Next: Line and Page Breaking, Prev: Lengths, Up: Commands
+
+Letters
+=======
+
+You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once,
+although you can make just one if you so desire.
+
+Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum:
+
+ \documentstyle{letter}
+
+ \begin{document}
+ ... letters ...
+ \end{document}
+
+Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and
+address of the recipient. For example, you might have
+
+ \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\
+ 2345 Jones St. \\
+ Oakland, CA 91123}
+ ...
+ \end{letter}
+
+The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the
+letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
+make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes
+with a \closing command.
+
+After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command
+produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for
+a list of enclosures.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Declarations:: Declarations
+* \opening:: \opening
+* \closing:: \closing
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Declarations, Next: \opening, Up: Letters
+
+Declarations
+------------
+
+The following commands are declarations which take a single argument.
+
+\address
+........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \address{Return address}
+
+The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope.
+Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If
+you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be
+formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. If
+you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
+personal letter.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \signature:: \signature
+* \location:: \location
+* \telephone:: \telephone
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \signature, Next: \location, Up: Declarations
+
+\signature
+..........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \signature{Your name}
+
+Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should
+be separated by \\ commands.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \location, Next: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Declarations
+
+\location
+.........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \location{address}
+
+This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears
+if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \location, Up: Declarations
+
+\telephone
+..........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \telephone{number}
+
+This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage
+pagestyle is selected.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \opening, Next: \closing, Prev: Declarations, Up: Letters
+
+\opening
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \opening{text}
+
+The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument,
+text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g.
+
+ \opening{Dear John,}
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \closing, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters
+
+\closing
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \closing{text}
+
+The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g.
+
+ \closing{Best Regards,}
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Line and Page Breaking, Next: Making Paragraphs, Prev: Letters, Up: Commands
+
+Line and Page Breaking
+======================
+
+The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate
+your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a
+printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines
+must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line
+breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for
+you.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \\:: \\
+* \-:: Hypenation Aid \-
+* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage
+* \clearpage:: \clearpage
+* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation
+* \linebreak:: \linebreak
+* \newline:: \newline
+* \newpage:: \newpage
+* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak
+* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak
+* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \\, Next: \-, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\\
+--
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \\[extra-space]
+ \\*[extra-space]
+
+The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional
+argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is
+to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
+
+The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it
+tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \-, Next: \cleardoublepage, Prev: \\, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+Hypenation Aid \-
+-----------------
+
+The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point.
+LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct
+hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Prev: \-, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\cleardoublepage
+----------------
+
+The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\clearpage
+----------
+
+The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and
+tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\hyphenation
+------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \hyphenation{words}
+
+The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where
+words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation
+point is indicated by a - character. Each grammatical form has to be
+specified separately.
+
+These words *must not* contain any special characters (e.g. \ss).
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \linebreak, Next: \newline, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\linebreak
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \linebreak[number]
+
+The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the
+point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
+the request is.
+
+The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to
+the right margin.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newline, Next: \newpage, Prev: \linebreak, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\newline
+--------
+
+The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline
+command can be used only in paragraph mode.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \nolinebreak, Prev: \newline, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\newpage
+--------
+
+The \newpage command ends the current page.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \nolinebreak, Next: \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\nolinebreak
+------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \nolinebreak[number]
+
+The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line
+at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \nopagebreak, Next: \pagebreak, Prev: \nolinebreak, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\nopagebreak
+------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \nopagebreak[number]
+
+The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page
+at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \pagebreak, Prev: \nopagebreak, Up: Line and Page Breaking
+
+\pagebreak
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \pagebreak[number]
+
+The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the
+point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
+the request is.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Making Paragraphs, Next: Math Formulas, Prev: Line and Page Breaking, Up: Commands
+
+Making Paragraphs
+=================
+
+A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not
+containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new
+paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
+a sectioning command.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \indent:: \indent
+* \noindent:: \noindent
+* \par:: \par
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs
+
+\indent
+-------
+
+This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the
+paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it
+would otherwise be supressed.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \par, Prev: \indent, Up: Making Paragraphs
+
+\noindent
+---------
+
+When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph
+indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \par, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs
+
+\par
+----
+
+Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command and environment
+definitions easier to read.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Math Formulas, Next: Modes, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Commands
+
+Math Formulas
+=============
+
+There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math,
+displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that
+appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas
+that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same as
+the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in
+the right margin.
+
+The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the
+displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph
+mode. These environments are used so often that they have the following
+short forms:
+
+ $ ... $ instead of \begin{math} ... \end{math}
+ $$ ... $$ instead of \begin{equation} ... \end{equation}
+ \[ ... \] instead of \begin{displaymath} ... \end{displaymath}
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts
+* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols
+* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode
+* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Subscripts and Superscripts, Next: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulas
+
+Subscripts and Superscripts
+---------------------------
+
+To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
+_{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX
+handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural
+way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript
+and a superscript.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Math Symbols, Next: Spacing in Math Mode, Prev: Subscripts and Superscripts, Up: Math Formulas
+
+Math Symbols
+------------
+
+LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
+The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
+example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol
+"pi" in your output.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Spacing in Math Mode, Next: Math Miscellany, Prev: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulas
+
+Spacing in Math Mode
+--------------------
+
+In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the
+spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's
+done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX
+provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
+
+`\;'
+ a thick space
+
+`\:'
+ a medium space
+
+`\,'
+ a thin space
+
+`\!'
+ a negative thin space
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Math Miscellany, Prev: Spacing in Math Mode, Up: Math Formulas
+
+Math Miscellany
+---------------
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \cdots:: \cdots
+* \ddots:: \ddots
+* \frac:: \frac
+* \ldots:: \ldots
+* \overbrace:: \overbrace
+* \overline:: \overline
+* \sqrt:: \sqrt
+* \underbrace:: \underbrace
+* \underline:: \underline
+* \vdots:: \vdots
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \cdots, Next: \ddots, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\cdots
+......
+
+The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are
+raised to the center of the line.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \ddots, Next: \frac, Prev: \cdots, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\ddots
+......
+
+The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \frac, Next: \ldots, Prev: \ddots, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\frac
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \frac{num}{den}
+
+The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \ldots, Next: \overbrace, Prev: \frac, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\ldots
+......
+
+The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any
+mode, not just math mode.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \overbrace, Next: \overline, Prev: \ldots, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\overbrace
+..........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \overbrace{text}
+
+The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \overline, Next: \sqrt, Prev: \overbrace, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\overline
+.........
+
+Syntax:
+ \overline{text}
+
+The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \sqrt, Next: \underbrace, Prev: \overline, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\sqrt
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \sqrt[root]{arg}
+
+The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The
+optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube
+root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \underbrace, Next: \underline, Prev: \sqrt, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\underbrace
+...........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \underbrace{text}
+
+The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \underline, Next: \vdots, Prev: \underbrace, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\underline
+..........
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \underline{text}
+
+The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This
+command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \vdots, Prev: \underline, Up: Math Miscellany
+
+\vdots
+......
+
+The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page Styles, Prev: Math Formulas, Up: Commands
+
+Modes
+=====
+
+When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
+modes:
+
+ * Paragraph mode
+
+ * Math mode
+
+ * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+
+LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
+Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
+LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+
+Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
+processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
+lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when it's
+generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph mode,
+LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with
+spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going
+from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you
+put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them
+from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the
+resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
+
+LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command.
+You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example,
+you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are
+also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box
+that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands
+or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph
+mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph mode. Its
+normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called outer paragraph
+mode.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Page Styles, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Modes, Up: Commands
+
+Page Styles
+===========
+
+The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the
+page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \maketitle:: \maketitle
+* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering
+* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle
+* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles
+
+\maketitle
+----------
+
+\maketitle
+
+The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page -
+except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of
+the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from
+the following declarations.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \author:: \author
+* \date:: \date
+* \thanks:: \thanks
+* \title:: \title
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \author, Next: \date, Up: \maketitle
+
+\author
+.......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \author{names}
+
+The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of
+authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a
+single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution
+or address.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \date, Next: \thanks, Prev: \author, Up: \maketitle
+
+\date
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \date{text}
+
+The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date
+command, the current date is used.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \thanks, Next: \title, Prev: \date, Up: \maketitle
+
+\thanks
+.......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \thanks{text}
+
+The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \title, Prev: \thanks, Up: \maketitle
+
+\title
+......
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \title{text}
+
+The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX
+where to start a new line in a long title.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page Styles
+
+\pagenumbering
+--------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \pagenumbering{num_style}
+
+Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are:
+
+`arabic'
+ Arabic numerals
+
+`roman'
+ Lowercase roman numerals
+
+`Roman'
+ Uppercase roman numerals
+
+`alph'
+ Lowercase letters
+
+`Alph'
+ Uppercase letters
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles
+
+\pagestyle
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \pagestyle{option}
+
+The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on
+throughout the remainder of your document.
+
+The valid options are:
+
+`plain'
+ Just a plain page number.
+
+`empty'
+ Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
+
+`headings'
+ Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies
+ what goes in the headings.
+
+`myheadings'
+ You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or the
+ \markright commands.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \mark:: \mark
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \mark, Up: \pagestyle
+
+\mark
+.....
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \markboth{left head}{right head}
+ \markright{right head}
+
+The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the
+page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading.
