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authorNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
committerNorbert Preining <norbert@preining.info>2019-09-02 13:46:59 +0900
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+\documentclass{article}
+\usepackage[american,greek]{babel}
+\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}
+\usepackage{cmap}
+\usepackage{ucs}
+\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{athnum,grmath}
+\newcommand{\sg}{\selectlanguage{greek}}
+\newcommand{\sa}{\selectlanguage{american}}
+\begin{document}
+\selectlanguage{american}
+\title{Writing Greek with the \ttfamily greek\rmfamily\ option of the
+\ttfamily babel\rmfamily\ package}
+\author{Apostolos Syropoulos\\
+ 366, 28th October Str.\\
+ GR-671 00 Xanthi, GREECE\\
+ e-mail: \texttt{asyropoulos@yahoo.com}}
+\date{April 8, 1999\\
+ July 23, 2009}
+\maketitle
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Overview}
+The \texttt{greek} option of the \texttt{babel} package is an attempt to
+make it possible for someone to write Greek text with \LaTeX. The current
+version of the \texttt{greek} option supports the \sg polutonik'o \sa\
+accentual system of the Greek language.
+Moreover, there is support for Greek numerals. One can produce easily
+valid Greek numerals both in uppercase and lowercase forms, e.g,
+\textgreek{\greeknumeral{1997}}\ and \textgreek{\Greeknumeral{1997}}. The
+labels in second and fourth level enumerations are lowercase
+and uppercase Greek numerals correspondingly. The latest version of
+the file (1.2b as of this writing) supports the \verb|polutoniko|
+language attribute for people willing to typeset documents in \textgreek{πο\-λυ\-το\-νι\-κό}
+greek.
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Typing Greek Text}
+\TeX\ has been designd to understand only 8-bit characters, nevertheless, \LaTeX\
+is now able to process UTF-8 encoded files. Therefore, there are several ways to
+enter Greek text. First of all, one can prepare a UTF-8 input file, but she must
+include the following command in her document's preamble:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{l}
+\verb|\usepackage{cmap} %When using pdfLaTeX|\\
+\verb|\usepackage{ucs}|\\
+\verb|\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}|
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+However, if, for some reason, it is not possible to prepare UTF-8 encoded input files, there is always
+the possibility to use the following transliteration:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|lllllllllllll|}\hline
+\textgreek{a}&
+\textgreek{b}&
+\textgreek{g}&
+\textgreek{d}&
+\textgreek{e}&
+\textgreek{z}&
+\textgreek{h}&
+\textgreek{j}&
+\textgreek{i}&
+\textgreek{k}&
+\textgreek{l}&
+\textgreek{m}&
+\textgreek{n}\\
+a& b& g& d& e& z& h& j& i& k& l& m& n\\
+\hline
+\textgreek{x}&
+\textgreek{o}&
+\textgreek{p}&
+\textgreek{r}&
+\textgreek{sv}&
+\textgreek{t}&
+\textgreek{u}&
+\textgreek{f}&
+\textgreek{q}&
+\textgreek{y}&
+\textgreek{w}&
+\textgreek{c}& \hbox{ } \\
+x& o& p& r& s&
+t& u& f& q& y& w& c& \hbox{ }\\ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+In order to produce in isolation the letter \textgreek{sv},
+on has to type \texttt{sv}. This feature is due to the strong ligature mechanism
+that \TeX\ employs. In the ``modern'' \textgreek{μονοτονικό} accentual system
+only one accent is used---\textgreek{οξεία} (acute). In the traditional \textgreek{πολυτονικό}
+accentual system we
+need more accents and breathing signs. Since the later has some peculiarities,
+as far it regards \TeX, we decided to make the primary language the
+\textgreek{monotonik'o} and to provide the \textgreek{polutonik'o} as
+a dialect. Consequently, if someone wishes to correctly typeset
+\textgreek{polutonik'o}, he must in addition use the \verb|polutoniko| language attribute,
+
+We can produce an accented letter by
+prefixing the letter with he symbol that denotes the accent, e.g.,
+\texttt{>a'erac} produces the word \sg >a'erac.\sa\footnote{For the
+technically inclined reader, we must say that \TeX\ uses the ligature table of
+the font in order to determine the character that corresponds to the
+input character sequence.} Here are the symbols that are recognized:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cccc}\hline
+Accent & Symbol & Example & Output\\ \hline
+acute & \texttt{'} & \texttt{g'ata} & \textgreek{g'ata}\\
+grave & \texttt{`} & \texttt{dad`i} & \textgreek{dad`i}\\
+circumflex & \verb+~+ & \verb+ful~hc+ & \sg\textgreek{ful~hc}\sa\\
+rough breathing & \verb+<+ & \verb+<'otan+ & \sg\textgreek{<'otan}\sa\\
+smooth breathing & \verb+>+ & \verb+>'aneu+ & \sg\textgreek{>'aneu}\sa\\
+subscript & \texttt{|} & \verb+>anate'ilh|+ & \sg\textgreek{>anate'ilh|}\\
+diaeresis & \texttt{"}& \texttt{qa"ide'uh|c} & \sg\textgreek{qa"ide'uh|c}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Note that the subscript symbol is placed \textbf{after} the letter.
