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author | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
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committer | Norbert Preining <norbert@preining.info> | 2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900 |
commit | e0c6872cf40896c7be36b11dcc744620f10adf1d (patch) | |
tree | 60335e10d2f4354b0674ec22d7b53f0f8abee672 /obsolete/info/latex-info |
Initial commit
Diffstat (limited to 'obsolete/info/latex-info')
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-rw-r--r-- | obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1 | 1818 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2 | 1851 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo | 3818 |
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diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc0d963797 --- /dev/null +++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input +file latex.texinfo. + +Indirect: +latex.info-1: 91 +latex.info-2: 50016 + +Tag Table: +(Indirect) +Node: Top93 +Node: Introduction8901 +Node: Styles and Options10130 +Node: Supported Styles10975 +Node: Supported Style Options11112 +Node: Commands11263 +Node: Counters12742 +Node: \addtocounter13768 +Node: \alph14047 +Node: \arabic14422 +Node: \fnsymbol14648 +Node: \newcounter14942 +Node: \roman15290 +Node: \setcounter15657 +Node: \usecounter15911 +Node: \value16210 +Node: Cross References16579 +Node: \label16969 +Node: \pageref17429 +Node: \ref17685 +Node: Definitions17913 +Node: \newcommand18225 +Node: \newenvironment18992 +Node: \newtheorem19981 +Node: \newfont20813 +Node: Page layout21097 +Node: \flushbottom21497 +Node: \raggedbottom21738 +Node: \onecolumn21867 +Node: \twocolumn22069 +Node: Environments22246 +Node: array23650 +Node: center24354 +Node: \centering24762 +Node: description25470 +Node: enumerate25832 +Node: eqnarray26390 +Node: equation26937 +Node: figure27227 +Node: flushleft28279 +Node: \raggedright28682 +Node: flushright29263 +Node: \raggedleft29679 +Node: itemize30256 +Node: list30796 +Node: minipage31436 +Node: picture32281 +Node: \circle (picture)36001 +Node: \dashbox (picture)36295 +Node: \frame (picture)36645 +Node: \framebox (picture)37009 +Node: \line (picture)37258 +Node: \linethickness (picture)37503 +Node: \makebox (picture)37958 +Node: \multiput (picture)38624 +Node: \oval (picture)38954 +Node: \put (picture)39401 +Node: \shortstack (picture)39663 +Node: \vector (picture)40112 +Node: quotation40409 +Node: quote40800 +Node: tabbing41135 +Node: \= (tabbing)41971 +Node: \> (tabbing)42090 +Node: \< (tabbing)42256 +Node: \+ (tabbing)42465 +Node: \- (tabbing)42677 +Node: \' (tabbing)42969 +Node: \` (tabbing)43313 +Node: \kill (tabbing)43856 +Node: table44197 +Node: tabular45234 +Node: \cline48021 +Node: \hline48226 +Node: \multicolumn48492 +Node: \vline49006 +Node: thebibliography49299 +Node: \bibitem50018 +Node: \cite50682 +Node: \nocite51035 +Node: theorem51280 +Node: titlepage51552 +Node: verbatim51984 +Node: \verb52436 +Node: verse52842 +Node: Footnotes53068 +Node: \footnote53612 +Node: \footnotemark53975 +Node: \footnotetext54286 +Node: Lengths54731 +Node: \newlength55105 +Node: \setlength55389 +Node: \addtolength55749 +Node: \settowidth56045 +Node: Letters56286 +Node: Declarations57624 +Node: \signature58361 +Node: \location58671 +Node: \telephone58933 +Node: \opening59157 +Node: \closing59453 +Node: Line and Page Breaking59649 +Node: \\60647 +Node: \-61110 +Node: \cleardoublepage61460 +Node: \clearpage61869 +Node: \hyphenation62140 +Node: \linebreak62610 +Node: \newline63160 +Node: \newpage63396 +Node: \nolinebreak63564 +Node: \nopagebreak64042 +Node: \pagebreak64522 +Node: Making Paragraphs64963 +Node: \indent65475 +Node: \noindent65742 +Node: \par65998 +Node: Math Formulas66184 +Node: Subscripts and Superscripts67305 +Node: Math Symbols67758 +Node: Spacing in Math Mode68141 +Node: Math Miscellany68675 +Node: \cdots69215 +Node: \ddots69406 +Node: \frac69557 +Node: \ldots69748 +Node: \overbrace69948 +Node: \overline70150 +Node: \sqrt70359 +Node: \underbrace70683 +Node: \underline70901 +Node: \vdots71176 +Node: Modes71317 +Node: Page Styles73123 +Node: \maketitle73562 +Node: \author74086 +Node: \date74423 +Node: \thanks74655 +Node: \title74838 +Node: \pagenumbering75064 +Node: \pagestyle75478 +Node: \mark76149 +Node: \thispagestyle76898 +Node: Sectioning77186 +Node: \appendix78362 +Node: Spaces and Boxes78616 +Node: \addvspace79581 +Node: \bigskip80032 +Node: \dotfill80266 +Node: \fbox80466 +Node: \framebox80734 +Node: \hfill81172 +Node: \hrulefill81405 +Node: \hspace81659 +Node: \makebox82266 +Node: \mbox82716 +Node: \medskip82939 +Node: \newsavebox83171 +Node: \parbox83427 +Node: \raisebox84314 +Node: \rule85171 +Node: \savebox85612 +Node: \smallskip85989 +Node: \usebox86258 +Node: \vfill86466 +Node: \vspace86661 +Node: Special Characters87200 +Node: Accents88104 +Node: German Special Characters89025 +Node: Splitting the Input89235 +Node: \include89694 +Node: \includeonly90494 +Node: \input90782 +Node: Starting and Ending91181 +Node: Table of Contents91722 +Node: \addcontentsline92544 +Node: \addtocontents93243 +Node: Terminal Input and Output93767 +Node: \typeout93933 +Node: \typein94422 +Node: Typefaces94940 +Node: Styles95140 +Node: Sizes95741 + +End Tag Table diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1 b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc8f18f2e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-1 @@ -0,0 +1,1818 @@ +This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input +file latex.texinfo. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) + +Online LaTeX Help +***************** + +This is Version 1.0 of the `Online LaTeX Help', dating 15.6.92 + +`Online LaTeX Help' is heavily based on the LaTeX library for VMS-Help +which is part of DECUS TeX Distribution of August 1990. Unfortunately, +its author is nowhere mentioned, so I cannot pay tribute to him... + +The `Online LaTeX Help' is supposed to serve the TeX community as an +online reference to all LaTeX commands and style files. Needless to say +that it is far from complete yet (at least as far as the style files +are concerned), so please send any bug reports, comments, additions, +etc. to + Stefan Steffens (steffens@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de) + + Zentrum fuer Datenverarbeitung + Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz + Bundesrepublik Deutschland + +The first part of the master menu lists the major nodes in this Info +document. The Detailed Node Listing lists all the lower level nodes in +the document. + +* Menu: + +* Introduction:: Introduction +* Styles and Options:: Document Styles and Style Options +* Commands:: Commands + + -- The Detailed Node Listing -- + +Document Styles and Style Options + +* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles +* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options + +Commands + +* Counters:: Counters +* Cross References:: Cross References +* Definitions:: Definitions +* Page layout:: Page layout +* Environments:: Environments +* Footnotes:: Footnotes +* Lengths:: Lengths +* Letters:: Letters +* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking +* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs +* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas +* Modes:: Modes +* Page Styles:: Page Styles +* Sectioning:: Sectioning +* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes +* Special Characters:: Special Characters +* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input +* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending +* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents +* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output +* Typefaces:: Typefaces + +Counters + +* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter +* \alph:: \alph +* \arabic:: \arabic +* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol +* \newcounter:: \newcounter +* \roman:: \roman +* \setcounter:: \setcounter +* \usecounter:: \usecounter +* \value:: \value + +Cross References + +* \label:: \label +* \pageref:: \pageref +* \ref:: \ref + +Definitions + +* \newcommand:: \newcommand +* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment +* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem +* \newfont:: \newfont + +Page layout + +* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom +* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom +* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn +* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn + +Environments + +* array:: array +* center:: center +* \centering:: \centering +* description:: description +* enumerate:: enumerate +* eqnarray:: eqnarray +* equation:: equation +* figure:: figure +* flushleft:: flushleft +* \raggedright:: \raggedright +* flushright:: flushright +* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft +* itemize:: itemize +* list:: list +* minipage:: minipage +* picture:: picture +* quotation:: quotation +* quote:: quote +* tabbing:: tabbing +* table:: table +* tabular:: tabular +* thebibliography:: thebibliography +* theorem:: theorem +* titlepage:: titlepage +* verbatim:: verbatim +* verse:: verse + +picture + +* \circle (picture):: \circle +* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox +* \frame (picture):: \frame +* \framebox (picture):: \framebox +* \line (picture):: \line +* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness +* \makebox (picture):: \makebox +* \multiput (picture):: \multiput +* \oval (picture):: \oval +* \put (picture):: \put +* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack +* \vector (picture):: \vector + +tabbing + +* \= (tabbing):: \= +* \> (tabbing):: \> +* \< (tabbing):: \< +* \+ (tabbing):: \+ +* \- (tabbing):: \- +* \' (tabbing):: \' +* \` (tabbing):: \` +* \kill (tabbing):: \kill + +tabular + +* \cline:: \cline +* \hline:: \hline +* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn +* \vline:: \vline + +thebibliography + +* \bibitem:: \bibitem +* \cite:: \cite +* \nocite:: \nocite + +verbatim + +* \verb:: \verb + +Footnotes + +* \footnote:: \footnote +* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark +* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext + +Lengths + +* \newlength:: \newlength +* \setlength:: \setlength +* \addtolength:: \addtolength +* \settowidth:: \settowidth + +Letters + +* Declarations:: Declarations +* \opening:: \opening +* \closing:: \closing + +\address + +* \signature:: \signature +* \location:: \location +* \telephone:: \telephone + +Line and Page Breaking + +* \\:: \\ +* \-:: Hypenation Aid \- +* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage +* \clearpage:: \clearpage +* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation +* \linebreak:: \linebreak +* \newline:: \newline +* \newpage:: \newpage +* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak +* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak +* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak + +Making Paragraphs + +* \indent:: \indent +* \noindent:: \noindent +* \par:: \par + +Math Formulas + +* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts +* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols +* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode +* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany + +Math Miscellany + +* \cdots:: \cdots +* \ddots:: \ddots +* \frac:: \frac +* \ldots:: \ldots +* \overbrace:: \overbrace +* \overline:: \overline +* \sqrt:: \sqrt +* \underbrace:: \underbrace +* \underline:: \underline +* \vdots:: \vdots + +Page Styles + +* \maketitle:: \maketitle +* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering +* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle +* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle + +\maketitle + +* \author:: \author +* \date:: \date +* \thanks:: \thanks +* \title:: \title + +\pagestyle + +* \mark:: \mark + +Sectioning + +* \appendix:: \appendix + +Spaces and Boxes + +* \addvspace:: \addvspace +* \bigskip:: \bigskip +* \dotfill:: \dotfill +* \fbox:: \fbox +* \framebox:: \framebox +* \hfill:: \hfill +* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill +* \hspace:: \hspace +* \makebox:: \makebox +* \mbox:: \mbox +* \medskip:: \medskip +* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox +* \parbox:: \parbox +* \raisebox:: \raisebox +* \rule:: \rule +* \savebox:: \savebox +* \smallskip:: \smallskip +* \usebox:: \usebox +* \vfill:: \vfill +* \vspace:: \vspace + +Special Characters + +* Accents:: Accents +* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters + + +File: latex.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Styles and Options, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +Introduction +************ + +The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the +LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input +file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that +describe how the text should be formatted. It produces two files as +output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains commands that can +be translated into commands for a variety of output devices, and a +`transcript' or `log file' that contains summary information and +diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. + +For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The +TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the +American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. + +For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation +System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published jointly +by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing +Company. + +A german language introduction to LaTeX is available as "LaTeX -- eine +Einfuehrung" by H. Kopka, published by Addison-Wesley. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Styles and Options, Next: Commands, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top + +Document Styles and Style Options +********************************* + +Valid LaTeX document styles include: + + * article + + * report + + * letter + + * book + +They are selected with the following command: + + \documentstyle[options]{style} + +The standard options for the different styles are: + +article: + 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + +report: + 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + +book: + 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + +letter: + 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno + +If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma +-- BUT DO NOT INSERT ANY SPACES! + +* Menu: + +* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles +* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options + + +File: latex.info, Node: Supported Styles, Next: Supported Style Options, Up: Styles and Options + +Supported Styles +================ + + +File: latex.info, Node: Supported Style Options, Prev: Supported Styles, Up: Styles and Options + +Supported Style Options +======================= + + +File: latex.info, Node: Commands, Prev: Styles and Options, Up: Top + +Commands +******** + +A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ +followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. +Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments +contained in braces {} are required. + +Several commands have an optional * form. + +NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. + +* Menu: + +* Counters:: Counters +* Cross References:: Cross References +* Definitions:: Definitions +* Page layout:: Page layout +* Environments:: Environments +* Footnotes:: Footnotes +* Lengths:: Lengths +* Letters:: Letters +* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking +* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs +* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas +* Modes:: Modes +* Page Styles:: Page Styles +* Sectioning:: Sectioning +* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes +* Special Characters:: Special Characters +* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input +* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending +* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents +* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output +* Typefaces:: Typefaces + + +File: latex.info, Node: Counters, Next: Cross References, Up: Commands + +Counters +======== + +Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The +name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or +command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list of +the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering. + + part part figure enumi + chapter subparagraph table enumii + section page footnote enumiii + subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv + subsubsection + +* Menu: + +* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter +* \alph:: \alph +* \arabic:: \arabic +* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol +* \newcounter:: \newcounter +* \roman:: \roman +* \setcounter:: \setcounter +* \usecounter:: \usecounter +* \value:: \value + + +File: latex.info, Node: \addtocounter, Next: \alph, Up: Counters + +\addtocounter +------------- + +Syntax: + + \addtocounter{counter}{value} + +The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified +by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \alph, Next: \arabic, Prev: \addtocounter, Up: Counters + +\alph +----- + +Syntax: + + \alph{counter} + +This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic +characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters, +e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic +characters, e.g. A, B, C... + + +File: latex.info, Node: \arabic, Next: \fnsymbol, Prev: \alph, Up: Counters + +\arabic +------- + +Syntax: + + \arabic{counter} + +The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in +arabic numbers, e.g. 3. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \fnsymbol, Next: \newcounter, Prev: \arabic, Up: Counters + +\fnsymbol +--------- + +Syntax: + + \fnsymbol{counter} + +The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a +specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering +footnotes. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newcounter, Next: \roman, Prev: \fnsymbol, Up: Counters + +\newcounter +----------- + +Syntax: + + \newcounter{foo}[counter] + +The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional +argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the +counter named in the optional argument is incremented. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \roman, Next: \setcounter, Prev: \newcounter, Up: Counters + +\roman +------ + +Syntax: + + \roman{counter} + +This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman +numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. i, +ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals, +e.g. I, II, III... + + +File: latex.info, Node: \setcounter, Next: \usecounter, Prev: \roman, Up: Counters + +\setcounter +----------- + +Syntax: + + \setcounter{counter}{value} + +The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified +by the value argument. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \usecounter, Next: \value, Prev: \setcounter, Up: Counters + +\usecounter +----------- + +Syntax: + + \usecounter{counter} + +The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list +environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list +items. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \value, Prev: \usecounter, Up: Counters + +\value +------ + +Syntax: + + \value{counter} + +The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the +mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or +number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter +command, or in \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} + + +File: latex.info, Node: Cross References, Next: Definitions, Prev: Counters, Up: Commands + +Cross References +================ + +One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." + +* Menu: + +* \label:: \label +* \pageref:: \pageref +* \ref:: \ref + + +File: latex.info, Node: \label, Next: \pageref, Up: Cross References + +\label +------ + +Syntax: + + \label{key} + +A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the +number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered +environment (i.e. table, figure and equation) assigns that number to the +key. + +A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation +characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \pageref, Next: \ref, Prev: \label, Up: Cross References + +\pageref +-------- + +Syntax: + + \pageref{key} + +The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text +where the corresponding \label command appears. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \ref, Prev: \pageref, Up: Cross References + +\ref +---- + +Syntax: + + \ref{key} + +The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation +number,... of the corresponding \label command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Definitions, Next: Page layout, Prev: Cross References, Up: Commands + +Definitions +=========== + +* Menu: + +* \newcommand:: \newcommand +* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment +* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem +* \newfont:: \newfont + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newcommand, Next: \newenvironment, Up: Definitions + +\newcommand +----------- + +Syntax: + + \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} + \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def} + +These commands define (or redefine) a command. + +`cmd' + A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not be + already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it + must already be defined. + +`args' + An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the + command being defined. The default is for the command to have no + arguments. + +`def' + The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a + parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth + argument when this substitution takes place. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newenvironment, Next: \newtheorem, Prev: \newcommand, Up: Definitions + +\newenvironment +--------------- + +Syntax: + + \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} + +These commands define or redefine an environment. + +`nam' + The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be no + currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam + must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must + already be defined. + +`args' + An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the + newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. + +`begdef' + The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{name}; a + parameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth + argument when this substitution takes place. + +`enddef' + The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It may not + contain any argument parameters. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newtheorem, Next: \newfont, Prev: \newenvironment, Up: Definitions + +\newtheorem +----------- + +Syntax: + + \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within] + \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption} + +This command defines a theorem-like environment. + +`env_name' + The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be + the name of an existing environment or counter. + +`caption' + The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before + the number. + +`within' + The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional + unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within + the sectional unit. + +`numbered_like' + The name of an already defined theorem-like environment. + +The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newfont, Prev: \newtheorem, Up: Definitions + +\newfont +-------- + +Syntax: + + \newfont{cmd}{font_name} + +Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be +a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current +font. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Page layout, Next: Environments, Prev: Definitions, Up: Commands + +Page layout +=========== + +For further information *Note Page Styles:: and *Note Document Styles +and Style Options::. + +* Menu: + +* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom +* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom +* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn +* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn + + +File: latex.info, Node: \flushbottom, Next: \raggedbottom, Up: Page layout + +\flushbottom +------------ + +The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, +adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \raggedbottom, Next: \onecolumn, Prev: \flushbottom, Up: Page layout + +\raggedbottom +------------- + + +File: latex.info, Node: \onecolumn, Next: \twocolumn, Prev: \raggedbottom, Up: Page layout + +\onecolumn +---------- + +The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column +output. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \twocolumn, Prev: \onecolumn, Up: Page layout + +\twocolumn +---------- + +The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column +output. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Environments, Next: Footnotes, Prev: Page layout, Up: Commands + +Environments +============ + +LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. +Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. + + \begin{environment-name} + . + . + . + \end{environment-name} + +* Menu: + +* array:: array +* center:: center +* \centering:: \centering +* description:: description +* enumerate:: enumerate +* eqnarray:: eqnarray +* equation:: equation +* figure:: figure +* flushleft:: flushleft +* \raggedright:: \raggedright +* flushright:: flushright +* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft +* itemize:: itemize +* list:: list +* minipage:: minipage +* picture:: picture +* quotation:: quotation +* quote:: quote +* tabbing:: tabbing +* table:: table +* tabular:: tabular +* thebibliography:: thebibliography +* theorem:: theorem +* titlepage:: titlepage +* verbatim:: verbatim +* verse:: verse + + +File: latex.info, Node: array, Next: center, Up: Environments + +array +----- + +Syntax: + + \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{array} + +Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single +mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment +within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that +tells how items in that row should be formatted. + +`c' + for centered + +`l' + for flushleft + +`r' + for flushright + +Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include +other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a +\\. + + +File: latex.info, Node: center, Next: \centering, Prev: array, Up: Environments + +center +------ + +Syntax: + + \begin{center} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{center} + +The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of +lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current +page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \centering, Next: description, Prev: center, Up: Environments + +\centering +---------- + +This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration +can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text +of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering +command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. + +Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a +new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To +affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must +contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) +that ends the paragraph unit. + + +File: latex.info, Node: description, Next: enumerate, Prev: \centering, Up: Environments + +description +----------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{description} + \item[label] First item + \item[label] Second item + . + . + . + \end{description} + +The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is +bold face and flushed right. + + +File: latex.info, Node: enumerate, Next: eqnarray, Prev: description, Up: Environments + +enumerate +--------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{enumerate} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{enumerate} + +The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be +nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be +nested within other paragraph-making environments. + +Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There +must be at least one \item command within the environment. + + +File: latex.info, Node: eqnarray, Next: equation, Prev: enumerate, Up: Environments + +eqnarray +-------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{eqnarray} + math formula 1 \\ + math formula 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{eqnarray} + +The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or +inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, +with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row +separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line unless +that line has a \nonumber command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: equation, Next: figure, Prev: eqnarray, Up: Environments + +equation +-------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{equation} + math formula + \end{equation} + +The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places +the equation number in the right margin. + + +File: latex.info, Node: figure, Next: flushleft, Prev: equation, Up: Environments + +figure +------ + +Syntax: + + \begin{figure}[placement] + + body of the figure + + \caption{figure title} + \end{figure} + +Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. +Figures will not be split between two pages. + +The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to +place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a +float: + +`h' + Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment + appears. + +`t' + Top - at the top of a text page. + +`b' + Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + +`p' + Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + +The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. + +The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. +you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. + + +File: latex.info, Node: flushleft, Next: \raggedright, Prev: figure, Up: Environments + +flushleft +--------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{flushleft} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushleft} + +The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of +lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be +terminated with a \\. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \raggedright, Next: flushright, Prev: flushleft, Up: Environments + +\raggedright +------------ + +This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This +declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a +parbox. + +Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not +start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration +must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like +quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + +File: latex.info, Node: flushright, Next: \raggedleft, Prev: \raggedright, Up: Environments + +flushright +---------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{flushright} + Text on line 1 \\ + Text on line 2 \\ + . + . + . + \end{flushright} + +The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting +of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line +must be terminated with a \\. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \raggedleft, Next: itemize, Prev: flushright, Up: Environments + +\raggedleft +----------- + +This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This +declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a +parbox. + +Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not +start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration +must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like +quote) that ends the paragraph unit. + + +File: latex.info, Node: itemize, Next: list, Prev: \raggedleft, Up: Environments + +itemize +------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{itemize} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{itemize} + +The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be +nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be +nested within other paragraph-making environments. + +Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must +be at least one \item command within the environment. + + +File: latex.info, Node: list, Next: minipage, Prev: itemize, Up: Environments + +list +---- + +Syntax: + + \begin{list}{label}{spacing} + \item First item + \item Second item + . + . + . + \end{list} + +The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This +argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. +This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. + +The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing +parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. +{}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most +cases. + + +File: latex.info, Node: minipage, Next: picture, Prev: list, Up: Environments + +minipage +-------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{minipage}[position]{width} + text + \end{minipage} + +The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the +same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may +use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. + +Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is +particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A +\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of +the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the +mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. + +NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; +they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. + + +File: latex.info, Node: picture, Next: quotation, Prev: minipage, Up: Environments + +picture +------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) + . + picture commands + . + \end{picture} + +The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of +picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell +LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their +coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and +a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies +a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength +has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 +centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want, +using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try +changing it inside the picture environment. + +A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies +the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are +specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally +at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position +appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses +serve to delimit the argument. + +The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. +It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a +rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- +and y-coordinates. + +The picture environment also has an optional position argument, +following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike +ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square +brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at +the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). +For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command + + \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) + +produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, +whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right +corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, +you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the +lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting +everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. + +The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; +LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even +off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in +determining how much room to leave for it. + +Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The +command + + \put (11.3,-.3){ ... } + +puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference +point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various +objects will be described below. + +The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text +argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an +\mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will +be the lower left corner of the box. + +* Menu: + +* \circle (picture):: \circle +* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox +* \frame (picture):: \frame +* \framebox (picture):: \framebox +* \line (picture):: \line +* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness +* \makebox (picture):: \makebox +* \multiput (picture):: \multiput +* \oval (picture):: \oval +* \put (picture):: \put +* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack +* \vector (picture):: \vector + + +File: latex.info, Node: \circle (picture), Next: \dashbox (picture), Up: picture + +\circle +....... + +Syntax: + + \circle{diameter} + \circle*{diameter} + +The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the +*-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \dashbox (picture), Next: \frame (picture), Prev: \circle (picture), Up: picture + +\dashbox +........ + +Syntax: + + \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... } + +The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each +dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples +of the dash length. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \frame (picture), Next: \framebox (picture), Prev: \dashbox (picture), Up: picture + +\frame +...... + +Syntax: + + \frame{ ... } + +The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified +in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the +frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \framebox (picture), Next: \line (picture), Prev: \frame (picture), Up: picture + +\framebox +......... + +Syntax: + + \framebox(width,height)[position]{ ... } + +The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \line (picture), Next: \linethickness (picture), Prev: \framebox (picture), Up: picture + +\line +..... + +Syntax: + + \line(x slope,y slope){length} + +The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \linethickness (picture), Next: \makebox (picture), Prev: \line (picture), Up: picture + +\linethickness +.............. + +Syntax: + + \linethickness{dimension} + +Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture +environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does +not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter +circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \makebox (picture), Next: \multiput (picture), Prev: \linethickness (picture), Up: picture + +\makebox +........ + +Syntax: + + \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... } + +The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the +normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height +in multiples of \unitlength. + +The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text +appears in. You may select up to two of the following: + +`t:' + Moves the item to the top of the rectangle + +`b:' + Moves the item to the bottom + +`l:' + Moves the item to the left + +`r:' + Moves the item to the right + + +File: latex.info, Node: \multiput (picture), Next: \oval (picture), Prev: \makebox (picture), Up: picture + +\multiput +......... + +Syntax: + + \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object} + +The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object +in a regular pattern across a picture. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \oval (picture), Next: \put (picture), Prev: \multiput (picture), Up: picture + +\oval +..... + +Syntax: + + \oval(width,height)[portion] + +The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The +optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. + +`t:' + Selects the top portion + +`b:' + Selects the bottom portion + +`r:' + Selects the right portion + +`l:' + Selects the left portion + + +File: latex.info, Node: \put (picture), Next: \shortstack (picture), Prev: \oval (picture), Up: picture + +\put +.... + +Syntax: + + \put(x coord,y coord){ ... } + +The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at +the given coordinates. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \shortstack (picture), Next: \vector (picture), Prev: \put (picture), Up: picture + +\shortstack +........... + +Syntax: + + \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} + +The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: + +`r:' + Moves the objects to the right of the stack + +`l:' + Moves the objects to the left of the stack + +`c:' + Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) + + +File: latex.info, Node: \vector (picture), Prev: \shortstack (picture), Up: picture + +\vector +....... + +Syntax: + + \vector(x slope,y slope){length} + +The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length +and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. + + +File: latex.info, Node: quotation, Next: quote, Prev: picture, Up: Environments + +quotation +--------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{quotation} + text + \end{quotation} + +The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and +the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph +indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new +paragraph. + + +File: latex.info, Node: quote, Next: tabbing, Prev: quotation, Up: Environments + +quote +----- + +Syntax: + + \begin{quote} + text + \end{quote} + +The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the +right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line +between text produces a new paragraph. + + +File: latex.info, Node: tabbing, Next: table, Prev: quote, Up: Environments + +tabbing +------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{tabbing} + text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ + second row \> \> more \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabbing} + +The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It +works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with +an ordinary typewriter. + +Please note: To access accute, grave and bar accents use \a^, \a`, and +\a= instead of the usual accenting commands. + +* Menu: + +* \= (tabbing):: \= +* \> (tabbing):: \> +* \< (tabbing):: \< +* \+ (tabbing):: \+ +* \- (tabbing):: \- +* \' (tabbing):: \' +* \` (tabbing):: \` +* \kill (tabbing):: \kill + + +File: latex.info, Node: \= (tabbing), Next: \> (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\= +.. + +The \= command sets the tab stops. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \> (tabbing), Next: \< (tabbing), Prev: \= (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\> +.. + +The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \< (tabbing), Next: \+ (tabbing), Prev: \> (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\< +.. + +The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local +margin without changing the margin. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \+ (tabbing), Next: \- (tabbing), Prev: \< (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\+ +.. + +The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following +commands one tab stop to the right. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \- (tabbing), Next: \' (tabbing), Prev: \+ (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\- +.. + +The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following +commands one tab stop to the left. + +Outside the tabbing environment \- works as a hyphenation aid (see +*Note \-::). + + +File: latex.info, Node: \' (tabbing), Next: \` (tabbing), Prev: \- (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\' +.. + +The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the current +column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or +\kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the +current column's tab stop. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \` (tabbing), Next: \kill (tabbing), Prev: \' (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\` +.. + +The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab +stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of +the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command +that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. +There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that +ends the line. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \kill (tabbing), Prev: \` (tabbing), Up: tabbing + +\kill +..... + +The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. +It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line +instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- +commands in that line remain in effect. + + +File: latex.info, Node: table, Next: tabular, Prev: tabbing, Up: Environments + +table +----- + +Syntax: + + \begin{table}[placement] + + body of the table + + \caption{table title} + \end{table} + +Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually +"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will +not be split between two pages. + +The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to +place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a +float: + +`h' + Here - at the position in the text where the table environment + appears. + +`t' + Top - at the top of a text page. + +`b' + Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. + +`p' + Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page + containing no text, only floats. + +The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. + +The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. +you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. + + +File: latex.info, Node: tabular, Next: thebibliography, Prev: table, Up: Environments + +tabular +------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular} + + or + + \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} + column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ + . + . + . + \end{tabular*} + +These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional +arguments consist of: + +`width' + Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be + rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the + specified width. + +`pos' + Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on the + center of the environment. + +`t' + align on top row + +`b' + align on bottom row + +`cols' + Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the + following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and + intercolumn material. + +`l' + A column of left-aligned items. + +`r' + A column of right-aligned items. + +`c' + A column of centered items. + +`|' + A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. + +`{text}' + This inserts text in every row. An @-expression suppresses the + intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired + space between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be + included in text. An \extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression + causes an extra space of width wd to appear to the left of all + subsequent columns, until countermanded by another \extracolsep + command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is + not suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can be + used only in an @-expression in the cols argument. + +`p{wd}' + Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, + as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a + \\ may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: + + 1. inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular, + + 2. inside an explicit \parbox, or + + 3. in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or \raggedleft + declaration. The latter declarations must appear inside + braces or an environment when used in a p-column element. + +`*{num}{cols}' + Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive + integer and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may + contain another *-expression. + +* Menu: + +* \cline:: \cline +* \hline:: \hline +* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn +* \vline:: \vline + + +File: latex.info, Node: \cline, Next: \hline, Up: tabular + +\cline +...... + +Syntax: + + \cline{i-j} + +The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified +in the mandatory argument. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \hline, Next: \multicolumn, Prev: \cline, Up: tabular + +\hline +...... + +The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. +It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between +the rows of the table. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \multicolumn, Next: \vline, Prev: \hline, Up: tabular + +\multicolumn +............ + +Syntax: + + \multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text} + +The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. +The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to +span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of +the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third +mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \vline, Prev: \multicolumn, Up: tabular + +\vline +...... + +The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height +and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to +the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression. + + +File: latex.info, Node: thebibliography, Next: theorem, Prev: tabular, Up: Environments + +thebibliography +--------------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + . + . + . + \end{thebibliography} + +The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference +list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled "References"; +in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography". + +`widest-label' + Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the widest + item label produces by the \bibitem commands. + +* Menu: + +* \bibitem:: \bibitem +* \cite:: \cite +* \nocite:: \nocite + +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2 b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4abb6e579d --- /dev/null +++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.info-2 @@ -0,0 +1,1851 @@ +This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input +file latex.texinfo. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \bibitem, Next: \cite, Up: thebibliography + +\bibitem +........ + +Syntax: + + \bibitem[label]{cite_key} + +The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the label +argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi +counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and +punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry +on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. When this aux +file is read by the \begin{document} command, the item's label is +associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite +command to produce the associated label. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \cite, Next: \nocite, Prev: \bibitem, Up: thebibliography + +\cite +..... + +Syntax: + + \cite[text]{key_list} + +The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates +an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in +key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin{document} +command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \nocite, Prev: \cite, Up: thebibliography + +\nocite +....... + +Syntax: + + \nocite{key_list} + +The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a +list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. + + +File: latex.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments + +theorem +------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{theorem} + theorem text + \end{theorem} + +The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by +your theorem text. + + +File: latex.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments + +titlepage +--------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{titlepage} + text + \end{titlepage} + +The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no +printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be +numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The +\today command comes in handy for title pages. + + +File: latex.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments + +verbatim +-------- + +Syntax: + + \begin{verbatim} + text + \end{verbatim} + +The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets +LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a +typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that +they would on a typewriter. + +* Menu: + +* \verb:: \verb + + +File: latex.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim + +\verb +..... + +Syntax: + + \verb char literal_text char + \verb*char literal_text char + +Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and +spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space +between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity). +The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. + + +File: latex.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments + +verse +----- + +Syntax: + + \begin{verse} + text + \end{verse} + +The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other +uses for it. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Lengths, Prev: Environments, Up: Commands + +Footnotes +========= + +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with +one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two +commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. See the +specific command for information on why you would use one over the +other. + +* Menu: + +* \footnote:: \footnote +* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark +* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext + + +File: latex.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes + +\footnote +--------- + +Syntax: + + \footnote[number]{text} + +The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of +the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the +default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer +paragraph mode. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes + +\footnotemark +------------- + +The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This +command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote +is supplied by the \footnotetext command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes + +\footnotetext +------------- + +Syntax: + + \footnotetext[number]{text} + +The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom +of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark +command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode. + +The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote +number. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Letters, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Commands + +Lengths +======= + +A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as +an argument. + +* Menu: + +* \newlength:: \newlength +* \setlength:: \setlength +* \addtolength:: \addtolength +* \settowidth:: \settowidth + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \setlength, Up: Lengths + +\newlength +---------- + +Syntax: + + \newlength{\gnat} + +The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a +length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command +already exists. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: \newlength, Up: Lengths + +\setlength +---------- + +Syntax: + + \setlength{\gnat}{length} + +The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. +The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX +understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths + +\addtolength +------------ + +Syntax: + + \addtolength{\gnat}{length} + +The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount +specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \settowidth, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths + +\settowidth +----------- + +Syntax: + + \settowidth{\gnat}{text} + +The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the +width of the text argument. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Letters, Next: Line and Page Breaking, Prev: Lengths, Up: Commands + +Letters +======= + +You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once, +although you can make just one if you so desire. + +Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other +document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum: + + \documentstyle{letter} + + \begin{document} + ... letters ... + \end{document} + +Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and +address of the recipient. For example, you might have + + \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ + 2345 Jones St. \\ + Oakland, CA 91123} + ... + \end{letter} + +The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the +letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that +make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes +with a \closing command. + +After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command +produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for +a list of enclosures. + +* Menu: + +* Declarations:: Declarations +* \opening:: \opening +* \closing:: \closing + + +File: latex.info, Node: Declarations, Next: \opening, Up: Letters + +Declarations +------------ + +The following commands are declarations which take a single argument. + +\address +........ + +Syntax: + + \address{Return address} + +The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. +Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If +you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be +formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. If +you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a +personal letter. + +* Menu: + +* \signature:: \signature +* \location:: \location +* \telephone:: \telephone + + +File: latex.info, Node: \signature, Next: \location, Up: Declarations + +\signature +.......... + +Syntax: + + \signature{Your name} + +Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should +be separated by \\ commands. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \location, Next: \telephone, Prev: \signature, Up: Declarations + +\location +......... + +Syntax: + + \location{address} + +This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears +if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \location, Up: Declarations + +\telephone +.......... + +Syntax: + + \telephone{number} + +This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage +pagestyle is selected. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \opening, Next: \closing, Prev: Declarations, Up: Letters + +\opening +-------- + +Syntax: + + \opening{text} + +The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, +text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g. + + \opening{Dear John,} + + +File: latex.info, Node: \closing, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters + +\closing +-------- + +Syntax: + + \closing{text} + +The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g. + + \closing{Best Regards,} + + +File: latex.info, Node: Line and Page Breaking, Next: Making Paragraphs, Prev: Letters, Up: Commands + +Line and Page Breaking +====================== + +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate +your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a +printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines +must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line +breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for +you. + +* Menu: + +* \\:: \\ +* \-:: Hypenation Aid \- +* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage +* \clearpage:: \clearpage +* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation +* \linebreak:: \linebreak +* \newline:: \newline +* \newpage:: \newpage +* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak +* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak +* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak + + +File: latex.info, Node: \\, Next: \-, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\\ +-- + +Syntax: + + \\[extra-space] + \\*[extra-space] + +The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional +argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is +to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. + +The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it +tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \-, Next: \cleardoublepage, Prev: \\, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +Hypenation Aid \- +----------------- + +The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. +LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct +hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Prev: \-, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\cleardoublepage +---------------- + +The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\clearpage +---------- + +The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and +tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\hyphenation +------------ + +Syntax: + + \hyphenation{words} + +The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where +words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation +point is indicated by a - character. Each grammatical form has to be +specified separately. + +These words *must not* contain any special characters (e.g. \ss). + + +File: latex.info, Node: \linebreak, Next: \newline, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\linebreak +---------- + +Syntax: + + \linebreak[number] + +The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the +point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can +convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number +must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent +the request is. + +The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to +the right margin. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newline, Next: \newpage, Prev: \linebreak, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\newline +-------- + +The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline +command can be used only in paragraph mode. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \nolinebreak, Prev: \newline, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\newpage +-------- + +The \newpage command ends the current page. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \nolinebreak, Next: \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\nolinebreak +------------ + +Syntax: + + \nolinebreak[number] + +The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line +at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you +can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The +number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \nopagebreak, Next: \pagebreak, Prev: \nolinebreak, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\nopagebreak +------------ + +Syntax: + + \nopagebreak[number] + +The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page +at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you +can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The +number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \pagebreak, Prev: \nopagebreak, Up: Line and Page Breaking + +\pagebreak +---------- + +Syntax: + + \pagebreak[number] + +The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the +point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can +convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number +must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent +the request is. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Making Paragraphs, Next: Math Formulas, Prev: Line and Page Breaking, Up: Commands + +Making Paragraphs +================= + +A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not +containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new +paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of +a sectioning command. + +* Menu: + +* \indent:: \indent +* \noindent:: \noindent +* \par:: \par + + +File: latex.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs + +\indent +------- + +This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the +paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it +would otherwise be supressed. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \par, Prev: \indent, Up: Making Paragraphs + +\noindent +--------- + +When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph +indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \par, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs + +\par +---- + +Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command and environment +definitions easier to read. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Math Formulas, Next: Modes, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Commands + +Math Formulas +============= + +There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math, +displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that +appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas +that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same as +the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in +the right margin. + +The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the +displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph +mode. These environments are used so often that they have the following +short forms: + + $ ... $ instead of \begin{math} ... \end{math} + $$ ... $$ instead of \begin{equation} ... \end{equation} + \[ ... \] instead of \begin{displaymath} ... \end{displaymath} + +* Menu: + +* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts +* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols +* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode +* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany + + +File: latex.info, Node: Subscripts and Superscripts, Next: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulas + +Subscripts and Superscripts +--------------------------- + +To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type +_{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX +handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural +way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript +and a superscript. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Math Symbols, Next: Spacing in Math Mode, Prev: Subscripts and Superscripts, Up: Math Formulas + +Math Symbols +------------ + +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. +The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For +example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol +"pi" in your output. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Spacing in Math Mode, Next: Math Miscellany, Prev: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulas + +Spacing in Math Mode +-------------------- + +In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the +spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's +done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX +provides the following four commands for use in math mode: + +`\;' + a thick space + +`\:' + a medium space + +`\,' + a thin space + +`\!' + a negative thin space + + +File: latex.info, Node: Math Miscellany, Prev: Spacing in Math Mode, Up: Math Formulas + +Math Miscellany +--------------- + +* Menu: + +* \cdots:: \cdots +* \ddots:: \ddots +* \frac:: \frac +* \ldots:: \ldots +* \overbrace:: \overbrace +* \overline:: \overline +* \sqrt:: \sqrt +* \underbrace:: \underbrace +* \underline:: \underline +* \vdots:: \vdots + + +File: latex.info, Node: \cdots, Next: \ddots, Up: Math Miscellany + +\cdots +...... + +The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are +raised to the center of the line. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \ddots, Next: \frac, Prev: \cdots, Up: Math Miscellany + +\ddots +...... + +The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \frac, Next: \ldots, Prev: \ddots, Up: Math Miscellany + +\frac +..... + +Syntax: + + \frac{num}{den} + +The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \ldots, Next: \overbrace, Prev: \frac, Up: Math Miscellany + +\ldots +...... + +The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any +mode, not just math mode. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \overbrace, Next: \overline, Prev: \ldots, Up: Math Miscellany + +\overbrace +.......... + +Syntax: + + \overbrace{text} + +The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \overline, Next: \sqrt, Prev: \overbrace, Up: Math Miscellany + +\overline +......... + +Syntax: + \overline{text} + +The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \sqrt, Next: \underbrace, Prev: \overline, Up: Math Miscellany + +\sqrt +..... + +Syntax: + + \sqrt[root]{arg} + +The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The +optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube +root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \underbrace, Next: \underline, Prev: \sqrt, Up: Math Miscellany + +\underbrace +........... + +Syntax: + + \underbrace{text} + +The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \underline, Next: \vdots, Prev: \underbrace, Up: Math Miscellany + +\underline +.......... + +Syntax: + + \underline{text} + +The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. This +command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \vdots, Prev: \underline, Up: Math Miscellany + +\vdots +...... + +The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page Styles, Prev: Math Formulas, Up: Commands + +Modes +===== + +When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three +modes: + + * Paragraph mode + + * Math mode + + * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short + +LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + +Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when +processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into +lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when it's +generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph mode, +LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with +spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going +from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you +put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them +from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the +resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. + +LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. +You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, +you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are +also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box +that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands +or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph +mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph mode. Its +normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called outer paragraph +mode. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Page Styles, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Modes, Up: Commands + +Page Styles +=========== + +The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the +page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. + +* Menu: + +* \maketitle:: \maketitle +* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering +* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle +* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle + + +File: latex.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles + +\maketitle +---------- + +\maketitle + +The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - +except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of +the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from +the following declarations. + +* Menu: + +* \author:: \author +* \date:: \date +* \thanks:: \thanks +* \title:: \title + + +File: latex.info, Node: \author, Next: \date, Up: \maketitle + +\author +....... + +Syntax: + + \author{names} + +The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of +authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a +single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution +or address. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \date, Next: \thanks, Prev: \author, Up: \maketitle + +\date +..... + +Syntax: + + \date{text} + +The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date +command, the current date is used. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \thanks, Next: \title, Prev: \date, Up: \maketitle + +\thanks +....... + +Syntax: + + \thanks{text} + +The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \title, Prev: \thanks, Up: \maketitle + +\title +...... + +Syntax: + + \title{text} + +The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX +where to start a new line in a long title. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page Styles + +\pagenumbering +-------------- + +Syntax: + + \pagenumbering{num_style} + +Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: + +`arabic' + Arabic numerals + +`roman' + Lowercase roman numerals + +`Roman' + Uppercase roman numerals + +`alph' + Lowercase letters + +`Alph' + Uppercase letters + + +File: latex.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles + +\pagestyle +---------- + +Syntax: + + \pagestyle{option} + +The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on +throughout the remainder of your document. + +The valid options are: + +`plain' + Just a plain page number. + +`empty' + Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. + +`headings' + Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies + what goes in the headings. + +`myheadings' + You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or the + \markright commands. + +* Menu: + +* \mark:: \mark + + +File: latex.info, Node: \mark, Up: \pagestyle + +\mark +..... + +Syntax: + + \markboth{left head}{right head} + \markright{right head} + +The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the +page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading. +In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use +them to override the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX +uses these same commands to generate those heads. You should note that +a left-hand heading is generated by the last \markboth command before +the end of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the +first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, +otherwise by the last one before the page. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page Styles + +\thispagestyle +-------------- + +Syntax: + + \thispagestyle{option} + +The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle +command except that it changes the style for the current page only. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Spaces and Boxes, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Commands + +Sectioning +========== + +Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. + + * \part + + * \chapter (report and book style only) + + * \section + + * \subsection + + * \subsubsection + + * \paragraph + + * \subparagraph + +All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g. + +Syntax: + + \chapter[optional]{title} + +In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument +of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: + + * the table of contents + + * the running head at the top of the page + +You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as +appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning +commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these +other two purposes. + +The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not +include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. +For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like: + + \subsection*{Example subsection} + +* Menu: + +* \appendix:: \appendix + + +File: latex.info, Node: \appendix, Up: Sectioning + +\appendix +--------- + +Syntax: + + \appendix + +The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The +\appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or +parts. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Spaces and Boxes, Next: Special Characters, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Commands + +Spaces and Boxes +================ + +* Menu: + +* \addvspace:: \addvspace +* \bigskip:: \bigskip +* \dotfill:: \dotfill +* \fbox:: \fbox +* \framebox:: \framebox +* \hfill:: \hfill +* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill +* \hspace:: \hspace +* \makebox:: \makebox +* \mbox:: \mbox +* \medskip:: \medskip +* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox +* \parbox:: \parbox +* \raisebox:: \raisebox +* \rule:: \rule +* \savebox:: \savebox +* \smallskip:: \smallskip +* \usebox:: \usebox +* \vfill:: \vfill +* \vspace:: \vspace + + +File: latex.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\addvspace +---------- + +Syntax: + + \addvspace{length} + +The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth length. +However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in +the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not +add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total +vertical space equal to length. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \bigskip, Next: \dotfill, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\bigskip +-------- + +The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where +bigskipamount is determined by the document style. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \fbox, Prev: \bigskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\dotfill +-------- + +The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead +of just spaces. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \fbox, Next: \framebox, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\fbox +----- + +Syntax: + + \fbox{text} + +The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that +it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \framebox, Next: \hfill, Prev: \fbox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\framebox +--------- + +Syntax: + + \framebox[width][position]{text} + +The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, +except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it +creates. + +The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves +a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \framebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\hfill +------ + +The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or +shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \hspace, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\hrulefill +---------- + +The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch +or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \makebox, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\hspace +------- + +Syntax: + + \hspace{length} + \hspace*{length} + +The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can +be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, +etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace +command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. + +LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you +don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. +Then the space is never removed. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \mbox, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\makebox +-------- + +Syntax: + + \makebox[width][position]{text} + +The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The +width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The +position of the text within the box is determined by the optional +position argument. + +`c' + centered (default) + +`l' + flushleft + +`r' + flushright + + +File: latex.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \medskip, Prev: \makebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\mbox +----- + +Syntax: + + \mbox{text} + +The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text +created by its argument. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \medskip, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\medskip +-------- + +The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where +medskipamount is determined by the document style. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \medskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\newsavebox +----------- + +Syntax: + + \newsavebox{cmd} + +Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined, +to be a bin for saving boxes. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\parbox +------- + +Syntax: + + \parbox[position]{width}{text} + +A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The +\parbox has two mandatory arguments: + +width + specifies the width of the parbox, and + +text + the text that goes inside the parbox. + +LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of +the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line +up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. + +A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, +with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the +paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger +pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making +environment, you should use a minipage environment. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \rule, Prev: \parbox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\raisebox +--------- + +Syntax: + + \raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text} + +The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first +mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or +lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR +mode. + +Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size +than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally +think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. + +The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the +text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second +optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends +below the line by the amount specified. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \rule, Next: \savebox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\rule +----- + +Syntax: + + \rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness} + +The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments +are defined as follows. + +raise-height + specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) + +width + specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) + +thickness + specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) + + +File: latex.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \smallskip, Prev: \rule, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\savebox +-------- + +Syntax: + + \sbox{cmd}[text] + + \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} + +These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. +However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd, +which must have been declared with \newsavebox. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \smallskip, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\smallskip +---------- + +Syntax: + + \smallskip + +The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where +smallskipamount is determined by the document style. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \usebox, Next: \vfill, Prev: \smallskip, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\usebox +------- + +Syntax: + + \usebox{cmd} + +Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \usebox, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\vfill +------ + +The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or +shrink vertically. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \vspace, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces and Boxes + +\vspace +------- + +Syntax: + + \vspace{length} + \vspace*{length} + +The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be +expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc. +You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command. + +LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you +don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. +Then the space is never removed. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Special Characters, Next: Splitting the Input, Prev: Spaces and Boxes, Up: Commands + +Special Characters +================== + +The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called +special printing characters, or simply special characters. + + # $ % & _ \ { } ~ ^ + +Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are +doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed +just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For +example, \$ will produce $ in your output. + +Please note: \~ and \^ are accent commands; to get the accent alone, +type \~{} and \^{}. + +The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special +meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. + +* Menu: + +* Accents:: Accents +* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters + + +File: latex.info, Node: Accents, Next: German Special Characters, Up: Special Characters + +Accents +------- + +Scholarly publications often refer to other languages, so LaTeX makes +it possible to typeset the most commonly used accents: + +\` + grave accent + +\' + acute accent + +\^ + circumflex or "hat" + +\" + umlaut or dieresis + +\~ + tilde or "squiggle" + +\= + macron or "bar" + +\. + dot (above) accent + +\u + breve accent + +\v + hachek or "check" + +\H + long Hungarian umlaut + +\t + tie-after accent + +LaTeX also provides three accents that go underneath: + +\c + cedilla + +\d + dot (below) accent + +\b + bar-under accent + +And there are a few special letters: + +\oe +\OE + French ligature oe + +\ae +\AE + Latin and Scandinavian ligature ae + +\aa +\AA + Scandinavian A-with-circle + +\o +\O + Scandinavian O-with-slash + +\l +\L + Polish suppressed-L + +\ss + German "es-zet" or sharp s + + +File: latex.info, Node: German Special Characters, Prev: Accents, Up: Special Characters + +German Special Characters +------------------------- + +For convenient input of German texts see *Note german.sty::. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Splitting the Input, Next: Starting and Ending, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Commands + +Splitting the Input +=================== + +A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, +there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +when you run LaTeX. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input + +\include +-------- + +Syntax: + + \include{file} + +The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly +command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the first +name of a file, denoting `file.tex'. If file is one the file names in +the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no +\includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to + + \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage + +except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, then a warning +message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file +list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. + +The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by +another \include command. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the Input + +\includeonly +------------ + +Syntax: + + \includeonly{file_list} + +The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an +\include command. It can only appear in the preamble. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input + +\input +------ + +Syntax: + + \input{file} + +The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, +exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that +point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just +a first name, in which case the file `file.tex' is used. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Starting and Ending, Next: Table of Contents, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Commands + +Starting and Ending +=================== + +Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. + + \documentstyle{style} + + \begin{document} + ... your text goes here ... + \end{document} + +where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See +Document Styles within this help file. + +You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the +\begin{document} commands. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Table of Contents, Next: Terminal Input and Output, Prev: Starting and Ending, Up: Commands + +Table of Contents +================= + +A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You +put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX +does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not +automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table +of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents +command. + +There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for +producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. +Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. + +NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not have +the \nofiles command in your document. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \addcontentsline, Next: \addtocontents, Up: Table of Contents + +\addcontentsline +---------------- + +Syntax: + + \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry} + +The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or +table where `file' is the extension of the file on which information is +to be written: + + * toc (table of contents), + + * lof (list of figures), or + + * lot (list of tables). + +`sec_unit' controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of +the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: + +toc + the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection. + +lof + figure + +lot + table + +`entry' is the text of the entry. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \addtocontents, Prev: \addcontentsline, Up: Table of Contents + +\addtocontents +-------------- + +Syntax: + + \addtocontents{file}{text} + +The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly +to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or +tables. + +`file' is the extension of the file on which information is to be +written: + + * toc (table of contents), + + * lof (list of figures), or + + * lot (list of tables) + +`text' is the information to be written. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Terminal Input and Output, Next: Typefaces, Prev: Table of Contents, Up: Commands + +Terminal Input and Output +========================= + + +File: latex.info, Node: \typeout, Next: \typein, Up: Terminal Input and Output + +\typeout +-------- + +Syntax: + + \typeout{msg} + +Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are +defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their +definitions before being printed. + +LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and +ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in +msg causes a single space to be printed. + + +File: latex.info, Node: \typein, Prev: \typeout, Up: Terminal Input and Output + +\typein +------- + +Syntax: + + \typein[cmd]{msg} + +Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to +type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is +missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the +input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument is +present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or +redefined to be the typed input. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Typefaces, Prev: Terminal Input and Output, Up: Commands + +Typefaces +========= + +The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is +also called a font. + + +File: latex.info, Node: Styles, Next: Sizes, Up: Typefaces + +Styles +------ + +The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + +`\rm' + Roman. + +`\it' + Italics. + +`\em' + Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). + +`\bf' + Boldface. + +`\sl' + Slanted. + +`\sf' + Sans serif. + +`\sc' + Small caps. + +`\tt' + Typewriter. + +Since italic and slanted styles slope to the right, some letters stick +into the following characters. Insert \/ at the end to correct this +effect (see example below). + +Use the type style commands always inside a group, e.g. + + {\em Emphasized Text\/} + + +File: latex.info, Node: Sizes, Prev: Styles, Up: Typefaces + +Sizes +----- + +The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. + + * \tiny + + * \scriptsize + + * \footnotesize + + * \small + + * \normalsize (default) + + * \large + + * \Large (capital "l") + + * \LARGE (all caps) + + * \huge + + * \Huge (capital "h") + +Usually you needn't set the type size explicitly because LaTeX +automatically chooses appropriate sizes. If you ever think you have to, +always do it inside a group, e.g. + + {\large large text} + + diff --git a/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fad2fb5fda --- /dev/null +++ b/obsolete/info/latex-info/latex.texinfo @@ -0,0 +1,3818 @@ +\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- + +@c %**start of header +@setfilename latex.info +@settitle Online Documentation for LaTeX +@c %**end of header + +@iftex +@finalout +@end iftex + +@ifinfo +@paragraphindent 0 +@end ifinfo + +@titlepage +@sp 8 +@center @titlefont{Online LaTeX Help} +@sp 2 +@center Version 1.0 +@center 15.6.92 +@sp 2 +@center Stefan Steffens + +@end titlepage +@headings double + +@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) +@unnumbered Online LaTeX Help + +@noindent +This is Version 1.0 of the @cite{Online LaTeX Help}, dating 15.6.92 +@refill + +@cite{Online LaTeX Help} is heavily based on the LaTeX library for +VMS-Help which is part of DECUS TeX Distribution of August 1990. +Unfortunately, its author is nowhere mentioned, so I cannot pay tribute +to him...