+In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use
+them to override the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX
+uses these same commands to generate those heads. You should note that
+a left-hand heading is generated by the last \markboth command before
+the end of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the
+first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one,
+otherwise by the last one before the page.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page Styles
+
+\thispagestyle
+--------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \thispagestyle{option}
+
+The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle
+command except that it changes the style for the current page only.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Spaces and Boxes, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Commands
+
+Sectioning
+==========
+
+Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.
+
+ * \part
+
+ * \chapter (report and book style only)
+
+ * \section
+
+ * \subsection
+
+ * \subsubsection
+
+ * \paragraph
+
+ * \subparagraph
+
+All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \chapter[optional]{title}
+
+In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument
+of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
+
+ * the table of contents
+
+ * the running head at the top of the page
+
+You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
+appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning
+commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these
+other two purposes.
+
+The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not
+include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.
+For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:
+
+ \subsection*{Example subsection}
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \appendix:: \appendix
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \appendix, Up: Sectioning
+
+\appendix
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \appendix
+
+The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The
+\appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or
+parts.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Spaces and Boxes, Next: Special Characters, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Commands
+
+Spaces and Boxes
+================
+
+* Menu:
+
+* \addvspace:: \addvspace
+* \bigskip:: \bigskip
+* \dotfill:: \dotfill
+* \fbox:: \fbox
+* \framebox:: \framebox
+* \hfill:: \hfill
+* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill
+* \hspace:: \hspace
+* \makebox:: \makebox
+* \mbox:: \mbox
+* \medskip:: \medskip
+* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox
+* \parbox:: \parbox
+* \raisebox:: \raisebox
+* \rule:: \rule
+* \savebox:: \savebox
+* \smallskip:: \smallskip
+* \usebox:: \usebox
+* \vfill:: \vfill
+* \vspace:: \vspace
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\addvspace
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \addvspace{length}
+
+The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth length.
+However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in
+the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not
+add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total
+vertical space equal to length.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \bigskip, Next: \dotfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\bigskip
+--------
+
+The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where
+bigskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \fbox, Prev: \bigskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\dotfill
+--------
+
+The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead
+of just spaces.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \fbox, Next: \framebox, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\fbox
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \fbox{text}
+
+The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that
+it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \framebox, Next: \hfill, Prev: \fbox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\framebox
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \framebox[width][position]{text}
+
+The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command,
+except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
+creates.
+
+The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves
+a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \framebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\hfill
+------
+
+The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \hspace, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\hrulefill
+----------
+
+The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch
+or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \makebox, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\hspace
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \hspace{length}
+ \hspace*{length}
+
+The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can
+be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches,
+etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace
+command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.
+
+LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you
+don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.
+Then the space is never removed.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \mbox, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\makebox
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \makebox[width][position]{text}
+
+The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The
+width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The
+position of the text within the box is determined by the optional
+position argument.
+
+`c'
+ centered (default)
+
+`l'
+ flushleft
+
+`r'
+ flushright
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \medskip, Prev: \makebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\mbox
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \mbox{text}
+
+The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
+created by its argument.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \medskip, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\medskip
+--------
+
+The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where
+medskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \medskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\newsavebox
+-----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \newsavebox{cmd}
+
+Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined,
+to be a bin for saving boxes.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\parbox
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \parbox[position]{width}{text}
+
+A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The
+\parbox has two mandatory arguments:
+
+width
+ specifies the width of the parbox, and
+
+text
+ the text that goes inside the parbox.
+
+LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
+the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line
+up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.
+
+A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text,
+with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the
+paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger
+pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+environment, you should use a minipage environment.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \rule, Prev: \parbox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\raisebox
+---------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}
+
+The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first
+mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
+lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR
+mode.
+
+Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size
+than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally
+think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.
+
+The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the
+text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
+optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends
+below the line by the amount specified.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \rule, Next: \savebox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\rule
+-----
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}
+
+The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments
+are defined as follows.
+
+raise-height
+ specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
+
+width
+ specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
+
+thickness
+ specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \smallskip, Prev: \rule, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\savebox
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \sbox{cmd}[text]
+
+ \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}
+
+These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox.
+However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd,
+which must have been declared with \newsavebox.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \smallskip, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\smallskip
+----------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \smallskip
+
+The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where
+smallskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \usebox, Next: \vfill, Prev: \smallskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\usebox
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \usebox{cmd}
+
+Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \usebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\vfill
+------
+
+The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+shrink vertically.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces and Boxes
+
+\vspace
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \vspace{length}
+ \vspace*{length}
+
+The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be
+expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc.
+You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command.
+
+LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
+don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.
+Then the space is never removed.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Special Characters, Next: Splitting the Input, Prev: Spaces and Boxes, Up: Commands
+
+Special Characters
+==================
+
+The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
+special printing characters, or simply special characters.
+
+ # $ % & _ \ { } ~ ^
+
+Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are
+doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed
+just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For
+example, \$ will produce $ in your output.
+
+Please note: \~ and \^ are accent commands; to get the accent alone,
+type \~{} and \^{}.
+
+The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special
+meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Accents:: Accents
+* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Accents, Next: German Special Characters, Up: Special Characters
+
+Accents
+-------
+
+Scholarly publications often refer to other languages, so LaTeX makes
+it possible to typeset the most commonly used accents:
+
+\`
+ grave accent
+
+\'
+ acute accent
+
+\^
+ circumflex or "hat"
+
+\"
+ umlaut or dieresis
+
+\~
+ tilde or "squiggle"
+
+\=
+ macron or "bar"
+
+\.
+ dot (above) accent
+
+\u
+ breve accent
+
+\v
+ hachek or "check"
+
+\H
+ long Hungarian umlaut
+
+\t
+ tie-after accent
+
+LaTeX also provides three accents that go underneath:
+
+\c
+ cedilla
+
+\d
+ dot (below) accent
+
+\b
+ bar-under accent
+
+And there are a few special letters:
+
+\oe
+\OE
+ French ligature oe
+
+\ae
+\AE
+ Latin and Scandinavian ligature ae
+
+\aa
+\AA
+ Scandinavian A-with-circle
+
+\o
+\O
+ Scandinavian O-with-slash
+
+\l
+\L
+ Polish suppressed-L
+
+\ss
+ German "es-zet" or sharp s
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: German Special Characters, Prev: Accents, Up: Special Characters
+
+German Special Characters
+-------------------------
+
+For convenient input of German texts see *Note german.sty::.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Splitting the Input, Next: Starting and Ending, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Commands
+
+Splitting the Input
+===================
+
+A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
+input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
+several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
+there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+when you run LaTeX.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input
+
+\include
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \include{file}
+
+The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly
+command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the first
+name of a file, denoting `file.tex'. If file is one the file names in
+the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no
+\includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to
+
+ \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage
+
+except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, then a warning
+message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file
+list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.
+
+The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by
+another \include command.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the Input
+
+\includeonly
+------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \includeonly{file_list}
+
+The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an
+\include command. It can only appear in the preamble.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input
+
+\input
+------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \input{file}
+
+The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed,
+exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that
+point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just
+a first name, in which case the file `file.tex' is used.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Starting and Ending, Next: Table of Contents, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Commands
+
+Starting and Ending
+===================
+
+Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum.
+
+ \documentstyle{style}
+
+ \begin{document}
+ ... your text goes here ...
+ \end{document}
+
+where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See
+Document Styles within this help file.
+
+You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the
+\begin{document} commands.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Table of Contents, Next: Terminal Input and Output, Prev: Starting and Ending, Up: Commands
+
+Table of Contents
+=================
+
+A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You
+put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX
+does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not
+automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table
+of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents
+command.
+
+There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for
+producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
+Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.
+
+NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not have
+the \nofiles command in your document.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Table of Contents
+
+\addcontentsline
+----------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}
+
+The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or
+table where `file' is the extension of the file on which information is
+to be written:
+
+ * toc (table of contents),
+
+ * lof (list of figures), or
+
+ * lot (list of tables).
+
+`sec_unit' controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of
+the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:
+
+toc
+ the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection.
+
+lof
+ figure
+
+lot
+ table
+
+`entry' is the text of the entry.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Table of Contents
+
+\addtocontents
+--------------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \addtocontents{file}{text}
+
+The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
+to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
+tables.
+
+`file' is the extension of the file on which information is to be
+written:
+
+ * toc (table of contents),
+
+ * lof (list of figures), or
+
+ * lot (list of tables)
+
+`text' is the information to be written.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Terminal Input and Output, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Commands
+
+Terminal Input and Output
+=========================
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \typeout, Next: \typein, Up: Terminal Input and Output
+
+\typeout
+--------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \typeout{msg}
+
+Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are
+defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their
+definitions before being printed.
+
+LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
+ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in
+msg causes a single space to be printed.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: \typein, Prev: \typeout, Up: Terminal Input and Output
+
+\typein
+-------
+
+Syntax:
+
+ \typein[cmd]{msg}
+
+Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to
+type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is
+missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the
+input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument is
+present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
+redefined to be the typed input.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Typefaces, Prev: Terminal Input and Output, Up: Commands
+
+Typefaces
+=========
+
+The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is
+also called a font.
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Styles, Next: Sizes, Up: Typefaces
+
+Styles
+------
+
+The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+`\rm'
+ Roman.
+
+`\it'
+ Italics.
+
+`\em'
+ Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).
+
+`\bf'
+ Boldface.
+
+`\sl'
+ Slanted.