+The last thing someone must know in order to be able to write normal Greek
+text is the punctuation marks used in the language:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{ccc}\hline
+Punctuation Sign & Symbol & Output\\ \hline
+period & \texttt{.} & \sg\textgreek{.}\sa\\
+semicolon & \texttt{;} & \sg\textgreek{;}\sa\\
+exclamation mark & \texttt{!} & \sg\textgreek{!}\sa\\
+comma & \texttt{,} & \sg\textgreek{,}\sa\\
+colon & \texttt{:} & \sg\textgreek{:}\sa\\
+question mark & \texttt{?} & \sg\textgreek{?}\sa\\
+left apostrophe & \texttt{``} & \sg\textgreek{``}\sa\\
+right apostrophe & \texttt{''} & \sg\textgreek{''}\sa\\
+left quotation mark & \texttt{((} & \sg\textgreek{))}\sa\\
+right quotation mark & \texttt{))} & \sg\textgreek{))}\sa\\ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Using these conventions it is a straightforward exercise to write Greek
+\textgreek{polutonik'o} text. For example the following excerpt from
+\textgreek{D'uskoloc} of \textgreek{M'enandroc}
+\sg
+\begin{quote}
+T'i f'hic? <Id`wn >enj'ede pa~id'' >eleuj'eran\\
+t`ac plhs'ion N'umfac stefano~usan, S'wstrate,\\
+>er~wn 'ap~hljec e>uj'uc?
+\end{quote}
+\sa can be produced by the following \LaTeX\ code:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{l}
+\verb+T'i f'hic? <Id`wn >enj'ede pa~id'' >eleuj'eran+\footnotemark\\
+\verb+t`ac plhs'ion N'umfac stefano~usan, S'wstrate,+\\
+\verb+>er~wn 'ap~hljec e>uj'uc?+
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\footnotetext{Please, bear in mind that this work correctly only if we
+use the \texttt{polutoniko} language attribute.}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\section{Producing Greek Text}
+Once the Greek language is selected with the command
+\begin{center}
+\verb+\selectlanguage{greek}+
+\end{center}
+for \textgreek{μονοτικό} or the command
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{l}
+\verb+\selectlanguage{greek}+\\
+\verb=\languageattribute{greek}{polutoniko}=
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+for \textgreek{πολυτονικό}, whatever we type will be typeset with the Greek fonts.
+The command
+\verb+\textlatin+ can be used for short passages in some language that
+uses the Latin alphabet, while the the command \verb+\latintext+ changes
+the base fonts to the ones used by languages that use the Latin alphabet.
+However, all words will be hyphenated by following the Greek hyphenation
+rules! Similar commands are available once someone has selected some
+other language. The commands \verb+\textgreek+ and \verb+\greektext+
+behave exactly like their ``Latin'' counterparts. For example, the
+word \textgreek{M'imhc} has been produced with the command
+\texttt{\char`\\textgreek\char`\{\textgreek{Μίμης}\char`\}}. Please note that
+certain symbols cannot have
+their expected result for Greek text, unless someone has selected the Greek
+language, e.g., \verb+~+ is such a symbol.
+
+As we have mentioned above this version of the \texttt{greek} option of the
+\texttt{babel} package supports the use of Greek numerals. The commands
+\verb+\greeknumeral+ and \verb+\Greeknumeral+ produce the lowercase and
+the uppercase Greek numeral, e.g.,
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline
+Command & Output\\ \hline
+\verb+\Greeknumeral{9999}+ & \sg\textgreek{\Greeknumeral{9999}}\\
+\verb+\greeknumeral{9999}+ & \sg\textgreek{\greeknumeral{9999}}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+These macros can accept as argument only Arabic numerals. In case
+someone wishes to produce the Greek numeral corresponding to the
+value of a counter variable, he can use the command \verb|\alph{counter}|.
+Moreover, it is now possible to have Greek page numbering by using the
+command \verb|\pagenumbering{alph}|. (\verb|\alph| is now a synonym for
+\verb|\greeknumeral|, and \verb|\Alph| for \verb|\Greeknumeral|.)
+In order to correctly typeset the greek numerals the greek option file
+provides the following commands:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline
+Command & Output\\ \hline
+\verb+\qoppa+ & \textgreek{\qoppa}\\
+\verb+\sampi+ & \textgreek{\sampi}\\
+\verb+\stigma+ & \textgreek{\stigma}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+Apart from these symbols there are few more available:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline
+Command & Output\\ \hline
+\verb+\Digamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\Digamma}\\
+\verb+\ddigamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\ddigamma}\\
+\verb+\vardigamma+ & \sg\textgreek{\vardigamma}\\
+\verb|\euro| & \sg\textgreek{\euro}\\
+\verb|\permill| & \sg\textgreek{\permill}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+In traditional Greek typography the first paragraph after a header is
+always indented, contrary to the habit of, say, American typography. This
+effect can be achieved by using the package \verb+indentfirst+.
+
+The package \verb|athnum| provides the command \verb|\athnum|, with which
+one can produce the so called \textit{Athenian numerals}:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline
+Command & Output\\ \hline
+\verb|\athnum{1997}| & \sg\textgreek{\athnum{1997}}\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+The package \verb|grmath| renames the basic log-like functions with their
+greek counterparts:
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{cc}\hline
+Command & Output\\ \hline
+\verb|$\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}x=1$| & $\sin^{2}x+\cos^{2}y=1$\\
+\hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\end{document}