@refill + +The @cite{Online LaTeX Help} is supposed to serve the TeX community as +an online reference to all LaTeX commands and style files. Needless to +say that it is far from complete yet (at least as far as the style files +are concerned), so please send any bug reports, comments, additions, +etc. to@refill +@c +@example + Stefan Steffens (steffens@@goofy.zdv.uni-mainz.de) + + Zentrum fuer Datenverarbeitung + Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet Mainz + Bundesrepublik Deutschland +@end example + +@noindent +The first part of the master menu lists the major nodes in this Info +document. The Detailed Node Listing lists all the lower level nodes in +the document. + +@menu +* Introduction:: Introduction +* Styles and Options:: Document Styles and Style Options +* Commands:: Commands + + --- The Detailed Node Listing --- + +Document Styles and Style Options + +* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles +* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options + +Commands + +* Counters:: Counters +* Cross References:: Cross References +* Definitions:: Definitions +* Page layout:: Page layout +* Environments:: Environments +* Footnotes:: Footnotes +* Lengths:: Lengths +* Letters:: Letters +* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking +* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs +* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas +* Modes:: Modes +* Page Styles:: Page Styles +* Sectioning:: Sectioning +* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes +* Special Characters:: Special Characters +* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input +* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending +* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents +* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output +* Typefaces:: Typefaces + +Counters + +* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter +* \alph:: \alph +* \arabic:: \arabic +* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol +* \newcounter:: \newcounter +* \roman:: \roman +* \setcounter:: \setcounter +* \usecounter:: \usecounter +* \value:: \value + +Cross References + +* \label:: \label +* \pageref:: \pageref +* \ref:: \ref + +Definitions + +* \newcommand:: \newcommand +* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment +* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem +* \newfont:: \newfont + +Page layout + +* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom +* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom +* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn +* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn + +Environments + +* array:: array +* center:: center +* \centering:: \centering +* description:: description +* enumerate:: enumerate +* eqnarray:: eqnarray +* equation:: equation +* figure:: figure +* flushleft:: flushleft +* \raggedright:: \raggedright +* flushright:: flushright +* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft +* itemize:: itemize +* list:: list +* minipage:: minipage +* picture:: picture +* quotation:: quotation +* quote:: quote +* tabbing:: tabbing +* table:: table +* tabular:: tabular +* thebibliography:: thebibliography +* theorem:: theorem +* titlepage:: titlepage +* verbatim:: verbatim +* verse:: verse + +picture + +* \circle (picture):: \circle +* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox +* \frame (picture):: \frame +* \framebox (picture):: \framebox +* \line (picture):: \line +* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness +* \makebox (picture):: \makebox +* \multiput (picture):: \multiput +* \oval (picture):: \oval +* \put (picture):: \put +* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack +* \vector (picture):: \vector + +tabbing + +* \= (tabbing):: \= +* \> (tabbing):: \> +* \< (tabbing):: \< +* \+ (tabbing):: \+ +* \- (tabbing):: \- +* \' (tabbing):: \' +* \` (tabbing):: \` +* \kill (tabbing):: \kill + +tabular + +* \cline:: \cline +* \hline:: \hline +* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn +* \vline:: \vline + +thebibliography + +* \bibitem:: \bibitem +* \cite:: \cite +* \nocite:: \nocite + +verbatim + +* \verb:: \verb + +Footnotes + +* \footnote:: \footnote +* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark +* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext + +Lengths + +* \newlength:: \newlength +* \setlength:: \setlength +* \addtolength:: \addtolength +* \settowidth:: \settowidth + +Letters + +* Declarations:: Declarations +* \opening:: \opening +* \closing:: \closing + +\address + +* \signature:: \signature +* \location:: \location +* \telephone:: \telephone + +Line and Page Breaking + +* \\:: \\ +* \-:: Hypenation Aid \- +* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage +* \clearpage:: \clearpage +* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation +* \linebreak:: \linebreak +* \newline:: \newline +* \newpage:: \newpage +* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak +* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak +* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak + +Making Paragraphs + +* \indent:: \indent +* \noindent:: \noindent +* \par:: \par + +Math Formulas + +* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts +* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols +* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode +* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany + +Math Miscellany + +* \cdots:: \cdots +* \ddots:: \ddots +* \frac:: \frac +* \ldots:: \ldots +* \overbrace:: \overbrace +* \overline:: \overline +* \sqrt:: \sqrt +* \underbrace:: \underbrace +* \underline:: \underline +* \vdots:: \vdots + +Page Styles + +* \maketitle:: \maketitle +* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering +* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle +* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle + +\maketitle + +* \author:: \author +* \date:: \date +* \thanks:: \thanks +* \title:: \title + +\pagestyle + +* \mark:: \mark + +Sectioning + +* \appendix:: \appendix + +Spaces and Boxes + +* \addvspace:: \addvspace +* \bigskip:: \bigskip +* \dotfill:: \dotfill +* \fbox:: \fbox +* \framebox:: \framebox +* \hfill:: \hfill +* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill +* \hspace:: \hspace +* \makebox:: \makebox +* \mbox:: \mbox +* \medskip:: \medskip +* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox +* \parbox:: \parbox +* \raisebox:: \raisebox +* \rule:: \rule +* \savebox:: \savebox +* \smallskip:: \smallskip +* \usebox:: \usebox +* \vfill:: \vfill +* \vspace:: \vspace + +Special Characters + +* Accents:: Accents +* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters +@end menu + +@node Introduction, Styles and Options, Top, Top +@chapter Introduction + +@noindent +The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the +LaTeX Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input +file containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that +describe how the text should be formatted. It produces two files as +output, a Device Independent (DVI) file that contains commands that can +be translated into commands for a variety of output devices, and a +`transcript' or `log file' that contains summary information and +diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input file. @refill + +@noindent +For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult The +TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly by the +American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. +@refill + +@noindent +For a description of LaTeX, you should consult "A Document Preparation +System: LaTeX" by Leslie Lamport, ISBN 0-201-15790-X, published jointly +by the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley Publishing +Company. @refill + +@noindent +A german language introduction to LaTeX is available as "LaTeX -- +eine Einfuehrung" by H. Kopka, published by Addison-Wesley. + +@node Styles and Options, Commands, Introduction, Top +@chapter Document Styles and Style Options + +@noindent +Valid LaTeX document styles include: + +@itemize +@item +article +@item +report +@item +letter +@item +book +@end itemize + +@noindent +They are selected with the following command: + +@example +\documentstyle[options]@{style@} +@end example + +@noindent +The standard options for the different styles are: + +@table @asis +@item article: +11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + +@item report: +11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + +@item book: +11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno + +@item letter: +11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno +@end table + +@noindent +If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma +-- BUT DO NOT INSERT ANY SPACES! @refill + +@menu +* Supported Styles:: Supported Styles +* Supported Style Options:: Supported Style Options +@end menu + +@node Supported Styles, Supported Style Options, , Styles and Options +@section Supported Styles + + +@node Supported Style Options, , Supported Styles, Styles and Options +@section Supported Style Options + + +@node Commands, , Styles and Options, Top +@chapter Commands + +@noindent +A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ +followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. +Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional while arguments +contained in braces @{@} are required. @refill + +@noindent +Several commands have an optional * form. @refill + +@noindent +NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless +explicitly directed to do otherwise. @refill + +@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +@menu +* Counters:: Counters +* Cross References:: Cross References +* Definitions:: Definitions +* Page layout:: Page layout +* Environments:: Environments +* Footnotes:: Footnotes +* Lengths:: Lengths +* Letters:: Letters +* Line and Page Breaking:: Line and Page Breaking +* Making Paragraphs:: Making Paragraphs +* Math Formulas:: Math Formulas +* Modes:: Modes +* Page Styles:: Page Styles +* Sectioning:: Sectioning +* Spaces and Boxes:: Spaces and Boxes +* Special Characters:: Special Characters +* Splitting the Input:: Splitting the Input +* Starting and Ending:: Starting and Ending +* Table of Contents:: Table of Contents +* Terminal Input and Output :: Terminal Input and Output +* Typefaces:: Typefaces +@end menu + +@node Counters, Cross References, , Commands +@comment node-name, next, previous, up +@section Counters + +@noindent +Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The +name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or +command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a list of +the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering. +@refill + +@example +part part figure enumi +chapter subparagraph table enumii +section page footnote enumiii +subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv +subsubsection +@end example + +@menu +* \addtocounter:: \addtocounter +* \alph:: \alph +* \arabic:: \arabic +* \fnsymbol:: \fnsymbol +* \newcounter:: \newcounter +* \roman:: \roman +* \setcounter:: \setcounter +* \usecounter:: \usecounter +* \value:: \value +@end menu + +@node \addtocounter, \alph, , Counters +@subsection \addtocounter + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\addtocounter@{counter@}@{value@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified +by the value argument. The value argument can be negative. @refill + +@node \alph, \arabic, \addtocounter, Counters +@subsection \alph + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\alph@{counter@} +@end example + +@noindent +This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabetic +characters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters, +e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic +characters, e.g. A, B, C... @refill + +@node \arabic, \fnsymbol, \alph, Counters +@subsection \arabic + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\arabic@{counter@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in +arabic numbers, e.g. 3. @refill + +@node \fnsymbol, \newcounter, \arabic, Counters +@subsection \fnsymbol + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\fnsymbol@{counter@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a +specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering +footnotes. @refill + +@node \newcounter, \roman, \fnsymbol, Counters +@subsection \newcounter + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newcounter@{foo@}[counter] +@end example + +@noindent +The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional +argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the +counter named in the optional argument is incremented. @refill + +@node \roman, \setcounter, \newcounter, Counters +@subsection \roman + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\roman@{counter@} +@end example + +@noindent +This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman +numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. i, +ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals, +e.g. I, II, III... @refill + +@node \setcounter, \usecounter, \roman, Counters +@subsection \setcounter + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\setcounter@{counter@}@{value@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified +by the value argument. @refill + +@node \usecounter, \value, \setcounter, Counters +@subsection \usecounter + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\usecounter@{counter@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list +environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list +items. @refill + +@node \value, , \usecounter, Counters +@subsection \value + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\value@{counter@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the +mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or +number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter +command, or in \hspace@{\value@{foo@}\parindent@} @refill + +@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +@node Cross References, Definitions, Counters, Commands +@comment node-name, next, previous, up +@section Cross References + +@noindent +One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer +the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." @refill + +@menu +* \label:: \label +* \pageref:: \pageref +* \ref:: \ref +@end menu + +@node \label, \pageref, , Cross References +@subsection \label + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\label@{key@} +@end example + +@noindent +A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the +number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered +environment (i.e. table, figure and equation) assigns that number to the +key. @refill + +@noindent +A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation +characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. @refill + +@node \pageref, \ref, \label, Cross References +@subsection \pageref + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\pageref@{key@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text +where the corresponding \label command appears. @refill + +@node \ref, , \pageref, Cross References +@subsection \ref + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\ref@{key@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation +number,@... of the corresponding \label command. @refill + +@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +@node Definitions, Page layout, Cross References, Commands +@section Definitions + +@menu +* \newcommand:: \newcommand +* \newenvironment:: \newenvironment +* \newtheorem:: \newtheorem +* \newfont:: \newfont +@end menu + +@node \newcommand, \newenvironment, , Definitions +@subsection \newcommand + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{def@} +\renewcommand@{cmd@}[args]@{def@} +@end example + +@noindent +These commands define (or redefine) a command. + +@table @code +@item cmd +A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not be +already defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it must +already be defined. @refill + +@item args +An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the command +being defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments. @refill + +@item def +The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a parameter of +the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when this +substitution takes place. @refill +@end table + +@node \newenvironment, \newtheorem, \newcommand, Definitions +@subsection \newenvironment + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@} +\renewenvironment@{nam@}[args]@{begdef@}@{enddef@} +@end example + +@noindent +These commands define or redefine an environment. + +@table @code +@item nam +The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be no +currently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam must be +undefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must already be +defined. @refill + +@item args +An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the +newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments. @refill + +@item begdef +The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin@{name@}; a parameter +of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when +this substitution takes place. @refill + +@item enddef +The text substituted for every occurrence of \end@{nam@}. It may +not contain any argument parameters. @refill +@end table + +@node \newtheorem, \newfont, \newenvironment, Definitions +@subsection \newtheorem + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newtheorem@{env_name@}@{caption@}[within] +\newtheorem@{env_name@}[numbered_like]@{caption@} +@end example + +@noindent +This command defines a theorem-like environment. + +@table @code +@item env_name +The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be the name +of an existing environment or counter. @refill + +@item caption +The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the +number. @refill + +@item within +The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit. +Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the +sectional unit. @refill + +@item numbered_like +The name of an already defined theorem-like environment. +@end table + +@noindent +The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. + +@node \newfont, , \newtheorem, Definitions +@subsection \newfont + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newfont@{cmd@}@{font_name@} +@end example + +@noindent +Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be +a declaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current +font. @refill + +@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +@node Page layout, Environments, Definitions, Commands +@section Page layout + +@noindent +For further information @ref{Page Styles} and @ref{Document Styles and +Style Options}. @refill + +@menu +* \flushbottom:: \flushbottom +* \raggedbottom:: \raggedbottom +* \onecolumn:: \onecolumn +* \twocolumn:: \twocolumn +@end menu + +@node \flushbottom, \raggedbottom, , Page layout +@subsection \flushbottom + +@noindent +The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, +adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill out the page. @refill + +@node \raggedbottom, \onecolumn, \flushbottom, Page layout +@subsection \raggedbottom + +@node \onecolumn, \twocolumn, \raggedbottom, Page layout +@subsection \onecolumn + +@noindent +The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column +output. @refill + +@node \twocolumn, , \onecolumn, Page layout +@subsection \twocolumn + +@noindent +The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column +output. @refill + +@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +@node Environments, Footnotes, Page layout, Commands +@section Environments + +@noindent +LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. +Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. @refill + +@example + \begin@{environment-name@} + . + . + . + \end@{environment-name@} +@end example + +@menu +* array:: array +* center:: center +* \centering:: \centering +* description:: description +* enumerate:: enumerate +* eqnarray:: eqnarray +* equation:: equation +* figure:: figure +* flushleft:: flushleft +* \raggedright:: \raggedright +* flushright:: flushright +* \raggedleft:: \raggedleft +* itemize:: itemize +* list:: list +* minipage:: minipage +* picture:: picture +* quotation:: quotation +* quote:: quote +* tabbing:: tabbing +* table:: table +* tabular:: tabular +* thebibliography:: thebibliography +* theorem:: theorem +* titlepage:: titlepage +* verbatim:: verbatim +* verse:: verse +@end menu + +@node array, center, , Environments +@subsection array + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{array@}@{col1col2...coln@} +column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ +. +. +. +\end@{array@} +@end example + +@noindent +Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single +mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignment +within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that +tells how items in that row should be formatted. @refill + +@table @code +@item c +for centered +@item l +for flushleft +@item r +for flushright +@end table + +@noindent +Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include +other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a +\\. @refill + +@node center, \centering, array, Environments +@subsection center + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{center@} +Text on line 1 \\ +Text on line 2 \\ +. +. +. +\end@{center@} +@end example + +@noindent +The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of +lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the current +page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. @refill + +@node \centering, description, center, Environments +@subsection \centering + +@noindent +This declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration +can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text +of a figure or table can be centered on the page by putting a \centering +command at the beginning of the figure or table environment. @refill + +@noindent +Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a +new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To +affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must +contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like quote) +that ends the paragraph unit. @refill + +@node description, enumerate, \centering, Environments +@subsection description + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{description@} +\item[label] First item +\item[label] Second item +. +. +. +\end@{description@} +@end example + +@noindent +The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is +bold face and flushed right. @refill + +@node enumerate, eqnarray, description, Environments +@subsection enumerate + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{enumerate@} +\item First item +\item Second item +. +. +. +\end@{enumerate@} +@end example + +@noindent +The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be +nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be +nested within other paragraph-making environments. @refill + +@noindent +Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There +must be at least one \item command within the environment. @refill + +@node eqnarray, equation, enumerate, Environments +@subsection eqnarray + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{eqnarray@} +math formula 1 \\ +math formula 2 \\ +. +. +. +\end@{eqnarray@} +@end example + +@noindent +The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations or +inequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, +with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row +separated by an &. An equation number is placed on every line unless +that line has a \nonumber command. @refill + +@node equation, figure, eqnarray, Environments +@subsection equation + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{equation@} + math formula +\end@{equation@} +@end example + +@noindent +The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places +the equation number in the right margin. @refill + +@node figure, flushleft, equation, Environments +@subsection figure + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{figure@}[placement] + + body of the figure + +\caption@{figure title@} +\end@{figure@} +@end example + +@noindent +Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are +usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. +Figures will not be split between two pages. @refill + +@noindent +The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to +place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a +float: @refill + +@table @code +@item h +Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears. +@refill + +@item t +Top - at the top of a text page. @refill + +@item b +Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. @refill + +@item p +Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no +text, only floats. @refill +@end table + +@noindent +The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. @refill + +@noindent +The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. +you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. @refill + +@node flushleft, \raggedright, figure, Environments +@subsection flushleft + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{flushleft@} +Text on line 1 \\ +Text on line 2 \\ +. +. +. +\end@{flushleft@} +@end example + +@noindent +The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of +lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be +terminated with a \\. @refill + +@node \raggedright, flushright, flushleft, Environments +@subsection \raggedright + +@noindent +This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This +declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a +parbox. @refill + +@noindent +Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not +start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration +must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like +quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill + +@node flushright, \raggedleft, \raggedright, Environments +@subsection flushright + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{flushright@} +Text on line 1 \\ +Text on line 2 \\ +. +. +. +\end@{flushright@} +@end example + +@noindent +The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting +of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line +must be terminated with a \\. @refill + +@node \raggedleft, itemize, flushright, Environments +@subsection \raggedleft + +@noindent +This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This +declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a +parbox. @refill + +@noindent +Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not +start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph +units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration +must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like +quote) that ends the paragraph unit. @refill + +@node itemize, list, \raggedleft, Environments +@subsection itemize + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{itemize@} +\item First item +\item Second item +. +. +. +\end@{itemize@} +@end example + +@noindent +The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can be +nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be +nested within other paragraph-making environments. @refill + +@noindent +Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must +be at least one \item command within the environment. @refill + +@node list, minipage, itemize, Environments +@subsection list + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{list@}@{label@}@{spacing@} +\item First item +\item Second item +. +. +. +\end@{list@} +@end example + +@noindent +The @{label@} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This +argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. +This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands. @refill + +@noindent +The @{spacing@} argument contains commands to change the spacing +parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. +@{@}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for +most cases. @refill + +@node minipage, picture, list, Environments +@subsection minipage + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{minipage@}[position]@{width@} + text +\end@{minipage@} +@end example + +@noindent +The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the +same optional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may +use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage. @refill + +@noindent +Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is +particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A +\footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of +the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the +mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter. @refill + +@noindent +NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; +they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. @refill + +@node picture, quotation, minipage, Environments +@subsection picture + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{picture@}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) +. + picture commands +. +\end@{picture@} +@end example + +@noindent +The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind of +picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell +LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their +coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and +a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies +a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so if \unitlength +has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 +centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere you want, +using the \setlength command, but strange things will happen if you try +changing it inside the picture environment. @refill + +@noindent +A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies +the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are +specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally +at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a position +appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the parentheses +serve to delimit the argument. @refill + +@noindent +The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. +It specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a +rectangular box with width and height determined by this argument's x- +and y-coordinates. @refill + +@noindent +The picture environment also has an optional position argument, +following the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike +ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square +brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at +the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). +For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command @refill + +@example +\begin@{picture@}(100,200)(10,20) +@end example + +@noindent +produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters, +whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right +corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, +you will omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the +lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your picture by shifting +everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument. @refill + +@noindent +The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the +picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; +LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even +off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in +determining how much room to leave for it. @refill + +@noindent +Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The +command @refill + +@example +\put (11.3,-.3)@{ ... @} +@end example + +@noindent +puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its reference +point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various +objects will be described below. @refill + +@noindent +The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text +argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of an +\mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point will +be the lower left corner of the box. @refill + +@menu +* \circle (picture):: \circle +* \dashbox (picture):: \dashbox +* \frame (picture):: \frame +* \framebox (picture):: \framebox +* \line (picture):: \line +* \linethickness (picture):: \linethickness +* \makebox (picture):: \makebox +* \multiput (picture):: \multiput +* \oval (picture):: \oval +* \put (picture):: \put +* \shortstack (picture):: \shortstack +* \vector (picture):: \vector +@end menu + +@node \circle (picture), \dashbox (picture), , picture +@subsubsection \circle + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\circle@{diameter@} +\circle*@{diameter@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the +*-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. @refill + +@node \dashbox (picture), \frame (picture), \circle (picture), picture +@subsubsection \dashbox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\dashbox@{dash length@}(width,height)@{ ... @} +@end example + +@noindent +The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each +dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples +of the dash length. @refill + +@node \frame (picture), \framebox (picture), \dashbox (picture), picture +@subsubsection \frame + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\frame@{ ... @} +@end example + +@noindent +The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified +in the argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the +frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. @refill + +@node \framebox (picture), \line (picture), \frame (picture), picture +@subsubsection \framebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\framebox(width,height)[position]@{ ... @} +@end example + +@noindent +The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command. @refill + +@node \line (picture), \linethickness (picture), \framebox (picture), picture +@subsubsection \line + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\line(x slope,y slope)@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope. @refill + +@node \linethickness (picture), \makebox (picture), \line (picture), picture +@subsubsection \linethickness + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\linethickness@{dimension@} +@end example + +@noindent +Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture +environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does +not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter +circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. @refill + +@node \makebox (picture), \multiput (picture), \linethickness (picture), picture +@subsubsection \makebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\makebox(width,height)[position]@{ ... @} +@end example + +@noindent +The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the +normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and height +in multiples of \unitlength. @refill + +@noindent +The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text +appears in. You may select up to two of the following: @refill + +@table @code +@item t: +Moves the item to the top of the rectangle + +@item b: +Moves the item to the bottom + +@item l: +Moves the item to the left + +@item r: +Moves the item to the right +@end table + +@node \multiput (picture), \oval (picture), \makebox (picture), picture +@subsubsection \multiput + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y)@{number of copies@}@{object@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object +in a regular pattern across a picture. @refill + +@node \oval (picture), \put (picture), \multiput (picture), picture +@subsubsection \oval + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\oval(width,height)[portion] +@end example + +@noindent +The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The +optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. +@refill + +@table @code +@item t: +Selects the top portion + +@item b: +Selects the bottom portion + +@item r: +Selects the right portion + +@item l: +Selects the left portion +@end table + +@node \put (picture), \shortstack (picture), \oval (picture), picture +@subsubsection \put + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\put(x coord,y coord)@{ ... @} +@end example + +@noindent +The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at +the given coordinates. @refill + +@node \shortstack (picture), \vector (picture), \put (picture), picture +@subsubsection \shortstack + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\shortstack[position]@{... \\ ... \\ ...@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid +positions are: @refill + +@table @code +@item r: +Moves the objects to the right of the stack + +@item l: +Moves the objects to the left of the stack + +@item c: +Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) +@end table + +@node \vector (picture), , \shortstack (picture), picture +@subsubsection \vector + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\vector(x slope,y slope)@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length +and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. +@refill + +@node quotation, quote, picture, Environments +@subsection quotation +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{quotation@} + text +\end@{quotation@} +@end example + +@noindent +The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and +the right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph +indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new +paragraph. @refill + +@node quote, tabbing, quotation, Environments +@subsection quote +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{quote@} + text +\end@{quote@} +@end example + +@noindent +The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the +right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line +between text produces a new paragraph. @refill + +@node tabbing, table, quote, Environments +@subsection tabbing + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{tabbing@} +text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ +second row \> \> more \\ +. +. +. +\end@{tabbing@} +@end example + +@noindent +The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It +works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with +an ordinary typewriter. @refill + +@noindent +Please note: To access accute, grave and bar accents use \a^, \a`, and \a= +instead of the usual accenting commands. @refill + +@menu +* \= (tabbing):: \= +* \> (tabbing):: \> +* \< (tabbing):: \< +* \+ (tabbing):: \+ +* \- (tabbing):: \- +* \' (tabbing):: \' +* \` (tabbing):: \` +* \kill (tabbing):: \kill +@end menu + +@node \= (tabbing), \> (tabbing), , tabbing +@subsubsection \= +@noindent +The \= command sets the tab stops. @refill + +@node \> (tabbing), \< (tabbing), \= (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \> + +@noindent +The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop. @refill + +@node \< (tabbing), \+ (tabbing), \> (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \< + +@noindent +The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local +margin without changing the margin. @refill + +@node \+ (tabbing), \- (tabbing), \< (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \+ + +@noindent +The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following +commands one tab stop to the right. @refill + +@node \- (tabbing), \' (tabbing), \+ (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \- + +@noindent +The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following +commands one tab stop to the left. @refill + +@noindent +Outside the tabbing environment \- works as a hyphenation aid (see +@ref{\-}). + +@node \' (tabbing), \` (tabbing), \- (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \' +@noindent +The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the current +column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or +\kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush against the +current column's tab stop. @refill + +@node \` (tabbing), \kill (tabbing), \' (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \` + +@noindent +The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab +stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of +the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves +all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end@{tabbing@} command +that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. +There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that +ends the line. @refill + +@node \kill (tabbing), , \` (tabbing), tabbing +@subsubsection \kill + +@noindent +The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. +It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current line +instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- +commands in that line remain in effect. @refill + +@node table, tabular, tabbing, Environments +@subsection table + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{table@}[placement] + + body of the table + +\caption@{table title@} +\end@{table@} +@end example + +@noindent +Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually +"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will +not be split between two pages. @refill + +@noindent +The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to +place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a +float: @refill + +@table @code +@item h +Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears. +@refill + +@item t +Top - at the top of a text page. @refill + +@item b +Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. @refill + +@item p +Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing no +text, only floats. @refill +@end table + +@noindent +The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. @refill + +@noindent +The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. +you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. @refill + +@node tabular, thebibliography, table, Environments +@subsection tabular + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{tabular@}[pos]@{cols@} +column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ +. +. +. +\end@{tabular@} + + or + +\begin@{tabular*@}@{width@}[pos]@{cols@} +column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ +. +. +. +\end@{tabular*@} +@end example + +@noindent +These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of +items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional +arguments consist of: @refill + +@table @code +@item width +Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubber +space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width. +@refill + +@item pos +Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on the +center of the environment. @refill +@end table + +@table @code +@item t +align on top row + +@item b +align on bottom row + +@item cols +Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the +following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and +intercolumn material. @refill + +@item l +A column of left-aligned items. + +@item r +A column of right-aligned items. + +@item c +A column of centered items. + +@item | +A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. @refill + +@item @{text@} +This inserts text in every row. An @@-expression suppresses the +intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space +between the inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in +text. An \extracolsep@{wd@} command in an @@-expression causes an extra +space of width wd to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until +countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary +intercolumn space, this extra space is not suppressed by an +@@-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in an +@@-expression in the cols argument. @refill + +@item p@{wd@} +Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, as if +it were the argument of a \parbox[t]@{wd@} command. However, a \\ may +not appear in the item, except in the following situations: @refill + +@enumerate +@item +inside an environment like minipage, array, or tabular, @refill + +@item +inside an explicit \parbox, or @refill + +@item +in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or \raggedleft declaration. +The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when +used in a p-column element. @refill +@end enumerate + +@item *@{num@}@{cols@} +Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positive integer and +cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another +*-expression. @refill +@end table + +@menu +* \cline:: \cline +* \hline:: \hline +* \multicolumn:: \multicolumn +* \vline:: \vline +@end menu + +@node \cline, \hline, , tabular +@subsubsection \cline + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\cline@{i-j@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified +in the mandatory argument. @refill + +@node \hline, \multicolumn, \cline, tabular +@subsubsection \hline + +@noindent +The \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. +It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between +the rows of the table. @refill + +@node \multicolumn, \vline, \hline, tabular +@subsubsection \multicolumn + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\multicolumn@{cols@}@{pos@}@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. +The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to +span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of +the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third +mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry. +@refill + +@node \vline, , \multicolumn, tabular +@subsubsection \vline + +@noindent +The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height +and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to +the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @@-expression. @refill + +@node thebibliography, theorem, tabular, Environments +@subsection thebibliography + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{thebibliography@}@{widest-label@} +\bibitem[label]@{cite_key@} +. +. +. +\end@{thebibliography@} +@end example + +@noindent +The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference +list. In the article style, this reference list is labeled "References"; +in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography". @refill + +@table @code +@item widest-label +Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as +the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. @refill +@end table + +@menu +* \bibitem:: \bibitem +* \cite:: \cite +* \nocite:: \nocite +@end menu + +@node \bibitem, \cite, , thebibliography +@subsubsection \bibitem + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\bibitem[label]@{cite_key@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the label +argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi +counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and +punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writes an entry +on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label. When this aux +file is read by the \begin@{document@} command, the item's label is +associated with cite_key, causing the reference to cite_key by a \cite +command to produce the associated label. @refill + +@node \cite, \nocite, \bibitem, thebibliography +@subsubsection \cite + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\cite[text]@{key_list@} +@end example + +@noindent +The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates +an in-text citation to the references associated with the keys in +key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin@{document@} +command. @refill + +@node \nocite, , \cite, thebibliography +@subsubsection \nocite + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\nocite@{key_list@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a +list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. @refill + +@node theorem, titlepage, thebibliography, Environments +@subsection theorem + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{theorem@} + theorem text +\end@{theorem@} +@end example + +@noindent +The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by +your theorem text. @refill + +@node titlepage, verbatim, theorem, Environments +@subsection titlepage + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{titlepage@} + text +\end@{titlepage@} +@end example + +@noindent +The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no +printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be +numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The +\today command comes in handy for title pages. @refill + +@node verbatim, verse, titlepage, Environments +@subsection verbatim + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{verbatim@} + text +\end@{verbatim@} +@end example + +@noindent +The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets +LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a +typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that +they would on a typewriter. @refill + +@menu +* \verb:: \verb +@end menu + +@node \verb, , , verbatim +@subsubsection \verb + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\verb char literal_text char +\verb*char literal_text char +@end example + +@noindent +Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and +spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space +between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity). +The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed. @refill + +@node verse, , verbatim, Environments +@subsection verse + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\begin@{verse@} + text +\end@{verse@} +@end example + +@noindent +The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other +uses for it. @refill + +@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +@node Footnotes, Lengths, Environments, Commands +@section Footnotes + +@noindent +Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with +one command, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two +commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. See the +specific command for information on why you would use one over the +other. @refill + +@menu +* \footnote:: \footnote +* \footnotemark:: \footnotemark +* \footnotetext:: \footnotetext +@end menu + +@node \footnote, \footnotemark, , Footnotes +@subsection \footnote + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\footnote[number]@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of +the current page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the +default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer +paragraph mode. @refill + +@node \footnotemark, \footnotetext, \footnote, Footnotes +@subsection \footnotemark + +@noindent +The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This +command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote +is supplied by the \footnotetext command. @refill + +@node \footnotetext, , \footnotemark, Footnotes +@subsection \footnotetext + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\footnotetext[number]@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom +of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark +command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode. +@refill + +@noindent +The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote +number. @refill + +@node Lengths, Letters, Footnotes, Commands +@section Lengths + +@noindent +A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as +an argument. @refill + +@menu +* \newlength:: \newlength +* \setlength:: \setlength +* \addtolength:: \addtolength +* \settowidth:: \settowidth +@end menu + +@node \newlength, \setlength, , Lengths +@subsection \newlength + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newlength@{\gnat@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a +length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command +already exists. @refill + +@node \setlength, \addtolength, \newlength, Lengths +@subsection \setlength + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\setlength@{\gnat@}@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. +The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX +understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc. @refill + +@node \addtolength, \settowidth, \setlength, Lengths +@subsection \addtolength + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\addtolength@{\gnat@}@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount +specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. + +@node \settowidth, , \addtolength, Lengths +@subsection \settowidth + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\settowidth@{\gnat@}@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the +width of the text argument. + +@node Letters, Line and Page Breaking, Lengths, Commands +@section Letters + +@noindent +You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The +letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at once, +although you can make just one if you so desire. + +@noindent +Your .tex source file has the same minimum commands as the other +document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum: + +@example +\documentstyle@{letter@} + +\begin@{document@} + ... letters ... +\end@{document@} +@end example + +@noindent +Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and +address of the recipient. For example, you might have + +@example +\begin@{letter@}@{Mr. John Doe \\ + 2345 Jones St. \\ + Oakland, CA 91123@} + ... +\end@{letter@} +@end example + +@noindent +The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the +letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that +make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes +with a \closing command. + +@noindent +After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command +produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for +a list of enclosures. + +@menu +* Declarations:: Declarations +* \opening:: \opening +* \closing:: \closing +@end menu + +@node Declarations, \opening, , Letters +@subsection Declarations + +@noindent +The following commands are declarations which take a single argument. + +@subsubsection \address + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\address@{Return address@} +@end example + +@noindent +The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. +Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If +you do not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be +formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. If +you give an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a +personal letter. + +@menu +* \signature:: \signature +* \location:: \location +* \telephone:: \telephone +@end menu + +@node \signature, \location, , Declarations +@subsubsection \signature + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\signature@{Your name@} +@end example + +@noindent +Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the +space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should +be separated by \\ commands. + +@node \location, \telephone, \signature, Declarations +@subsubsection \location + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\location@{address@} +@end example + +@noindent +This modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears +if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. + +@node \telephone, , \location, Declarations +@subsubsection \telephone + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\telephone@{number@} +@end example + +@noindent +This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage +pagestyle is selected. + +@node \opening, \closing, Declarations, Letters +@subsection \opening + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\opening@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, +text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g. + +@example +\opening@{Dear John,@} +@end example + +@node \closing, , \opening, Letters +@subsection \closing + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\closing@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g. + +@example +\closing@{Best Regards,@} +@end example + +@node Line and Page Breaking, Making Paragraphs, Letters, Commands +@section Line and Page Breaking + +@noindent +The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate +your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a +printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines +must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line +breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for +you. + +@menu +* \\:: \\ +* \-:: Hypenation Aid \- +* \cleardoublepage:: \cleardoublepage +* \clearpage:: \clearpage +* \hyphenation:: \hyphenation +* \linebreak:: \linebreak +* \newline:: \newline +* \newpage:: \newpage +* \nolinebreak:: \nolinebreak +* \nopagebreak:: \nopagebreak +* \pagebreak:: \pagebreak +@end menu + +@node \\, \-, , Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \\ + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\\[extra-space] +\\*[extra-space] +@end example + +@noindent +The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional +argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is +to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. + +@noindent +The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it +tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line. + +@node \-, \cleardoublepage, \\, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection Hypenation Aid \- + +@noindent +The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. +LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct +hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases. + +@node \cleardoublepage, \clearpage, \-, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \cleardoublepage + +@noindent +The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all +figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. +In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand +(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. + +@node \clearpage, \hyphenation, \cleardoublepage, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \clearpage + +@noindent +The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and +tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. + +@node \hyphenation, \linebreak, \clearpage, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \hyphenation + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\hyphenation@{words@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where +words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation +point is indicated by a - character. Each grammatical form has to be +specified separately. @refill + +@noindent +These words @strong{must not} contain any special characters (e.g. \ss). +@refill + +@node \linebreak, \newline, \hyphenation, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \linebreak + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\linebreak[number] +@end example + +@noindent +The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the +point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can +convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number +must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent +the request is. + +@noindent +The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to +the right margin. + +@node \newline, \newpage, \linebreak, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \newline + +@noindent +The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline +command can be used only in paragraph mode. + +@node \newpage, \nolinebreak, \newline, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \newpage + +@noindent +The \newpage command ends the current page. + +@node \nolinebreak, \nopagebreak, \newpage, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \nolinebreak + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\nolinebreak[number] +@end example + +@noindent +The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line +at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you +can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The +number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. + +@node \nopagebreak, \pagebreak, \nolinebreak, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \nopagebreak + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\nopagebreak[number] +@end example + +@noindent +The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page +at the point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you +can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The +number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more +insistent the request is. + +@node \pagebreak, , \nopagebreak, Line and Page Breaking +@subsection \pagebreak + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\pagebreak[number] +@end example + +@noindent +The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the +point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can +convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number +must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent +the request is. + +@node Making Paragraphs, Math Formulas, Line and Page Breaking, Commands +@section Making Paragraphs + +@noindent +A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not +containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new +paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of +a sectioning command. + +@menu +* \indent:: \indent +* \noindent:: \noindent +* \par:: \par +@end menu + +@node \indent, \noindent, , Making Paragraphs +@subsection \indent + +@noindent +This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the +paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it +would otherwise be supressed. @refill + +@node \noindent, \par, \indent, Making Paragraphs +@subsection \noindent + +@noindent +When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph +indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph. +@refill + +@node \par, , \noindent, Making Paragraphs +@subsection \par + +@noindent +Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command and environment +definitions easier to read. @refill + +@node Math Formulas, Modes, Making Paragraphs, Commands +@section Math Formulas + +@noindent +There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math, +displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that +appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is for formulas +that appear on their own line. The equation environment is the same as +the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in +the right margin. @refill + +@noindent +The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the +displaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph +mode. These environments are used so often that they have the following +short forms: @refill + +@example +$ ... $ instead of \begin@{math@} ... \end@{math@} +$$ ... $$ instead of \begin@{equation@} ... \end@{equation@} +\[ ... \] instead of \begin@{displaymath@} ... \end@{displaymath@} +@end example + +@menu +* Subscripts and Superscripts:: Subscripts and Superscripts +* Math Symbols:: Math Symbols +* Spacing in Math Mode:: Spacing in Math Mode +* Math Miscellany:: Math Miscellany +@end menu + +@node Subscripts and Superscripts, Math Symbols, , Math Formulas +@subsection Subscripts and Superscripts + +@noindent +To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type +_@{exp@}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^@{exp@}. +LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the +natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a +subscript and a superscript. + +@node Math Symbols, Spacing in Math Mode, Subscripts and Superscripts, Math Formulas +@subsection Math Symbols + +@noindent +LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. +The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For +example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol +"pi" in your output. + +@node Spacing in Math Mode, Math Miscellany, Math Symbols, Math Formulas +@subsection Spacing in Math Mode + +@noindent +In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the +spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's +done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX +provides the following four commands for use in math mode: + +@table @code +@item \; +a thick space +@item \: +a medium space +@item \, +a thin space +@item \! +a negative thin space +@end table + +@node Math Miscellany, , Spacing in Math Mode, Math Formulas +@subsection Math Miscellany + +@menu +* \cdots:: \cdots +* \ddots:: \ddots +* \frac:: \frac +* \ldots:: \ldots +* \overbrace:: \overbrace +* \overline:: \overline +* \sqrt:: \sqrt +* \underbrace:: \underbrace +* \underline:: \underline +* \vdots:: \vdots +@end menu + +@node \cdots, \ddots, , Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \cdots +@noindent +The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to +the center of the line. + +@node \ddots, \frac, \cdots, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \ddots +@noindent +The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis. + +@node \frac, \ldots, \ddots, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \frac +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\frac@{num@}@{den@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den. + +@node \ldots, \overbrace, \frac, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \ldots +@noindent +The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, +not just math mode. + +@node \overbrace, \overline, \ldots, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \overbrace + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\overbrace@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. + +@node \overline, \sqrt, \overbrace, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \overline + +@noindent +Syntax: +@example +\overline@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. + +@node \sqrt, \underbrace, \overline, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \sqrt + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\sqrt[root]@{arg@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The optional +argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube root of +x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]@{x+y@}$. + +@node \underbrace, \underline, \sqrt, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \underbrace + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\underbrace@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. + +@node \underline, \vdots, \underbrace, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \underline + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\underline@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined. +This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. + +@node \vdots, , \underline, Math Miscellany +@subsubsection \vdots +@noindent +The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis. + +@node Modes, Page Styles, Math Formulas, Commands +@section Modes + +@noindent +When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: + +@itemize +@item +Paragraph mode +@item +Math mode +@item +Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short +@end itemize + +@noindent +LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a +different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. +Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when +LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. + +@noindent +Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when +processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into +lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when it's +generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph mode, +LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with +spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going +from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you +put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX would keep typesetting them +from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the +resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. + +@noindent +LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. +You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, +you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are +also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box +that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands +or environments will be called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph +mode while making a box, it is said to be in inner paragraph mode. Its +normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called outer paragraph +mode. + +@node Page