+
+`\sf'
+ Sans serif.
+
+`\sc'
+ Small caps.
+
+`\tt'
+ Typewriter.
+
+Since italic and slanted styles slope to the right, some letters stick
+into the following characters. Insert \/ at the end to correct this
+effect (see example below).
+
+Use the type style commands always inside a group, e.g.
+
+ {\em Emphasized Text\/}
+
+
+File: latex.info, Node: Sizes, Prev: Styles, Up: Typefaces
+
+Sizes
+-----
+
+The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+ * \tiny
+
+ * \scriptsize
+
+ * \footnotesize
+
+ * \small
+
+ * \normalsize (default)
+
+ * \large
+
+ * \Large (capital "l")
+
+ * \LARGE (all caps)
+
+ * \huge
+
+ * \Huge (capital "h")
+
+Usually you needn't set the type size explicitly because LaTeX
+automatically chooses appropriate sizes. If you ever think you have to,
+always do it inside a group, e.g.
+
+ {\large large text}
+
+
diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fad2fb5fda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,3818 @@
+\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
+
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename latex.info
+@settitle Online Documentation for LaTeX
+@c %**end of header
+
+@iftex
+@finalout
+@end iftex
+
+@ifinfo
+@paragraphindent 0
+@end ifinfo
+
+@titlepage
+@sp 8
+@center @titlefont{Online LaTeX Help}
+@sp 2
+@center Version 1.0
+@center 15.6.92
+@sp 2
+@center Stefan Steffens
+
+@end titlepage
+@headings double
+
+@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
+@unnumbered Online LaTeX Help
+
+@noindent
+This is Version 1.0 of the @cite{Online LaTeX Help}, dating 15.6.92
+@refill
+
+@cite{Online LaTeX Help} is heavily based on the LaTeX library for
+VMS-Help which is part of DECUS TeX Distribution of August 1990.
+Unfortunately, its author is nowhere mentioned, so I cannot pay tribute
+to him...@refill
+
+The @cite{Online LaTeX Help} is supposed to serve the TeX community as
+an online reference to all LaTeX commands and style files. Needless to
+say that it is far from complete yet (at least as far as the style files
+are concerned), so please send any bug reports, comments, additions,
+etc. to@refill
+@c
+@example
+ Stefan Steffens (steffens@@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de)
+
+ Zentrum fuer Datenverarbeitung
+ Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz
+ Bundesrepublik Deutschland
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The first part of the master menu lists the major nodes in this Info
+document. The Detailed Node Listing lists all the lower level nodes in
+the document.
+
+@menu
+* Introduction:: Introduction
+* Styles and Options:: Document Styles and Style Options
+* Commands:: Commands
+
+ --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+
+Document Styles and Style Options
+
+* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles
+* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options
+
+Commands
+
+* Counters:: Counters
+* Cross References:: Cross References
+* Definitions:: Definitions
+* Page layout:: Page layout
+* Environments:: Environments
+* Footnotes:: Footnotes
+* Lengths:: Lengths
+* Letters:: Letters
+* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking
+* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs
+* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas
+* Modes:: Modes
+* Page Styles:: Page Styles
+* Sectioning:: Sectioning
+* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes
+* Special Characters:: Special Characters
+* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input
+* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending
+* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents
+* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output
+* Typefaces:: Typefaces
+
+Counters
+
+* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter
+* \alph:: \alph
+* \arabic:: \arabic
+* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol
+* \newcounter:: \newcounter
+* \roman:: \roman
+* \setcounter:: \setcounter
+* \usecounter:: \usecounter
+* \value:: \value
+
+Cross References
+
+* \label:: \label
+* \pageref:: \pageref
+* \ref:: \ref
+
+Definitions
+
+* \newcommand:: \newcommand
+* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment
+* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem
+* \newfont:: \newfont
+
+Page layout
+
+* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom
+* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom
+* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn
+* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn
+
+Environments
+
+* array:: array
+* center:: center
+* \centering:: \centering
+* description:: description
+* enumerate:: enumerate
+* eqnarray:: eqnarray
+* equation:: equation
+* figure:: figure
+* flushleft:: flushleft
+* \raggedright:: \raggedright
+* flushright:: flushright
+* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft
+* itemize:: itemize
+* list:: list
+* minipage:: minipage
+* picture:: picture
+* quotation:: quotation
+* quote:: quote
+* tabbing:: tabbing
+* table:: table
+* tabular:: tabular
+* thebibliography:: thebibliography
+* theorem:: theorem
+* titlepage:: titlepage
+* verbatim:: verbatim
+* verse:: verse
+
+picture
+
+* \circle (picture):: \circle
+* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox
+* \frame (picture):: \frame
+* \framebox (picture):: \framebox
+* \line (picture):: \line
+* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness
+* \makebox (picture):: \makebox
+* \multiput (picture):: \multiput
+* \oval (picture):: \oval
+* \put (picture):: \put
+* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack
+* \vector (picture):: \vector
+
+tabbing
+
+* \= (tabbing):: \=
+* \> (tabbing):: \>
+* \< (tabbing):: \<
+* \+ (tabbing):: \+
+* \- (tabbing):: \-
+* \' (tabbing):: \'
+* \` (tabbing):: \`
+* \kill (tabbing):: \kill
+
+tabular
+
+* \cline:: \cline
+* \hline:: \hline
+* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn
+* \vline:: \vline
+
+thebibliography
+
+* \bibitem:: \bibitem
+* \cite:: \cite
+* \nocite:: \nocite
+
+verbatim
+
+* \verb:: \verb
+
+Footnotes
+
+* \footnote:: \footnote
+* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark
+* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext
+
+Lengths
+
+* \newlength:: \newlength
+* \setlength:: \setlength
+* \addtolength:: \addtolength
+* \settowidth:: \settowidth
+
+Letters
+
+* Declarations:: Declarations
+* \opening:: \opening
+* \closing:: \closing
+
+\address
+
+* \signature:: \signature
+* \location:: \location
+* \telephone:: \telephone
+
+Line and Page Breaking
+
+* \\:: \\
+* \-:: Hypenation Aid \-
+* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage
+* \clearpage:: \clearpage
+* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation
+* \linebreak:: \linebreak
+* \newline:: \newline
+* \newpage:: \newpage
+* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak
+* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak
+* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak
+
+Making Paragraphs
+
+* \indent:: \indent
+* \noindent:: \noindent
+* \par:: \par
+
+Math Formulas
+
+* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts
+* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols
+* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode
+* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany
+
+Math Miscellany
+
+* \cdots:: \cdots
+* \ddots:: \ddots
+* \frac:: \frac
+* \ldots:: \ldots
+* \overbrace:: \overbrace
+* \overline:: \overline
+* \sqrt:: \sqrt
+* \underbrace:: \underbrace
+* \underline:: \underline
+* \vdots:: \vdots
+
+Page Styles
+
+* \maketitle:: \maketitle
+* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering
+* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle
+* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle
+
+\maketitle
+
+* \author:: \author
+* \date:: \date
+* \thanks:: \thanks
+* \title:: \title
+
+\pagestyle
+
+* \mark:: \mark
+
+Sectioning
+
+* \appendix:: \appendix
+
+Spaces and Boxes
+
+* \addvspace:: \addvspace
+* \bigskip:: \bigskip
+* \dotfill:: \dotfill
+* \fbox:: \fbox
+* \framebox:: \framebox
+* \hfill:: \hfill
+* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill
+* \hspace:: \hspace
+* \makebox:: \makebox
+* \mbox:: \mbox
+* \medskip:: \medskip
+* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox
+* \parbox:: \parbox
+* \raisebox:: \raisebox
+* \rule:: \rule
+* \savebox:: \savebox
+* \smallskip:: \smallskip
+* \usebox:: \usebox
+* \vfill:: \vfill
+* \vspace:: \vspace
+
+Special Characters
+
+* Accents:: Accents
+* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters
+@end menu
+
+@node Introduction, Styles and Options, Top, Top
+@chapter Introduction
+
+@noindent
+The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the
+LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input
+file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that
+describe how the text should be formatted. It produces two files as
+output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains commands that can
+be translated into commands for a variety of output devices, and a
+`transcript' or `log file' that contains summary information and
+diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. @refill
+
+@noindent
+For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The
+TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the
+American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
+@refill
+
+@noindent
+For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation
+System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published jointly
+by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing
+Company. @refill
+
+@noindent
+A german language introduction to LaTeX is available as "LaTeX --
+eine Einfuehrung" by H. Kopka, published by Addison-Wesley.
+
+@node Styles and Options, Commands, Introduction, Top
+@chapter Document Styles and Style Options
+
+@noindent
+Valid LaTeX document styles include:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+article
+@item
+report
+@item
+letter
+@item
+book
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+They are selected with the following command:
+
+@example
+\documentstyle[options]@{style@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The standard options for the different styles are:
+
+@table @asis
+@item article:
+11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+@item report:
+11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+@item book:
+11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno
+
+@item letter:
+11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma
+-- BUT DO NOT INSERT ANY SPACES! @refill
+
+@menu
+* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles
+* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options
+@end menu
+
+@node Supported Styles, Supported Style Options, , Styles and Options
+@section Supported Styles
+
+
+@node Supported Style Options, , Supported Styles, Styles and Options
+@section Supported Style Options
+
+
+@node Commands, , Styles and Options, Top
+@chapter Commands
+
+@noindent
+A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \
+followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.
+Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments
+contained in braces @{@} are required. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Several commands have an optional * form. @refill
+
+@noindent
+NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
+explicitly directed to do otherwise. @refill
+
+@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@menu
+* Counters:: Counters
+* Cross References:: Cross References
+* Definitions:: Definitions
+* Page layout:: Page layout
+* Environments:: Environments
+* Footnotes:: Footnotes
+* Lengths:: Lengths
+* Letters:: Letters
+* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking
+* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs
+* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas
+* Modes:: Modes
+* Page Styles:: Page Styles
+* Sectioning:: Sectioning
+* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes
+* Special Characters:: Special Characters
+* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input
+* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending
+* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents
+* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output
+* Typefaces:: Typefaces
+@end menu
+
+@node Counters, Cross References, , Commands
+@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@section Counters
+
+@noindent
+Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The
+name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
+command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list of
+the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering.
+@refill
+
+@example
+part part figure enumi
+chapter subparagraph table enumii
+section page footnote enumiii
+subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv
+subsubsection
+@end example
+
+@menu
+* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter
+* \alph:: \alph
+* \arabic:: \arabic
+* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol
+* \newcounter:: \newcounter
+* \roman:: \roman
+* \setcounter:: \setcounter
+* \usecounter:: \usecounter
+* \value:: \value
+@end menu
+
+@node \addtocounter, \alph, , Counters
+@subsection \addtocounter
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\addtocounter@{counter@}@{value@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified
+by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. @refill
+
+@node \alph, \arabic, \addtocounter, Counters
+@subsection \alph
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\alph@{counter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic
+characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters,
+e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic
+characters, e.g. A, B, C... @refill
+
+@node \arabic, \fnsymbol, \alph, Counters
+@subsection \arabic
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\arabic@{counter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
+arabic numbers, e.g. 3. @refill
+
+@node \fnsymbol, \newcounter, \arabic, Counters
+@subsection \fnsymbol
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\fnsymbol@{counter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a
+specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
+footnotes. @refill
+
+@node \newcounter, \roman, \fnsymbol, Counters
+@subsection \newcounter
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newcounter@{foo@}[counter]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional
+argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the
+counter named in the optional argument is incremented. @refill
+
+@node \roman, \setcounter, \newcounter, Counters
+@subsection \roman
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\roman@{counter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman
+numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. i,
+ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals,
+e.g. I, II, III... @refill
+
+@node \setcounter, \usecounter, \roman, Counters
+@subsection \setcounter
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\setcounter@{counter@}@{value@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified
+by the value argument. @refill
+
+@node \usecounter, \value, \setcounter, Counters
+@subsection \usecounter
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\usecounter@{counter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list
+environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list
+items. @refill
+
+@node \value, , \usecounter, Counters
+@subsection \value
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\value@{counter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the
+mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
+number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter
+command, or in \hspace@{\value@{foo@}\parindent@} @refill
+
+@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@node Cross References, Definitions, Counters, Commands
+@comment node-name, next, previous, up
+@section Cross References
+
+@noindent
+One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
+the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." @refill
+
+@menu
+* \label:: \label
+* \pageref:: \pageref
+* \ref:: \ref
+@end menu
+
+@node \label, \pageref, , Cross References
+@subsection \label
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\label@{key@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the
+number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
+environment (i.e. table, figure and equation) assigns that number to the
+key. @refill
+
+@noindent
+A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation
+characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. @refill
+
+@node \pageref, \ref, \label, Cross References
+@subsection \pageref
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\pageref@{key@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text
+where the corresponding \label command appears. @refill
+
+@node \ref, , \pageref, Cross References
+@subsection \ref
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\ref@{key@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation
+number,@... of the corresponding \label command. @refill
+
+@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@node Definitions, Page layout, Cross References, Commands
+@section Definitions
+
+@menu
+* \newcommand:: \newcommand
+* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment
+* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem
+* \newfont:: \newfont
+@end menu
+
+@node \newcommand, \newenvironment, , Definitions
+@subsection \newcommand
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{def@}
+\renewcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{def@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+These commands define (or redefine) a command.
+
+@table @code
+@item cmd
+A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not be
+already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it must
+already be defined. @refill
+
+@item args
+An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command
+being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments. @refill
+
+@item def
+The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a parameter of
+the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this
+substitution takes place. @refill
+@end table
+
+@node \newenvironment, \newtheorem, \newcommand, Definitions
+@subsection \newenvironment
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@}
+\renewenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+These commands define or redefine an environment.
+
+@table @code
+@item nam
+The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be no
+currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam must be
+undefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must already be
+defined. @refill
+
+@item args
+An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
+newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. @refill
+
+@item begdef
+The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin@{name@}; a parameter
+of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when
+this substitution takes place. @refill
+
+@item enddef
+The text substituted for every occurrence of \end@{nam@}. It may
+not contain any argument parameters. @refill
+@end table
+
+@node \newtheorem, \newfont, \newenvironment, Definitions
+@subsection \newtheorem
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newtheorem@{env_name@}@{caption@}[within]
+\newtheorem@{env_name@}[numbered_like]@{caption@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This command defines a theorem-like environment.
+
+@table @code
+@item env_name
+The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be the name
+of an existing environment or counter. @refill
+
+@item caption
+The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the
+number. @refill
+
+@item within
+The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.
+Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the
+sectional unit. @refill
+
+@item numbered_like
+The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument.
+
+@node \newfont, , \newtheorem, Definitions
+@subsection \newfont
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newfont@{cmd@}@{font_name@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be
+a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current
+font. @refill
+
+@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@node Page layout, Environments, Definitions, Commands
+@section Page layout
+
+@noindent
+For further information @ref{Page Styles} and @ref{Document Styles and
+Style Options}. @refill
+
+@menu
+* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom
+* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom
+* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn
+* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn
+@end menu
+
+@node \flushbottom, \raggedbottom, , Page layout
+@subsection \flushbottom
+
+@noindent
+The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height,
+adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. @refill
+
+@node \raggedbottom, \onecolumn, \flushbottom, Page layout
+@subsection \raggedbottom
+
+@node \onecolumn, \twocolumn, \raggedbottom, Page layout
+@subsection \onecolumn
+
+@noindent
+The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column
+output. @refill
+
+@node \twocolumn, , \onecolumn, Page layout
+@subsection \twocolumn
+
+@noindent
+The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column
+output. @refill
+
+@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@node Environments, Footnotes, Page layout, Commands
+@section Environments
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.
+Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. @refill
+
+@example
+ \begin@{environment-name@}
+ .
+ .
+ .
+ \end@{environment-name@}
+@end example
+
+@menu
+* array:: array
+* center:: center
+* \centering:: \centering
+* description:: description
+* enumerate:: enumerate
+* eqnarray:: eqnarray
+* equation:: equation
+* figure:: figure
+* flushleft:: flushleft
+* \raggedright:: \raggedright
+* flushright:: flushright
+* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft
+* itemize:: itemize
+* list:: list
+* minipage:: minipage
+* picture:: picture
+* quotation:: quotation
+* quote:: quote
+* tabbing:: tabbing
+* table:: table
+* tabular:: tabular
+* thebibliography:: thebibliography
+* theorem:: theorem
+* titlepage:: titlepage
+* verbatim:: verbatim
+* verse:: verse
+@end menu
+
+@node array, center, , Environments
+@subsection array
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{array@}@{col1col2...coln@}
+column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{array@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single
+mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment
+within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that
+tells how items in that row should be formatted. @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item c
+for centered
+@item l
+for flushleft
+@item r
+for flushright
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include
+other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a
+\\. @refill
+
+@node center, \centering, array, Environments
+@subsection center
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{center@}
+Text on line 1 \\
+Text on line 2 \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{center@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
+lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current
+page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. @refill
+
+@node \centering, description, center, Environments
+@subsection \centering
+
+@noindent
+This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration
+can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text
+of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering
+command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a
+new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To
+affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must
+contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote)
+that ends the paragraph unit. @refill
+
+@node description, enumerate, \centering, Environments
+@subsection description
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{description@}
+\item[label] First item
+\item[label] Second item
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{description@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is
+bold face and flushed right. @refill
+
+@node enumerate, eqnarray, description, Environments
+@subsection enumerate
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{enumerate@}
+\item First item
+\item Second item
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{enumerate@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be
+nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
+nested within other paragraph-making environments. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There
+must be at least one \item command within the environment. @refill
+
+@node eqnarray, equation, enumerate, Environments
+@subsection eqnarray
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{eqnarray@}
+math formula 1 \\
+math formula 2 \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{eqnarray@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
+inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment,
+with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row
+separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line unless
+that line has a \nonumber command. @refill
+
+@node equation, figure, eqnarray, Environments
+@subsection equation
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{equation@}
+ math formula
+\end@{equation@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places
+the equation number in the right margin. @refill
+
+@node figure, flushleft, equation, Environments
+@subsection figure
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{figure@}[placement]
+
+ body of the figure
+
+\caption@{figure title@}
+\end@{figure@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
+usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.
+Figures will not be split between two pages. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a
+float: @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item h
+Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears.
+@refill
+
+@item t
+Top - at the top of a text page. @refill
+
+@item b
+Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. @refill
+
+@item p
+Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no
+text, only floats. @refill
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. @refill
+
+@node flushleft, \raggedright, figure, Environments
+@subsection flushleft
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{flushleft@}
+Text on line 1 \\
+Text on line 2 \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{flushleft@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
+lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be
+terminated with a \\. @refill
+
+@node \raggedright, flushright, flushleft, Environments
+@subsection \raggedright
+
+@noindent
+This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This
+declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+parbox. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not
+start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
+must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
+quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill
+
+@node flushright, \raggedleft, \raggedright, Environments
+@subsection flushright
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{flushright@}
+Text on line 1 \\
+Text on line 2 \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{flushright@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
+of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line
+must be terminated with a \\. @refill
+
+@node \raggedleft, itemize, flushright, Environments
+@subsection \raggedleft
+
+@noindent
+This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This
+declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a
+parbox. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not
+start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
+units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration
+must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like
+quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill
+
+@node itemize, list, \raggedleft, Environments
+@subsection itemize
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{itemize@}
+\item First item
+\item Second item
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{itemize@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be
+nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be
+nested within other paragraph-making environments. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must
+be at least one \item command within the environment. @refill
+
+@node list, minipage, itemize, Environments
+@subsection list
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{list@}@{label@}@{spacing@}
+\item First item
+\item Second item
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{list@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The @{label@} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This
+argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
+This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The @{spacing@} argument contains commands to change the spacing
+parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.
+@{@}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for
+most cases. @refill
+
+@node minipage, picture, list, Environments
+@subsection minipage
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{minipage@}[position]@{width@}
+ text
+\end@{minipage@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the
+same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may
+use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is
+particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A
+\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of
+the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
+mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. @refill
+
+@noindent
+NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes;
+they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. @refill
+
+@node picture, quotation, minipage, Environments
+@subsection picture
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{picture@}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
+.
+ picture commands
+.
+\end@{picture@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of
+picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell
+LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
+coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
+a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies
+a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength
+has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54
+centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want,
+using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try
+changing it inside the picture environment. @refill
+
+@noindent
+A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies
+the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are
+specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally
+at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position
+appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses
+serve to delimit the argument. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position.
+It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a
+rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x-
+and y-coordinates. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The picture environment also has an optional position argument,
+following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike
+ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
+brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
+the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
+For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command @refill
+
+@example
+\begin@{picture@}(100,200)(10,20)
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
+whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
+corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture,
+you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
+lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
+everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
+picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is;
+LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even
+off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in
+determining how much room to leave for it. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The
+command @refill
+
+@example
+\put (11.3,-.3)@{ ... @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference
+point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
+objects will be described below. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text
+argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an
+\mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will
+be the lower left corner of the box. @refill
+
+@menu
+* \circle (picture):: \circle
+* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox
+* \frame (picture):: \frame
+* \framebox (picture):: \framebox
+* \line (picture):: \line
+* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness
+* \makebox (picture):: \makebox
+* \multiput (picture):: \multiput
+* \oval (picture):: \oval
+* \put (picture):: \put
+* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack
+* \vector (picture):: \vector
+@end menu
+
+@node \circle (picture), \dashbox (picture), , picture
+@subsubsection \circle
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\circle@{diameter@}
+\circle*@{diameter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the
+*-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. @refill
+
+@node \dashbox (picture), \frame (picture), \circle (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \dashbox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\dashbox@{dash length@}(width,height)@{ ... @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each
+dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples
+of the dash length. @refill
+
+@node \frame (picture), \framebox (picture), \dashbox (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \frame
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\frame@{ ... @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified
+in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the
+frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. @refill
+
+@node \framebox (picture), \line (picture), \frame (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \framebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\framebox(width,height)[position]@{ ... @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command. @refill
+
+@node \line (picture), \linethickness (picture), \framebox (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \line
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\line(x slope,y slope)@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. @refill
+
+@node \linethickness (picture), \makebox (picture), \line (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \linethickness
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\linethickness@{dimension@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture
+environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does
+not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter
+circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. @refill
+
+@node \makebox (picture), \multiput (picture), \linethickness (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \makebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\makebox(width,height)[position]@{ ... @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the
+normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height
+in multiples of \unitlength. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text
+appears in. You may select up to two of the following: @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item t:
+Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
+
+@item b:
+Moves the item to the bottom
+
+@item l:
+Moves the item to the left
+
+@item r:
+Moves the item to the right
+@end table
+
+@node \multiput (picture), \oval (picture), \makebox (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \multiput
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y)@{number of copies@}@{object@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object
+in a regular pattern across a picture. @refill
+
+@node \oval (picture), \put (picture), \multiput (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \oval
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\oval(width,height)[portion]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The
+optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.
+@refill
+
+@table @code
+@item t:
+Selects the top portion
+
+@item b:
+Selects the bottom portion
+
+@item r:
+Selects the right portion
+
+@item l:
+Selects the left portion
+@end table
+
+@node \put (picture), \shortstack (picture), \oval (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \put
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\put(x coord,y coord)@{ ... @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at
+the given coordinates. @refill
+
+@node \shortstack (picture), \vector (picture), \put (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \shortstack
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\shortstack[position]@{... \\ ... \\ ...@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid
+positions are: @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item r:
+Moves the objects to the right of the stack
+
+@item l:
+Moves the objects to the left of the stack
+
+@item c:
+Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)
+@end table
+
+@node \vector (picture), , \shortstack (picture), picture
+@subsubsection \vector
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\vector(x slope,y slope)@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length
+and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
+@refill
+
+@node quotation, quote, picture, Environments
+@subsection quotation
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{quotation@}
+ text
+\end@{quotation@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and
+the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph
+indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new
+paragraph. @refill
+
+@node quote, tabbing, quotation, Environments
+@subsection quote
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{quote@}
+ text
+\end@{quote@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the
+right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line
+between text produces a new paragraph. @refill
+
+@node tabbing, table, quote, Environments
+@subsection tabbing
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{tabbing@}
+text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
+second row \> \> more \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{tabbing@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It
+works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with
+an ordinary typewriter. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Please note: To access accute, grave and bar accents use \a^, \a`, and \a=
+instead of the usual accenting commands. @refill
+
+@menu
+* \= (tabbing):: \=
+* \> (tabbing):: \>
+* \< (tabbing):: \<
+* \+ (tabbing):: \+
+* \- (tabbing):: \-
+* \' (tabbing):: \'
+* \` (tabbing):: \`
+* \kill (tabbing):: \kill
+@end menu
+
+@node \= (tabbing), \> (tabbing), , tabbing
+@subsubsection \=
+@noindent
+The \= command sets the tab stops. @refill
+
+@node \> (tabbing), \< (tabbing), \= (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \>
+
+@noindent
+The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. @refill
+
+@node \< (tabbing), \+ (tabbing), \> (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \<
+
+@noindent
+The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local
+margin without changing the margin. @refill
+
+@node \+ (tabbing), \- (tabbing), \< (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \+
+
+@noindent
+The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
+commands one tab stop to the right. @refill
+
+@node \- (tabbing), \' (tabbing), \+ (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \-
+
+@noindent
+The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following
+commands one tab stop to the left. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Outside the tabbing environment \- works as a hyphenation aid (see
+@ref{\-}).
+
+@node \' (tabbing), \` (tabbing), \- (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \'
+@noindent
+The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the current
+column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or
+\kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the
+current column's tab stop. @refill
+
+@node \` (tabbing), \kill (tabbing), \' (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \`
+
+@noindent
+The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab
+stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of
+the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves
+all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end@{tabbing@} command
+that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment.
+There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that
+ends the line. @refill
+
+@node \kill (tabbing), , \` (tabbing), tabbing
+@subsubsection \kill
+
+@noindent
+The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text.
+It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line
+instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-
+commands in that line remain in effect. @refill
+
+@node table, tabular, tabbing, Environments
+@subsection table
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{table@}[placement]
+
+ body of the table
+
+\caption@{table title@}
+\end@{table@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually
+"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will
+not be split between two pages. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to
+place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a
+float: @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item h
+Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears.
+@refill
+
+@item t
+Top - at the top of a text page. @refill
+
+@item b
+Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. @refill
+
+@item p
+Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no
+text, only floats. @refill
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc.
+you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. @refill
+
+@node tabular, thebibliography, table, Environments
+@subsection tabular
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{tabular@}[pos]@{cols@}
+column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{tabular@}
+
+ or
+
+\begin@{tabular*@}@{width@}[pos]@{cols@}
+column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{tabular*@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
+items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional
+arguments consist of: @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item width
+Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubber
+space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.
+@refill
+
+@item pos
+Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on the
+center of the environment. @refill
+@end table
+
+@table @code
+@item t
+align on top row
+
+@item b
+align on bottom row
+
+@item cols
+Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the
+following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
+intercolumn material. @refill
+
+@item l
+A column of left-aligned items.
+
+@item r
+A column of right-aligned items.
+
+@item c
+A column of centered items.
+
+@item |
+A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. @refill
+
+@item @{text@}
+This inserts text in every row. An @@-expression suppresses the
+intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space
+between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in
+text. An \extracolsep@{wd@} command in an @@-expression causes an extra
+space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until
+countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary
+intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an
+@@-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in an
+@@-expression in the cols argument. @refill
+
+@item p@{wd@}
+Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if
+it were the argument of a \parbox[t]@{wd@} command. However, a \\ may
+not appear in the item, except in the following situations: @refill
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular, @refill
+
+@item
+inside an explicit \parbox, or @refill
+
+@item
+in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or \raggedleft declaration.