Styles, Sectioning, Modes, Commands +@section Page Styles + +@noindent +The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the +page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. + +@menu +* \maketitle:: \maketitle +* \pagenumbering:: \pagenumbering +* \pagestyle:: \pagestyle +* \thispagestyle:: \thispagestyle +@end menu + +@node \maketitle, \pagenumbering, , Page Styles +@subsection \maketitle + +@noindent +\maketitle + +@noindent +The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - +except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the top of +the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from +the following declarations. + +@menu +* \author:: \author +* \date:: \date +* \thanks:: \thanks +* \title:: \title +@end menu + +@node \author, \date, , \maketitle +@subsubsection \author + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\author@{names@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of +authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a +single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution +or address. + +@node \date, \thanks, \author, \maketitle +@subsubsection \date + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\date@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date +command, the current date is used. + +@node \thanks, \title, \date, \maketitle +@subsubsection \thanks + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\thanks@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title. + +@node \title, , \thanks, \maketitle +@subsubsection \title + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\title@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX +where to start a new line in a long title. + +@node \pagenumbering, \pagestyle, \maketitle, Page Styles +@subsection \pagenumbering + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\pagenumbering@{num_style@} +@end example + +@noindent +Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: + +@table @code +@item arabic +Arabic numerals +@item roman +Lowercase roman numerals +@item Roman +Uppercase roman numerals +@item alph +Lowercase letters +@item Alph +Uppercase letters +@end table + +@node \pagestyle, \thispagestyle, \pagenumbering, Page Styles +@subsection \pagestyle + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\pagestyle@{option@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on throughout +the remainder of your document. @refill + +@noindent +The valid options are: + +@table @code +@item plain +Just a plain page number. +@item empty +Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. +@item headings +Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies +what goes in the headings. +@item myheadings +You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth or +the \markright commands. +@end table + +@menu +* \mark:: \mark +@end menu + +@node \mark, , , \pagestyle +@subsubsection \mark + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\markboth@{left head@}@{right head@} +\markright@{right head@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the +page style myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading. +In addition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use +them to override the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX +uses these same commands to generate those heads. You should note that +a left-hand heading is generated by the last \markboth command before +the end of the page, while a right-hand heading is generated by the +first \markboth or \markright that comes on the page if there is one, +otherwise by the last one before the page. @refill + +@node \thispagestyle, , \pagestyle, Page Styles +@subsection \thispagestyle + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\thispagestyle@{option@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle +command except that it changes the style for the current page only. + +@node Sectioning, Spaces and Boxes, Page Styles, Commands +@section Sectioning + +@noindent +Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. + +@itemize +@item +\part +@item +\chapter (report and book style only) +@item +\section +@item +\subsection +@item +\subsubsection +@item +\paragraph +@item +\subparagraph +@end itemize + +@noindent +All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g. + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\chapter[optional]@{title@} +@end example + +@noindent +In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument +of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: + +@itemize +@item +the table of contents +@item +the running head at the top of the page +@end itemize + +@noindent +You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as +appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning +commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these +other two purposes. @refill + +@noindent +The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not include +a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For example, +the *-form of the \subsection command could look like: @refill + +@example +\subsection*@{Example subsection@} +@end example + +@menu +* \appendix:: \appendix +@end menu + +@node \appendix, , , Sectioning +@subsection \appendix + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\appendix +@end example + +@noindent +The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The +\appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or +parts. @refill + +@node Spaces and Boxes, Special Characters, Sectioning, Commands +@section Spaces and Boxes + +@menu +* \addvspace:: \addvspace +* \bigskip:: \bigskip +* \dotfill:: \dotfill +* \fbox:: \fbox +* \framebox:: \framebox +* \hfill:: \hfill +* \hrulefill :: \hrulefill +* \hspace:: \hspace +* \makebox:: \makebox +* \mbox:: \mbox +* \medskip:: \medskip +* \newsavebox:: \newsavebox +* \parbox:: \parbox +* \raisebox:: \raisebox +* \rule:: \rule +* \savebox:: \savebox +* \smallskip:: \smallskip +* \usebox:: \usebox +* \vfill:: \vfill +* \vspace:: \vspace +@end menu + +@node \addvspace, \bigskip, , Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \addvspace + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\addvspace@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth length. +However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in +the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this command will not +add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total +vertical space equal to length. @refill + +@node \bigskip, \dotfill, \addvspace, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \bigskip + +@noindent +The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{bigskipamount@} where +bigskipamount is determined by the document style. + +@node \dotfill, \fbox, \bigskip, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \dotfill + +@noindent +The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead +of just spaces. + +@node \fbox, \framebox, \dotfill, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \fbox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\fbox@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that +it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. + +@node \framebox, \hfill, \fbox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \framebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\framebox[width][position]@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, +except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it +creates. @refill + +@noindent +The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves +a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box. @refill + +@node \hfill, \hrulefill , \framebox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \hfill + +@noindent +The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or +shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. @refill + +@node \hrulefill , \hspace, \hfill, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \hrulefill + +@noindent +The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch +or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. @refill + +@node \hspace, \makebox, \hrulefill , Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \hspace + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\hspace@{length@} +\hspace*@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can +be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, +etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace +command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. @refill + +@noindent +LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you +don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. +Then the space is never removed. @refill + +@node \makebox, \mbox, \hspace, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \makebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\makebox[width][position]@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The +width of the box is specified by the optional width argument. The +position of the text within the box is determined by the optional +position argument. @refill + +@table @code +@item c +centered (default) +@item l +flushleft +@item r +flushright +@end table + +@node \mbox, \medskip, \makebox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \mbox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\mbox@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text +created by its argument. @refill + +@node \medskip, \newsavebox, \mbox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \medskip + +@noindent +The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{medskipamount@} where +medskipamount is determined by the document style. @refill + +@node \newsavebox, \parbox, \medskip, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \newsavebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\newsavebox@{cmd@} +@end example + +@noindent +Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined, +to be a bin for saving boxes. @refill + +@node \parbox, \raisebox, \newsavebox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \parbox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\parbox[position]@{width@}@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The +\parbox has two mandatory arguments: @refill + +@table @asis +@item width +specifies the width of the parbox, and +@item text +the text that goes inside the parbox. +@end table + +@noindent +LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of +the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line +up either the top or bottom line in the parbox. @refill + +@noindent +A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, +with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the +paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger +pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making +environment, you should use a minipage environment. @refill + +@node \raisebox, \rule, \parbox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \raisebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\raisebox@{distance@}[extend-above][extend-below]@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first +mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or +lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR +mode. @refill + +@noindent +Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size +than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally +think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. +@refill + +@noindent +The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the +text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second +optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends +below the line by the amount specified. @refill + +@node \rule, \savebox, \raisebox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \rule + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\rule[raise-height]@{width@}@{thickness@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are +defined as follows. @refill + +@table @asis +@item raise-height +specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) +@item width +specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) +@item thickness +specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) +@end table + +@node \savebox, \smallskip, \rule, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \savebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\sbox@{cmd@}[text] + +\savebox@{cmd@}[width][pos]@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. +However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd, +which must have been declared with \newsavebox. @refill + +@node \smallskip, \usebox, \savebox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \smallskip + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\smallskip +@end example + +@noindent +The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace@{smallskipamount@} where +smallskipamount is determined by the document style. @refill + +@node \usebox, \vfill, \smallskip, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \usebox + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\usebox@{cmd@} +@end example + +@noindent +Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. + +@node \vfill, \vspace, \usebox, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \vfill + +@noindent +The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink +vertically. @refill + +@node \vspace, , \vfill, Spaces and Boxes +@subsection \vspace + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\vspace@{length@} +\vspace*@{length@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be +expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc. +You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command. +@refill + +@noindent +LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you +don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. +Then the space is never removed. @refill + +@node Special Characters, Splitting the Input, Spaces and Boxes, Commands +@section Special Characters + +@noindent +The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called +special printing characters, or simply special characters. @refill + +@example +# $ % & _ \ @{ @} ~ ^ +@end example + +@noindent +Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are +doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed +just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the character. For +example, \$ will produce $ in your output. @refill + +@noindent +Please note: \~ and \^ are accent commands; to get the accent alone, type +\~@{@} and \^@{@}. @refill + +@noindent +The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special +meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file. @refill + +@menu +* Accents:: Accents +* German Special Characters:: German Special Characters +@end menu + +@node Accents, German Special Characters, , Special Characters +@subsection Accents + +@noindent +Scholarly publications often refer to other languages, so LaTeX makes +it possible to typeset the most commonly used accents: @refill + +@table @asis +@item \` +grave accent +@item \' +acute accent +@item \^ +circumflex or "hat" +@item \" +umlaut or dieresis +@item \~ +tilde or "squiggle" +@item \= +macron or "bar" +@item \. +dot (above) accent +@item \u +breve accent +@item \v +hachek or "check" +@item \H +long Hungarian umlaut +@item \t +tie-after accent +@end table + +@noindent +LaTeX also provides three accents that go underneath: @refill + +@table @asis +@item \c +cedilla +@item \d +dot (below) accent +@item \b +bar-under accent +@end table + +@noindent +And there are a few special letters: @refill + +@table @asis +@item \oe +@itemx \OE +French ligature oe +@item \ae +@itemx \AE +Latin and Scandinavian ligature ae +@item \aa +@itemx \AA +Scandinavian A-with-circle +@item \o +@itemx \O +Scandinavian O-with-slash +@item \l +@itemx \L +Polish suppressed-L +@item \ss +German "es-zet" or sharp s +@end table + +@node German Special Characters, , Accents, Special Characters +@subsection German Special Characters + +@noindent +For convenient input of German texts see @ref{german.sty}. @refill + +@node Splitting the Input, Starting and Ending, Special Characters, Commands +@section Splitting the Input + +@noindent +A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole +input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into +several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, +there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type +when you run LaTeX. @refill + +@node \include, \includeonly, , Splitting the Input +@subsection \include + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\include@{file@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly +command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the first +name of a file, denoting @file{file.tex}. If file is one the file names +in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no +\includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to @refill + +@example +\clearpage \input@{file@} \clearpage +@end example + +@noindent +except that if the file @file{file.tex} does not exist, then a warning +message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file +list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage. @refill + +@noindent +The \include command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by +another \include command. @refill + +@node \includeonly, \input, \include, Splitting the Input +@subsection \includeonly + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\includeonly@{file_list@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an +\include command. It can only appear in the preamble. @refill + +@node \input, , \includeonly, Splitting the Input +@subsection \input + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\input@{file@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, +exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that +point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just +a first name, in which case the file @file{file.tex} is used. @refill + +@node Starting and Ending, Table of Contents, Splitting the Input, Commands +@section Starting and Ending + +@noindent +Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. + +@example +\documentstyle@{style@} + +\begin@{document@} + ... your text goes here ... +\end@{document@} +@end example + +@noindent +where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See +Document Styles within this help file. @refill + +@noindent +You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the +\begin@{document@} commands. @refill + +@node Table of Contents, Terminal Input and Output , Starting and Ending, Commands +@section Table of Contents + +@noindent +A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You +put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX +does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not +automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table +of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents +command. @refill + +@noindent +There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for +producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. +Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. @refill + +@noindent +NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not have +the \nofiles command in your document. @refill + +@node \addcontentsline, \addtocontents, , Table of Contents +@subsection \addcontentsline + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\addcontentsline@{file@}@{sec_unit@}@{entry@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or +table where @code{file} is the extension of the file on which +information is to be written: @refill + +@itemize +@item +toc (table of contents), +@item +lof (list of figures), or +@item +lot (list of tables). +@end itemize + +@noindent +@code{sec_unit} controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one +of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument: @refill + +@table @asis +@item toc +the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection. +@item lof +figure +@item lot +table +@end table + +@noindent +@code{entry} is the text of the entry. + +@node \addtocontents, , \addcontentsline, Table of Contents +@subsection \addtocontents + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\addtocontents@{file@}@{text@} +@end example + +@noindent +The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly +to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or +tables. @refill + +@noindent +@code{file} is the extension of the file on which information is to be +written: + +@itemize +@item +toc (table of contents), +@item +lof (list of figures), or +@item +lot (list of tables) +@end itemize + +@noindent +@code{text} is the information to be written. + + +@node Terminal Input and Output , Typefaces, Table of Contents, Commands +@section Terminal Input and Output + +@node \typeout, \typein, , Terminal Input and Output +@subsection \typeout + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\typeout@{msg@} +@end example + +@noindent +Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are +defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their +definitions before being printed. @refill + +@noindent +LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and +ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in +msg causes a single space to be printed. @refill + +@node \typein, , \typeout, Terminal Input and Output +@subsection \typein + +@noindent +Syntax: + +@example +\typein[cmd]@{msg@} +@end example + +@noindent +Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to +type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is +missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included in the +input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argument is +present, it must be a command name. This command name is then defined or +redefined to be the typed input. @refill + +@node Typefaces, , Terminal Input and Output , Commands +@section Typefaces + +@noindent +The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is +also called a font. @refill + +@node Styles, Sizes, , Typefaces +@subsection Styles + +@noindent +The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. + +@table @code +@item \rm +Roman. +@item \it +Italics. +@item \em +Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). +@item \bf +Boldface. +@item \sl +Slanted. +@item \sf +Sans serif. +@item \sc +Small caps. +@item \tt +Typewriter. +@end table + +@noindent +Since italic and slanted styles slope to the right, some letters stick +into the following characters. Insert \/ at the end to correct this +effect (see example below). @refill + +@noindent +Use the type style commands always inside a group, e.g. @refill + +@example +@{\em Emphasized Text\/@} +@end example + +@node Sizes, , Styles, Typefaces +@subsection Sizes + +@noindent +The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. + +@itemize +@item +\tiny +@item +\scriptsize +@item +\footnotesize +@item +\small +@item +\normalsize (default) +@item +\large +@item +\Large (capital "l") +@item +\LARGE (all caps) +@item +\huge +@item +\Huge (capital "h") +@end itemize + +@noindent +Usually you needn't set the type size explicitly because LaTeX +automatically chooses appropriate sizes. If you ever think you have to, +always do it inside a group, e.g. + +@example +@{\large large text@} +@end example + +@bye + |