+The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when
+used in a p-column element. @refill
+@end enumerate
+
+@item *@{num@}@{cols@}
+Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive integer and
+cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another
+*-expression. @refill
+@end table
+
+@menu
+* \cline:: \cline
+* \hline:: \hline
+* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn
+* \vline:: \vline
+@end menu
+
+@node \cline, \hline, , tabular
+@subsubsection \cline
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\cline@{i-j@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified
+in the mandatory argument. @refill
+
+@node \hline, \multicolumn, \cline, tabular
+@subsubsection \hline
+
+@noindent
+The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table.
+It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between
+the rows of the table. @refill
+
+@node \multicolumn, \vline, \hline, tabular
+@subsubsection \multicolumn
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\multicolumn@{cols@}@{pos@}@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.
+The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to
+span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of
+the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third
+mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.
+@refill
+
+@node \vline, , \multicolumn, tabular
+@subsubsection \vline
+
+@noindent
+The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
+and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to
+the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @@-expression. @refill
+
+@node thebibliography, theorem, tabular, Environments
+@subsection thebibliography
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{thebibliography@}@{widest-label@}
+\bibitem[label]@{cite_key@}
+.
+.
+.
+\end@{thebibliography@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference
+list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled "References";
+in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography". @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item widest-label
+Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as
+the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. @refill
+@end table
+
+@menu
+* \bibitem:: \bibitem
+* \cite:: \cite
+* \nocite:: \nocite
+@end menu
+
+@node \bibitem, \cite, , thebibliography
+@subsubsection \bibitem
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\bibitem[label]@{cite_key@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the label
+argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi
+counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
+punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry
+on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. When this aux
+file is read by the \begin@{document@} command, the item's label is
+associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite
+command to produce the associated label. @refill
+
+@node \cite, \nocite, \bibitem, thebibliography
+@subsubsection \cite
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\cite[text]@{key_list@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates
+an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in
+key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin@{document@}
+command. @refill
+
+@node \nocite, , \cite, thebibliography
+@subsubsection \nocite
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\nocite@{key_list@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a
+list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. @refill
+
+@node theorem, titlepage, thebibliography, Environments
+@subsection theorem
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{theorem@}
+ theorem text
+\end@{theorem@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by
+your theorem text. @refill
+
+@node titlepage, verbatim, theorem, Environments
+@subsection titlepage
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{titlepage@}
+ text
+\end@{titlepage@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no
+printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be
+numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The
+\today command comes in handy for title pages. @refill
+
+@node verbatim, verse, titlepage, Environments
+@subsection verbatim
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{verbatim@}
+ text
+\end@{verbatim@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets
+LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a
+typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that
+they would on a typewriter. @refill
+
+@menu
+* \verb:: \verb
+@end menu
+
+@node \verb, , , verbatim
+@subsubsection \verb
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\verb char literal_text char
+\verb*char literal_text char
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and
+spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space
+between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity).
+The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. @refill
+
+@node verse, , verbatim, Environments
+@subsection verse
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\begin@{verse@}
+ text
+\end@{verse@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other
+uses for it. @refill
+
+@c ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@node Footnotes, Lengths, Environments, Commands
+@section Footnotes
+
+@noindent
+Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with
+one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two
+commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. See the
+specific command for information on why you would use one over the
+other. @refill
+
+@menu
+* \footnote:: \footnote
+* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark
+* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext
+@end menu
+
+@node \footnote, \footnotemark, , Footnotes
+@subsection \footnote
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\footnote[number]@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of
+the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the
+default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer
+paragraph mode. @refill
+
+@node \footnotemark, \footnotetext, \footnote, Footnotes
+@subsection \footnotemark
+
+@noindent
+The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This
+command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote
+is supplied by the \footnotetext command. @refill
+
+@node \footnotetext, , \footnotemark, Footnotes
+@subsection \footnotetext
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\footnotetext[number]@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom
+of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark
+command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode.
+@refill
+
+@noindent
+The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote
+number. @refill
+
+@node Lengths, Letters, Footnotes, Commands
+@section Lengths
+
+@noindent
+A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as
+an argument. @refill
+
+@menu
+* \newlength:: \newlength
+* \setlength:: \setlength
+* \addtolength:: \addtolength
+* \settowidth:: \settowidth
+@end menu
+
+@node \newlength, \setlength, , Lengths
+@subsection \newlength
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newlength@{\gnat@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a
+length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command
+already exists. @refill
+
+@node \setlength, \addtolength, \newlength, Lengths
+@subsection \setlength
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\setlength@{\gnat@}@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.
+The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX
+understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. @refill
+
+@node \addtolength, \settowidth, \setlength, Lengths
+@subsection \addtolength
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\addtolength@{\gnat@}@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount
+specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount.
+
+@node \settowidth, , \addtolength, Lengths
+@subsection \settowidth
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\settowidth@{\gnat@}@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the
+width of the text argument.
+
+@node Letters, Line and Page Breaking, Lengths, Commands
+@section Letters
+
+@noindent
+You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The
+letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once,
+although you can make just one if you so desire.
+
+@noindent
+Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other
+document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum:
+
+@example
+\documentstyle@{letter@}
+
+\begin@{document@}
+ ... letters ...
+\end@{document@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and
+address of the recipient. For example, you might have
+
+@example
+\begin@{letter@}@{Mr. John Doe \\
+ 2345 Jones St. \\
+ Oakland, CA 91123@}
+ ...
+\end@{letter@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the
+letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that
+make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes
+with a \closing command.
+
+@noindent
+After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command
+produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for
+a list of enclosures.
+
+@menu
+* Declarations:: Declarations
+* \opening:: \opening
+* \closing:: \closing
+@end menu
+
+@node Declarations, \opening, , Letters
+@subsection Declarations
+
+@noindent
+The following commands are declarations which take a single argument.
+
+@subsubsection \address
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\address@{Return address@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope.
+Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If
+you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be
+formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. If
+you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
+personal letter.
+
+@menu
+* \signature:: \signature
+* \location:: \location
+* \telephone:: \telephone
+@end menu
+
+@node \signature, \location, , Declarations
+@subsubsection \signature
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\signature@{Your name@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
+space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should
+be separated by \\ commands.
+
+@node \location, \telephone, \signature, Declarations
+@subsubsection \location
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\location@{address@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears
+if the firstpage pagestyle is selected.
+
+@node \telephone, , \location, Declarations
+@subsubsection \telephone
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\telephone@{number@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage
+pagestyle is selected.
+
+@node \opening, \closing, Declarations, Letters
+@subsection \opening
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\opening@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument,
+text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g.
+
+@example
+\opening@{Dear John,@}
+@end example
+
+@node \closing, , \opening, Letters
+@subsection \closing
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\closing@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g.
+
+@example
+\closing@{Best Regards,@}
+@end example
+
+@node Line and Page Breaking, Making Paragraphs, Letters, Commands
+@section Line and Page Breaking
+
+@noindent
+The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate
+your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a
+printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines
+must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line
+breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for
+you.
+
+@menu
+* \\:: \\
+* \-:: Hypenation Aid \-
+* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage
+* \clearpage:: \clearpage
+* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation
+* \linebreak:: \linebreak
+* \newline:: \newline
+* \newpage:: \newpage
+* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak
+* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak
+* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak
+@end menu
+
+@node \\, \-, , Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \\
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\\[extra-space]
+\\*[extra-space]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional
+argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is
+to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.
+
+@noindent
+The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it
+tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.
+
+@node \-, \cleardoublepage, \\, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection Hypenation Aid \-
+
+@noindent
+The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point.
+LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct
+hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.
+
+@node \cleardoublepage, \clearpage, \-, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \cleardoublepage
+
+@noindent
+The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all
+figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
+(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.
+
+@node \clearpage, \hyphenation, \cleardoublepage, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \clearpage
+
+@noindent
+The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and
+tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
+
+@node \hyphenation, \linebreak, \clearpage, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \hyphenation
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\hyphenation@{words@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where
+words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation
+point is indicated by a - character. Each grammatical form has to be
+specified separately. @refill
+
+@noindent
+These words @strong{must not} contain any special characters (e.g. \ss).
+@refill
+
+@node \linebreak, \newline, \hyphenation, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \linebreak
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\linebreak[number]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the
+point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
+the request is.
+
+@noindent
+The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to
+the right margin.
+
+@node \newline, \newpage, \linebreak, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \newline
+
+@noindent
+The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline
+command can be used only in paragraph mode.
+
+@node \newpage, \nolinebreak, \newline, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \newpage
+
+@noindent
+The \newpage command ends the current page.
+
+@node \nolinebreak, \nopagebreak, \newpage, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \nolinebreak
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\nolinebreak[number]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line
+at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.
+
+@node \nopagebreak, \pagebreak, \nolinebreak, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \nopagebreak
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\nopagebreak[number]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page
+at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you
+can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The
+number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more
+insistent the request is.
+
+@node \pagebreak, , \nopagebreak, Line and Page Breaking
+@subsection \pagebreak
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\pagebreak[number]
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the
+point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can
+convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number
+must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent
+the request is.
+
+@node Making Paragraphs, Math Formulas, Line and Page Breaking, Commands
+@section Making Paragraphs
+
+@noindent
+A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not
+containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new
+paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
+a sectioning command.
+
+@menu
+* \indent:: \indent
+* \noindent:: \noindent
+* \par:: \par
+@end menu
+
+@node \indent, \noindent, , Making Paragraphs
+@subsection \indent
+
+@noindent
+This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the
+paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it
+would otherwise be supressed. @refill
+
+@node \noindent, \par, \indent, Making Paragraphs
+@subsection \noindent
+
+@noindent
+When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph
+indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.
+@refill
+
+@node \par, , \noindent, Making Paragraphs
+@subsection \par
+
+@noindent
+Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command and environment
+definitions easier to read. @refill
+
+@node Math Formulas, Modes, Making Paragraphs, Commands
+@section Math Formulas
+
+@noindent
+There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math,
+displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that
+appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas
+that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same as
+the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in
+the right margin. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the
+displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph
+mode. These environments are used so often that they have the following
+short forms: @refill
+
+@example
+$ ... $ instead of \begin@{math@} ... \end@{math@}
+$$ ... $$ instead of \begin@{equation@} ... \end@{equation@}
+\[ ... \] instead of \begin@{displaymath@} ... \end@{displaymath@}
+@end example
+
+@menu
+* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts
+* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols
+* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode
+* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany
+@end menu
+
+@node Subscripts and Superscripts, Math Symbols, , Math Formulas
+@subsection Subscripts and Superscripts
+
+@noindent
+To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
+_@{exp@}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^@{exp@}.
+LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the
+natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a
+subscript and a superscript.
+
+@node Math Symbols, Spacing in Math Mode, Subscripts and Superscripts, Math Formulas
+@subsection Math Symbols
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
+The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For
+example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol
+"pi" in your output.
+
+@node Spacing in Math Mode, Math Miscellany, Math Symbols, Math Formulas
+@subsection Spacing in Math Mode
+
+@noindent
+In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the
+spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's
+done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX
+provides the following four commands for use in math mode:
+
+@table @code
+@item \;
+a thick space
+@item \:
+a medium space
+@item \,
+a thin space
+@item \!
+a negative thin space
+@end table
+
+@node Math Miscellany, , Spacing in Math Mode, Math Formulas
+@subsection Math Miscellany
+
+@menu
+* \cdots:: \cdots
+* \ddots:: \ddots
+* \frac:: \frac
+* \ldots:: \ldots
+* \overbrace:: \overbrace
+* \overline:: \overline
+* \sqrt:: \sqrt
+* \underbrace:: \underbrace
+* \underline:: \underline
+* \vdots:: \vdots
+@end menu
+
+@node \cdots, \ddots, , Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \cdots
+@noindent
+The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to
+the center of the line.
+
+@node \ddots, \frac, \cdots, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \ddots
+@noindent
+The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.
+
+@node \frac, \ldots, \ddots, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \frac
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\frac@{num@}@{den@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.
+
+@node \ldots, \overbrace, \frac, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \ldots
+@noindent
+The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode,
+not just math mode.
+
+@node \overbrace, \overline, \ldots, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \overbrace
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\overbrace@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \overbrace command generates a brace over text.
+
+@node \overline, \sqrt, \overbrace, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \overline
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+@example
+\overline@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.
+
+@node \sqrt, \underbrace, \overline, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \sqrt
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\sqrt[root]@{arg@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The optional
+argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube root of
+x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]@{x+y@}$.
+
+@node \underbrace, \underline, \sqrt, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \underbrace
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\underbrace@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.
+
+@node \underline, \vdots, \underbrace, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \underline
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\underline@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined.
+This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.
+
+@node \vdots, , \underline, Math Miscellany
+@subsubsection \vdots
+@noindent
+The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.
+
+@node Modes, Page Styles, Math Formulas, Commands
+@section Modes
+
+@noindent
+When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Paragraph mode
+@item
+Math mode
+@item
+Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
+different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
+Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
+LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.
+
+@noindent
+Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
+processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
+lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when it's
+generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph mode,
+LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with
+spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going
+from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you
+put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them
+from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the
+resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command.
+You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example,
+you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are
+also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box
+that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands
+or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph
+mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph mode. Its
+normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called outer paragraph
+mode.
+
+@node Page Styles, Sectioning, Modes, Commands
+@section Page Styles
+
+@noindent
+The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the
+page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them.
+
+@menu
+* \maketitle:: \maketitle
+* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering
+* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle
+* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle
+@end menu
+
+@node \maketitle, \pagenumbering, , Page Styles
+@subsection \maketitle
+
+@noindent
+\maketitle
+
+@noindent
+The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page -
+except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of
+the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from
+the following declarations.
+
+@menu
+* \author:: \author
+* \date:: \date
+* \thanks:: \thanks
+* \title:: \title
+@end menu
+
+@node \author, \date, , \maketitle
+@subsubsection \author
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\author@{names@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of
+authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a
+single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution
+or address.
+
+@node \date, \thanks, \author, \maketitle
+@subsubsection \date
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\date@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date
+command, the current date is used.
+
+@node \thanks, \title, \date, \maketitle
+@subsubsection \thanks
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\thanks@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.
+
+@node \title, , \thanks, \maketitle
+@subsubsection \title
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\title@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX
+where to start a new line in a long title.
+
+@node \pagenumbering, \pagestyle, \maketitle, Page Styles
+@subsection \pagenumbering
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\pagenumbering@{num_style@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are:
+
+@table @code
+@item arabic
+Arabic numerals
+@item roman
+Lowercase roman numerals
+@item Roman
+Uppercase roman numerals
+@item alph
+Lowercase letters
+@item Alph
+Uppercase letters
+@end table
+
+@node \pagestyle, \thispagestyle, \pagenumbering, Page Styles
+@subsection \pagestyle
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\pagestyle@{option@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on throughout
+the remainder of your document. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The valid options are:
+
+@table @code
+@item plain
+Just a plain page number.
+@item empty
+Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.
+@item headings
+Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies
+what goes in the headings.
+@item myheadings
+You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or
+the \markright commands.
+@end table
+
+@menu
+* \mark:: \mark
+@end menu
+
+@node \mark, , , \pagestyle
+@subsubsection \mark
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\markboth@{left head@}@{right head@}
+\markright@{right head@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the
+page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading.
+In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use
+them to override the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX
+uses these same commands to generate those heads. You should note that
+a left-hand heading is generated by the last \markboth command before
+the end of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the
+first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one,
+otherwise by the last one before the page. @refill
+
+@node \thispagestyle, , \pagestyle, Page Styles
+@subsection \thispagestyle
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\thispagestyle@{option@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle
+command except that it changes the style for the current page only.
+
+@node Sectioning, Spaces and Boxes, Page Styles, Commands
+@section Sectioning
+
+@noindent
+Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+\part
+@item
+\chapter (report and book style only)
+@item
+\section
+@item
+\subsection
+@item
+\subsubsection
+@item
+\paragraph
+@item
+\subparagraph
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\chapter[optional]@{title@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument
+of the sectioning command can appear in two other places:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+the table of contents
+@item
+the running head at the top of the page
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as
+appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning
+commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these
+other two purposes. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not include
+a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For example,
+the *-form of the \subsection command could look like: @refill
+
+@example
+\subsection*@{Example subsection@}
+@end example
+
+@menu
+* \appendix:: \appendix
+@end menu
+
+@node \appendix, , , Sectioning
+@subsection \appendix
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\appendix
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The
+\appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or
+parts. @refill
+
+@node Spaces and Boxes, Special Characters, Sectioning, Commands
+@section Spaces and Boxes
+
+@menu
+* \addvspace:: \addvspace
+* \bigskip:: \bigskip
+* \dotfill:: \dotfill
+* \fbox:: \fbox
+* \framebox:: \framebox
+* \hfill:: \hfill
+* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill
+* \hspace:: \hspace
+* \makebox:: \makebox
+* \mbox:: \mbox
+* \medskip:: \medskip
+* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox
+* \parbox:: \parbox
+* \raisebox:: \raisebox
+* \rule:: \rule
+* \savebox:: \savebox
+* \smallskip:: \smallskip
+* \usebox:: \usebox
+* \vfill:: \vfill
+* \vspace:: \vspace
+@end menu
+
+@node \addvspace, \bigskip, , Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \addvspace
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\addvspace@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth length.
+However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in
+the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not
+add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total
+vertical space equal to length. @refill
+
+@node \bigskip, \dotfill, \addvspace, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \bigskip
+
+@noindent
+The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{bigskipamount@} where
+bigskipamount is determined by the document style.
+
+@node \dotfill, \fbox, \bigskip, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \dotfill
+
+@noindent
+The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead
+of just spaces.
+
+@node \fbox, \framebox, \dotfill, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \fbox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\fbox@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that
+it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.
+
+@node \framebox, \hfill, \fbox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \framebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\framebox[width][position]@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command,
+except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
+creates. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves
+a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. @refill
+
+@node \hfill, \hrulefill , \framebox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \hfill
+
+@noindent
+The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or
+shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. @refill
+
+@node \hrulefill , \hspace, \hfill, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \hrulefill
+
+@noindent
+The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch
+or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. @refill
+
+@node \hspace, \makebox, \hrulefill , Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \hspace
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\hspace@{length@}
+\hspace*@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can
+be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches,
+etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace
+command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. @refill
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you
+don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.
+Then the space is never removed. @refill
+
+@node \makebox, \mbox, \hspace, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \makebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\makebox[width][position]@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The
+width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The
+position of the text within the box is determined by the optional
+position argument. @refill
+
+@table @code
+@item c
+centered (default)
+@item l
+flushleft
+@item r
+flushright
+@end table
+
+@node \mbox, \medskip, \makebox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \mbox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\mbox@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
+created by its argument. @refill
+
+@node \medskip, \newsavebox, \mbox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \medskip
+
+@noindent
+The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{medskipamount@} where
+medskipamount is determined by the document style. @refill
+
+@node \newsavebox, \parbox, \medskip, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \newsavebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\newsavebox@{cmd@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined,
+to be a bin for saving boxes. @refill
+
+@node \parbox, \raisebox, \newsavebox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \parbox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\parbox[position]@{width@}@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The
+\parbox has two mandatory arguments: @refill
+
+@table @asis
+@item width
+specifies the width of the parbox, and
+@item text
+the text that goes inside the parbox.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of
+the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line
+up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. @refill
+
+@noindent
+A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text,
+with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the
+paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger
+pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
+environment, you should use a minipage environment. @refill
+
+@node \raisebox, \rule, \parbox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \raisebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\raisebox@{distance@}[extend-above][extend-below]@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first
+mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or
+lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR
+mode. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size
+than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally
+think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.
+@refill
+
+@noindent
+The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the
+text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second
+optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends
+below the line by the amount specified. @refill
+
+@node \rule, \savebox, \raisebox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \rule
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\rule[raise-height]@{width@}@{thickness@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are
+defined as follows. @refill
+
+@table @asis
+@item raise-height
+specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)
+@item width
+specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)
+@item thickness
+specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)
+@end table
+
+@node \savebox, \smallskip, \rule, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \savebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\sbox@{cmd@}[text]
+
+\savebox@{cmd@}[width][pos]@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox.
+However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd,
+which must have been declared with \newsavebox. @refill
+
+@node \smallskip, \usebox, \savebox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \smallskip
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\smallskip
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{smallskipamount@} where
+smallskipamount is determined by the document style. @refill
+
+@node \usebox, \vfill, \smallskip, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \usebox
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\usebox@{cmd@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.
+
+@node \vfill, \vspace, \usebox, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \vfill
+
+@noindent
+The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink
+vertically. @refill
+
+@node \vspace, , \vfill, Spaces and Boxes
+@subsection \vspace
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\vspace@{length@}
+\vspace*@{length@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be
+expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc.
+You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command.
+@refill
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you
+don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument.
+Then the space is never removed. @refill
+
+@node Special Characters, Splitting the Input, Spaces and Boxes, Commands
+@section Special Characters
+
+@noindent
+The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
+special printing characters, or simply special characters. @refill
+
+@example
+# $ % & _ \ @{ @} ~ ^
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are
+doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed
+just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For
+example, \$ will produce $ in your output. @refill
+
+@noindent
+Please note: \~ and \^ are accent commands; to get the accent alone, type
+\~@{@} and \^@{@}. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special
+meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. @refill
+
+@menu
+* Accents:: Accents
+* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters
+@end menu
+
+@node Accents, German Special Characters, , Special Characters
+@subsection Accents
+
+@noindent
+Scholarly publications often refer to other languages, so LaTeX makes
+it possible to typeset the most commonly used accents: @refill
+
+@table @asis
+@item \`
+grave accent
+@item \'
+acute accent
+@item \^
+circumflex or "hat"
+@item \"
+umlaut or dieresis
+@item \~
+tilde or "squiggle"
+@item \=
+macron or "bar"
+@item \.
+dot (above) accent
+@item \u
+breve accent
+@item \v
+hachek or "check"
+@item \H
+long Hungarian umlaut
+@item \t
+tie-after accent
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX also provides three accents that go underneath: @refill
+
+@table @asis
+@item \c
+cedilla
+@item \d
+dot (below) accent
+@item \b
+bar-under accent
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+And there are a few special letters: @refill
+
+@table @asis
+@item \oe
+@itemx \OE
+French ligature oe
+@item \ae
+@itemx \AE
+Latin and Scandinavian ligature ae
+@item \aa
+@itemx \AA
+Scandinavian A-with-circle
+@item \o
+@itemx \O
+Scandinavian O-with-slash
+@item \l
+@itemx \L
+Polish suppressed-L
+@item \ss
+German "es-zet" or sharp s
+@end table
+
+@node German Special Characters, , Accents, Special Characters
+@subsection German Special Characters
+
+@noindent
+For convenient input of German texts see @ref{german.sty}. @refill
+
+@node Splitting the Input, Starting and Ending, Special Characters, Commands
+@section Splitting the Input
+
+@noindent
+A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole
+input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
+several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use,
+there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
+when you run LaTeX. @refill
+
+@node \include, \includeonly, , Splitting the Input
+@subsection \include
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\include@{file@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly
+command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the first
+name of a file, denoting @file{file.tex}. If file is one the file names
+in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no
+\includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to @refill
+
+@example
+\clearpage \input@{file@} \clearpage
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+except that if the file @file{file.tex} does not exist, then a warning
+message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file
+list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. @refill
+
+@noindent
+The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by
+another \include command. @refill
+
+@node \includeonly, \input, \include, Splitting the Input
+@subsection \includeonly
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\includeonly@{file_list@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an
+\include command. It can only appear in the preamble. @refill
+
+@node \input, , \includeonly, Splitting the Input
+@subsection \input
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\input@{file@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed,
+exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that
+point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just
+a first name, in which case the file @file{file.tex} is used. @refill
+
+@node Starting and Ending, Table of Contents, Splitting the Input, Commands
+@section Starting and Ending
+
+@noindent
+Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum.
+
+@example
+\documentstyle@{style@}
+
+\begin@{document@}
+ ... your text goes here ...
+\end@{document@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See
+Document Styles within this help file. @refill
+
+@noindent
+You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the
+\begin@{document@} commands. @refill
+
+@node Table of Contents, Terminal Input and Output , Starting and Ending, Commands
+@section Table of Contents
+
+@noindent
+A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You
+put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX
+does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not
+automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table
+of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents
+command. @refill
+
+@noindent
+There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for
+producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.
+Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. @refill
+
+@noindent
+NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not have
+the \nofiles command in your document. @refill
+
+@node \addcontentsline, \addtocontents, , Table of Contents
+@subsection \addcontentsline
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\addcontentsline@{file@}@{sec_unit@}@{entry@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or
+table where @code{file} is the extension of the file on which
+information is to be written: @refill
+
+@itemize
+@item
+toc (table of contents),
+@item
+lof (list of figures), or
+@item
+lot (list of tables).
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+@code{sec_unit} controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one
+of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: @refill
+
+@table @asis
+@item toc
+the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection.
+@item lof
+figure
+@item lot
+table
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+@code{entry} is the text of the entry.
+
+@node \addtocontents, , \addcontentsline, Table of Contents
+@subsection \addtocontents
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\addtocontents@{file@}@{text@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly
+to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or
+tables. @refill
+
+@noindent
+@code{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be
+written:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+toc (table of contents),
+@item
+lof (list of figures), or
+@item
+lot (list of tables)
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+@code{text} is the information to be written.
+
+
+@node Terminal Input and Output , Typefaces, Table of Contents, Commands
+@section Terminal Input and Output
+
+@node \typeout, \typein, , Terminal Input and Output
+@subsection \typeout
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\typeout@{msg@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are
+defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their
+definitions before being printed. @refill
+
+@noindent
+LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and
+ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in
+msg causes a single space to be printed. @refill
+
+@node \typein, , \typeout, Terminal Input and Output
+@subsection \typein
+
+@noindent
+Syntax:
+
+@example
+\typein[cmd]@{msg@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to
+type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is
+missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the
+input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument is
+present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or
+redefined to be the typed input. @refill
+
+@node Typefaces, , Terminal Input and Output , Commands
+@section Typefaces
+
+@noindent
+The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is
+also called a font. @refill
+
+@node Styles, Sizes, , Typefaces
+@subsection Styles
+
+@noindent
+The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+@table @code
+@item \rm
+Roman.
+@item \it
+Italics.
+@item \em
+Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm).
+@item \bf
+Boldface.
+@item \sl
+Slanted.
+@item \sf
+Sans serif.
+@item \sc
+Small caps.
+@item \tt
+Typewriter.
+@end table
+
+@noindent
+Since italic and slanted styles slope to the right, some letters stick
+into the following characters. Insert \/ at the end to correct this
+effect (see example below). @refill
+
+@noindent
+Use the type style commands always inside a group, e.g. @refill
+
+@example
+@{\em Emphasized Text\/@}
+@end example
+
+@node Sizes, , Styles, Typefaces
+@subsection Sizes
+
+@noindent
+The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+\tiny
+@item
+\scriptsize
+@item
+\footnotesize
+@item
+\small
+@item
+\normalsize (default)
+@item
+\large
+@item
+\Large (capital "l")
+@item
+\LARGE (all caps)
+@item
+\huge
+@item
+\Huge (capital "h")
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+Usually you needn't set the type size explicitly because LaTeX
+automatically chooses appropriate sizes. If you ever think you have to,
+always do it inside a group, e.g.
+
+@example
+@{\large large text@}
+@end example
+
+@bye
+